Biopsychology Exam II

blood cells that attach to types of tumor cells and cells infected with viruses are known as

B cells

trichromatic theory

Young-Helmholtz theory, that color is perceived through the relative rates of response by three kinds of cones, each one maximally sensitive to a different set of wavelengths. p. 154-155

narcolepsy

a condition characterized by frequent periods of sleepiness during the day. p.280

REM behavior disorder

a condition in which people move around vigorously during REM sleep. p. 280-281

jet lag

a disruption of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones. p. 265

PGO wave

a distinctive pattern of high-amplitude electrical potentials that occur first in the pons, then in the lateral geniculate, and then in the occipital cortex. p. 278, 288

general adaptation syndrome

a generalized response to stress. p. 383

REM sleep is characterized by which of the following?

a high level of brain acivity

vomernasal organ

a set of receptors, located near, but separate from, the olfactory receptors. p. 220

K-complex

a sharp brain wave associated with temporary inhibition neuronal firing. p. 273

locus coeruleus

a small structure in the pons the emits bursts of impulses in response to meaningful events, especially those that produce emotional arousal. p. 275, 277

alpha waves

a steady series of brain waves at a frequency of 8 to 12 per second that are characteristic of relaxation. p. 272

reticular formation

a structure that extends from the medulla into the forebrain, controls motor areas of the spinal cord and selectively increases arousal and attention in various forebrain areas. p. 275

fovea

a tiny area of the retina specialized for acute, detailed vision. p. 149-152, 153

14. Ulcerations that develop after receiving uncontrollable shock are due to: a. a large parasympathetic rebound after strong sympathetic activation. b. a large sympathetic rebound after strong parasympathetic activation. c. simultaneous sympathetic and parasympathetic activation. d. simultaneous inhibition of sympathetic and parasympathic activation.

a. a large parasympathetic rebound after strong sympathetic activation

5. Taste perception in the brain depends on ____. a. relative activity of different taste neurons b. absolute frequency of action potentials c. only taste receptors on the anterior part of the tongue d. the angular gyrus

a. relativity of different taste neurons

11. Adenosine levels generally increase during periods of: a. wakefulness. b. REM sleep. c. NREM sleep. d. transition from wakefulness to sleep or sleep to wakefulness.

a. wakefulness

Each receptor responds to a wide range of stimuli and contributes to the perception of each of them. This type of coding is referred to as:

across-fiber

pineal gland

an endocrine gland located just posterior to thalamus that releases the hormone melatonin. p. 58, 269

pupil

an opening in the center of the iris where light enters. p. 149

benzodiazepines

anti-anxiety drugs. p. 377-378, 377

blind spot

area at the back of the retina where the optic nerve exits, it is devoid of receptors. p. 149, 151, 163

Branches of the optic nerve go directly to what areas of the brain?

auditory areas of thalamus

13. Individuals with pure autonomic failure: a. experience no emotion at all. b. have diminished intensity of emotion, but still report cognitive aspects of it. c. die from low blood pressure. d. lose all output to the muscles.

b. have diminished intensity of emotion, but still report cognitive aspects of it.

2. Chemicals that release energy when struck by light are called: a. photo-optics. b. photopigments. c. opsins. d. kestrels.

b. photopigments

10. With regard to sleep and arousal, the locus coeruleus is: a. very active during sleep. b. active when the pontomesencephalon is not. c. almost completely inactive during sleep. d. instrumental in waking us up.

c. almost completely inactive during sleep

8. A "Zeitgeber" is a(n): a. biological clock. b. animal that does not have a biological clock. c. environmental cue that resets a biological clock. d. body activity that is controlled by a biological clock.

c. environmental cue that resets a biological clock

9. Which of the following would most likely help someone adjust to jet lag? a. taking a nap during the day b. taking melatonin when you need to wake up c. keeping the room bright when you need to stay awake d. darkening the room when you need to stay awake

c. keeping the room bright when you need to stay awake

4. The receptors for taste are ____. a. true neurons b. covered in myelin c. modified skin cells d. modified blood cells

c. modified skin cells

12. Repeated involuntary movements of the arms and legs that may prevent a person from falling asleep are known as: a. REM behavior disorder. b. night terrors. c. periodic limb movement disorder. d. restless legs syndrome.

c. periodic limb movement disorder

7. What is unusual about olfactory receptors compared to most other mature mammalian neurons? a. They have more than one axon each. b. They have no axons. c. They are replaceable when old neurons die. d. They use more than one neurotransmitter.

c. they are replaceable when old neurons die

3. What is perceived when all types of cones are simultaneously and equally active? a. red b.green c. white d. yellow

c. white

photopigment

chemicals contained in rods and cones that release energy when stuck by light. p. 153

endogenous rhythm

circadian rhythm: self-generated rhythm that lasts about a day. p. 262 circannual rhythm: self-generated rhythm that lasts about a year. p. 262

In adult humans, the taste buds are:

concentrated along the outside edge of the tongue

labeled-line principle

concept that each receptor responds to limited range of stimuli and has a direct line to the brain. p. 211

retinex theory

concept that the cortex compares information from various parts of the retina to determine the brightness and color for each area. p. 156-158

pure autonomic failure

condition when output from the autonomic nervous system to the body fails. p. 357

Reduced response to one taste after exposure to another is referred to as ____.​

cross-adaption

1. The optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell? a. rods and cones b. bipolar cells c. horizontal cells d. ganglion cells

d. ganglion cells

6. How many kinds of olfactory receptors do we have? a. two or three b. seven c. twenty d. hundreds

d. hundreds

across-fiber pattern principle

each receptor responds to a wider range of stimuli and a given response by a given axon means little except in comparison to what other axons are doing. p. 211

basic emotions

event --> appraisal --> action --> emotional feeling "cognitive evaluations, subjective changes, autonomic and neural arousal, and impulses to action."

night terror

experiences of intense anxiety from which a person awakens screaming in terror; more severe than a nightmare. p. 281

When people were forced to smile, by clenching a pen between their teeth, how did they rate a cartoon they were reading?

funnier than if they were not forced to smile

optic nerve

ganglion cell axons that exit through the back of the eye and continue to the brain. p. 5, 149

The bipolar cells send their messages to ____, located closer to the center of the eye.

ganglion cells

supertasters

highly sensitive to all tastes and mouth sensations. p. 215-216

cortisol

hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that elevates blood sugar and enhances metabolism. p. 265, 343, 383, 384, 397, 419.

melatonin

hormone that influences both circadian and circannual rhytms. p. 269

What are the dreamlike experiences at the onset of sleep that are difficult to distinguish from reality?

hypnagogic hallucinations

activation-synthesis hypothesis

idea that a dream represents the brain's effort to make sense of sparse and distorted information. p. 288

clinic-anatomical hypothesis

idea that considers dreams as a type of thinking that occurs under unusual conditions. p. 288-289

opponent process theory

idea that we perceive color in terms of opposite. p. 155-156

color vision deficiency

inability to perceive color differences. p. 158

limbic system

interlinked structures that form a border around the brainstem. p. 74, 359-360.

midget ganglion cell

is one type of retinal ganglion cell (RGC). Midget cells originate in the ganglion cell layer of the retina, and project to the parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). ... In many cases, they are connected to midget bipolar cells, which are linked to one cone each. p. 268

A disruption of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones is known as:

jetlag

the most common form of color vision deficiency is due to

lack two types of cones, low # of all three?

insomnia

less than 3 hours a night, inadequate sleep, tired during the day. Causes: noise, uncomfortable temperatures, depression, anxiety, or other numerological or psychiatric conditions. p. 279

what is the principal zeitgeber for land animals

light

Across studies involving amygdala damage, the general conclusion seems to be that the amygdala is important for:

light with shock

Young adults deprived of a night's sleep show deficits on ____ tasks.

memory

periodic limb

movement disorder, sleep disorder characterized by repeated involuntary movement of the legs and sometimes the arms. p. 280

which condition is often been interpreted as an intrusion of REM sleep into wakefulness?

narcolepsy

An electroencephalogram (EEG) displays

net average neuron potential

movement disorder

p. 252-256

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

part of the hypothalamus, provides the main control of the circadian rhythms for sleep and body temperature. p. 267-268

Repeated involuntary movements of the arms and legs that may prevent a person from falling asleep are known as ____.​

periodic limb movement disorder

James-Lange Theory

proposal that an event first provokes the autonomic arousal and skeletal responses and that the feeling aspect of emotion is the perception of those responses. p. 357, 358-359.

taste bud

receptors on the tongue that detect certain chemicals. p. 212

sensory adaptation

refers to a reduction in sensitivity to a stimulus after constant exposure to it. While sensory adaptation reduces our awareness of a constant stimulus, it helps free up our attention and resources to attend to other stimuli in the environment around us. p. 211

negative color afterimage

result of staring at a colored object a prolonged length of time and then looking at a white surface, the image is seen as a negative image, with a replacement of red with green, green with red, yellow and blue with each other, and black and white with each other. p. 155-156

REM sleep

sleep stage with rapid eye movements, high brain activity, and relaxation of the large muscles. p. 273-274, 278-279, 287-288.

law of specific nerve energies

statement that whatever excites a particular nerve always sends the same kind of information to the brain. p. 148

zeitgeber

stimulus that resents the circadian rhythm. p. 264

papillae

structures on a tongue's surface that contain taste buds. p. 212

the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for preparing the body for intense, vigorous, emergency activity is the

sympathetic nervous system

color constancy

the ability to recognize colors despite changes in lighting. p. 156

HPA axis

the hypothalamus pituitary glans, and adrenal cortex. p. 383-386, 384

light from the right half of the world strikes which part of the retina?

the left half

Hans Selye's defined stress in terms of:

the nonspecific response of the body to any demand

stress

the nonspecific response of the body to any demand upon it, also defined as events that are interpreted as threatening. p. 383

retina

the rear surface of the eye, which is lined with visual receptors. p. 149-152, 151, 155, 162-165, 163

olfaction

the sense of smell, which is the response to chemicals that contact the membranes inside the nose. p. 216-220

what is a typical characteristic of insomnia

tired, trouble falling asleep, depression

recognition of an angry expression is faster when the face is directed and a fearful expression is faster is it is directed

toward you, to the side

horizontal cell

type of cell that receives input from receptors and delivers inhibitory input to bipolar cells. p. 162, 163, 164

bipolar cell

type of neuron in the retina that receives input directly from the receptors. p. 149, 150, 151, 152, 162, 163, 164

ganglion cell

type of neuron in the retina that receives input from the bipolar cells. p. 149-150, 151, 162, 163, 166, 268.

cones

type of retina; receptor that contributes to color perception. p. 152-153, 154, 155, 162, 163, 164.

rods

type of retinal receptor that detects brightness of light. p. 152-153, 154, 162, 163, 164

If you are a supertaster, then:

you are more sensitive than the average person to nearly all tastes