Biopsych chapter 17

A major difference in the physiological reaction to physical versus psychological stressors is that only physical stressors A) activate the adrenal medulla. B) activate the adrenal cortex. C) increase blood pressure. D) increase epinephrine levels. E) none of the above

none of the above

Glucocorticoids are released from the A) anterior pituitary. B) adrenal medulla. C) thymus. D) both A and B E) none of the above

none of the above

Stressors produce major increases in the release of A) norepinephrine from the adrenal cortex. B) epinephrine from the adrenal cortex. C) glucocorticoids from the adrenal medulla. D) all of the above E) none of the above

none of the above

"Limbic" means A) "border." B) "thalamus." C) "emotion." D) "emotional structure." E) "emotion circuit."

A) "border."

The first major physiological theory of emotions was independently proposed in 1884 by James and A) Lange. B) Cannon. C) Ax. D) Bard. E) Ekman.

A) Lange.

Which of the following is not a symptom of the Kluver-Bucy syndrome? A) aggression B) sexual activity directed at inappropriate objects C) lack of fear D) consumption of almost anything that is edible E) a tendency to investigate objects with the mouth

A) aggression

Bilateral lesions to either the medial geniculate nucleus or the __________ block auditory fear conditioning. A) amygdala B) septum C) auditory cortex D) hippocampus E) granule cells

A) amygdala

The structure in which the emotional significance of sensory signals is learned and retained is believed to be the A) amygdala. B) hypothalamus. C) septum. D) hippocampus. E) medial geniculate.

A) amygdala.

Lesions to which brain structure in rats disrupt auditory fear conditioning to complex sounds but not simple sounds? A) auditory cortex B) hypothalamus C) periaqueductal gray D) amygdala E) medial geniculate nucleus

A) auditory cortex

In the rat, the target site for social aggression is the A) back, near the base of the tail. B) throat. C) nose. D) hind legs. E) side.

A) back, near the base of the tail.

An important advance in the study of the physiology of stress came with the discovery in the 1990s that stress triggers the release of __________, which play a role in inflammation and fever. A) cytokines. B) glucocorticoids C) adrenocorticotropic hormones D) thiamines E) catecholamines

A) cytokines.

Fear is the motivating force for A) defensive behaviors. B) social aggression. C) threat. D) target sites. E) aggressive behavior.

A) defensive behaviors.

An important feature of social aggression that distinguishes it from other forms of aggression in many mammalian species is that it is A) dependent on testosterone. B) similar to defensive attack. C) controlled by the amygdala. D) directed at the tail. E) directed at the head.

A) dependent on testosterone.

The James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories make __________ predictions about the effects of feedback from somatic and autonomic activity on emotional experience. A) different B) the same C) similar D) no E) five

A) different

A mirror-like system is thought to be the neural mechanism of A) empathy. B) fear. C) love. D) negative emotions. E) fear mosaics.

A) empathy.

According to the James-Lange theory, the A) experience of emotion is produced by the brain's perception of the body's reactions to emotional stimuli. B) cortex is not involved in emotion. C) autonomic nervous system is not involved in emotion. D) experience of emotion triggers the autonomic response to emotional stimuli. E) experience of emotion is not physiological.

A) experience of emotion is produced by the brain's perception of the body's reactions to emotional stimuli.

The belief that putting on a happy face makes one feel happier is an example of the A) facial feedback hypothesis. B) Duchenne hypothesis. C) Ekman hypothesis. D) prosody principle. E) Pinel principle.

A) facial feedback hypothesis.

H. pylori has been implicated as a causal factor in A) gastric ulcers. B) heart disease. C) stress. D) immune dysfunction. E) brain tumors.

A) gastric ulcers.

The most commonly employed physiological measure of stress is the level of circulating A) glucocorticoids. B) adrenocorticotropic hormone. C) norepinephrine. D) epinephrine. E) serotonin.

A) glucocorticoids.

Because even innocent people undergoing a lie-detector test are likely to be aroused by questions about their guilt or innocence, the A) guilty-knowledge technique should be employed when possible. B) mock-crime procedure is often employed. C) control-question technique is often employed. D) polygraph is often employed. E) group-contingency threat procedure is often employed.

A) guilty-knowledge technique should be employed when possible.

Evidence suggests that only one part of the amygdala plays a major role in fear conditioning. This part is the A) lateral nucleus. B) preoptic nucleus. C) paraventricular nucleus. D) basolateral nucleus. E) amygdala complex.

A) lateral nucleus.

Which of the following is not one of Ekman and Friesen's primary emotional expressions? A) lust B) fear C) happiness D) disgust E) sadness

A) lust

Pellis and his colleagues found that giving cats an antianxiety drug tended to increase the efficiency of their A) mouse killing. B) play. C) defensive attack. D) risk assessment. E) social aggression.

A) mouse killing.

The human amygdala seems to be specifically involved in the A) perception of fear in others. B) experience of fear. C) feelings of fear. D) focus of fear. E) reappraisal of fear paradigms.

A) perception of fear in others.

Body cues, in addition to facial expression, play a particularly important role in signaling A) pride. B) happiness. C) surprise. D) none of the above E) both B and C

A) pride.

In rats, lateral attack is a component of A) social aggression. B) predatory aggression. C) predatory attack. D) target site attack. E) defensive attack.

A) social aggression.

In the dog, ears back, back down, hair down, and tail down signals A) submission. B) hunger. C) anger. D) aggression. E) threat.

A) submission.

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, different emotional stimuli induce __________ patterns of autonomic nervous system activity. A) the same B) different C) tangential D) inhibitory E) excitatory

A) the same

The physiological response to harm or threat is generally referred to as A) the stress response. B) anxiety. C) depression. D) hypertension. E) arousal.

A) the stress response.

Fear is the emotional reaction to A) threat. B) target sites. C) alpha males. D) defensive behavior. E) stress.

A) threat.

The areas of the cortex that control emotion seem to A) vary substantially from emotion to emotion and person to person. B) be clustered in the prefrontal lobes. C) be clustered in the temporal lobes. D) be clustered in the right hemisphere. E) be clustered in the limbic system.

A) vary substantially from emotion to emotion and person to person.

Which of the following psychologists is well known for his research on facial expression? A) Darwin B) Ekman C) Ax D) Cannon E) Lykken

B) Ekman

Each amygdala is A) a single nucleus. B) a cluster of many nuclei. C) actually two distinct structures. D) actually three distinct structures. E) composed of a medulla and a cortex.

B) a cluster of many nuclei.

The idea that opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures is called the principle of A) opposition. B) antithesis. C) conspecifics. D) parsimony. E) anti-expression.

B) antithesis.

The polygraph does not detect lies, it detects A) criminals. B) arousal. C) guilty knowledge. D) guilt. E) psychopathy.

B) arousal.

During a sequence of predatory attacks on a frog or a mouse, a rat's target site is almost always the A) back, near the base of the tail. B) back of the neck. C) throat. D) nose. E) hind legs.

B) back of the neck.

Urbach-Wiethe disease is associated with A) an inability to experience happiness. B) bilateral calcification of the amygdala. C) degeneration of the hippocampus. D) neurogenesis in the hippocampus. E) unilateral calcification of the amygdala.

B) bilateral calcification of the amygdala.

In rats, boxing is A) a form of lateral attack. B) defensive. C) predatory. D) social aggression. E) an alpha attack.

B) defensive.

Each facial expression __________ on the left side of the face. A) develops later B) develops sooner C) is of less magnitude D) both A and C E) both B and C

B) develops sooner

According to the James-Lange theory, different emotional stimuli induce __________ patterns of autonomic nervous system activity. A) the same B) different C) tangential D) similar E) inhibitory

B) different

The Duchenne smile A) is a false smile. B) involves the orbicularis oculi. C) does not involve the orbicularis oculi. D) both A and B E) both A and C

B) involves the orbicularis oculi.

Papez attributed emotion to activity in what became known as the A) autonomic nervous system. B) limbic system. C) hypothalamus. D) hippocampus. E) basal ganglion.

B) limbic system.

In most mammalian species, social aggression usually occurs between A) immature conspecifics. B) male conspecifics. C) female conspecifics. D) pregnant females. E) threatened conspecifics.

B) male conspecifics.

Modern neuropsychological and cognitive neuroscientific research have focused on the role of two brain structures in emotion: theA) hypothalamus and amygdala. B) medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala. C) hippocampus and PAG. D) hypothalamus and hippocampus. E) hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.

B) medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala.

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the feeling of emotion by the cortex and the expression of emotion by the autonomic and somatic nervous systems are A) causally related. B) parallel processes. C) dependent processes. D) serial processes. E) adaptive processes.

B) parallel processes.

Phineas Gage had damage to his medial A) diencephalon. B) prefrontal lobes. C) temporal lobes. D) parietal lobes. E) hippocampus.

B) prefrontal lobes.

Studies of the septal aggression phenomenon in rats suggest that it would be more appropriate to refer to it as A) hypothalamic aggression. B) septal defensiveness. C) hippocampal aggression. D) septal predatory aggression. E) septal social aggression.

B) septal defensiveness.

Decorticate cats display A) orchidectomy rage. B) sham rage. C) species-typical rage. D) species-common rage. E) offensive rage.

B) sham rage.

Subordination stress is most readily investigated in species that form A) attack teams. B) stable dominance hierarchies. C) social aggression groups. D) permanent mating bonds. E) social bonds.

B) stable dominance hierarchies.

The pattern of behavior that is observed in monkeys after their anterior temporal lobes have been removed is called A) sham rage. B) the Kluver-Bucy syndrome. C) hippocampal rage. D) septal rage. E) temporal-lobe rage.

B) the Kluver-Bucy syndrome.

Blanchard and Blanchard derived rich descriptions of rat intraspecific aggression and defense by using A) specially trained boxing rats. B) the colony intruder model of aggression and defense. C) the S-R approach. D) all of the above E) both A and B

B) the colony intruder model of aggression and defense.

The true smile, which involves the orbicularis oculi, has been termed the A) orbicularis smile. B) Ekman smile. C) Duchenne smile. D) legitimate smile. E) Pinel smirk.

C) Duchenne smile.

The concept of a generalized stress response was developed by A) Doreen Kimura. B) D. O. Hebb. C) Hans Selye. D) Roger Clemens. E) Greg Miller.

C) Hans Selye.

Correlations between aggressive behavior and testosterone levels do not necessarily mean that high testosterone levels cause aggressive behavior because A) social aggression occurs only in males. B) the effects of estradial cannot be ruled out. C) aggressive encounters often cause increases in testosterone levels. D) humans and rats differ in their sex hormones. E) aggressive behavior is controlled by the amygdala.

C) aggressive encounters often cause increases in testosterone levels.

The Kluver-Bucy syndrome appears to result, to a large degree, from bilateral damage to the A) hippocampus. B) hypothalamus. C) amygdala. D) septum. E) cortex.

C) amygdala.

Bilateral lesions to which of the following structures produces the Kluver-Bucy syndrome? A) medial prefrontal lobe B) hippocampus C) anterior temporal lobe D) lateral prefrontal lobe E) medial temporal lobe

C) anterior temporal lobe

The theory that facial expressions can influence emotional experience is called the A) emotion feedback hypothesis. B) induced-emotion hypothesis. C) facial feedback hypothesis. D) Duchenne hypothesis. E) Ekman hypothesis.

C) facial feedback hypothesis.

In order to employ the guilty-knowledge technique, the polygrapher needs to A) also question a control suspect. B) ask pointed questions. C) have a piece of information about the crime that is known by the guilty party but not by any of the other suspects. D) have a piece of information that is known by all the suspects but nobody else. E) record basal skin conductance levels.

C) have a piece of information about the crime that is known by the guilty party but not by any of the other suspects.

Lesions to which structure specifically block the conditioning of fear to a context? A) lateral geniculate nucleus B) auditory cortex C) hippocampus D) amygdala E) PAG

C) hippocampus

Bard's research on sham rage led him to conclude that the A) Cannon-Bard theory is basically correct. B) James-Lange theory is basically correct. C) hypothalamus plays a critical role in the expression of aggression. D) entire limbic system plays a critical role in the expression of emotion. E) neocortex plays a critical role in the expression of emotion.

C) hypothalamus plays a critical role in the expression of aggression.

Papez believed that emotional states were expressed through the action of the other structures of the limbic system on the A) amygdala. B) autonomic nervous system. C) hypothalamus. D) hippocampus. E) neocortex.

C) hypothalamus.

In the short-term, stressors produce physiological changes that A) are maladaptive. B) disrupt the ability to deal effectively with the stressor. C) increase the ability to deal effectively with the stressor. D) both A and B E) both A and C

C) increase the ability to deal effectively with the stressor.

Polygraphy is commonly referred to as A) EEG recording. B) ANS recording. C) lie detection. D) polygraph interrogation. E) many measurements.

C) lie detection.

Le Doux and his colleagues found that bilateral lesions to the __________ blocked auditory fear conditioning but that bilateral lesions to the __________ did not. A) septum; lateral geniculate nucleus B) frontal lobe; cingulate C) medial geniculate nucleus; auditory cortex D) hypothalamus; septum E) hippocampus; medial geniculate nucleus

C) medial geniculate nucleus; auditory cortex

The true expressions that momentarily break through false expressions are called A) flash expressions. B) insidious expressions. C) microexpressions. D) give-away expressions. E) pseudoexpressions.

C) microexpressions.

Because it is difficult to determine for certain whether a person who has been accused of breaking the law is innocent or guilty, many studies of lie detection use the A) guilty-knowledge technique. B) control-question technique. C) mock-crime procedure. D) all of the above E) both A and B

C) mock-crime procedure.

Patients with bilateral amygdalar damage tend to have particular difficulty A) experiencing fear. B) expressing fear prosody. C) recognizing facial expressions of fear. D) with contextual fear conditioning. E) with auditory fear conditioning.

C) recognizing facial expressions of fear.

Which of the following is testosterone dependent in mice and many other mammalian species? A) defensive attack B) predatory aggression C) social aggression D) freezing E) flight

C) social aggression

The relation among chronic fear, stress, and ill health is apparent in animals undergoing A) predation. B) attack. C) subordination stress. D) social defense. E) alpha hazing.

C) subordination stress.

The results of Ekman and Friesen's (1971) study of an isolated New Guinea tribe suggested that A) there are six primary emotions. B) facial expressions are learned. C) the facial expressions that are associated with particular human emotions are the same in all cultures. D) Darwin's assumption of the universality of emotional expression is wrong. E) New Guinean's are happier than New Yorkers.

C) the facial expressions that are associated with particular human emotions are the same in all cultures.

Research on the lateralization of emotion in humans using functional brain imaging suggests that the degree to which it is lateralized to the right hemisphere depends on A) the degree of speech development. B) the emotionality of the person. C) the particular brain structure under investigation. D) cultural factors. E) prosody.

C) the particular brain structure under investigation.

The results of a study by Pellis and his colleagues suggest that cats that appear to be playing with mice are, in fact, A) on drugs. B) playing with mice. C) vacillating between attack and defense. D) vacillating between predatory and social aggression. E) vacillating between lateral attack and boxing.

C) vacillating between attack and defense.

The muscle that pulls up the lip corners during a smile is the A) orbicularis major. B) orbicularis oculi. C) zygomaticus major. D) zygomaticus oculi. E) gluteus maximus.

C) zygomaticus major.

Ronda was threatened by a robber so she kicked him. Her response is an example of A) social aggression. B) a lateral attack. C) alpha aggression. D) a defensive attack. E) predatory aggression.

D) a defensive attack.

On the basis of existing evidence, the following conclusion about ANS emotional specificity is warranted: A) The ANS does not respond in the same way to all emotional stimuli. B) There is not enough evidence to conclude that there is a different pattern of ANS activity associated with each emotional state. C) The ANS responds in approximately the same way to all emotional stimuli. D) both A and B E) both B and C

D) both A and B A) The ANS does not respond in the same way to all emotional stimuli. B) There is not enough evidence to conclude that there is a different pattern of ANS activity associated with each emotional state.

In rats, boxing is A) a defensive behavior. B) directed at attacking conspecifics. C) an aggressive behavior. D) both A and B E) none of the above

D) both A and B A) a defensive behavior. B) directed at attacking

Patients with gastric ulcers are often helped by A) antibiotics. B) psychological treatments, even if they don't reduce H. pylori infection. C) psychological treatments, but only if they reduce H. pylori infection. D) both A and B E) both A and C

D) both A and B A) antibiotics. B) psychological treatments, even if they don't reduce H. pylori infection.

The emotional experiences of patients with broken necks A) indicate that somatic and autonomic feedback from the body is not necessary for the experience of emotion. B) are inconsistent with the James-Lange theory. C) are inconsistent with the Cannon-Bard theory. D) both A and B E) both B and C

D) both A and B A) indicate that somatic and autonomic feedback from the body is not necessary for the experience of emotion. B) are inconsistent with the James-Lange theory.

The fact that social aggression in many mammalian species (e.g., mice) occurs more frequently between males than between females is often attributed to the A) organizational effects of testosterone. B) activational effects of testosterone. C) high levels of defensive attack by females. D) both A and B E) both A and C

D) both A and B A) organizational effects of testosterone. B) activational effects of testosterone.

Most patients with gastric ulcers display signs of H. pylori infection, however, to put this observation in perspective, it is important to understand that A) yogurt can reduce the infection. B) yogurt can increase the infection. C) probiotic yogurt can cure ulcers. D) many healthy people are similarly infected. E) both A and C

D) many healthy people are similarly infected.

Gulls signal aggression by pointing their beaks at one another and submission by A) head bobbing. B) head nodding. C) wing flapping. D) pointing their beaks away from one another. E) none of the above

D) pointing their beaks away from one another

The field that focuses on the effect of stress on immune function is called A) biopsychology. B) psychophysiology. C) ethoexperimental immunology. D) psychoneuroimmunology. E) psychoimmunology.

D) psychoneuroimmunology.

The adrenal cortex was identified by Selye as important in the stress response; today's theories also acknowledge the important contribution of the A) pituitary. B) anterior pituitary. C) parasympathetic nervous system. D) sympathetic nervous system. E) thymus.

D) sympathetic nervous system.

The dominant male rat of a colony A) is the alpha male. B) usually moves sideways toward a male intruder. C) usually directs lateral attacks at male intruders. D) usually directs bites at the back of a male intruder. E) all of the above

E) all of the above

Ekman and Friesen (1975) analyzed hundreds of films and photographs of people experiencing various emotions. On the basis of their analysis, they concluded that A) there are six primary facial expressions of emotion. B) many facial expressions of emotion are mixtures of the six primary expressions. C) facial expressions of emotion are too numerous and varied to categorize. D) shame, desire, and excitement are three of the primary emotions. E) both A and B

E) both A and B A) there are six primary facial expressions of emotion. B) many facial expressions of emotion are mixtures of the six primary expressions.

Sham rage is displayed by A) decorticate cats. B) cats whose entire cerebral hemispheres, including the hypothalamus, have been removed. C) cats whose cerebral hemispheres, excluding the hypothalamus, have been removed. D) both A and B E) both A and C

E) both A and C A) decorticate cats. C) cats whose cerebral hemispheres, excluding the hypothalamus, have been removed.

Functional brain imaging studies of the role of human medial prefrontal cortex in emotion have often employed A) suppression paradigms. B) passive avoidance paradigms. C) reappraisal paradigms. D) all of the above E) both A and C

E) both A and C A) suppression paradigms. C) reappraisal paradigms.

Which of the following is a major finding of cognitive neuroscientific research on emotion? A) The brain activity associated with each emotion is localized to a small area of cortex. B) There is usually activity in sensory and motor cortex when a person experiences an emotion. C) Similar patterns of brain activity occur when a person experiences an emotion or empathizes with someone experiencing the same emotion. D) all of the above E) both B and C

E) both B and C B) There is usually activity in sensory and motor cortex when a person experiences an emotion. C) Similar patterns of brain activity occur when a person experiences an emotion or empathizes with someone experiencing the same emotion.

The amygdala is thought to activate the appropriate sympathetic and behavioral responses to threat via the __________, respectively. A) auditory cortex and medial geniculate nucleus B) PAG and septum C) medial geniculate nucleus and auditory cortex D) thalamus and cortex E) hypothalamus and PAG

E) hypothalamus and PAG

Disorders whose symptoms are primarily physical but whose development is greatly influenced by psychological factors are called A) psychological disorders. B) mental disorders. C) psychiatric disorders. D) stress disorders. E) psychosomatic disorders.

E) psychosomatic disorders.

The limbic system rings the A) hypothalamus. B) cingulate. C) cerebellum. D) amygdala. E) thalamus.

E) thalamus.

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, emotional experience and emotional expression A) are parallel processes. B) have no direct causal relation. C) are independently triggered by the same emotional stimuli. D) all of the above E) none of the above

all the above

Adrenocorticotropic hormone A) is released by the anterior pituitary. B) activates the adrenal cortex. C) increases circulating levels of glucocorticoids. D) all of the above E) none of the above

all the above

Darwin believed that A) expressions of emotion evolve from behaviors that indicate what an animal is likely to do next. B) expressions of emotion evolve in ways that enhance their communicative function and that their original function may be lost. C) opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures. D) all of the above E) none of the above

all the above

Gastric ulcers A) are lesions to the lining of the stomach and duodenum. B) are more common in people living in stressful situations. C) have been produced in experimental animals by exposure to stress. D) all of the above E) both A and B

all the above

The Kluver-Bucy syndrome A) was first demonstrated by Kluver and Bucy. B) was first demonstrated in monkeys. C) has been observed in humans. D) all of the above E) none of the above

all the above

The defensive and aggressive behaviors of rats have been assigned to various categories on the basis of A) their topography. B) the situations in which they occur. C) their apparent function. D) all of the above E) both B and C

all the above

The evidence that testosterone affects the aggressive behavior of humans is inconsistent. The text suggests that this inconsistency may be attributable to the fact that A) hormones may have less effect on human aggression than they do on aggression in other species. B) the tests that have been used to study testosterone and aggression in humans are markedly different from those used in other species. C) testosterone can be synthesized and act locally in particular brain structures, but studies of testosterone and human aggression have been based on general blood levels of testosterone. D) all of the above E) both A and B

all the above

The first major book on the biopsychology of emotions A) was published in 1872. B) was The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals. C) introduced Darwin's theory of the evolution of emotional expression. D) all of the above E) both A and C

all the above

Which of the following structures is part of the limbic system? A) amygdala B) cingulate cortex C) septum D) mammillary body E) all of the above

all the above