BIOS 1700 Ch 6-7

Which of the statements about the formation of a peptide bond are true? Select all that apply.

The reaction has a positive ΔG.The reaction is anabolic.The reaction is endergonic.

Which histogram shows the concentration of substrate β-thiogalactoside in compartments 1 and 2 at the end of Experiment 2?

compartment 2 red line is bigger

Which histogram shows the concentration of substrate β-thiogalactoside in compartments 1 and 2 at the start of Experiment 2?

compartment one blue is bigger

Which histogram shows the concentration of substrate β-thiogalactoside in compartments 1 and 2 at the start of Experiment 1?

compartments 1 blue bar is bigger

In eukaryotes, pyruvate oxidation takes place in the:

mitochondrial matrix.

Identify organelle A and the processes that take place there.

mitochondrion; citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

What is the dependent variable in the graph?

the concentration of protons outside of the vesicles, as measured by pH The dependent variable is the variable that is measured on the y-axis. In this experiment, when light is applied to the bacterial H+ pump, H+ ions are pumped into the vesicles. The concentration of protons (pH) in the external medium was measured in this experiment. There is no way to directly measure the pH on the inside of the vesicles.

In eukaryotic cells, glycolysis occurs in:

the cytoplasm.

Which of the reactions is most likely to be exergonic?

the digestion of protein from food into amino acids

Based on this analysis, which metabolic process would you conclude could be taking place in this organelle?

citric acid cycle

Which of the choices is an example of anabolism?

combining glucose molecules to form glycogen

In human cells, such as those in muscle tissue, the product of fermentation is

lactic acid.

Refer to Animation: Chemical Reactions. When H2CO3 reacts to form CO2 and H2O, what is the net change in the number of shared electron pairs?

0

Select the arrow(s) that represent the direction(s) in which: 1. protons are pumped when coupled to electron transfer 2. protons flow through ATP synthase to power ATP synthesis

1 - A(in to intermembrane space) ; 2 - B(out to matrix) Protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space during electron transfer (arrow A) and flow from the intermembrane space through the ATP synthase to the matrix to power ATP synthesis (arrow B). DP + Pi are inputs for compound B. This, in conjunction with the proton gradient, indicates that compound B is ATP.

Which form of energy is produced at 1 (proton gradient) and 2( ATP) in the figure?

1: potential energy; 2: chemical energy The proton gradient is a form of potential energy, whereas ATP is a form of chemical energy. Neither is a form of kinetic energy. It is the ATP synthase that rotates (kinetic energy).

. In which order does one molecule of glucose undergoing cellular respiration go through processes 1-4? 1. glycolysis 2. oxidative phosphorylation 3. pyruvate oxidation 4. citric acid cycle

1>3>4>2

Which of the following is a net product of glycolysis?

2 pyruvate

The breakdown of one glucose molecule during glycolysis results in two molecules of pyruvate, each of which is then oxidized to a molecule of acetyl-CoA, and these, in turn, are substrates for the citric acid cycle. If all three fatty acids of a triacylglycerol molecule (a fat molecule) are palmitic acid (C16, having 16 carbons), how many acetyl-CoA molecules would result from beta-oxidation of all of these fatty acids?

24

The researchers found that the level of ATP produced in the light is 594 units and the level produced in the dark is 23 units. Approximately how much more ATP is produced in the light compared to the amount produced in the dark?

25 times

Refer to Animation: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is an electron carrier in many important cellular reactions. It exists in an oxidized form (NAD+) and a reduced form (NADH). What is the missing component in the reaction: NAD+ + ____ + H+ → NADH?

2e-

Which of the answer choices is a net product of the citric acid cycle for each molecule of acetyl-CoA generated by pyruvate oxidation? Select all that apply.

3 NADH 1 FADH2 1 ATP

The researchers found that the level of ATP produced in the light is 594 units and the level produced in the dark is 23 units. What is the mean amount of ATP produced in the light and in the dark?

309

In aerobic cellular respiration, the approximate yield of ATP molecules from the full oxidation of a molecule of glucose is:

32

In a metabolic pathway, a series of enzymatic reactions catalyzes the conversion of molecule A to molecule E. Several intermediate steps are involved in which the product of one reaction becomes the substrate for the next. The graph illustrates the changes of free energy that occur at each step in the pathway.This pathway is a series of _____ reaction(s).

4

As a cat pounces on a mouse, its muscles consume 10 units of potential energy (which the cat previously gained from the food it consumed). However, the pounce itself only required 4 units of kinetic energy. How many units of energy were dissipated as heat?

6

What is the hypothesis for Racker and Stoeckenius's experiment?

A proton gradient is required for ATP synthase to synthesize ATP. Peter Mitchell's hypothesis suggested that the proton gradient generated in the electron transport chain provides the potential energy to drive ATP synthesis. This experiment tested that hypothesis.

Atractyloside is a poison that inhibits the transport of ADP from the cytosol across the mitochondrial membranes and into the mitochondrial matrix. The direct effect of this drug is to stop ATP synthesis because:

ADP is a necessary substrate for the reactions catalyzed by ATP synthase.

Which regulatory mechanisms are important in keeping glycolysis and the citric acid cycle in relative balance to each other? Select all that apply

ADP up-regulates phosphofructokinase-1.ATP inhibits phosphofructokinase-1.AMP up-regulates phosphofructokinase-1.Citrate inhibits phosphofructokinase-1.

the enzyme phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) is thought of as a metabolic "valve" that regulates the rate of glycolysis. Which example correctly identifies its allosteric activators and inhibitors and their actions?

ADP-activator; citrate-inhibitor

Which regulatory mechanism is activated when the overall energy availability of a cell is high?

ATP inhibits phosphofructokinase-1.

Which of the statements is true of allosteric inhibitors of an enzyme?

Allosteric inhibitors decrease enzyme activity.

Why is pyruvate imported from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix?

Although pyruvate is made in the cytoplasm, the product of its oxidation, acetyl-CoA, is a substrate for the citric acid cycle, which is located in the mitochondrial matrix. Acetyl-CoA is a substrate for the citric acid cycle, whereas pyruvate is not. NADH and FADH2 serve as electron donors for the electron transport chain, whereas pyruvate does not. Lastly, pyruvate is not toxic for the cell.

Which of these reactions summarizes the overall reactions of cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy

Autotrophs typically obtain their carbon from:

CO2

Refer to Animation: Kinetic and Potential Energy. Many cellular processes represent work that requires the expenditure of energy. Which of the actions is not a cellular process that requires the cell to expend energy?

Diffusion of water into cells.

What hypothesis did this experiment test figure 6.15

Enzymes form complexes with substrates.

Which of the statements is a correct description of the role of enzymes in catalyzing biochemical reactions?

Enzymes stabilize the transition state and decrease its free energy.

n step 6 of the citric acid cycle, succinate + FAD → fumarate + FADH2. Which statements concerning this reaction are true? Refer to the figure shown. (Note that in redox reactions, the molecule that "causes" another to gain or lose electrons is referred to as the agent.) Select all that apply.

FAD is an oxidizing agent in the reaction.Fumarate is more oxidized than succinate.

Which molecule(s) serve as electron donors for the mitochondrial electron transport chain? Select all that apply.

FADH2,NADH

Which statements are true regarding redox reactions? (Note that in redox reactions, the molecule that "causes" another to gain or lose electrons is referred to as the agent.) Select all that apply

If a molecule accepts electrons, it has been reduced.Oxidizing agents accept electrons.Redox reactions may involve the transfer of hydrogen ions (H+) A molecule that has gained H atoms is said to be reduced.Reducing agents may accept H+ ions.

The emperor penguins of Antarctica live on a diet of fish and crustaceans obtained from the cold Antarctic seawaters. During their annual breeding cycle, however, they migrate across the frozen continent to their breeding grounds 50 miles away from the sea (and 50 miles away from their source of food). For over two months, the male emperor penguins care for and incubate eggs, while the females return to the sea to feed. During this time, a male penguin can lose up to 50% of its biomass (by dry weight). Where does this biomass go?

It is converted to CO2 and H2O and then released.

If oxygen is unavailable, predict what will happen to the citric acid cycle.

It will stop because the supplies of NAD+ and FAD will become depleted.

The coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to heart muscle. Following a heart attack, which of the events would occur in heart tissue due to a block in the coronary arteries? Select all that apply.

Lactic acid would accumulate in the tissue due to glycolysis and fermentation.Phosphofructokinase, an intermediary enzyme of glycolysis, would be activated.The production of ATP would decrease.

If the researchers replaced the bacterial proton pump with a proton pump that was activated only by ATP, what result would you predict?

Less ATP would be produced when the light is on because no proton gradient would be available to produce ATP.

If the researchers added a transmembrane protein channel that allows protons to freely pass through it, what result would you predict?

Less ATP would be produced when the light is on because protons would bypass the ATP synthase. In order for ATP to be generated, there must be a proton concentration and electrical gradient. If there was a new protein that freely allowed the protons to flow through the membrane, then eventually the protons would reach equilibrium and there would not be a gradient to drive the synthesis of ATP.

An individual's ability to excel in certain types of sports may be due to different muscle fiber types. Certain muscle types allow some people, like marathoners, to achieve sustained muscle activity, whereas other muscle types allow people, like sprinters, to make use of a rapid burst of muscle activity, although the muscles fatigue quickly. The sustained activity of muscles in marathon runners is due to the higher yield of ATP per glucose. What differences would you predict for marathoners' muscles compared to sprinters'?Select all that apply

Marathoners' muscles rely more on oxidative phosphorylation.Marathoners' muscles have a greater number of mitochondria.Marathoners' muscles require greater oxygen delivery to the muscle cells.

Which example represents the reduced forms of the two major electron carriers?

NADH and FADH2

Very low concentrations of detergent make membranes leaky to small molecules and ions without damaging proteins. In isolated mitochondria exposed to detergent, the molecules of the electron transport chain and of ATP synthase remain intact. Do you expect ATP synthesis to continue in the presence of low concentrations of detergent?

No, because with a leaky membrane, the proton gradient cannot be maintained.

Which molecule is the final electron acceptor for the mitochondrial electron transport chain?

O2 ; NADH and FADH2 are electron donors—not electron acceptors—for the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Water is the electron donor—not an electron acceptor—for photosynthesis. Also, water is the reduced form of oxygen in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. NADPH is a final electron acceptor for the photosynthetic electron transport chain.

Refer to Animation: Kinetic and Potential Energy. Which of the factors accounts for the higher potential energy of C-C and C-H bonds compared to C-O and H-O bonds?

The C-C and C-H bonds are weak, thus requiring a lot of energy to hold together.

Which of the following statements about the citric acid cycle in the context of cellular respiration is true?

The citric acid cycle produces electron donors NADH and FADH2 which serve as an electron source for the electron transport chain. Produced by the citric acid cycle, NADH and FADH2 serve as an electron source for the electron transport chain. Oxygen needed for cellular respiration is absorbed from the air, not the citric acid cycle. Although the citric acid cycle produces ATP, this is not what drives cellular respiration. In fact, the opposite is true: cellular respiration drives the synthesis of ATP.

A biologist working in a lab adds a compound to a solution that contains an enzyme and its substrate. This compound binds to the enzyme and decreases the rate at which the enzyme converts substrate to product. However, this decrease can be overcome by increasing the concentration of substrate in the reaction mix. Therefore, which of the statements is true of the compound?

The compound binds to the active site of the enzyme.

A biologist working in a lab adds a compound to a solution that contains an enzyme and substrate. This particular compound binds reversibly to the enzyme at the active site. Once the compound is bound to the enzyme, the rate of catalysis of substrate to product is greatly reduced. Which of the statements are true of the compound?

The compound competes with the substrate for the active site of the enzyme. The effect of the compound can be overcome by adding more substrate.

A biologist working in a lab adds a compound to a solution that contains an enzyme and substrate. This particular compound binds reversibly to the enzyme at the active site. Once the compound is bound to the enzyme, the catalysis of substrate to product stops. Which of the statements is true of the compound?

The effect of the compound can be overcome by adding more substrate.

pH is a measure of the acidity of a solution and equals the negative logarithm of the proton concentration. If the proton concentration decreased on the inside of the vesicle, what would happen to the pH measured on the outside of the vesicle?

The pH would decrease outside of the vesicle. As the proton concentration decreases on the inside of the cell, they are increasing on the outside of the vesicle. Increased proton concentration makes the pH lower (more acidic).

In 1937, two German biochemists published a paper proposing these reactions as part of glucose oxidation: citrate →isocitrate →α-ketoglutarate →succinate →fumarate →malate →oxaloacetate. Adding succinate, fumarate, or malate to thin slices of tissue increased oxygen consumption, supporting the hypothesis that these molecules are intermediates in the process. However, they were puzzled by the observation that these intermediates were still present in the reaction mixture at the end of the experiment. They had thought that intermediates would be consumed as they were converted to the next molecule in the pathway. What explains the observation that these intermediates were still present?

The pathway is a cycle, constantly regenerating intermediates as glucose is broken down. Score: 0 of 1

Which statements are true of an inhibitor that binds the active site of an enzyme? Select all that apply.

These inhibitors compete with the substrate for the active site of the enzyme. These inhibitors are structurally similar to the normal substrate of an enzyme. Adding more substrate can reduce the effect of these inhibitors.

Kangaroo rats live in the deserts of the southwestern United States. Kangaroo rats have many adaptations to minimize water loss. They obtain a small amount of water from seeds that they eat. However, the rest of the water they obtain is from cellular respiration.

This could be true, as water is produced in cellular respiration

In which compartment does pyruvate oxidation take place?

a (inner part)

Select all of the experimental materials that were necessary to test the hypothesis

a bacterial proton pump sensitive to light, ADP, artificial plasma membranes, H+ ions

If end product E inhibits enzyme 1, which outcome would you expect to observe?

a decrease in the production of E and G

Refer to Animation: Kinetic and Potential Energy. Which of the choices is an example of kinetic energy?

a photon of light

Glycolysis is a series of chemical reactions (endergonic and exergonic) by which the cell can obtain ATP. NAD+ plays a crucial role in the reactions of glycolysis by:

accepting electrons during glycolysis, with the overall result that glucose is partially oxidized to pyruvate

Select the correct label for compound A.

acetyl-CoA For compound A, we see it is the product of pyruvate oxidation; therefore, it must be acetyl-CoA.

Each round of the citric acid cycle begins when the four-carbon molecule oxaloacetate is converted to the six-carbon molecule citrate. As the cycle progresses, two carbons are eliminated to regenerate the oxaloacetate. The added carbon is supplied by _____ and the two eliminated carbons are released as _____.

acetyl-CoA; CO2

Which of the choices are components of an ATP molecule? Select all that apply.

adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate groups

Of the choices, which can be a product of a catabolic reaction?

an amino acid like tryptophan

Refer to Animation: Kinetic and Potential Energy. Which of the choices is an example of potential energy?

an electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane

If end product G inhibits enzyme 5, what would you expect to observe as the amount of G increases in the cell?

an increase in the production of E

If end product G inhibits enzyme 3, what would you expect to observe as the amount of G increases in the cell?

an increase in the production of G

Where are protein complexes I through IV of the electron transport chain located?

c, actual inner membrane piece. Protein complexes I through IV of the electron transport chain are located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria (C).

Which type of inhibitor permanently alters the enzyme it inhibits?

an irreversible inhibitor

The reactions in the pathways of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle break down glucose into smaller molecules. Therefore, these pathways:

are catabolic pathways.

Animals breathe in air containing oxygen and breathe out air containing less oxygen. The consumed oxygen is used:

as an electron acceptor in the respiratory electron transport chain.

Refer to Animation: Chemical Reactions. When chemical reactions occur the _____ but the _____.

atoms retain their identities; arrangement of bonds changes

In a metabolic pathway, a series of enzymatic reactions catalyzes the conversion of molecule A to molecule E. Several intermediate steps are involved in which the product of one reaction becomes the substrate for the next. The graph illustrates the changes of free energy that occur at each step in the pathway. The greatest change in free energy occurs when:

b is converted to c

If you added an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction shown, you would predict that ____ would be reduced but ____ would remain the same.

b, e

Which labeled arrow in the figure represents the activation energy (EA)?

b, the one between the peak of the hill and the dotted line

Which histogram shows the concentration of substrate β-thiogalactoside in compartments 1 and 2 at the end of Experiment 1?

both blue and red compartments are the same

Refer to Animation: Activation Energy. The transition state is that portion of the progress of a chemical reaction with a large amount of energy found in _______ reactions.

both endergonic and exergonic

The most stable and least reactive form of carbon is:

carbon dioxide.

Enzymes in your gastrointestinal tract digest your lunch. These chemical reactions are categorized as:

catabolism

In a related experiment, Kurt Stern studied catalase, which is an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction: 2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2 Hydrogen peroxide Water Oxygen

catalase and hydrogen peroxide.

If Experiment 1 were repeated using the substrate β-galactoside instead of β-thiogalactoside, which of the histograms would show the concentration of β-galactoside in compartments 1 and 2 at the end of the experiment?

compartments are the same

Which components of the electron transport chain directly move protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane? Select all that apply.

complex Icomplex IIIcomplex IV

pH is a measure of the acidity of a solution and equals the negative logarithm of the proton concentration. When the light is on and the proton pump is activated, the pH:

decreases inside the vesicle and increases outside of the vesicle. When protons increase on the inside of the cell, they are decreasing on the outside of the cell. A decreased proton concentration makes the pH higher (more basic) on the outside of the vesicles.

DNP (2,4-dinitrophenol) is an effective weight loss agent that was used in diet pills in the 1930s. It has since been removed from the market because of serious side effects such as fever, cataracts, rashes, and sometimes death. DNP inserts into the inner mitochondrial membrane and allows the flow of protons from the intermembrane space to the matrix. Based on this information, which of the answer choices might you predict? Select all that apply.

dissipation of the proton gradientreduced ATP production decreased difference in pH between the matrix and intermembrane space

Which labeled arrow in the figure represents the change in free energy of the reaction (deltaG)?

e, the one at the very end, smallest

During glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle, the chemical energy in glucose is transferred to:

electron carriers and ATP

In this figure the solid blue curve plots free energy of a reaction against progress of that reaction. This reaction is:

endergonic blue line going up then down like a hill (free energy v course of reaction)

In a metabolic pathway, a series of enzymatic reactions catalyzes the conversion of molecule A to molecule E. Several intermediate steps are involved in which the product of one reaction becomes the substrate for the next. The graph illustrates the changes of free energy that occur at each step in the pathway.The reaction that converts C to D is:

exergonic

Glycolysis, the breakdown of a glucose molecule to two molecules of pyruvate, is an example of a series of reactions that is:

exergonic and catabolic.

Fermentation occurs only in anaerobic conditions.

false

The energy from the movement of electrons through the electron transport chain is directly used to synthesize ATP.

false

Refer to Animation: Chemical Reactions. The carbon atom in CO2 shares _______ electron pairs. After the reaction with H2O to form H2CO3 is completed the carbon atom shares ________ electron pairs.

four; four

Which molecule has the greatest chemical potential energy?

fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

Of the molecules, which has the greatest chemical potential energy?

glucose

ou are trying to find the maximum source of energy for an organism, and you are limited to 0.1 moles of a molecule from a compound. Which compound would you choose to provide 0.1 moles for maximum energy?

glucose

Based on this analysis, which metabolic process would you conclude could be taking place in this organelle?

glycolysis

When fats are used as an energy source, the fatty acids are broken down to acetyl-CoA. That means that fats bypass the reactions of _____ and enter the respiratory pathway at _____.

glycolysis; the citric acid cycle

During which stages of cellular respiration is carbon dioxide released? Select all that apply.

pyruvate oxidationthe citric acid cycle

reaction diagramed of pyruvate to acetyl coA

hows synthesis of the substrate that enters the citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.occurs twice for each glucose oxidized.

Suppose that three critical amino acids in the active site of a specific enzyme are lysine, histidine, and arginine. Which of the characteristics would you predict the substrate to possess in order to bind the active site of this enzyme?

hydrophilic, with a negative charge

PFK-1 is _____ by ATP and _____ by ADP.

inhibited; inhibited

Certain complexes of the mitochondrial electron transport chain pump protons. Protons are pumped across the _____ mitochondrial membrane, from the _____ to the _____.

inner; matrix; intermembrane space

Before this experiment was performed, Kurt Stern had already shown that the enzyme catalase forms a complex with its substrate. Therefore, this current set of experiments:

investigated a different enzyme and substrate.

In a metabolic pathway, a series of enzymatic reactions catalyzes the conversion of molecule A to molecule E. Several intermediate steps are involved in which the product of one reaction becomes the substrate for the next. The graph illustrates the changes of free energy that occur at each step in the pathway.Overall, this _____, based on the changes in free energy that take place as A is converted to E.

is an anabolic pathway

An avalanche is an example of _____ energy.

kinetic

The citric acid cycle begins when acetyl-CoA reacts with _____ to form _____ and ______.

oxaloacetate; citrate; CoA

The loss of electrons is referred to as:

oxidation.

Most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration is generated through

oxidative phosphorylation.

A molecule that is _____ loses electrons, and a molecule that is _____ gains electrons.

oxidized; reduced

Refer to Animation: Chemical Reactions. When chemical reactions occur the _____________ but the _____________.

pairing of atoms that share electron pairs changes; individual atomic nuclei stay the same

The researchers noticed that when the light is turned on, the amount of ATP is higher than when the light is turned off. This relationship between the presence of light and the synthesis of ATP could be described as a

positive correlation. As the light is turned on, the amount of ATP is increased. This positive correlation is actually an indirect causative relationship. In other words, the light is directly causing the pump to move ions into the vesicle that then forms the gradient to produce ATP using the ATP synthase.

Which molecule is the end product of glycolysis?

pyruvate. Glucose is the initial substrate for glycolysis. ATP is produced during glycolysis, but it is not the end product. Water is present, but not an end product of glycolysis. The end product is two molecules of 3-carbon compound pyruvate.

Consult the figure to help you make your predictions.Consider an enzyme that has these three amino acids crucial to substrate binding at the active site: leucine, tryptophan, and alanine. What characteristics would you predict for this enzyme's substrate?

relatively hydrophobic

Suppose that three critical amino acids in the active site of a specific enzyme are phenylalanine, methionine, and valine. Which of the characteristics would you predict the substrate to possess in order to bind the active site of this enzyme?

relatively hydrophobic

The potential energy in a molecule of ATP that is harnessed to do the work of the cell is held in part in the:

repulsion of the phosphate groups from each other.

Glucose is stored in plants as _____ and in animals as ____

starch; glycogen

Based on the results presented in the graph and table, the researchers

supported their initial hypothesis. Both the graph and the table support the hypothesis that a proton pump can drive the production of ATP through ATP synthase. This conclusion is dependent on researchers completing all of the necessary negative control experiments.

Which of the examples are considered anabolism? Select all that apply.

synthesis of new DNA copies prior to cell division. fat cells growing bigger during times of ample nutrition

What is the independent variable in the graph?

the presence or absence of light The independent variable is the variable that is manipulated on the x-axis. When light (the independent variable) is applied to the bacterial H+ pump, H+ ions are pumped into the vesicles. This increases the pH on the outside of the vesicles.

In a metabolic pathway, a series of enzymatic reactions catalyzes the conversion of molecule A to molecule E. Several intermediate steps are involved in which the product of one reaction becomes the substrate for the next. The graph illustrates the changes of free energy that occur at each step in the pathway.Which of the reactions in the pathway is energetically different from the others?

the reaction in which C is converted to D

No controls are described for the experiment. What would be a useful negative control for the experiment?

the same vesicle without the proton pump the same vesicle without the ATP synthase All of the answer options are correct. The easiest way to think about negative controls is to think about systematically repeating the experiment and removing one experimental variable at a time. These negative control experiments should not generate ATP nor change the pH if the hypothesis is supported. the same vesicle without ADP and inorganic phosphate [Pi] the same vesicle without protons

The highest free energy is found in the _____(s) of a reaction.

transition

A given enzyme in a pathway can be activated by one molecule and inhibited by a different molecule

true

The amino acids that actively contribute to catalysis in the active site of an enzyme do not have to be located close to each other in the primary sequence (the linear sequence of amino acids) of the protein

true

Which of the examples are considered catabolism? Select all that apply.

use of fat (triglyceride) stores as a cellular energy source. a person losing weight on a calorie restriction diet hydrolysis of glycogen (a glucose polymer) during physical activity