BIos 224, Final

Explain the term obligate anaerobe. -

A prokaryote that cannot grow in presence of oxygen

What is the meaning of the term Cambrian Explosion? a. A mass extinction event at the end of the Cambrian. b. A mass extinction event at the beginning of the Cambrian. c. A sudden occurrence of all Eukaryote phyla in the early Cambrian. d. An explosion in a coal mine of Whales (Cambria) revealing fossils of the oldest life forms known to us. e. A massive vulcanic eruption in the Cambrian ending the era of Snowball Earth. -

A sudden occurrence of all Eukaryote phyla in the early Cambrian.

Which of the following are considered formal "Mass Extinctions", and when did they occur? (redundant answers are possible) A. Cambrian Explosion B. Riss Ice Age C. Yucatan-Chicxulup impact D. Permian Extinction E. Cretaceous Extinction -

A. Cambrian Explosion - No B. Riss Ice Age - No C. Yucatan-Chicxulup impact - At end of mesozoic. D. Permian Extinction - Just before mesozoic. E. Cretaceous Extinction - End of mesozoic.

In Chlamydomonas, how many separately located genomes exist (in separated cell compartments)? Type a number.

Answer: 3

Policy and Syllabus: How many Scantron sheets will you need for this course? Please type a number.

Answer: 4 (3 Exams and 1 Final)

What is the name for the leaf type found in Lycophyta.

Answer: microphyll

This dispersal unit and branch belong to a species of _________individual in a species of ___________.

Araucariaceae; conifers

To which group belong Methanogens? -

Archaea

To which group of prokaryota is your nuclear genome more closely related? __________ -

Archaebacteria

Pic on back: Bellflowers (Campanula) belong to the _______. Their tubular flowers that are typical for this group: stamen, sepals and [write] _______ are fused to a tube. The tube, the blue color, and a precise pollen presentation mechanism indicate that the pollination is most often by ________.

Asteridae Petals Bees

What is the core message of Endosymbiont Theory? -

Bacteria were engulfed by Archaea, and became part of the Eukaryote cell.

What was the question pursued by the experiment of Miller and Urei? -

Can simple biomolecules form spontaneously under conditions as assumed to be found on early Earth?

In the early 19th century, who was mainly responsible for Darwin's undestanding of Deep Time? a. Charles Lyell. b. Thomas Morus. c. Carolus Linnaeus. d. William Ockham. e. Karl Marx. -

Charles Lyell.

What 4 things does taxonomy involve? -

DINC: 1. Description (first time species discovered is recorded) 2. Identification (species compared w/ types of original) - Determination (Dichotomous) Key 3. Nomenclature (name given based on standard rules) - Binomal Nomenclature 4. Classification (sorting species in hierarchal setting)

Paedomorphic -

Gives shorter life span (i.e. r-selection)

This dispersal unit and branch belong to a species of _________ within the _______.

Gnetum; Gnetales

This strobilus belongs to a species of _________ within the _________.

Gnetum; Gnetales

What were the conditions on Earth at the time of the origin of life, i.e., What were the concentrations of compounds in Early Earths atmosphere?

HIGHER THAN TODAY: 1. Carbon dioxide concentration (CO2) 2. Water concentration (H2O) 3. Hydrogen Sulfite Concentration (H2S) 4. Elementary Hydrogen Concentration (H2) 5. Ammonia concentration (NH4) 6. Methane concentration (CH4) 7. Carbon Monoxide Concentration (CO) SAME AS TODAY: 1. Elementary Nitrogen Concentration LOWER THAN TODAY: 1. Elementary Oxygen Concentration

What type of data can undergo a Maximum Parsimony Analysis? a. Molecular data only. b. Any data that is binary coded. c. Molecular data and non-molecular data (e.g., morphology). d. Non-molecular data only (e.g., morphology). -

Molecular data and non-molecular data (e.g., morphology).

What does MRSA stand for? -

Multi Resistant Staphilococcus Aureus

Why do some algae form calcite precipitates in or on cells? Calcite = CaCO3 -

Photosynthesis removes free CO2 and reduces the bicarbonate concentration.

Snowball Earth vs. Cambrian Explosion - How long ago? - Significance -

Snowball Earth: 700 mya - Photosynthesis - Eukaryotes possible through mitochondria via respiration in prokaryotes. - Ozone shielding protecting earth (life near earth possible since increase photosynthesis) Cambrian Explosion: 570-510 mya - Modern level of oxygen in atm.

What was the proposal of Darwin and Wallace? a. Genes mutate. b. Parents acquire features during life and pass them on to children. c. Genes are recombined. d. Species are separated by natural Selection. -

Species are separated by natural Selection.

What was the key message of Darwin's proposal? a. Species evolved one from the other in a linear sequence. b. Evolution progresses as gene are recombined. c. Evolution progresses as individuals acquire features during their life time by adaptation, and pass these acquirements on to their offspring. d. Species are separated through extinction of intermediate forms; inheritable changes accumulate over long time. -

Species are separated through extinction of intermediate forms; inheritable changes accumulate over long time.

*Referenced picture on back.* Match the trees in the illustration with their type. T. U. V. W. Y. Z. -

T. Rectangular Phylogram U. Rectangular Cladogram V. Slanted Cladogram W. Circular Rectangular Cladogram Y. Network "Unrooted" Phylogram Z. Circular Slanted Cladogram

When you build a data matrix, what is the requirement for features to belong to the same character? -

They have to be homologous.

What is the difference between most open-water ecosystems and terrestrial ecosystems? -

Water: Most primary producers are prokaryotes or algae and smaller (few to single-celled).

Which of the following organs is NOT part of the flower? Select one: a.Foliar leaf. b.Sepal. c.Petal. d.Carpel. e.Stamen.

a. Foliar leaf.

We learned that the old concept of monocots vs. dicots has been overturned. Is one of the old groups monophyletic and still valid? Select one: a.Yes, Monocots are monophyletic and still called like that. b.No, none of the groups were maintained, all were dissolved and arranged anew. c.Both groups are monophyletic and still called like that; just the Basal Angiosperms (ANITA) were added now. d.Yes, Dicots are monophyletic and still called like that.

a. Yes, Monocots are monophyletic and still called like that.

What is about the age of the oldest Multicellular Eukaryote? Select one: a. 2.7-2.1 billion years b. 572-540 million years c. 3.2 billion years d. 225 million years e. 1.5-1.2 billion years

a. 2.7-2.1 billion years

What is the definition of a Gametophyte? a. A plant generation with a haploid thallus producing sexual cells. b. The only generation with asexual spores or asexual reproduction. c. A plant generation with a diploid thallus, except for the meiospores it forms. d. The gametes that carry out plasmogamy/karyogamy. -

a. A plant generation with a haploid thallus producing sexual cells.

What was a planetary pre-requirement for the evolution of Eukaryotes? a. Free Oxygen b. The evolution of multicellular organisms. c. Precambrian Explosion d. Ozone shield -

a. Free Oxygen

Which of the following is true for leaves in vascular plants? Select one: a. Leaves in ferns grow mainly at the tip, less at the base. b. Equisetum has microphylls. c. Roots can bear leaves. d. In vascular plants, sporangia are not always associated with leaves (sporophylls). e. Megaphylls and microphylls are derived directly from the shoot apical meristem.

a. Leaves in ferns grow mainly at the tip, less at the base.

Which group has the larger spores? Select one: a. Lycopods. b. All are about the same. c. Bryophyta. d. Spores are variable and unpredictable. e. Hepatophyta.

a. Lycopods. (Yes, they contain fat.)

Which biomolecules are directly mechanically responsible for motion and cell shape in Eukaryotes. a. Microtubuli (actin and myosin). b. Phospholipids. c. Metabolism. d. DNA and RNA. -

a. Microtubuli (actin and myosin).

In the illustration (on back), which picture indicates NEITHER isogamy NOR oogamy? a. Middle (B) b. Left (A) c. Right (C) -

a. Middle (B)

What are the major differences of ferns plus seed plants from lycophytes? (synapomorphies of ferns and seedplants). Mark all that apply. Select one or more: a. Multiflagellate sperm cells. b. Megaphyll. c. Leptosporangium. d. Roots. e. Loss of Protostele

a. Multiflagellate sperm cells. b. Megaphyll.

NOT ON OUR EXAM: How many flagellae do you find in gametes of Spirogyra (Zygnematales)? a. None b. One c. Two d. Six or more e. This depends on the species or ecotype (variable) -

a. None

In Eukaryote cells, which of the following organelles are surrounded or formed by a double membrane? Mark all that apply, wrong answers give a penatly. Select one or more: a. Plastid b. Centrosome. c. Nucellus. d. Vacuole. e. Mitochondrium.

a. Plastid c. Nucellus. e. Mitochondrium.

Which of the following fungi has a heterokaryotic or diploid spore that can persist long time? Select one: a. Rhizzopus. b. Penicillium. c. Aspergillus. d. Peziza/Morchella (Morel). e. Agaricus (Mushroom). -

a. Rhizzopus.

Which of the following organisms have a zygotic meiosis type? Click all that apply. Select one or more: a. Spirogyra b. Ectocarpus c. Polysyphonia d. Ulva e. Chara

a. Spirogyra e. Chara

In Ascomycota AND Basidiomycota, how is the fruit body called? Select one: a. Sporocarp. b. Conidium. c. Basidium. d. Zygosporangium. e. Ascus. -

a. Sporocarp.

Prokaryote cell fission and eukaryote cell cycles: Which of the following statements is true? a. The process of cell fission also occurs inside of eukaryota cells. b. Cell fission is one form of the prokaryote pathways of gene recombination, mitosis not. c. Cell fission occurs only in respiratory bacteria and cyanobacteria. d. The process of cell fission involves only cells with a cell wall. -

a. The process of cell fission also occurs inside of eukaryota cells.

Which is the significance of Diatoms for the mining industry? Mark all that apply, but ONLY those that do apply! Select one or more: a. Their sediment is quarried for industrial purpose (chemistry, pharmacy, heavy industry, etc.) b. They always indicate an ocean sediment. c. As index fossils / indicator fossils / lead fossils. d. They store carbon dioxide in their frustules (as bicarbonate), which is released when mined and adds to the global warming. e. They co-ocurr with bauxit quarried for Aluminum industry. f. As oil carrying sediment layer. g. They always indicate a freshwater sediment. h. As compound used in dynamite. -

a. Their sediment is quarried for industrial purpose (chemistry, pharmacy, heavy industry, etc.) c. As index fossils / indicator fossils / lead fossils. f. As oil carrying sediment layer. h. As compound used in dynamite.

Which of the following is true for gram (-) bacteria. a. They are surrounded by a double-membrane. b. They never have flagella. c. Their cell wall is particularly rich in peptidoglycans. d. They all are anaerobic (none has Kreb's cycle-type respiration) e. None are anaerobic (all of Kreb's cycle-type respiration) -

a. They are surrounded by a double-membrane.

What is true for Plastids? Select one: a. They have no Histones. b. They have no own Ribosomes. c. They have no own Chromosomes. d. They cannot exist without light (photosynthesis). e. They are separated from the main cytoplasm by a single membrane only. -

a. They have no Histones.

*What is the main benefit of Mycorrhiza for plants with photosynthesis? a. Water and Mineral exploitation of the environment b. Energy supply c. Allelopathy d. None - only the fungi profits, but the plant does not suffer e. Protein supply -

a. Water and Mineral exploitation of the environment

What is the definition of a fruit? Select one: a.A gynoecium at the moment of seed dispersal. b.A seed at maturity. c.A flower after flowering. d.A sweet or attractive elaboration of the seed coat. e.Anything that bears and protects the seed (e.g., ovuliferous scale).

a.A gynoecium at the moment of seed dispersal.

Who is pollinating oaks? Select one: a.Wind. b.Bees. c.Birds. d.Nobody: oaks are Gymnosperms.

a.Wind.

Which of the following is NOT true for Angiosperms? Select one: a.The Carpel is considered the Megasporophyll. b.All Carpels together form the Androecium. c.The Stigma is the site of Pollen germination. d.Petals and Sepals both are part of the Perianth. e.Angiosperm Ovules typically have two Integuments. f.Floral organs have no axillary buds. g.The Anther is considered the Microsporangium. h.The Ovules are enclosed in an Ovary.

b. All Carpels together form the Androecium.

Which of the following is the name for the first leaves of a seed plant? hint: they form already in the embryo and often look or function different than all later leaves. Select one: a.Phyllocladium b.Cotyledons c.Sporocarp d.Sporophylls e.Embryophylls

b. Cotyledons

Which of the following is true for Angiosperms? Select one: a.The embryo sac has a fourfold number of cells because it is the direct result of meiosis. b.In many species, the endosperm is triploid, in few diploid. c.The endosperm is a parasite on the sporophyte embryo. d.In flowering plants, the only place where meiosis occurs is the nucellus (megasporocyte).

b. In many species, the endosperm is triploid, in few diploid.

When you eat pine seeds in a dish (e.g., in Pesto sauce), what are you actually eating? Select one: a.Leaf (Sporophyll) or short shoot subtended by a leaf. b.Megagametophyte and perhaps an embryo. c.A fruit (gynoecium at th stage of seed dispersal) d.The naked sporophyte embryo. e.A megasporangium (nucellus).

b. Megagametophyte and perhaps an embryo.

Assume a diploid individual has eight chromosomes in total (2n=8), and is heterozygous for each of them. How many different genotypes of gametes can come from this individual? (That is: how many different combinations of chromosomes can be packed into gametes?) a. 64 b. 16 c. 2 d. 32 e. 4 -

b. 16

How old are the red banded iron formations about? a. 720-540 mya b. 2.7-2.2 bya c. 2.2-2.1 bya d. After 540 mya -

b. 2.7-2.2 bya

How old is life on earth at least? Oldest known fossils. a. 4.5 byo b. 3.5 byo c. 2.1 byo d. 750 myo e. 4.5 myo -

b. 3.5 byo

Cell Cycle: In the cells of some organisms, mitosis occurs without cytokinesis. What is the result of this? Select one: a. Cells that are unusually small. b. A Coenocythium. c. Cell cycles lacking the S phase. d. Cells lacking nuclei. e. Destruction of chromosomes. -

b. A Coenocythium.

On this illustration (on back), what do you see? Select one: a. A root. b. A leaf. c. A reproductive shoot or strobilus. d. A vegetative shoot. e. A thallus. -

b. A leaf.

What specifically is an Eustele? Select one: a. A stem with a secondary cambium. b. A vascular system consisting of independend strands. c. A vascular system that contains both xylem and phloem. d. A stem with a bark and a phellem. e. A vascular system resembling a hollow cylinder. -

b. A vascular system consisting of independend strands.

Which of the follwing is true? Select one: a. Cytokinesis is followed by the G2 phase. b. After mitosis, all resulting nuclei or cells are clones. c. Mitosis is always followed by Cytokinesis. d. Mitosis is followed by the S phase.

b. After mitosis, all resulting nuclei or cells are clones.

Which of the following is true? Select one: a. Mitosis is followed by the S phase. b. After mitosis, all resulting nuclei or cells are clones. c. Mitosis is always followed by Cytokinesis. d. Cytokinesis is followed by the G2 phase. -

b. After mitosis, all resulting nuclei or cells are clones. Misc. c. WRONG - Although it's usually the case, cytokinesis may not occur after mitosis. This typically occurs in cells with two or more nuclei.

Which of the following taxa has NO secondary cambium? Select one: a. Helianthus (sunflower). b. Areceae (Palms). c. Ephedraceae (Mormon tea). d. Ginkgo. e. Cupressaceae (Junipers). -

b. Areceae (Palms).

In plant sciences, when do we talk of an Embryo? Select one: a. The gametophyte remains on the sporophyte. b. As the zygote divides and becomes the Embryo, it remains on the gametophyte. c. Due to tradition, only in land plants, the young gametophyte is called Embryo. d. Due to tradition, only in land plants, the young sporophyte is called Embryo. e. Any mitotic zygote is an embryo.

b. As the zygote divides and becomes the Embryo, it remains on the gametophyte.

To which group do Mitochondria correspond? Select one: a. Protobionta. b. Bacteria. c. Archaea. d. Virus (enveloped vector). e. Ribosomes.

b. Bacteria.

In the illustration, to which group of fungi does this one belong to? Select one: a. Ascomycota. b. Basidiomycota. c. Deuteromycota. d. Zygomycota. e. Chitridomycota. -

b. Basidiomycota.

Which of the following clades picked up photosynthesis via secondary endosymbiosis? Mark all that apply Select one or more: a. Red algae (Rhodophyta) b. Brown algae (Phaeophyta) c. Fungi d. Land plants (Embryophyta) e. Cyanobacteria f. Green algae (Chlorophyta) g. Dinoflagellates h. Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) i. Some Euglenids

b. Brown algae (Phaeophyta) g. Dinoflagellates h. Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) i. Some Euglenids

Some algae form calcite around their cells (CaCO3). What is the reason? Select one: a. In salt water, the calcite is a response to the salinity (osmoregulation). b. Calcite precipitates when free carbon dioxide (CO2) is absorbed due to photosynthesis. c. Calcite is part of the cyto skeletton. d. The calcite increases the cell buoyancy in plankton. e. Calcite has replaced cellulose in the cell wall of these organisms.

b. Calcite precipitates when free carbon dioxide (CO2) is absorbed due to photosynthesis.

Chemistry: Which is the chemical formulation of Water? Select one: a. SO4 b. H2O c. C2H5OH d. H2O2 e. CH4

b. H2O

Which organ or organs are missing in Aglaophyton (a Rhiniophyte)? Mark all that apply! Select one or more: a. Phloem b. Leaf c. Xylem d. Sporangium e. Root f. Stem

b. Leaf e. Root

Which organ or organs are missing in Aglaophyton (a Rhiniophyte)? Mark all that apply! Select one or more: a. Xylem b. Leaf c. Phloem d. Sporangium e. Stem f. Root -

b. Leaf f. Root

In most EXTANT Tracheophyta, on which principal organ are sporangia located? Select one: a. Calyptra. b. Leaf. c. Root. d. Stem. -

b. Leaf.

In the illustration, to which taxonomic group does this organism belong? Select one: a. Ophioglossaceae (grape ferns) b. Leptosporangiate ferns c. Equisetales (horsetails) d. Lycophyta (club mosses) e. Bryophyta (proper mosses)

b. Leptosporangiate ferns

What are Ascospores? Select one: a. Spermatozoids b. Meiospores c. Mitospores d. Kinetospores -

b. Meiospores

Which of the following cell types have a slowest rate of cell divisions? Select one: a. Liver cells. b. Neurons (nerve cells). c. Bones (osteoblasts). d. Skin (epithel, epidermis). -

b. Neurons (nerve cells).

What is the cell wall of Diatoms made of? Select one: a. Barium Sulfite b. Silicon dioxide (SiO2). c. Calcite (CaCO3) d. Calcium Sulfate (Gypsum, CaSO4) e. Cellulose only. -

b. Silicon dioxide (SiO2).

Regulatory pathways: What does it mean, when a gene is up- or down-regulated? -

b. The transcription of a gene is more or less frequent (mRNA).

Cell Cycle: What is the purpose of the S phase? a. After Mitosis/Meiosis, preparation of the chromosomes for the Cytokinesis. b. After the M phase, the chromosomes need to expand; this happens during the S phase. c. After some increase of the cell's cytoplasm volume, the genomic DNA needs to be duplicated. d. Before the M phase, chromosomes need to condense; this happens during the S phase. e. Separation of the two chromatids during the M phase (disconnection of the centromere). -

c. After some increase of the cell's cytoplasm volume, the genomic DNA needs to be duplicated.

When somebody tells you that Lycopods are "some kind of ferns", why is this not accurate? Select one: a. Lycophytes evolved independently from non-vascular plants; the common ancestor of Lycophytes and ferns had no vasculature. b. Lycophytes are all eusporangiate, like Bryophytes, ferns all leptosporangiate. c. Ferns are closer related to seed plants than to Lycophytes. d. Lycophytes have no vasculature, yet.

c. Ferns are closer related to seed plants than to Lycophytes.

In mitochondria and chloroplasts, through which membrane do most of the hydrogen ions flow? Select one: a. There is no hydrogen flow. b. Outer membrane (into the host cell cytoplasm). c. Inner membrane (including crista and thylacoids). d. The single membrane (directly between organelle and eukaryote host cell cytoplasm). -

c. Inner membrane (including crista and thylacoids).

Which of the following taxa is closest related to the biggest contributor to the early deposit of coal? (the Mississippian sub-period). Select one: a. Polytrichum. b. Ginkgo. c. Isoetes and Selaginella. d. Polypodium. e. Lycopodium. -

c. Isoetes and Selaginella.

Cell Cycle: During the separation of chromosomes, how is the element called that is responsible for the locomotion of the chromosome along the microtubule? a. Histone b. Chromatid c. Kinetochore d. Kinetosome e. Ribosome -

c. Kinetochore

Cell Cycle: During the separation of chromosomes, how is the element called that is responsible for the lokomotion of the chromosome along the micrutubule? Select one: a. Kinetosome. b. Chromatid. c. Kinetochore. d. Ribosome. e. Histone.

c. Kinetochore.

What are Ascospores? Select one: a. Kinetospores b. Spermatozoids c. Meiospores d. Mitospores -

c. Meiospores

Which of the following group of organisms is an important inhabitant of cow stomachs (Rumen)? Select one: a. Red and green sulfur bacteria. b. Thermophiles. c. Methanogenes. d. Rhodobacter. e. Cyanobacteria. -

c. Methanogenes.

In illustration, which picture indicates NEITHER isogamy NOR oogamy? (pic on back) a. Left (A) b. Right (C) c. Middle (B) -

c. Middle (B)

What are substrate and product of the biotechnologically used members of the genus Lactobacillus? Select one: a. Milk fat --> Alcohol. b. Milk fat --> Lactic Acid. c. Milk sugar --> Lactic acid. d. Milk sugar --> Alcohol. e. Milk protein --> Butyric acid. -

c. Milk sugar --> Lactic acid.

Endosymbiosis: in what sequence did endosymbionts invade Eukaryota? Select one: a. Mitochondria only b. Chloroplasts - Mitochondria c. Mitochondria - Plastids d. Chromosplasts - Chloroplasts - Leukoplasts e. Mitochondra - cell nucleus

c. Mitochondria - Plastids

Which of these represents Embryophyta without xylem and phloem? Select one: a. Brown algae (Phaeophyta). b. Club mosses (Lycophyta). c. Mosses (Bryophyta). d. Ferns (Pteridophyta). e. Flowering plants (Angiosperms). -

c. Mosses (Bryophyta). Correct: Bryophyta, Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta.

Which hierarchical system has the highest predictive power with regard to inherited features of organisms, or character states we do not yet know? a. Aphoristic proclamation b. Humanist Empirism c. Natural System d. Spiritual Revelation e. Utilitarism -

c. Natural System

Which process leads to adaptive evolution? Select one: a. Reproductive barriers. b. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. c. Natural selection. d. Bottleneck and genetic drift. e. Mutations.

c. Natural selection.

Peat is added to potting soil and used as fuel in some areas. When was most of this peat deposited? Select one: a. Cretaceous b. Lower Devonian c. Neogene d. Paleogene e. Carboniferous -

c. Neogene

Which type of gametogamy do we humans use? Select one: a. Anisogamy. b. Herkogamy. c. Oogamy. d. Isogamy. e. Autogamy (Parthenogenesis).

c. Oogamy.

On crystals of kitchen salt, a blood red colony of microorganisms is growing. Which pigment is most likely responsible for this coloration? a. Chlorophyll b. Bacterial carotenoids c. Rhodopsin (retinal) d. The salt crystals (NaCl) e. Iron oxide (rust) -

c. Rhodopsin (retinal)

Salt lakes often have a red or yellow color. Which pigment is most often responsible for this coloration? a. The salt crystals (NaCl) b. Chlorophyl c. Rhodopsin (retinal) d. Bacterial carotenoids e. Iron oxide -

c. Rhodopsin (retinal)

In which period did the first vascular plants leave fossil records? Select one: a. Carboniferous-Permian b. Devonian-Carboniferous. c. Silurian-Devonian. d. Ordovicium e. Cambrian-Ordovicium

c. Silurian-Devonian.

What was the proposal of Darwin and Wallace? Select one: a. Parents acquire features during life and pass them on to children. b. Genes are recombined. c. Species are separated by natural Selection. d. Genes mutate.

c. Species are separated by natural Selection.

Which of the following examples has no flagellate stages ever in its entire life cycle? Select one: a. Ectocarpus. b. Diatoms. c. Spirogyra. d. Ulotrix. e. Fucus.

c. Spirogyra.

How does yeast differ from all other Ascomycetes? a. No sexual reproduction (Deuteromycete) b. Mandatory anaerobe metabolsm c. Sporic meiosis type d. Lack of cell wall e. No ascoscpores -

c. Sporic meiosis type

Which of the following features are apomories that were acquired EXCLUSIVELY WITHIN the Streptophyta/Charophyta? [read the question carefully] Select one or more: a. Sporic life cycle b. True Parenchyme c. Sporopollenin d. Multiple plastids per cell e. Non-flagellate sperms

c. Sporopollenin d. Multiple plastids per cell f. Phragmoplast and Plasmodesmata

Cell Cycle: How many chromatids are in a chromosome after the S phase of the cell cycle? Select one: a. One. b. Four. c. Two. -

c. Two.

Which is the meiosis type where only the Haploid generation can have mitosis? Select one: a. Gametic. b. Sporic. c. Zygotic. d. Paracyclic.

c. Zygotic.

Which of the following does NOT occur in North-temperate or boreal forests? Select one: a.Taxus. b.Pinus. c.Araucaria d.Taxodium. e.Juniperus.

c.Araucaria

Which of the following is a representative of Progymnosperms? Select one: a.Isoetes b.Cordaites c.Archaeopteris d.Bennetitales e.Calamites

c.Archaeopteris

At the trophic level, which is the heterotrophic organism? Producer or consumer? -

consumer

Cell Cycle: In the cells of some organisms, mitosis occurs without cytokinesis. What is the result of this? a. Destruction of chromosomes. b. Cells that are unusually small. c. Cells lacking nuclei. d. A Coenocythium. e. Cell cycles lacking the S phase. -

d. A Coenocythium.

What is a Mycelium? Select one: a. A single haploid spore. b. A fruit body or sexual reproductive organ in fungi. c. A sporangium before meiosis. d. A bundle of filamentous singular cell strings. e. A filamentous string of singular cells. -

d. A bundle of filamentous singular cell strings.

Which of the following Periods was the age of the first great forests and of the dominance of Amphibia (Lycophyte trees, giant salamanders, early tetrapods)? Select one: a. Mesozoic b. Silurian c. Devonian d. Carboniferous e. Pleistocene -

d. Carboniferous

Which is the name for the organisms that carry poisonous scales and Haptonema, and are vernacularly referred to as Killer Algae? Select one: a. Cryptophyta, Pyrrophyta b. Dinoflagellatae: Ceratium c. Bacillariophyta: Gomphonema d. Chrysophtya: Chrysochromulina e. Cercozoa: Chlorarachniophytes -

d. Chrysophtya: Chrysochromulina (Haptophyta?)

Genetics: How is a singular chromosome set called (each chromosome occurs only once in a nucleus)? Select one: a. Diploid. b. Monoploid. c. Polyploid. d. Haploid. e. Homoploid. -

d. Haploid.

Which is the embryophyte with the shortest living sporophyte? Select one: a. Monilophytes b. Anthocerophyta c. Bryophyta d. Hepatophyta e. Lycophytes

d. Hepatophyta

Which taxon/phylum has no true epidermal stomata? Select one: a. Bryophyta b. Anthocerophyta c. Tracheophyta d. Hepatophyta -

d. Hepatophyta

*What type of karyology is found in the mycelium of fungi sporocarps? a. Diploid b. Allopolyploid c. Anisogamous d. Heterokaric e. Micronucleate -

d. Heterokaric

What does the Pollentube in Angiosperms correspond to? Select one: a. Sporophyte. b. Megasporangium. c. Megagametophyte d. Microgametophyte e. Microsporangium. -

d. Microgametophyte

NOT ON EXAM: *Which of the following features is shared between Polytrichum and Lycopodium? a. Eusporangium b. Heterospory c. Microphylls on gametophyte d. Microphylls on sporophyte e. Photosynthesis in gametophyte -

d. Microphylls on sporophyte *(or A -- 2012b)

To which taxonomic group does this organism belong? (Illustration on back) Select one: a. Bryophyta (proper mosses) b. Gymnosperms c. Lycophyta (club mosses) d. Monilophyta - Filicales (leptosporangiate ferns) e. Monilophyta - Equisetales (horsetails) -

d. Monilophyta - Filicales (leptosporangiate ferns)

This illustration (on back) being a schematic transverse section of a shoot axis: To which group of Seed Plants does this shoot axis most likely belong? Select one: a. Eudicots b. Basal Angiosperms c. Conifers d. Monocots -

d. Monocots

What is the difference between Hyphae and Mycelia? Select one: a. Hyphae are homokaric, Mycelia heterokaric. b. Hyphae are heterokaric, Mycelia homokaric. c. Hyphae consist of Mycelia. d. Mycelia consist of Hyphae. e. Hyphae are the sexual stage, Mycelia the asexual stage. -

d. Mycelia consist of Hyphae.

Which science works mainly with fungi? Select one: a. Zoology b. Bryology c. Phycology d. Mycology e. Fungology -

d. Mycology

Which type of gametogamy do we humans use? a. Isogamy. b. Autogamy (Parthenogenesis). c. Herkogamy. d. Oogamy. e. Anisogamy. -

d. Oogamy.

At the end of which period did Earth freeze over to Snowball Earth? a. Cambrian b. Carboniferous c. Devonian d. Pre-Cambrian e. Triassic -

d. Pre-Cambrian

How can proteins be anchored in the cell membrane? Read Carefully. Select one: a. The hydrophilic portion of a protein molecule joins the lipid layer of a membrane. b. Proteins join membranes spontaneously at contact: cell membranes are made out of proteins. c. A protein cannot join a membrane; it would disrupt it immediately. d. The hydrophobic portion of a protein molecule joins the lipid layer of a membrane

d. The hydrophobic portion of a protein molecule joins the lipid layer of a membrane

Which of the following do you NOT find in an animal cell? (animal = heterotroph, multicellular Eukaryote; or specifically Metazoa) Select one: a. Cell Nucleus. b. All of the listed elements are found in an animal cell. c. Mitochondria. d. Cytoskeleton. e. Cell Wall. -

e. Cell Wall.

What is true about the metabolism of the baker's yeast Saccharomyces? a. It depends on high protein concentration in the substrate. b. It can digest all carbohydrates (including starch and cellulose) c. It has no chitin in its cell walls d. It is mandatorily anaerobic (does not tolerate oxygen) e. It can degrade sugar completely to CO2 and H2O -

e. It can degrade sugar completely to CO2 and H2O

In the illustration, what organism is this? a. Btrachospoermum b. Ulotrix c. Fucus d. Polysiphonia e. Laminaria -

e. Laminaria

Rhizzopus has two types of spores. Which ones occur in several sporophores with a columella per mycelium? a. Meiospores b. Kinetospores c. Zygospores d. Spermatozoids e. Mitospores -

e. Mitospores

*Referenced picture on back.* Looking at this illustration, which of the following statements is NOT correct? a. The group containing only Canis and Panthera is paraphyletic. b. The lineage leading to Panthera was the first to diverge from the others. c. Panthera is the sister group to the group containing Taxidae, Lutra, and Canis d. Panthers are AS closely related to Canis lupus (wolf) as to Lutra lutra (otter). e. Panthera (leopard) is more closely related to Taxidae than to Canis. -

e. Panthera (leopard) is more closely related to Taxidae than to Canis.

*Which of the following organisms has the fewest species in freshwater (almost none)? a. Diatoms b. Chlorophyta (Green Algae) c. Euglenophyta d. Rhodophyta (Red Algae) e. Phaeophyta (Brown Algae) -

e. Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)

NOT ON OUR EXAM: *Which of the following examples uses phycobilins as photosynthetic pigments? a. Chlorophyta (Green Algae) b. Phaeophyta (Brown Algae) c. Dinoflagellates d. Diatoms e. Rhodophyta (Red Algae) -

e. Rhodophyta (Red Algae)

What is the cell wall of Diatoms made of? Select one: a. Cellulose only. b. Calcite (CaCO3) c. Calcium Sulfate (Gypsum, CaSO4) d. Barium Sulfite e. Silicon dioxide (SiO2).

e. Silicon dioxide (SiO2).

Which is true for all FILAMENTOUS Fungi? (Not including Chitrids, not including any unicellular life forms) Select one: a. They have one flagellum. b. They are ingestors (endocytosis). c. Some have cellulose in their cell walls. d. They are parasites. e. They have a zygotic meiosis type. -

e. They have a zygotic meiosis type.

Does photosynthesis occur in Archaea, and if so, which pigment would be used to capture light energy? Select one: a. Yes, Chlorophyll a and Phycobilines. b. Does not exist, only in Bacteria. c. Yes, sulfur. d. Yes, Chlorophyll. e. Yes, Rhodopsin. -

e. Yes, Rhodopsin.

Fill in the clade: Earlier you learned the kingdoms according to Whittaker; this system collapsed for Prokarya and was then only applied to __________, leaving only the ______ kingdoms. The stem group of the entire domain corresponds to the kingdom __________. However, this kingdom was found to be __________. Actually, these "kingdoms" now have collapsed all together. Instead of the kingdoms, modern biologists now recognize well-supported clades, called the five to six __________. -

eukarya; four; protista; paraphyletic; supergroups.

This dispersal unit and branch belong to a _________individual in a species of ___________.

female; zamiaceae

What is the name of this plant? Note: the relevant name is the latin genus; the vernacular name in brakets is NOT grade-relevant but just a hint for you, and may be absent sometimes. a.Taxus (Yew) b.Picea or Abies or Tsuga (Spruce) c.Pinus (Pine, actually) d.Cedrus (Cedar, actually) e.Aracuaria (Monkey puzzle) f.Podocarpus g.Juniperus, Tuja, Cupressus ("Cedar", Cypress, etc.)

g. Juniperus, Tuja, Cupressus ("Cedar", Cypress, etc.)

How many different generations of one species can you see in this picture (on back)? Hint: think of the Karyology. Select one: a. One: male gametophyte. b. One: female gametophyte. c. Three: male gametophyte, female gametophyte, sporophyte. d. Two: male gametophyte, sporophyte. e. Two: female gametophyte, sporophyte. f. Two: male gametophyte, female gametophyte. g. One: Sporophyte. h. Four: male gametophyte, female gametophyte, sporophyte, spore. -

h. Four: male gametophyte, female gametophyte, sporophyte, spore.

Invading Organisms: Mitochondria invaded what type of bacteria to produce respiratory bacteria? -

heterotrophic

Match the labels in the cladogram with the derived character states as they appeared in evolution. Note: not all labels or states may match, or matches may occur redundant. leaf: Flower: Ovule: Embryo: Vascular tissue:

leaf: W Flower: Z Ovule: X Embryo: T Vascular tissue: V

Per nomenclature convention, every taxon must be ___________. -

monophyletic.

After the invasion of organelle endosymbionts into Eukaryote cells, genes were transferred __________. It is __________ to translate mRNA of opposite domain. One reason is that __________. -

more from organelle to the nucleus; easier for an Archaean; Many introns disrupt the protein synthesis in Bacteria

Vinegar Production: Acetobacter strains used that metabolize wine ethanol to acetic acid, so the ecology of acetobacter is a __________. -

saprobiont

In the illustration (circular cladogram - not on back), what is the relation of B, F, C? a. A polytomy b. Polyphyly c. Paratomy d. Paraphyly e. Monophyly -

#9 (20132) - Pic shows circular cladogram e. Monophyly

Arrange the following periods from oldest to most recent: - Jurassic - Cambrian - Eocene - Cretaceous - Devonian - Precambrian - Carboniferous - Silurian - Holocene - Permian -

(OLDEST) Precambrian Cambrian Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian Jurassic (MOST RECENT)

Red-Banded Iron Formations: - Significance - How long ago -

- Indicated existence of oxygen releasing photosynthesis (although still contained almost none -- couldn't breath in those conditions). - 2.5 bya

The first Red-Banded Iron Formations were deposited about [nummeric] ________billion years ago. They indicate the existance of ___________. At this time, the atmosphere contained ____________________.

-2.5 -oxygen-releasing photosynthesis -Almost no oxygen, we still could not breath

Which ocean or sea boarders the following countries: 1. Sweden 2. China 3. Australia 4. Congo -

1. Sweden - Baltic Sea 2. China - Pacific 3. Australia - Pacific 4. Congo - Atlantic

The gametangia in Charales and Embryophytes differ from all those found in other algae, including Ulotrix and Chlamydomonas. In what way? 1. New is that the gametangia are formed from structures that are _________, and gametes are surrounded with a _________ jacket. 2. In both taxa, the male structure is written [spell] _________; the plesiomorph features of sperms include a flagella number of [nummeric] _________, and a cell body that is _________. 3. The female structure in embryophytes is called [spell] _________ and has distally a _________, while the egg sits proximally in a belly-shaped _________. -

1. multicellular; sterile 2. antheridia; 2; spiral 3. archegonia; neck; venter

1. Different from liverworts, the sporophyte in hornworts and proper mosses is ________ and ________ occur. 2. Different from liverworts and hornworts, the sporophyte in proper mosses ________. 3. Different from all proper mosses, old-fashioned Tracheophytes had and have a sporophyte that is ________, that ________, and has ________. -

1. photosynthetic; stomata 2. always has a seta 3. dominant; often bifurcates dichotomously in some species; lignin

1. Land plants belong to the ________. Within the Viridiplantae, the strict sister group to land plants are the ________. The non-vascular landplants consist of the three clades that are ________. 2. The basalmost clade liverworts contains forms with either just a simple, tongue-shaped thallus, or with a leafy form; its Latin-Greek name is written ________. 3. The second group contains only forms with a simple, tongue-shaped thallus, an a horn-like gametophyte; its Latin-Greek name is ________. 4. The third clade contains proper mosses with a thallus differentiated in a leaf-stem pattern and it is writen ________. -

1. streptophytes; charophytes; paraphyletic 2. hepatophyta 3. anthocerophyta 4. bryophyta

1. Cold Seeps are sites in __________ with __________. 2. For example in the area of the __________. 3. There, seeping out from the sea floor, are ___________ compounds, namely ___________. 4. They host an ecosystem based on ___________ organisms that are __________________. -

1. the deep sea with methane hydrate deposits 2. gulf of mexico 3. partially reduced organic; methane. 4. chemoautotrophs; independent from the sun as energy source.

1. Black Smokers are sites in __________ with __________. 2. For example in the area of the __________. 3. They release waters with a high concentration of ___________ compounds, namely ___________. 4. They host an ecosystem based on ___________ organisms that are __________________. -

1. the deep sea with volcanic activity 2. mid-atlantic ridge 3. partially reduced anorganic; iron and iron sulfides. 4. chemoautotrophs; independent from the sun as energy source.

1.) Trypanosoma belongs to the__________, related to__________and causes _______________ 2.) Giardia belongs to the__________, related to ________and causes_________ 3.) Plasmodium belongs to the __________, related to___________ and causes________.

1.) Excavata/Kinetoblastids -Euglenids -Sleep Disease 2.) Excavata/Kinetoblastids -Euglenids -Diarrhea 3.) Alveolata -Ciliates and Dinoflagellates -Malaria

Sort the following entities according to their appearance on Earth. Algae (Plants), Prokaryota, RNA & Ribozymes, Heterotrophous Eukaryota, Photosynthesis, Respiration. -

1st - RNA & Ribozymes 2nd - Prokaryota 3rd - Photosynthesis 4th - Respiration 5th - Heterotrophous Eukaryota 6th - Algae (Plants)

The first Red-Banded Iron Formations were deposited about [nummeric] _____ billion years ago. They indicate the existance of ______. At this time, the atmosphere contained ______. -

2.5 billion oxygen releasing photosynthesis almost no oxygen, we still could not breath.

If you have THREE taxa in a fully resolved phylogeny, how many different, non-redundant topologies are possible? -

3

Which genus causes Malaria? a. Plasmodium b. Entamoeba c. Salmonella d. Giardia e. Trypanosoma -

a. Plasmodium

ssume you have a hypothesis you want to test (e.g., "Barbie's hair is blond"), how many additional, mutually excluding statements or questions do you need AT LEAST? (hint: antithesis, Null-Hypothesis) -How many such additional alternative hypotheses are allowed at most?

-1 one -infinite

Geography: Match which country borders on which ocean or sea.

-Congo: Atlantic -Sweden: Baltic Sea -Brazil: Atlantic -China: Pacific -Lebanon: Mediterranean -Spitzbergen: Arctic Ocean -Kazakhstan (Home of Borat): Landlocked -Australia: Pacific -Saudi Arabia: Red Sea

Match the following periods in their relative sequence in time. Number 1 indicating the oldest, the first of the times listed. Note: not all periods are listed, there are gaps (hence, "relative sequence").

-Precambrian: 1 -Cambrian: 2 -Silurian: 3 -Devonian: 4 -Carboniferous: 5 -Permian: 6 -Jurassic: 7 -Cretaceous: 8 -Eocene: 9 -Holocene: 10

Black Smokers are sites in________ with________; for example in the area of the _________. They release waters with a high concentration of ___________ compounds, namely__________. They host an ecosystem based on ___________ organisms that _______________.

-The deep sea -Volcanic activity -Mid-Atlantic Ridge -partially reduced inorganic -Iron and Iron sulfides -Chemoautotrophous -is independent from the sun as energy source

Geography and tides cloze-questions: Fill in or chose the correct answer. -What causes tides in at the ocean coasts? -How many high tides can you get within 24 hours? [number]

-Tides are caused by the gravity of the moon and sun -2

Index Fossils primarily allow __________ dating of ___________. Key for index fossils is that their species occurred ___________ and over _________ period of time. Index fossils are classically __________ and _________ a skeleton or shell. Which of the following does NOT represent classical index fossils? (hint: logic conclusions can substitute for memorizing)

-a Relative, comparative -Sediments -globally abundant -a short -either -with -Dinosaurs

What is the difference between a Model and a Theory? While a Theory gives a ______ __________ for an observed ________, a model gives a __________ ________ for a _______. While theories aim to be ___________, models are always (!) __________. Which of the following is NOT a model? _____________

-broad -prediction -phenomenon -representative -illustration -theory -comprehensive -simplified -Evolution

Science (and most human thinking) is ___________structured, trying to break down a problem into smaller and smaller pieces looking for its elements. The element of such reseach is a _________________= a statement, that does NOT need to be further__________ in order to be _________ non-ambiguously

-hierarchially -Hypothesis -Subdivided -Tested

Terminology: Match the following definitions with their terms. 1.) Binding of atmospheric Nitrogen (N2), making it available for bio synthesis (e.g., for aminoacids and proteins) 2.) Organisms living together in a tight interaction. This term is general, and does not require that all partners profit. 3.) Organisms living together in a tight interaction, with benefits for both or all partners. 4.) One organism making another one sick. 5.) Organisms that live on or from dead material (scavengers). 6.) Living in an environment that has only little or now free oxygen. 7.) Organisms living together in a tight interaction, with benefits for only one, and costs for the other. 8.) Release of light as a result of metabolic processes. 9.) Organisms living together in a tight interaction, with benefits for only one or few, but no costs for the other partners.

1.) Nitrification 2.) Symbiosis 3.) Mutualism 4.) Pathogeny 5.) Saprobiosis 6.) Anaeroby 7.) Parasitism 8.) Bioluminescence 9.) Commensalism

Match the following bacteria 1.) Gram negative and highly diverse, including autotrophs, heterotrophs, aerobe, anaerobic 2.)Not a bacterium at all, but an Archaean, photoautotrophic, extremophyle (extreme salinity) 3.) Bacteria considered Gram positive, despite their lack of a cell wall; very small cells, and very small genome. 4.) Proteo-Bacterium, Sulfur bacterium, chemoautotrophous (difficult question, but funny name easy to remember). 5.) Gram positive, obligatory anaerobic, forming very resistant endospores, famous for food poisoning by releasing a neurotoxin. 6.) Gram negatives that are strict heterotrophs and have a spiral shape; include parasites causing Syphilis and Borrelliosis/Lyme Disease 7.) Gram negatives that are strict parasites (mostly inside animal cells); some also known to cause sexually transmitted diseases (STD) 8.) Gram negatives, strict photoautotrophs with a "modern" photosystem II; colonial or single 9.) Gamma-Proteobacterium that is an important symbiont in our intestine (up 40% of your feces consists of it; if you don't have it, you die); THE VERY model organism and work-horse in microbiology and molecular biotechnology.

1.) Proteobacteria 2.) Halobacterium 3.) Microplasma 4.) Thiomargarita 5.) Clostridium 6.) Spirochetes 7.) Chlamydias 8.) Cyanobacteria 9.) Escherichia coli

Which of the following continents or regions were once parts of Gondwana Land? Select one or more: a. Greenland b. South America c. India d. North America e. Europe f. Antarctica g. Australia h. China and Mongolia i. Iceland and Spitzbergen j. South and East Africa

b. South America c. India f. Antarctica g. Australia j. South and East Africa

Sort the following entities according to their appearance on Earth. Warning: Moodle shuffles this question in sequence, follow the verbal sequence (first-second-third..), not the sequence on your screen.

-First: RNA and Ribozymes -Second: Prokaryote -Third: Photosynthesis -Fourth: Respiration -Fifth: Heterotrophous Eukaryota -Sixth: Algae (Plants)

Without using an electronic device: what is the square root of 2500? 2500(½) =

50

Regulatory pathways: What does it mean, when a gene is up- or down-regulated? Select one: a. There are more chromosomes of the gene present (e.g., triploid, polyploid). b. The transcription of a gene is more or less frequent (mRNA). c. There are more loci per chromosome carrying a specific gene. d. The gene changes between a dominant and a recessive inheritance.

b. The transcription of a gene is more or less frequent (mRNA).

Which of the following is true? Select one: a. Cytokinesis is followed by the G2 phase. b. Mitosis is always followed by Cytokinesis. c. After mitosis, all resulting nuclei or cells are clones. d. Mitosis is followed by the S phase.

c. After mitosis, all resulting nuclei or cells are clones.

Math: A bit calculation in %: Assume that first an apple costs one dollar. Then the price increases by 50%. Then the price decreases again by 50%. How much does the apple cost now? Select one: a. 75 cents b. 1 Dollar c. 50 cents

a. 75 cents

What is the difference between a Virus and a Plasmid? Select one: a. A virus always has a protein capsid, a plasmid not. b. A virus always carries DNA, a plasmid only RNA. c. A virus always has an excision sequence in its DNA, a plasmid not. d. A virus always travels between cells, a plasmid stays put (never transfecting). e. A virus always carries RNA, a plasmid only DNA.

a. A virus always has a protein capsid, a plasmid not.

What is the implication of the ancient marine sediments referred to as Banded Iron Formations? Select one: a. Advanced forms of photosynthesis released oxygen. b. The atmosphere now had free oxygen gas (we could breath). c. First respiratory Bacteria exist. d. First Eukaryotes exist. e. First, primitive forms of photosynthesis existed. f. First life forms appeared and left traces.

a. Advanced forms of photosynthesis released oxygen.

What is the difference between a cell wall and a cell membrane? Mark all that apply Select one or more: a. All cells have a cell membrane, but not all have a cell wall. b. The cell wall is more important as an anchorage for proteins than the membrane. c. Endocytosis is possible with a complete cell membrane, but not with a complete cell wall. d. The cell membrane is more important as an anchorage for proteins tyhan the wall. e. The cell membrane is a polymer network, the cell wall is fluid. f. Cell membranes are generally outside of the cell wall (except. Gram Negatives). g. Cell membranes are generally inside of the cell wall (exept. Gram Positives). h. All cells have a cell wall, but not all have a cell membrane. i. The cell membrane is fluid, the cell wall is a polymer network. j. Endocytosis is possible with a complete cell wall, but not with a complete cell membrane.

a. All cells have a cell membrane, but not all have a cell wall. c. Endocytosis is possible with a complete cell membrane, but not with a complete cell wall. d. The cell membrane is more important as an anchorage for proteins tyhan the wall. g. Cell membranes are generally inside of the cell wall (exept. Gram Positives). i. The cell membrane is fluid, the cell wall is a polymer network.

Which of the following is a way of gene exchange in Prokaryota? Mark all that apply, false answers give a penalty. Select one or more: a. Exchange of free DNA bits. b. Plasmid. c. Virus (particle of enveloped coding nuceotide sequence). d. None of the pathways listed here. e. Meiosis f. Karyogamy.

a. Exchange of free DNA bits. -(Yes: Transformation) b. Plasmid.-(Yes: Conjugation and some forms of Transduction and Transformation.) c. Virus (particle of enveloped coding nuceotide sequence). -( Yes: Transduction)

Which of the following Eras was the age of the dinosaurs? Select one: a. Mesozoic b. Silurian c. Carboniferous d. Pleistocene e. Devonian

a. Mesozoic -(Chapter 25)

Which of the following group of organisms is an important inhabitant of cow stomachs (Rumen)? Select one: a. Methanogenes. b. Rhodobacter. c. Red and green sulfur bacteria. d. Thermophiles. e. Cyanobacteria.

a. Methanogenes.

How was the atmosphere condition 550 million years ago? Select one: a. Oxidizing, cold. b. Anaerobe, cold. c. Anaerobe, tropical-warm. d. Oxidizing, tropical-warm.

a. Oxidizing, cold.

What is true for Plastids? Select one: a. They have no Histones. b. They have no own Ribosomes. c. They have no own Chromosomes. d. They are separated from the main cytoplasm by a single membrane only. e. They cannot exist without light (photosynthesis).

a. They have no Histones. (Correct! No histones - they are derived from Bacteria.)

What does the word "anthropocentrism" mean? Select one: a. To look at the world from a view point based on human values and scales. b. The concepts of human-like intelligence in outer space. c. The assumption that humans are decencents of apes. d. To be a benefactor to people, to support and help people. e. To believe in Evolution.

a. To look at the world from a view point based on human values and scales.

Chemistry: Can molecules be ions? Select one: a. Yes, and they play an important role. b. Yes, but only if metal atoms are included. c. No, only metal atoms can form ions d. No, only single atoms can lose or gain electrons; in molecules they are bound firmly.

a. Yes, and they play an important role.

In American law, a key assumption is "innocent until proven guilty" (in dubio pro reo, in Roman law). To which scientific principle does this correspond? Select one: a. All hypotheses must be considered, whether rejected or not. b. A hypothesis must be considered until it is rejected. c. A hypothesis must not be considered, if it could be rejected some day. d. A hypothesis is useless, unless all others are rejected.

b. A hypothesis must be considered until it is rejected.-(Exactly: a hypothesis is free, survives, as long as it is considered)

Chemistry: What are the features of an acid? Mark all that apply, false checks will count as penalty. Select one or more: a. An acid feels soapy. b. An acid has a low pH. c. An acid has a high concentration of H+ ions. d. An acid is green and steaming (hissing sound). e. An acid has a high concentration of electron acceptors. f. An acid has a high pH. g. An acid tastes sour.

b. An acid has a low pH. c. An acid has a high concentration of H+ ions. e. An acid has a high concentration of electron acceptors. g. An acid tastes sour.

What was the purpose of the Miller-Urei experiment? To show that... Select one: a. Polymer Macromolecules can form spontaneously under conditions as found on eartly Earth. b. Biomolecules can form spontaneously under conditions as found on early Earth. c. Life can form spontaneously under conditions as found on early Earth. d. Cells can form spontaneously under conditions as found on early Earth. e. DNA replication can occur spontaneously under conditions as found on early Earth.

b. Biomolecules can form spontaneously under conditions as found on early Earth.

Which of the following is a prokaryote lives normally in the soil and is obligatory anaerobe? Select one: a. Thermophilus aquaticus b. Clostridium botulinum c. Yersinia pestis d. Anabaena viridis (Cyabobacteria) e. Escherichia coli

b. Clostridium botulinum

What happens if you miss a scantron exam during the semester? (does NOT apply for the Final). Select one: a. I can take the test in a separate occasion before the next scantron test is taken (make up for the test). b. I can drop it as my scratch grade; however, this is the only scratch grade I have. c. I can take the test in a separate occasion in the week before the Finals (make up for the test). d. I can drop it as my second scratch grade; I will still have another scratch grade. e. I am doomed: I cannot take the test again AND the missed test will be counted as zero, even if I missed no other test.

b. I can drop it as my scratch grade; however, this is the only scratch grade I have. -(Yes, this saves time for all. But you must do good on all other scores!)

You learn and study so hard, and yet you get bad grades. Which of the following can help? Click all answers that apply. Select one or more: a. I will hang on - the professor will notice how I struggle and put extra attention on me to help me. b. I may not be ready for this class, and should complete other prereq courses first (MATH 121, FS 104, ENGL 105, etc.). c. I hang on: If I am on financial aid, and dropping would reduce my credit hours below below the required minimum (e.g.,12), then I may want to hang on to this class, even if I fail, d. This class is just too hard! This is all new to me, nobody can learn all that! e. I should see the Student Development and Counseling Center for advice for learning techniques f. I may want to see the Student Development and Counseling Center for advice on my personal problems (being overwhelmed, anxiety, distractions). g. I should just hang in there and pull it through. I will explan my exceptional situation and ask to adjust the curve for me.

b. I may not be ready for this class, and should complete other prereq courses first (MATH 121, FS 104, ENGL 105, etc.). e. I should see the Student Development and Counseling Center for advice for learning techniques f. I may want to see the Student Development and Counseling Center for advice on my personal problems (being overwhelmed, anxiety, distractions). -(Yes, even if you feel that it is not clinical; IF it is clinical, then they will refer you to the SSD, and I get the formal permission to consider your clinical condition in exams individually.)

Syllabus and Policies: Which of the following is true for the act of copying from another student's test answers? Mark all that apply, false checks will count as penalty. Select one or more: a. It is a Non-Academic Misconduct (by definition). b. It has to be reported to the Student Conduct Board. c. You have to be warned and get a citation immediately. d. It is an Academic Misconduct (by definition). e. It is an Academic Felony (by definition). f. It is an act of Arson (by definition)

b. It has to be reported to the Student Conduct Board d. It is an Academic Misconduct (by definition).

What is the significance of Carolus Linnaeus for Biology? Select one or more: a. First proposition of an evolutionary concept. b. Largest record of species descriptions. c. First American Naturalist. d. Basis for modern nomenclature ("year zero") e. First use of binominal names in Western history. f. Consistent nomenclature and classification

b. Largest record of species descriptions. d. Basis for modern nomenclature ("year zero") f. Consistent nomenclature and classification

What are Extremophiles? Select one: a. A special group that only occurs in Bacteria. b. Organisms that grow better under extreme heat, pressure, salt concentrations, etc. c. Bacteria with extreme shape. d. The ancestors of our Chloroplasts. e. The ancestors of our Mitochondria.

b. Organisms that grow better under extreme heat, pressure, salt concentrations, etc.

Which of the following substances was NOT present in the primevial atmosphere on earth? Select one: a. Water H2O b. Oxygen O2 c. Carbondioxyde CO2 d. Hydrogen Sulfide H2S e. Nitrogen N2 f. Methan CH4

b. Oxygen O2

Chemistry: Which of the following compounds are polar (hydrophilic, mix with water). Mark all that apply, false checks will count as penalty. Select one or more: a. Lipids. b. Salts (e.g., lime stone) c. Nucleic acids d. Glass (SiO2, Silicium Dioxide) e. Amino acids. f. Sugars. g. Diamond (pure Carbon) h. Ethanol (a simple alcohol).

b. Salts (e.g., lime stone) c. Nucleic acids d. Glass (SiO2, Silicium Dioxide) - (That's a difficult one) e. Amino acids. f. Sugars. h. Ethanol (a simple alcohol).

What was the key message of Darwin's proposal? Select one: a. Species evolved one from the other in a linear sequence. b. Species are separated through extinction of intermediate forms; inheritable changes accumulate over long time. c. Evolution progresses as gene are recombined. d. Evolution progresses as individuals acquire features during their life time by adaptation, and pass these acquirements on to their offspring.

b. Species are separated through extinction of intermediate forms; inheritable changes accumulate over long time.

How can proteins be anchored in the cell membrane? Read Carefully. Select one: a. A protein cannot join a membrane; it would disrupt it immediately. b. The hydrophobic portion of a protein molecule joins the lipid layer of a membrane. c. The hydrophilic portion of a protein molecule joins the lipid layer of a membrane. d. Proteins join membarnes spontaneously at contact: cell membranes are made out of proteins.

b. The hydrophobic portion of a protein molecule joins the lipid layer of a membrane.

Which of the following is true for liposomes? Mark all that apply, and only what applies. Select one or more: a. They have the first genome and were the first prokaryotes. b. They consist of a phospholipid bilayer. c. They are produced industrially and used in pharmacologically. d. They are organelles of eukaryote cells. e. They are able to katalyse simple biological reactions. f. They form littles spheres that can grow and break off smaller spheres.

b. They consist of a phospholipid bilayer. c. They are produced industrially and used in pharmacologically. e. They are able to katalyse simple biological reactions. f. They form littles spheres that can grow and break off smaller spheres.

Why are online quizzes open only for limited time, and is the time per attempt limited? a. Because all instructors at LSUS do it this way. b. To prevent students from communicating. c. To prevent students from looking information up in books, online, or notes. d. Because Moodle works that way. e. To train students to work under limited time conditions.

b. To prevent students from communicating-( that would be a misconduct, and jeopardize your learning and retention) c. To prevent students from looking information up in books, online, or notes-( that would be a misconduct, and jeopardize your learning and retention) e. To train students to work under limited time conditions-(Not really: 1 minute is plenty of time, 3x the span of a TV commercial and of the average online consumer attention span)

What is true for prokaryote flagella? Mark all that apply. They... Select one or more: a. transfer DNA during sexual recombination b. consist of protein sub-units. c. serve the transfer of macromolecules into the cell cytoplasm. d. are extracellular e. consist of lipid sub-units. f. are endocellular g. serve cell mobility. h. possess a rotating anchor

b. consist of protein sub-units. d. are extracellular g. serve cell mobility. h. possess a rotating anchor

Biomining, Biotechnological Ore leaching, employs microorganisms to enrich rare minerals from poor ores, such as Molybdenium or Manganese. This mostly includes the reduction of metal elements, rendering the ions more soluble, often in an environment of elevated heat or acidity. What type of organisms are most often involved in this technique? Hint: many of these organisms reduce Sulfur. Select one: a. Aerobe Heterotrophs b. Aerobe Chemoautotrophs c. Anaerobe Chemoautotrophs d. Aerobe Photoautotrophs e. Anaerobe Saprobionts

c. Anaerobe Chemoautotrophs

Which of the following scientists first recommended to shortly heat substances in order to prevent spoiling by microorganisms? Select one: a. Huygens and Van Leeuwenhoek b. Alexander Flemming c. Louis Pasteur d. Miller and Urei e. Whatson and Crick

c. Louis Pasteur

The illustration shows a question from a chemistry exam, and an actual student's answer. What is the SCIENTIFIC value of the answer in this example? Select one: a. Predictive power: all molecules were created polar. b. No predictive power: because the polarity of molecules cannot be tested experimentally. c. No predictive power: because the answer is equally correct for the opposite observation. d. Predictive power: based on this answer I can predict whether other molecules are polar or not.

c. No predictive power: because the answer is equally correct for the opposite observation.

What is the antithesis to "All Swans are White"? Select one: a. All swans are not wite. b. There are black swans. c. Not all swans are white. d. All swans are black.

c. Not all swans are white.

What is a Plasmid? Select one: a. The cytoplasm of prokaryotes. b. A cell organelle in plants and Archaea. c. A cell organelle in plants and Bacteria. d. A ring-shaped DNA double strand (little chromosome). e. A cell organelle in plants, only.

d. A ring-shaped DNA double strand (little chromosome).

Which of the following substances is used in all life to ready a biomolecule for a reaction by increasing its energy via phosphorylation. Select one: a. Amylose (Starch) b. Maltose (malt sugar) c. AMP (Adenosin Mono-Phosphate) d. ATP (Adenosin Tri-Phosphate) e. Glucose

d. ATP (Adenosin Tri-Phosphate)

Which of the following Periods was the age of the first great forests and of the dominance of Amphibia (Lycophyte trees, giant salamanders, early tetrapods)? Select one: a. Pleistocene b. Mesozoic c. Silurian d. Carboniferous e. Devonian

d. Carboniferous

Which of the following features is shared by all life on Earth (but not necessarily in all the universe)? Select one: a. Cell nucleus. b. Oxygen dependent metabolism. c. Sun as energy source. d. Cellular growth. e. Intracellular compartmentalization (organelles).

d. Cellular growth.

In the early 19th century, who was mainly responsible for Darwin's undestanding of Deep Time? Select one: a. Thomas Morus. b. Karl Marx. c. Carolus Linnaeus. d. Charles Lyell. e. William Ockham.

d. Charles Lyell. -(Lesson 03 Systematics and Evolution, Campbell Reece chapter 22.)

How do we know about the conditions on early Earth at the beginning of life? [not in the book] Select one: a. We do not know, just speculation. b. Fossils. c. From conditions in outer space and other planets. d. Chemistry of rocks that formed at that time

d. Chemistry of rocks that formed at that time

Geography: Which of the following oceans or seas is completely landlocked (not connected to the global ocean system) Select one: a. Black Sea b. Mediterranean Sea c. Baltic Sea d. Dead Sea e. Red Sea

d. Dead Sea

Which of the following sentences is true regarding the ecology on Earth? Select one: a. Energy Cycles, Nutrients flow. b. Energy flows, Nutrients flow. c. Energy cycles, Nutrients cycle. d. Energy flows, Nutrients cycle.

d. Energy flows, Nutrients cycle.

Calculate your grade in a quiz: if 80 points are the maximum of 100%, what is the grade earned for 60 points? Select one: a. Grade F b. Grade B c. Grade D d. Grade C e. Grade A

d. Grade C -(No. Calculate: 60/80*100 (=60/4*5)

Which of the following best describes the logic of hypothesis-based science? Select one: a. If my prediction is correct, it will lead to a testable hypothesis. b. If I generate a testable hypothesis, tests and observations will support it. c. If my observations are accurate, they will support my hypothesis. d. If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect non-ambiguous test results. e. If my experiments are set up right, they will lead to a testable hypothesis.

d. If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect non-ambiguous test results.

Policy and Syllabus, Participation Rate: Assume that fifteen small assignments were offered in this semester. You did only ten, in all of them you scored 80% (that's a B each time). What will be your average of small assignments at the end of the semester? Select one: a. It is a B. b. It is an A. c. It is a F. d. It is a D. e. It is a C.

d. It is a D.

What is the unit to measure energy in the "metric system" (International System of Units, SI)? Select one: a. Calory (cal) b. Newton (N) c. Watt (W) d. Joule (J) e. Volt (V)

d. Joule (J)

Photoautotrophs use... Hint: CO2 = Carbon dioxide, N2 = nitrogen, H2S = hydrogen sulfide Select one: a. N2 as energy source and and CO2 as carbon source. b. H2S as energy source and CO2 as carbon source. c. Light as energy source and methane as carbon source. d. Light as energy source and CO2 as carbon source. e. CO2 as both, energy source and carbon source.

d. Light as energy source and CO2 as carbon source.

Concept of science: What is the purpose or value of Knowledge in general (e.g., a theory)? Select one: a. To eliminate unnecessary assumptions (William Ockham) b. Ethical value (Justice and social fairness, political correctness; Theodor W. Adorno). c. To overcome religion (e.g., God, Friedrich Nietzsche). d. Predictive and explanatory power (Carl Popper). e. To find the objective and ultimate truth (René Descartes).

d. Predictive and explanatory power (Carl Popper).

What does the concept of a RNA world mean? Select one: a. The occurrence of first RNA molecules after DNA had been established as genetic carrier. b. Life began with virus that contained RNA, which then evolved into bacteria. c. The first organisms had a cell membrane consisting of RNA. d. RNA molecules can function as genetic carrier AND as bio-catalyst.

d. RNA molecules can function as genetic carrier AND as bio-catalyst.

What did Miller and Urei try to show in their experiment? Select one: a. Protobionts could form under conditions on early earth. b. Simple biomolecules can form spontaneously under conditions as on Earth today. c. Macromolecules form when simple biomolecules and light are present. d. Simple biomolecules can form spontaneously under conditions as on Early Earth. e. Macromolecules can form spontaneously under conditions as on Early Earth. f. Simple life can form spontaneously under conditions as on Early Earth.

d. Simple biomolecules can form spontaneously under conditions as on Early Earth.

How many clades (domains and Supergroups) does botany traditionally include? (Clades containing organisms that either perform photosynthesis or that are fungi?) Select one: a. Three prokaryote domains, six eukaryote Supergroups b. No prokaryote domains, five eukaryote Supergroups c. No prokaryote domains, five euraryote Supergroups d. Two prokaryote domains, five eukaryote Supergroups e. One prokaryote domains, four eukaryote Supergroups

d. Two prokaryote domains, five eukaryote Supergroups

Math: Let's play Snake eye: If you toss two regular dices, what is the probability that both will have the same face up (e.g., the One)? Select one: a. 1/6 b. 1/24 c. 1/12 d. 1/64 e. 1/36

e. 1/36 -(1/6*1/6=1/36. Each dice has 6 sides; after the first dice made it to One.(1/6) the second dice still also has to make it (1/6); that is, 5/6 of the first dice Ones will not be followed by the second One).

Policy and Syllabus: What grade can you expect with a regular average performance? Careful: the relevant answer is the capital letter behind the point. Select one: a. C or D, around 70% b. A or B, 86-92% c. D or F, around 60% d. A, 90-95% e. B or C, 75-85%

e. B or C, 75-85%

Which of the following prokaryotic features or processes involves metabolic cooperation among cells? Select one: a. Endospore Formation b. Binary Fission c. Endotoxin release d. Photoautotrophy e. Biofilms

e. Biofilms

Which of the following is NOT a mass extinction event? Select one: a. End of Triassic 190 mya. b. End of the Permian era, about 250 mya c. Transition Devonian to Carboniferous 360 mya. d. Yucatan-Chicxulup impact 65 mya. e. Cambrian Explosion, about 540 mya

e. Cambrian Explosion, about 540 mya

We learnt about the hiearchical structures of Systems (Systems Biology). Which of the following is a correct sequence of levels in life's hierarchy, proceeding downwards from the most comprehensive entity to the smallest unit? Select one: a. Organism - Organ system - Tissue - Cell - Organ. b. Brain - Organ system - Nerve cell - Ecosystem. c. Nervous system - Brain - Organelle - Nerve cell. d. Organ system - Tissue - Molecule - Biosphere. e. Ecosystem - Community - Organism - Organ - Tissue

e. Ecosystem - Community - Organism - Organ - Tissue

What is the meaning of Peer Review in scientific publications? Select one: a. It is a group of collaborators who support each other to get published. b. It makes sure that the predictions in a published concept are true. c. It decides that a theory is now accepted by the scientific community. d. It eliminates concepts or ideas that are controversial. e. It checks whether the scientific standarts in a publication are met.

e. It checks whether the scientific standarts in a publication are met.

How is this Gaussian Bell Curve called, as well? Select one: a. Southern Blot b. Southern Bell c. Scatter plot d. Random Bell e. Normal Distribution

e. Normal Distribution

Geography: WHY should penguins have no clue about polar bears? Select one: a. Penguins live at the North Pole, polar bears at the South Pole b. The cartoon is wrong, based on a false myth! Penguins fear polar bears as their natural arch enemy! c. Penguins never are on continental land, only on drifting ice and remote islands. d. Penguins show no escape behavior on land (just like the Dodo bird). e. Polar bears live at the North Pole, penguins at the South Pole

e. Polar bears live at the North Pole, penguins at the South Pole

In order to produce vinegar, Acetobacter strains are used: they metabolize wine ethanol to acetic acid that gives vinegar its sour-refreshing taste, and keeps other critters at bay due to its acidity. What was the original ecology of Acetobacter? Select one: a. Photoautotrophy b. Herbivory c. Parasitism d. Chemoautotrophy e. Saprobiont

e. Saprobiont

Which of the following is a synonym for the ecological trophy level of a decomposer? Select one: a. Parasite b. Herbivore c. Carnivore d. Producer e. Saprobiont

e. Saprobiont

Fill in the cloze: The first fossils of vascular plants appeared about______ million years ago. The oldest and most simplest representative is Aglaophyton in the phylum (or major clade)_________. It lived in __________, had__________, and bore its sporangia_________. Its vascular system was a _______________.

-420 -Rhyniaphyta -freshwater -no leaves at all -directly on the stem -Protostele

Geography: Attribute to each continent or region below whether it belongs to what is called "Old World" or "New World".

-Australia: Old World -Africa: Old World -South America: New World -North America: New World -Asia: Old World -Europe: Old World

Match below the organelles and their cell biological purpose

-Cell shape and containment: Cell wall -Respiratory pathway: Mitochondrium -Cell shape and motion: Cytoskeleton -Management and containment of DNA: Cell nucleus -Photosynthesis: Some plastids -Transport across the cell and synthesis of proteins, transfer to Golgi Apparatus: Endoplasmic reticulum

Fill in the cloze: Earlier you learnt the kingdoms according to Whittaker; this system collapsed for Prokarya and was then only applied to __________, leaving only the_______ kingdoms. The stem group of the entire domain corresponds to the kingdom ____________. However, this kingdom was found to be___________ Actually, these "kindoms" now have collapsed all together. Instead of these kingdoms, modern biologists now recognize well-supported clades, called the five to six_________.

-Eukarya -four -Protista -Paraphyletic -Supergroups

In the illustration you have a virtual organism with two traits (shape and color) with two unlinked loci (B=Black, R=Round), and two alleles each: R and r, and B and b, respectively; the capital each representing the dominant allele, lower case the recessive one. The illustration gives you the phenotype of the homozygous P generation. Using Mendelian genetics determine Genotype and Phenotype of F1.

-Genotype F1: BbRr -Phenotype F1: Black, Round

The name for the clade of "Ferns", the monophyletic sistergroup of seed plants, is referred to as__________. They consist of four to five monophyletic groups; the most successful one in present times are the classes ___________; they are distinct by their__________. Horsetails, the putative sister to all other "Ferns", belong to the ____________: extant taxa all have a stem that is______________ and leaves that are___________; spores are released from_____________. Whisk fern, adder's tongue, and grape fern belong to the ______________; they have unusual leaves and some miss _________ completely: typical is also the gametophyte that is___________.

-Monilophytes -[Don't know answer] -Leptidosporangia -Equisteopsids -green, upright, and hollow -small and scale shaped, positioned in a sheath-like whorl -an apical strobilus -[Don't know answer] -the root -heterotrophic and subterraneous

Land plants belong to the_____________. Within the Viridiplantae, the strict sister group to land plants are the _________________. The nofn-vascular landplants consist of the three clades that are ___________. The basalmost clade liverworts contains forms with either just a simple, tongue-shaped thallus, or with a leafy form; its Latin-Greek name is written ______________. The second group contains only forms with a simple, tongue-shaped thallus, an a horn-like gametophyte; its Latin-Greek name is _____________. The third clade contains proper mosses with a thallus differentiated in a leaf-stem pattern and it is writen______________. Different from liverworts, the sporophyte in hornworts and proper mosses is ____________and _________________ occur. Different from liverworts and hornworts, the sporophyte in proper mosses __________________. Different from all proper mosses, old-fashioned Tracheophytes had and have a sporophyte that is _________________, that _____________, and has_______________.

-Streptophytes -Charophytes -paraphyletic -hepatophyta -anthocerophyta -bryophyta -photosynthetic -stomata -always has a seta -dominant -often bifurcates dichotomously in some species -lignin

Cold Seeps are sites in__________ with________; for example in the area of the _____________. There, seeping out from the sea floor, are____________ compounds, namely__________. Cold seeps host an ecosystem based on__________ organisms that ____________

-The deep sea -Methane hydrate deposits -Gulf of Mexico -partially reduced organic -Methane -Chemoautotrophous -is independent from the sun as an energy source

In Lycopodium, the genomes of Gametophyte and Sporophyte are _____________. The two generations occupy _________ecological niches, because the Gametophyte is _________. Energy is supplemented mainly____________. Are there disruptions or dormancy periods between the main growth of the two generations? ___________________

-different -different -heterotrophic -autotrophic -Both ways between Gametophyte and Sporophyte, each for the next generation -Yes, from Sporophyte to Gametophyte

In a peristomate moss (Byropsida), the genomes of Gametophyte and Sporophyte are _____________. The two generations occupy _________ecological niches, because the Gametophyte is _________. Energy is supplemented mainly____________. Are there disruptions or dormancy periods between the main growth of the two generations? ___________________

-different -similar -autotrophic -autotrophic -from Gametophyte to Sporophyte -Yes, between Sporophyte and Gametophyte

Fill in the cloze: Earlier you learnt the kingdoms according to Whittaker; this system collapsed for Prokarya and was then only applied to ______, leaving only the_______ kingdoms. The stem group of the entire domain corresponds to the kingdom_________. However, this kingdom was found to be_________. Actually, these "kindoms" now have collapsed all together. Instead of these kingdoms, modern biologists now recognize well-supported clades, called the five to six___________.

-eukarya -four -protista -Paraphyletic -Supergroups

After the invasion of organell endosymbionts into Eukaryote cells, genes were transferred_________. It is____________ to translate mRNA of the opposite domain. One reason is that____________.

-more from organelle to the nucleus -easier for an Archaean -Many introns disrupt the protein synthesis in Bacteria

After the invasion of organell endosymbionts into Eukaryote cells, genes were transferred___________It is __________ to translate mRNA of the opposite domain. One reason is that _______________.

-more from organelle to the nucleus -easier for an Archaean -Many introns disrupt the protein synthesis in Bacteria

Prokarya generally host a genome that is _________than eukaryotes. Therefore, a single prokaryote strain (or "species") is able to perform______ different metabolic processes than a single strain of eukaryotes. The number of biochemical processes that can be carried out by "all" species of prokaryotes together is_______than by "all" species of eukaryotes together.

-smaller -less -larger

1. On this illustration (on back), what organ do you see? Mark all that apply! Select one or more: a. The leaflet of a pinnate-compound leaf. b. One entire leaf on a stem. c. A sporophyll or part of one. d. Several gametangia. e. One gametangium. f. A strobilus, or part of one. 2. How many Sori can you see with each Indusium (per indusium)? a. One (=1) b. None (=zero) c. Nine (=9) d. Many (more than 20) e. Two (=2) -

1. a. The leaflet of a pinnate-compound leaf. c. A sporophyll or part of one. 2. a. One (=1)

Fill in the cloze: 1. The first fossils of vascular plants appeared about ________ million years ago. 2. The oldest and most simplest representative is Aglaophyton in the phylum (or major clade) ________. 3. It lived in ________, had ________, and bore its sporangia ________. 4. Its vascular system was a ________. -

1. 420 mya 2. Rhyniaphyta 3. freshwater; no leaves at all; diretly on stem. 4. Protostele

Match the labels with the organs or organ groups (pic on back). 1. A vegetative leaf: 2. Part of the Gynoecium: 3. Part of the Androecium: 4. Part of the Perianth: 5. Part of the stem: -

1. A vegetative leaf: N 2. Part of the Gynoecium: V 3. Part of the Androecium: S 4. Part of the Perianth: Q 5. Part of the stem: P

Decide which conditions you find in a peat bog: 1. The pH is (a) Acidic (b) Neutral (c) Alcaline (basic) 2. The nutrient mineral concentration is (a) Either rich or poor (b) Poor (c) Rich 3. Peat bogs occur in a climate that is (a) Cool temperate (b) Hot (tropical) (c) Cold (polar) (d) Warm temperate 4. This climate is also periodically (a) dry/wet (b) generally dry (c) generally wet 5. Peat bogs are characterized by a layer of organic material that is (a) large (b) low 6. This layer of organic material also has a significant zone that is (a) Aerobe (b) Anaerobe -

1. Acidic 2. Poor 3. Cool temperate 4. generally wet 5. large 6. anaerobe

What are arguments for Bryophyta being the closest relatives of vascular plants? Match which the features with the taxa: 1. No seta is found in any member of ... 2. Leptoids and Hydroids occur only in... 3. Stomata are NOT found in... 4. Apical growth of the sporophyte occurs in... -

1. Anthocerophyta 2. Peristomata Bryophyta 3. Hepatophyta 4. All or any Bryophyta

1. Most extremophiles are of what domain? 2. What are plastids and where are they found? -

1. Archaea 2. Bacteria/organelle that is now in symbioses with cyanobacteria/prochloron to make plant cells. - Have no histones - Double membraned - Can develop into many structures (i.e. chloroplasts)

1. To which group of prokaryota is your nuclear genome more closely related? 2. Compare the presence of introns (noncoding sequences) in bacteria and archaea. -

1. Archaebacteria (archaea) 2. Mostly absent in bacteria but can be found in some archaea genes.

Match below the organelles and their cell biological purpose: 1. Management and containment of DNA 2. Repiratory pathway: 3. Cell shape and containment: 4. Cell shape and motion: 5. Photosynthesis: 6. Transport across the cell and synthesis of proteins, transfer to Golgi Apparatus. -

1. Cell nucleus 2. Mitochondrium 3. Cell wall 4. Cytoskeleton 5. Some plastids 6. Endoplasmic reticulum

Give the 4 groups/species that use phycobilins as their photosynthetic pigments. -

1. Cyanobacteria 2. Prochloron 3. Cryptophyta (Alveolata - Dinoflagellate) 4. Rhodophyta (Red Algae)

*Referenced picture on back.* 1. In cladistics, this roster is referred to as a ________ ________. 2. The labels Moose, Chicken, Bubba, Catfish represent ________. 3. The head labels U-Z represent _________. 4. The numbers in the grid, 0-3, represent _________. -

1. Data Matrix 2. Taxa 3. Characters 4. Character States

1. When you determine an organism using a determination key, are you taking an Inductive approach or a Deductive approach? 2. Explain why. -

1. Deductive 2. Deductive Reasoning - Goes from the general to the particular with a major premise and a minor premise that prove the conclusion. - When an argument claims that the truth of its premises guarantees the truth of its conclusion, it is said to involve a deductive inference. - Deductive reasoning holds to a very high standard of correctness. b. Inductive Reasoning - Goes from the particular to the general. - Usually understood to support rather than prove a conclusion, and can be used with statistical analysis to demonstrate probability. - When an argument claims merely that the truth of its premises make it likely or probable that its conclusion is also true

1. In Lycopodium, the genomes of Gametophyte and Sporophyte are ________. 2. The two generations occupy ________ ecological niches, because the Gametophyte is ________ and the Sporophyte is ________. 3. Energy is supplemented mainly ________. 4. Are there disruptions or dormancy periods between the main growth of the two generations? -

1. Different 2. Different; heterotrophic; autotrophic 3. both ways, between gametophyte & sporophyte, each for the next generation. 4. Yes, from sporophyte to gametophyte

Name the following bacteria: 1. Gamma-Proteobacterium that is an important symbiont in our intestine (up 40% of your feces consists of it; if you don't have it, you die); THE VERY model organism and work-horse in microbiology and molecular biotechnology. 2. Gram negative and highly diverse, including autotrophs, heterotrophs, aerobe, anaerobic 3. Gram negatives, strict photoautotrophs with a "modern" photosystem II; colonial or single -

1. E. coli 2. Proteobacteria 3. Cyanobacteria

RNA World Conclusion (3 Main) -

1. Early life went thru phase of RNA based life. 2. RNA can function as both gene carrier and catalyst (i.e. ribozyme). 3. Evolved to DNA since more stable.

Name the following bacteria: 1. Not a bacterium at all, but an Archaean, photoautotrophic, extremophyle (extreme salinity). 2. Gram positive, obligatory anaerobic, forming very resistant endospores, famous for food poisoning by releasing a neurotoxin. 3. Proteo-Bacterium, Sulfur bacterium, chemoautotrophous (difficult question, but funny name easy to remember). -

1. Halobacterium 2. Clostridium 3. Thiomargarita

In land plants (embryophyta), identify the follwing structures as haploid or diploid. 1. Sperm. 2. Spore. 3. Gametophyte. 4. Embryo. 5. Sporophyte. 6. Zygote. -

1. Haploid 2. Haploid 3. Haploid 4. Diploid 5. Diploid 6. Diploid

Which ocean or sea boarders the following countries: 1. Lebanon 2. Splitzbergen 3. Saudi Arabia 4. Kazakhstan 5. Brazil -

1. Lebanon - Mediterranean 2. Splitzbergen - Arctic Ocean 3. Saudi Arabia - Red Sea 4. Kazakhstan - Landlocked 5. Brazil - Atlantic

1. What is the name for the leaf type found in Lycophyta? 2. In terms of weight, what is the main component of Rhynia chert? Select one: a. Carbon b. Calcite c. Silica d. Basalt and volcanic ashes -

1. Microphyll 2. b. Calcite

Define: 1. Saprobiosis 2. Commensalism 3. Symbiosis 4. Bioilumenescence 5. Nitrification -

1. Organism living on dead material (scavengers) 2. tight interaction; benefits for only one or few, not no cost to other(s). 3. tight interaction; general, doesn't require all partners benefit. 4. Release of light as result of metabolic process. 5. Binding of atm N, making it available for biosynthesis (AA, proteins, etc.) - Most important fertilizers have nitrification capability.

1. Photoautotroph 2. Chemoautotroph 3. Heterotroph -

1. Photoautotroph - Light energy (photosynthesis) + CO2 as carbon source. 2. Chemoautotroph - Inorganic energy (i.e. H2) + CO2 3. Heterotroph - Uses organic molecules as carbon source

What causes peat bogs to be difficult for other organisms to grow on? A hint: The conditions of bog mummies and the evolution of carnivorous plants are related to these features. 1. Peat bogs are high deposits of plant material mostly produced by different species of the genus _________ that belongs to the _________. 2. The bogs occur mainly in climate that is _________ and is fed by _________ that has a naturally _________ concentration of essential minerals, a pH that is _________, an oxygen concentration that is _________, and a concentration on phenolic compounds that is _________. 3. Due to decay of organic material and structures, a significant increase of _________ occurs, together with a decrease of _________. -

1. Sphagnum; other bryophytes 2. cool and humid; rain water; low; low; high; low. 3. penolics; oxygen

Name the following bacteria: 1. Gram negatives that are strict heterotrophs and have a spiral shape; include parasites causing Syphilis and Borrelliosis/Lyme Disease. 2. Bacteria considered Gram positive, despite their lack of a cell wall; very small cells, and very small genome. 3. Gram negatives that are strict parasites (mostly inside animal cells); some also known to cause sexually transmitted diseases (STD) -

1. Spirochaetes 2. Microplasma 3. Clamydias

1. How many clades (domains and Supergroups) does botany traditionally include? (Clades containing organisms that either perform photosynthesis or that are fungi?) 2. What are clades? - What else are they called? - What do they include? 3. What are the 6 current supergroups? - Which make up Unikonta? -

1. Two prokaryote domains, five eukaryote Supergroups 2. Clades (aka monophylum) - groups consisting of ancestor and all its decedents, a single "branch." - Includes Domains and Supergroups 3. (b + c = Unikonta) a. Excavata b. Amoebozoa c. Opisthikonta d. Rhizaria e. Chromalveolata f. Archaeplastids

Embryophytes have an - embryo. But what does that mean? 1. An embryo is __________________. Similar structures are found also in two phyla of algae. Write the genus of two examples of non-viridiplantae that have embryo-like stages and that we have discussed in class (other taxa do occur, but cannot be graded): 2. in the Archaeplastidae 3. in the Chromalveolata -

1. a diploid stage retained on the gametophyte 2. polysiphonia 3. laminaria

1. Which of the following sentences is true regarding the ecology on Earth? a. Energy flows, Nutrients cycle. b. Energy Cycles, Nutrients flow. c. Energy cycles, Nutrients cycle. d. Energy flows, Nutrients flow. 2. Life is a syndrome: several features co-occur. What are the 3 essential characters of life? -

1. a. Energy flows, Nutrients cycle. Misc: The nutrient cycle describes how nutrients move from the physical environment into living organisms and subsequently are recycled back to the physical environment. This circular movement of nutrients is essential to any given ecosystem, and it must be balanced and stable for the system to be maintained. 2. a. Energy: Metabolism is the flow of energy. - Autotrophy <> Heterotrophy - Photosynthesis and respiration b. Information: Reproduction (heredity) and reading. - Information Copies Itself (kin beget kin) - Information Reads Itself (the information is on how to read, use and reproduce itself) c. Regulation Growth, Motion:  - The organism interacts with its surroundings; it can detect signals and respond to it in a self-supporting manner.

1. When spores of Hepatophyta and Bryophyta germinate, they form a primitive juvenile stage (Illustration on back). How is this initial stage called? Select one: a. Protonema b. Embryo c. Prothallium d. Precursor tip e. Protozoa 2. Why do many non-vascular plants form a protonema? Why not just form a thallus with full features? Select one: a. The protonema is the gametophyte - a larger thallus will form only after fertilization. b. A protonema actually exists only in Charophytes and Coleochaete, that never grow much beyond that stage. c. The protonema is part of the antheridium: it is released in rain and releases sperm cells after it has been hydrated. d. The spore is very small - the protonema allows to collect enough energy to start a larger body. e. A protonema occurs only in heterotrophic Hepatophytes that never form a green thallus. -

1. a. Protonema 2. d. The spore is very small - the protonema allows to collect enough energy to start a larger body.

1. On this illustration (on back), what label indicates the Annulus? Select one: a. X. b. Y. c. Z. 2. What label indicates a cell group that is haploid? Select one: a. X. b. Y. c. Z. 3. On this illustration, what structure do you see? -

1. a. X. 2. c. Z. 3. Leptosporangium

What is the definition of a key innovation? (=evolutionary innovation): 1. A key innovation is an _____________ that either directly ______________, or indirectly can be _________. 2. One example for such a key innovation in birds was what? -

1. adaptation; opens new broad niches; exadapted. 2. The development of feathers

Oxygen Revolution: 1. The first prokaryotes were probably ________ ________ (oldest fossils ≈ 3.5 bya) 2. Stromatolites - During what era were these formed? - How old? - Resemble what structures of today? -

1. anaerobe heterotrophs 2. Precambrian; 3.5-2.4 bya; resemble structures found today in warm, shallow ocean bays.

1. To which group do most extremophiles belong? 2. Which domain is the largest? 3. What is the "Key To Life"? -

1. archaea 2. Bacteria (archaea smaller) 3. Chemiosmotic mechanism of ATP synthesis.

In the illustration (on back) you have a petrified fossil: the skelleton of an ancient organism. 1. What organism is this most likely? 2. What isotope would you use to radiometrically determine the age of this fossil? 3. What would this time evaluation actually tell you? It would tell you when what? -

1. arthropod 2. U-235 (light uranium) 3. when the remains were petrified.

1. While a eukaryote cell can perform many chemical procedures, prokaryote cells are rather limited. Why? In contrast to eukaryotes, typical prokaryotes... a. Are immobile and can't pursue substrates b. Carry smaller chromosomes with less genes c. Have a cell wall that is less permeable for substrate molecules d. Have introns e. Have no introns 2. How do prokaryotes solve the problem of this limitation (and achieve a very competitive position against eukarya)? a. They are haploid b. They have much larger cell surface c. They have no cell walls in habitant the exchange of compounds d. They join to symbiotic microbial consortia e. They reproduce all by mitosis only (faster) -

1. b. Carry smaller chromosomes with less genes 2. d. They join to symbiotic microbial consortia

What are Extremophiles? Select one: a. A special group that only occurs in Bacteria. b. Bacteria with extreme shape. c. Organisms that grow better under extreme heat, pressure, salt concentrations, etc. d. The ancestors of our Chloroplasts. e. The ancestors of our Mitochondria. To which group do most Extremophiles belong? Select one: a. Bacteria. b. Virus (Phages). c. Archaea. d. Anaerobes. e. Bazilla. -

1. c. Organisms that grow better under extreme heat, pressure, salt concentrations, etc. 2. c. Archaea

What is the principle if Maximum Parsimony Analysis? 1. Maximum Parsimony evaluates a phylogeny based on the number of _______________ required to change one taxon into another. 2. The aim is to find trees that contain the ____________ of this number. 3. This concept follows the theorem of ___________. 4. In such an analysis you get sometimes how many Maximum parimonous tree(s)? 5. A polytomy is always the result of what? -

1. character state changes 2. lowest 3. Ockham 4. sometimes more than 1 or 2 5. A consensus tree of several conflicting maximum parsimony trees.

1. Much of the global photosynthesis is done by __________. 2. What is biofilm? - Give an example -

1. cyanobacteria 2. "Metabolic cooperation among cells" - Group of bacteria in which cells associate w/ one another, transferring substances and processing them gradually. - Ex: Mother of vinegar

1. Worldwide, there is a grand geological formation of enormous economic importance that dates back to the earliest production of oxygen. How is that formation called and what is its cash-compound? a. Diatomite: SiO2 b. Dolomite: CaCO3 c. Halite: NaCl d. Red Banded Iron Formation: Fe e. Shale: CaCO3 2. What group is responsible for this formation? a. Cyanobacteria b. Haloarchaea c. Heliobacteria (Firmicutes) d. Purple-Green bacteria e. Rhodobacteria 3. What key innovation was pre-required before this event could take place? -

1. d. Red Banded Iron Formation: Fe. 2. a. Cyanobacteria 3. PS II

1. Which of the following labels indicates the Seta of this species (image on back)? Select one: a. None. b. Z. c. X. d. Y. 2. Which of the following labels indicates the Capsule of this species? a. None. b. Z. c. X. d. Y. -

1. d. Y. 2. b. Z.

1. In Marchantia, the genomes of Gametophyte and Sporophyte are _________. 2. The two generations occupy _________ ecological niches, because the Gametophyte is _________ and the Sporophyte is _________. 3. Energy is supplemented mainly _________. 4. Are there disruptions or dormancy periods between the main growth of the two generations? -

1. different 2. different; autotrophic; heterotrophic 3. from gametophyte to sporophyte 4. yes, from sporophyte to gametophyte

1. In Marsilea and Salvinia, the genomes of Gametophyte and Sporophyte are __________. 2. The two generations occupy __________ ecological niches, because the Gametophyte is mainly __________, the Sporophyte is __________. 3. Energy for gametophyte and baby sporophyte is provided mainly by __________. 4. Are there disruptions or dormancy periods between the main growth of the two generations? -

1. different 2. different; heterotrophic; autotrophic 3. the mother sporophyte 4. Yes, from sporophyte to gametophyte

1. In the resurrection fern*, the genomes of Gametophyte and Sporophyte are __________. 2. The two generations occupy __________ ecological niches, because the Gametophyte is __________, the Sporophyte is __________. 3. Energy is supplemented mainly __________. 4. Are there disruptions or dormancy periods between the main growth of the two generations? -

1. different 2. similar; autotrophic; autotrophic 3. (from sporophyte to gametophyte) -- only gave partial credit. 4. Yes, between sporophyte and gametophyte.

1. In a peristomate moss (Byropsida), the genomes of Gametophyte and Sporophyte are ________. 2. The two generations occupy ________ ecological niches, because the Gametophyte is ________, the Sporophyte is ________. 3. Energy is supplemented mainly ________. 4. Are there disruptions or dormancy periods between the main growth of the two generations? -

1. different 2. similar; autotrophic; autotrophic 3. from gametophyte to sporophyte. 4. Yes, between saprophyte and gametophyte.

In land plants (Embryophyta), how are the following reproductive cells formed by the tissue or cells that produce them directly? (mitosis, meiosis or gametogamy?) 1. Sperm. 2. Embryo. 3. Spores. 4. Egg. 5. Protonema and thallus. 6. Seta and Capsule. 7. Zygote. -

1. mitosis 2. mitosis 3. meiosis 4. mitosis 5. mitosis 6. mitosis 7. gametogamy

1. The name for the clade of "Ferns", the monophyletic sistergroup of seed plants, is referred to as ________. They consist of four to five monophyletic groups; the most successful one in present times are the classes ________; they are distinct by their ________. 2. Horsetails, the putative sister to all other "Ferns", belong to the ________; extant taxa all have a stem that is ________ and leaves that are ________; spores are relaeased from ________. 3. Whisk fern, adder's tongue, and grape fern belong to the ________; they have unusual leaves and some miss ________ completely; typical is also the gametophyte that is ________. -

1. monilophytes; polypodiopsida (=Filicopsida/Pteridopsida); lepidosporangia 2. Equisetopsida; green, upright & hollow; small & scale shaped, positioned in a sheath-like whorl; an apical strobilus. 3. Psilotopsida/Ophioglossopsida; the root; heterotrophic & subterraneous.

Embryophytes and Characeae share a novelty in their spore cell walls: a very resistant compound. 1. Type the name of this new substance: _________. 2. Where does this compound occur in Characeae _________, where in seed-less Embryophytes _________, and where in seed plants _________? -

1. sporopollenin 2. oospore; meiospore in general; microspore/pollen only

Match which type of Polysaccharide energy storage occurs in which taxon.

1.) Glycogen-Fungi 2.) Laminarin and Chrysolaminarin-Phaeophyta-Brown Algae 3.) Floridean starch-rhodophyte-Red Algae 4.) Amylose starch-Virdiplantae

Match below the organelles and their cell biological purpose 1.) Repiratory pathway: 2.) Photosynthesis: 3.) Cell shape and containment: 4.) Management and containment of DNA 5.) Cell shape and motion: 6.) Transport across the cell and synthesis of proteins, transfer to Golgi Apparatus.

1.) Mitochondrium 2.) Some plastids 3.) Cell wall 4.) Cell nucleus 5.) Cytoskeleton 6.) Endoplasmic reticulum

"Plasmid", "Plastid", "Chloroplast", "Thylacoid", "Grana" ... confusing, isn't it? 1.) Plasmid means a 2.) Plastid means a 3.) Chloroplast means a 4.) Thylakoid means a 5.) Grana means a

1.) Small, ring shaped DNA piece, often with a viral behavior 2.) Eukaryote cell organelle derived from a Cyanobacteria, may or may not perform photosynthesis 3.) Eukaryote cell organelle derived from Cyanobacteria, strictly the site of photosynthesis 4.) Membrane pouch inside of plastids 5.) Coarse structure inside of chloroplasts consisting of membrane-pouch stacks

In ancestral seed plants and Gymnosperms, the genomes of Gametophyte and Sporophyte are ____1____ . The two generations occupy ____2____ ecological niches, because the Gametophyte is mainly ____3____ , the Sporophyte is ____4____. Energy is provided ____5____Are there disruptions or dormancy periods between the main growth of the two generations?_______6_______.

1: different 2: different 3: heterotrophic 4: autotrophic 5: Both ways between Gametophyte and Sporophyte, each for the next generation 6: No, both generations follow each other in the same season; if a dormancy occurs the within the sporophyte development.

In Marchantia, the genomes of Gametophyte and Gemmae are ____1_____. The two occupy ____2_____ ecological niches, because the Gametophyte is ____3___, after establishment the Gemmae are ___4___. Energy is supplemented mainly ___5___. Are there disruptions or dormancy periods between the main growth of the two generations? ___6___.

1: identical 2: similar 3: autotrophic 4: autotrophic 5: from Gametophyte to Gemmae 6: No, both stages follow each other in the same season

What term describes the evolutionary relationship between the legs of mouse and legs of a spider? a. Binomial. b. Homologous. c. Analogous. d. Phylogenetic. -

Analogous. Analogous - Features similar but not homologous. Homologous - Features existing in common ancestor.

If you had four online assignments per semester, how many percent maximally of your final semester grade would one single assignment contribute? Type a percent number as decimal fraction, 0.12 for 12%

Answer: 0.05 (20%/4=5%. All bonus assignments together make 20% of all your grades. The correct answer is: 0.05)

Policy and Syllabus: What would your final score be, assuming that during the semester you get following scores? As percent points; Exam1: 80, Exam2: 56, Exam3: 70, Small and Bonus assignments 90, Final 80. Please type a percent number (same format as here)

Answer: 80 (See syllabus. Remember: you can drop one)

To which group of prokaryota is your nuclear genome more closely related?

Answer: Archaea

Which is the name for the organisms that deposited the traditional chalk material that we use on the class black board? You have to type the word exactly!

Answer: Coccolithophorids

Pic on back: The classic model organism for plant genetics and physiology is from the genus ________ from the cabbage family. It is a ________. -

Arabidopsis Eudicot

How do we know about the conditions on early Earth at the beginning of life? a. Fossils. b. We do not know, just speculation. c. From conditions in outer space and other planets. d. Chemistry of rocks that formed at that time. -

Chemistry of rocks that formed at that time.

Which type of bacteria can be used to improve metal content in ores/mines? -

Chemoautotrophs and anaerobes (i.e. anaerobe chemoautotrophs) - some use metal oxides as e- acceptors.

Which process leads to adaptive evolution? a. Bottleneck and genetic drift. b. Reproductive barriers. c. Natural selection. d. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. e. Mutations. -

Natural selection

The discovery of Taq-DNA polymerase was a famous breakthrough that made molecular studies affordable; it is extensively used in one specific the process that underlies almost all DNA work - write the acronym for this process ________. It comes from an organism that lives under extreme conditions: _________. Write the DOMAIN this organism belongs to __________. -

PCR; Heat; Bacteria

*Referenced picture on back.* In the Illustration, what is the Relation of B and C to D? -

Polyphyletic (lesson 03 systematics and evolution)

What are probionts? - 2 possible types - What are these types able/not able to do? -

Possible systems to have been precursors to first cells. Can be spontaneously formed. - Two possible (1) Liposomes (explains membrane formation) (2) Protenoid Microspheres (main biocatalysts are proteins) - Both can metabolize and grow, but no genetic replication. - Scientists no yet able to accomplish formation of probionts that use DNA to direct protein polymerization. So, was there proteins that could copy their own AA sequence like DNA? Where there once nucleic acid polymers that could play role of proteins? --> Yes, RNA

Give the correct sequence of 10 common eras on Earth from oldest to the most recent. -

Precambrian

What drives ATP synthetase protein complex in all cells? -

Proton gradient across membrane

Match the labels with the WHOLE organs. Recepatcle: Sepal: Bract: Petal: Stamen: Carpel:

Recepatcle: P Sepal: Q Bract: N Petal: R Stamen: S Carpel: V

Which step/phase in the cell cycle includes the duplication of chromosomal DNA (formation of a second double strand per chromosome)? -

S phase

What was the key message of Darwin's proposal? -

Species are separated through extinction of intermediate forms; inheritable changes accumulate over long time.

Which 2 disciplines deal with the hierarchical sorting of entities in an order that provides maximum predictive power? -

Systematics and Taxonomy (The goal of science is maximum predictive power) Misc: Systematics - Study of the diversification of living forms and the relationship among them through time. - Systematics is the backbone of all life sciences. - Systematic biology includes: (a) Taxonomy (b) Phylogeny and pedigree = decent, evolution, species borders, natural system for classification. (c) Biogeography and ecology = where organisms live (continents, ecosystems, biomes). Taxonomy - Naming in hierarchical system or groups. Classification - Grouping Nomenclature - The rules of how names are given, or, the names as such.

The red, showy heart shaped display and the yellow finger-like part in the middle - what is that? Select one: a.The red heart is a sepal, the finger is fruit. b.The red heart is a petal, the finger is the gynoecium. c.The red heart is a bract, the finger are many small flowers together (spike). d.The red heart is a petal, the finger is the androecium. e.The red heart is a cotyledon, the finger is the primary root.

The red heart is a bract, the finger are many small flowers together (spike).

What is an exceptional ecological key ability of many fungi with high impact on the environment? It is fungi that... Select one: a. ... can digest substrates that are difficult to tackle for enzymes. b. ... deliver the highest proportion of primary production. c. ... have a very fast rate of cell division/cell multiplication. d. ... cause most of the Infectious diseases on humans and animals.

a. ... can digest substrates that are difficult to tackle for enzymes.

What is about the age of the oldest Multicellular Eukaryote? Select one: a. 2.7-2.1 billion years b. 3.2 billion years c. 225 million years d. 1.5-1.2 billion years e. 572-540 million years -

a. 2.7-2.1 billion years

What are Phragmoplast, Phycoplast, or the Cleavage Furrow? Mark all that apply. Select one or more: a. A Phragmoplast is typical for Charophytes and Embryophytes. b. In a Phragmoplast the new cell membrane and wall forms perpendicular to the cytoskeleton fibers that help building it. c. All three are forms of cytokinesis. d. Both, Phragmoplast and Phycoplast are forms of cytokinesis, Cleavage Forrow restricted to Mitosis and Meiosis. e. In a Phragmoplast the cytoskeleton fibers that help building it derive from the spindle apparatus. f. A Phragmoplast is typical for Dinoflagellates and Diatoms. g. The formation of Plasomdesmata correlates with a Cleavage Furrow. h. The formation of Plasomdesmata correlates with a Phycoplast. i. Only the Phragmoplast is a form of cytokinesis, both Phycoplast and Cleavage Forrow are restricted to Mitosis and Meiosis. j. A Phragmoplast is typical for Chlorophytes and Rhodophyta. k. In a Phragmoplast the new cell membrane and wall forms parallel to the cytoskeleton fibers that help building it. l. The formation of Plasomdesmata correlates with a Phragmoplast. -

a. A Phragmoplast is typical for Charophytes and Embryophytes. b. In a Phragmoplast the new cell membrane and wall forms perpendicular to the cytoskeleton fibers that help building it. c. All three are forms of cytokinesis. e. In a Phragmoplast the cytoskeleton fibers that help building it derive from the spindle apparatus. l. The formation of Plasomdesmata correlates with a Phragmoplast.

What is special about the life cycle and meiosis type of yeasts? They are the only filamentous fungi with... a. A sporic life cycle b. A zygotic life cycle c. No known sexual reproduction d. A gametic life cycle e. A parasexual reproduction -

a. A sporic life cycle

What is the difference between a Virus and a Plasmid? Select one: a. A virus always has a protein capsid, a plasmid not. b. A virus always travels between cells, a plasmid stays put (never transfecting). c. A virus always has an excision sequence in its DNA, a plasmid not. d. A virus always carries RNA, a plasmid only DNA. e. A virus always carries DNA, a plasmid only RNA. -

a. A virus always has a protein capsid, a plasmid not.

Which of the following groups is NOT a member of fungi? a. Actinomycetes b. Deuteromycetes c. Chitridomycetes d. Ascomycetes e. Zygomycetes -

a. Actinomycetes (a bacteria)

Which is true for the relation of endosymbiont organelles and the host cell? a. All Eukaryota contain mitochondria or remnants of them. b. All Eukaryota have plastids or remnants of them. c. Mitochondrial DNA is less similar to prokaryotic DNA than plastid DNA. d. Without mitochondria no CO2 would be produced, and photosynthesis would not occur. e. Mitochondria do not have their own ribosomes, but plastids do. f. The products of photosynthesis can only be metabolized when mitochondrial enzymes are present. -

a. All Eukaryota contain mitochondria or remnants of them.

What is the difference between a cell wall and a cell membrane? Mark all that apply Select one or more: a. All cells have a cell membrane, but not all have a cell wall. b. Endocytosis is possible with a complete cell membrane, but not with a complete cell wall. c. The cell membrane is fluid, the cell wall is a polymer network. d. Cell membranes are generally outside of the cell wall (except. Gram Negatives). e. The cell membrane is a polymer network, the cell wall is fluid. f. Cell membranes are generally inside of the cell wall (exept. Gram Positives). g. Endocytosis is possible with a complete cell wall, but not with a complete cell membrane. h. The cell wall is more important as an anchorage for proteins than the membrane. i. The cell membrane is more important as an anchorage for proteins tyhan the wall. j. All cells have a cell wall, but not all have a cell membrane. -

a. All cells have a cell membrane, but not all have a cell wall. b. Endocytosis is possible with a complete cell membrane, but not with a complete cell wall. c. The cell membrane is fluid, the cell wall is a polymer network. f. Cell membranes are generally inside of the cell wall (exept. Gram Positives). i. The cell membrane is more important as an anchorage for proteins tyhan the wall.

Which of the following do you NOT find in a plant cell? (plant = phototroph, multicellular Eukaryote; or specifically Viridiplantae) Select one: a. All of the listed elements are found in a plant cell. b. Cytoskeleton. c. Cell Wall. d. Mitochondria. e. Cell Nucleus. -

a. All of the listed elements are found in a plant cell.

Which of the following families is the Basal-most of all angiosperms still alive? (extant sister to all angiosperms) Select one: a. Amborellaceae. b. Magnoliaceae. c. Poaceae. d. Orchidaceae. e. Rosaceae. f. Asteraceae. g. Nymphaeaceae. -

a. Amborellaceae.

Biomining, Biotechnological Ore leaching, employs microorganisms to enrich rare minerals from poor ores, such as Molybdenium or Manganese. This mostly includes the reduction of metal elements, rendering the ions more soluble, often in an environment of elevated heat or acidity. What type of organisms are most often involved in this technique? Hint: many of these organisms reduce Sulfur. Select one: a. Anaerobe Chemoautotrophs b. Anaerobe Saprobionts c. Aerobe Photoautotrophs d. Aerobe Chemoautotrophs e. Aerobe Heterotrophs -

a. Anaerobe Chemoautotrophs

What is the metabolism of Lactobacillus we use in food industry? Select one: a. Anaerobe fermentation. b. Photosynthesis. c. Respiration. d. Aerobe fermentation.

a. Anaerobe fermentation

Which of the following continents or regions were once parts of Gondwana Land? a. Antarctica b. South and East Africa c. Greenland d. South America e. India f. North America g. Europe h. Iceland and Spitzbergen i. Australia j. China and Mongolia -

a. Antarctica b. South and East Africa d. South America e. India i. Australia

The profile of an unknown bacterium includes endospore formation, anaerobe, coccus shape, gram negative, methane-releasing, single cell membrane. Which taxon does this belong to? a. Archaea b. Cyanobacteria c. Firmicutes d. Proteobacteria e. Spirochaeta -

a. Archaea

What is at the base of every moss seta? What surrounds its base? a. Archegonium b. Calyptra c. Carpospore d. Columella e. Peristome teeth -

a. Archegonium

Which is the significance of Diatoms for the mining industry? Mark all that apply, but ONLY those that do apply! Select one or more: a. As index fossils / indicator fossils / lead fossils. b. They co-ocurr with bauxit quarried for Aluminum industry. c. As oil carrying sediment layer. d. They always indicate a freshwater sediment. e. As compound used in dynamite. f. They always indicate an ocean sediment. g. They store carbon dioxide in their frustules (as bicarbonate), which is released when mined and adds to the global warming. h. Their sediment is quarried for industrial purpose (chemistry, pharmacy, heavy industry, etc.)

a. As index fossils / indicator fossils / lead fossils. c. As oil carrying sediment layer. e. As compound used in dynamite. h. Their sediment is quarried for industrial purpose (chemistry, pharmacy, heavy industry, etc.)

Which of the following phyla has a Woronin body? a. Ascomycota b. Zygomycota c. Chitridomycota d. Basidiomycota e. Both, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota -

a. Ascomycota

Which of the following are the EARLIEST indications for a massive production of oxygen by early photosynthesis? Select one: a. Banded iron formation sediments. b. Respiratory bacteria. c. First undisputed Eukarya fossils. d. Calcite precipitation (Chert deposits). -

a. Banded iron formation sediments.

What is the significance of Carolus Linnaeus for Biology? Select one or more: a. Basis for modern nomenclature ("year zero") b. Largest record of species descriptions. c. First use of binominal names in Western history. d. Consistent nomenclature and classification e. First American Naturalist. f. First proposition of an evolutionary concept. -

a. Basis for modern nomenclature ("year zero") b. Largest record of species descriptions. d. Consistent nomenclature and classification

Synapomorphies between Chara and Embryophyta: Check all of the following points that support the monophyletic relation of the Charophyta and Embryophyta (i.e., Syn-Apomorphy was treated in the Systematics slides: an exclusive innovation of a monophyletic group). Select one or more: a. Biochemistry: cell wall of spores. b. Ecology: Freshwater. c. Molecular systematics. d. Cell biology (cell division pattern and plastids). e. Biochemistry: Chlorophyll A and B. -

a. Biochemistry: cell wall of spores. e.g., Sporopollenin is a synapomorphy. c. Molecular systematics. d. Cell biology (cell division pattern and plastids). Synapomorphies include Phragmoplast, nuclear membrane disintegrating during M-phase, multiple plastids per cell (chloroplasts), etc.

Flowers with narrow tubes, red or red-related contrasts, in the New World sometimes free overhanging. Who pollinates those flowers most likely? (pic on back) Select one: a. Birds. b. Moths and night-butterflies (Lepidoptera). c. Wind. d. Flies (Syrphid dipters). e. Mammals. f. Hymenopters (bees). -

a. Birds.

What types of mycelium occur in Ascocarps? Select one: a. Both types. b. Monokaryotic only. c. Dikaryotic only. d. None of the ones listed here. -

a. Both types.

Which of the following clades picked up photosynthesis via secondary endosymbiosis? Mark all that apply a. Brown algae (Phaeophyta) b. Red algae (Rhodophyta) c. Some Euglenids d. Land plants (Embryophyta) e. Dinoflagellates f. Cyanobacteria g. Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) h. Green algae (Chlorophyta) i. Fungi -

a. Brown algae (Phaeophyta) c. Some Euglenids e. Dinoflagellates g. Diatoms (Bacillariophyta)

In which taxon do Hydroids and Hadrom occur? Select one: a. Bryidae (Peristomate Bryophyta) b. Jungermaniales (in the Hepatophyta) c. Only in Tracheophyta and Protracheophyta. d. Sphagnidae (Basal Bryophyta) e. Anthocerophyta (horn worts) f. Marchantiales (in the Hepatophyta)

a. Bryidae (Peristomate Bryophyta)

What are peat bogs and peat largely made of? Select one: a. Bryophyta (Sphagnum moss). b. Lycophyta (club moss). c. Flowering plants that did not fully decompose. d. Wood that did not fully decompose (lignite). e. Algae.

a. Bryophyta (Sphagnum moss).

To which taxonomic group does this land plant belong (image on back)? Select one: a. Bryopsida (Peristomata). b. Charophyta (stonewort). c. Sphagnopsida (Sphagnacae). d. Hepatophya (liverworts). e. Lycopodiaceae (club mosses). -

a. Bryopsida (Peristomata). "No, Polytrichopsidae" - Which one?

Which of the following is a yeast genus with several pathogen species? Select one: a. Candida. b. Schizzosaccharomyces. c. Saccharomyces. d. Allomyces. e. Neurospora. -

a. Candida.

Which of the following are the monophyletic Crown Groups of flowering plants? Mark all that apply. Select one or more: a. Caryophyllids b. Eudicots c. Monocots d. Asterids e. Basal angiosperms f. Magnoliids g. Rosids -

a. Caryophyllids b. Eudicots c. Monocots d. Asterids g. Rosids

To which type of taxonomic terms does the expression SPECIES correspond? a. Category or Rank b. Character state c. Character d. Taxon -

a. Category or Rank Category/Rank - Species, Genus, Family, Order, etc. Taxa/Taxon - Names of categories/ranks (i.e. animals, mammals, cow, beaver, etc.).

Situation: You have a fungus mycelium, but no clue what it is. The specimen you have (the sample) shows no signs of sexual stages (no steps of sexual repuduction are found in your sample). You do have all microscopic equipment you want, but no access to DNA or isoenzyme analysis. Question: Which is the best way to determine to which of the three higher, filamentous, monophyletic phyla the fungus belongs? Select one: a. Cell cross walls (septa) differ. b. Occurrence of Conidia only in Ascomyctota, and there in all taxa. c. If it has no sexual stages in my specimen, then it must be a Deuteromycete. d. Cell growth pattern: clamp or no clamp. -

a. Cell cross walls (septa) differ.

Match organelle and their cell biological purpose. a. Management and containment of DNA: __________. b. Photosynthesis: __________. c. Cell Shape and Motion: __________. d. Respiratory Pathway: __________. e. Cell Shape and Containment: __________. f. Transport across the cell and synthesis of proteins, transfer to Golgi Apparatus: __________. -

a. Cell nucleus b. Some plastids c. Cytoskeleton d. Mitochondria e. Cell wall f. ER

Which of the following features is shared by all life on Earth (but not necessarily in all the universe)? a. Cellular growth. b. Oxygen dependent metabolism. c. Cell nucleus. d. Sun as energy source. e. Cellular compartmentation (organelles). -

a. Cellular growth.

Which of the following taxa is NOT participating in lichen? Select one: a. Cellular slime molds. b. Basidiomycota c. Cyanobacteria d. Ascomycota e. Green algae (Viridiplantae) -

a. Cellular slime molds.

If EXTANT(!) eukaryotes have all one recent-most ancestor, which of the following features would this last common ancestor have exhibited? Hint: the question does not ask for the FIRST eukaryote ever, but the last common ancestor of all extant ones. Select one: a. Cellulose wall and flagellate locomotion. b. Cellulose wall and ciliate locomotion. c. No cell wall and amoeboid locomotion. d. Cell wall with chitin and melanin, no flagellum. e. No cell wall and ciliate locomotion.

a. Cellulose wall and flagellate locomotion.

What is the assumption that a "Maximum Likelihood Analysis" and the implication of a "Molecular Clock" share by default? a. Changes ocurred at a constant rate (e.g., genetic mutations) b. An infinite number of maximal parsimonious trees occur. c. Only one maximal parsimonious tree occurs. d. To follow the earliest possible divergence of clades. e. To follow the latest possible divergence of clades. -

a. Changes ocurred at a constant rate (e.g., genetic mutations)

Mark all of the following that perform photosynthesis (more than 60% of their species maintaining chloroplasts). Select one or more: a. Chlorophyta b. Diatoms. c. Phaeophyta (Kelp and Bladderwrak) d. Dinoflagellates. e. Foraminifers. f. Fungi g. Radiolaria. h. Ciliates

a. Chlorophyta b. Diatoms. c. Phaeophyta (Kelp and Bladderwrak) d. Dinoflagellates.

Which of these organisms play an important role in the rumen of cows? (rumen = stomach part where cows ferment food). Select one: a. Chytridomycota. b. Basidiomycota. c. Zygomycota. d. Ascomycota.

a. Chytridomycota.

What is the function of a Woronin body? Select one: a. Closure of the septal pore in emergency. b. Fruitbody of Deuteromycetes. c. Explosive release of mitospores. d. Explosive release of meiospores. e. Deactivation of one nucleus in heterokaric cells.

a. Closure of the septal pore in emergency.

Which of the following organisms deposited much of the chalk that gave the Cretaceous period its name? (Hint: The White Cliffs of Dover) Select one: a. Coccolithophorids. b. Dinoflagellates. c. Diatoms. d. Rhodophyta (Corallina). e. Chara (Stonewort). -

a. Coccolithophorids.

Which of the following organisms deposited much of the chalk that gave the Cretaceous period its name? (Hint: The White Cliffs of Dover) Select one: a. Coccolithophorids. b. Rhodophyta (Corallina). c. Dinoflagellates. d. Chara (Stonewort). e. Diatoms.

a. Coccolithophorids.

How does Chlamydomonas perform cell division (Cytokinesis)? Select one: a. Coenocytial: After a polynucleate state (coenocythial): new cells form inside of old cell wall b. Cell fission: Cytogenesis follows Telophase immediately (before the next mitotic cycle); a new cell wall forms only between two nuclei. c. Budding: nucleus division segregates one nucleus into a smaller compartment that then constricts its connection to the larger cell.

a. Coenocytial: After a polynucleate state (coenocythial): new cells form inside of old cell wall

Which of the following is NOT true regarding genomes? Select one: a. Complex bodies tend to have one genome set per cell (haploid). b. Complex bodies tend to have more genes than simple ones. c. Fast life cycles and simple bodies tend to have a zygotic lifecycle. d. Complex bodies tend to have two genome sets per cell (diploid or heterokaryosis). -

a. Complex bodies tend to have one genome set per cell (haploid).

Which of the following is NOT true regarding genomes? Select one: a. Complex bodies tend to have one genome set per cell (haploid). b. Fast life cycles and simple bodies tend to have a zygotic lifecycle. c. Complex bodies tend to have two genome sets per cell (diploid or heterokaryosis). d. Complex bodies tend to have more genes than simple ones.

a. Complex bodies tend to have one genome set per cell (haploid).

Which of the following is a type of spore involved in ASEXUAL reproduction? Select one: a. Conidiospore. b. Teliospore (Puccinia). c. Ascospore. d. Zygospore. e. Basidiospore -

a. Conidiospore.

Which is the way Zygomycetes exchange their genome in sexual reproduction? a. Conjugation b. No sexual reproduction is known in Zygomycetes c. Transduction d. Motile sperm cells e. Transformation -

a. Conjugation (a form of plasmogamy without motile sperm cells)

Which of the following groups represents organisms where almost all species lack a rigid cellulose cell wall? (endocytosis or amoeboid forms) Mark all that apply. Select one or more: a. Cryptophyta. b. Chlorarachniophyta. c. Chrysophyta. d. Rhodophyta = Red Algae. e. Xanthophyceae = Yellow-Green algae. f. Phaeophta = Brown Algae

a. Cryptophyta. b. Chlorarachniophyta.

Which of the following examples uses phycobilins as photosynthetic pigments? Select one: a. Cyanobacteria b. Diatoms c. Dinoflagellates d. Chlorophyta (green algae) e. Phaeophyta (brown algae) -

a. Cyanobacteria (and prochloron, cryptophyta and rhodophyta (red algae))

Which of the following is true for Cytokinesis? This may be tricky and requires analythical reading. Select one: a. Cytokinesis can occur in the interphase. b. Cytokinesis always includes the formation of a cell wall. c. Classical cytokinesis is part of the G1 phase. d. Classical cytokinesis is part of the S phase. e. Plants have no cytokinesis. -

a. Cytokinesis can occur in the interphase. - Yes: the nuclei can be in the interphase when the new mambrane forms around them.

Which of the functional groups of the cell are the elements of the flagellum of our sperm cell? Select one: a. Cytoskeleton and cell membrane. b. Cell membrane and Mitochondtrium. c. Cytoskeleton alone. d. Endoplasmatic Reticulum (ER) and cell membrane. e. Endoplasmatic Reticulum (ER) and Mitochondtrium. -

a. Cytoskeleton and cell membrane.

Which of the following are taxa are the most important index fossils (lead fossils) for the oil exploitation? Select one: a. Diatoms b. Trilobites c. Ammonites d. Dinoflagellates e. Ciliates

a. Diatoms

Which of the following organisms have chlorophyll a and c as photosynthetic pigments? Select one: a. Dinoflagellates. b. Rhodophyta (red algae). c. Chlorophyta. d. Euglena. e. Ciliates.

a. Dinoflagellates.

Which of the following organisms have chlorophyll a and c as photosynthetic pigments? Select one: a. Dinoflagellates. b. Chlorophyta. c. Rhodophyta (red algae). d. Euglena. e. Ciliates. -

a. Dinoflagellates. (and diatoms)

Which of the following are structural adaptations of Sphagnum for water transport and absobtion? Mark all answers that apply. Select one or more: a. Distal cluster of branches and a mop-like head. b. Phenolic compounds. c. Growth in a pillow-package. d. Hadrom with Hydroids; Leptom with Lepoids. e. Perforated cell walls. f. Dead cells with circular wall thickenings in leaves. g. Explosive sporangium. -

a. Distal cluster of branches and a mop-like head. c. Growth in a pillow-package. e. Perforated cell walls. f. Dead cells with circular wall thickenings in leaves.

Match the following bacteria a. Gamma-Proteobacterium that is an important symbiont in our intestine (up 40% of your feces consists of it; if you don't have it, you die); THE VERY model organism and work-horse in microbiology and molecular biotechnology. b. Gram negatives that are strict parasites (mostly inside animal cells); some also known to cause sexually transmitted diseases (STD) c. Gram negative and highly diverse, including autotrophs, heterotrophs, aerobe, anaerobic d. Not a bacterium at all, but an Archaean, photoautotrophic, extremophyle (extreme salinity) e. Gram negatives, strict photoautotrophs with a "modern" photosystem II; colonial or single f. Gram positive, obligatory anaerobic, forming very resistant endospores, famous for food poisoning by releasing a neurotoxin. g. Gram negatives that are strict heterotrophs and have a spiral shape; include parasites causing Syphilis and Borrelliosis/Lyme Disease h. Proteo-Bacterium, Sulfur bacterium, chemoautotrophous (difficult question, but funny name easy to remember). i. Bacteria considered Gram positive, despite their lack of a cell wall; very small cells, and very small genome. -

a. E. coli b. Chlamydias c. Proteobacteria d. Halobacterium e. Cyanobacteria f. Clostridium g. Spirochaetes h. Thiomargarita i. Microplasma

We learnt about the hiearchical structures of Systems (Systems Biology). Which of the following is a correct sequence of levels in life's hierarchy, proceeding downwards from the most comprehensive entity to the smallest unit? We learnt about the hiearchical structures of Systems (Systems Biology). Which of the following is a correct sequence of levels in life's hierarchy, proceeding downwards from the most comprehensive entity to the smallest unit? Select one: a. Ecosystem - Community - Organism - Organ - Tissue. b. Organ system - Tissue - Molecule - Biosphere. c. Organism - Organ system - Tissue - Cell - Organ. d. Nervous system - Brain - Organelle - Nerve cell. e. Brain - Organ system - Nerve cell - Ecosystem. -

a. Ecosystem - Community - Organism - Organ - Tissue

Which of the following have phototrophic gametophytes? Mark all that apply. Select one or more: a. Equisetaceae. b. Seed plants (Spermatophyta) c. Lycophyta. d. Ophioglossaceae. e. Psilotaceae. f. Bryophyta. g. Selaginella and Isoetes. h. Filicales. -

a. Equisetaceae. Homosporous and but kind of crooked green. f. Bryophyta. Homosporous and photrophous. h. Filicales. Homosporous and photrophous

What was a planetary pre-requirement for the evolution of Eukaryotes? Select one: a. Free oxygen. b. Precambrian explosion. c. The evolution of multicellular organisms. d. Ozone shield.

a. Free oxygen. ( Right - for mitochondria as respiratory bacteria)

Which of the following statements is true? Select one: a. Fully parasitic plants normally do not contain chlorophyll. b. Epiphytes are parasites but obtain only water and nutrients from the host. c. Carnivorous plants obtain extra energy from animal prey and are therefore parasites. d. Half parasitic plants normally do not contain chlorophyll. -

a. Fully parasitic plants normally do not contain chlorophyll.

Match which type of Polysaccharide energy storage occurs in which taxon. a. Glycogen b. Laminarin and Chrysolaminarin -

a. Fungi b. Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)

What does "Gram Negative/Positive" mean, and what consequence does it have? Select one: a. Gram positive bacteria dye strongly in a diagnostic dye. b. Only Gram positive organisms are infectious. c. Gram negative prokarya are all member of the Archaea. d. Not only, but all Gram positive organisms are infectious. e. Gram positive organisms are the closest ancestor of Eukarya. -

a. Gram positive bacteria dye strongly in a diagnostic dye.

Illustration: To which group does this taxon belong? Select one: a. Hepatophyta-Marchantiales. b. Bryophyta-Peristomata. c. Anthocerophyta. d. Bryophyta-Sphagninae. e. Hepatophyta-Jungermanniales.

a. Hepatophyta-Marchantiales.

Which of the following did NOT obtain its plastids through Secondary Endosymbiosis ? Select one: a. Hepatophytes. b. Dinoflagellates. c. Diatoms. d. Phaeophyta (brown algae). e. Chrysophyta (gold brown algae).

a. Hepatophytes.

What types of mycelium occur in Basidiocarps? Select one: a. Heterokaryotic only. b. Monokaryotic only. c. Both types. d. None of the ones listed here. -

a. Heterokaryotic only.

Which feature of the following is shared between Archea and Eukarya, and absent in Bacteria? Mark all that apply. Select one or more: a. Histones. b. Plastids. c. Ring-shaped chromosome. d. Introns. e. Plasmids. -

a. Histones. d. Introns.

Which of the following types of mutations change the number or position of organs in an organism (e.g., numbers of legs in an animal)? a. Homeotic mutations. b. Heterochronic mutations. c. Paraphyletic mutations. d. Antropophagous mutations. e. Homoerotic mutations. -

a. Homeotic mutations.

Heterokary occurs in most higher Fungi - under which conditions could it also occur in Plants and Animals (or Eukarya in general)? Select one or more: a. If Karyogamy is delayed to Plasmogamy. b. Right after Meiosis Telophase II, if cytokinesis is delayed till after nuclear membrane formation. c. Right after Mitosis Telophase, if cytokinesis is delayed. d. Right after Meiosis Telophase I, if cytokinesis is delayed till after nuclear membrane formation. e. It only occurs when Plasmogamy is delayed to Karyogamy. -

a. If Karyogamy is delayed to Plasmogamy. d. Right after Meiosis Telophase I, if cytokinesis is delayed till after nuclear membrane formation.

When are some Antibiotics less effective on Gram-Negative Bacteria and Archaea than on Gram-Positive ones? (e.g., Streptomycin). [Slides and Class, Raven] Select one: a. If they affect the formation of Peptidoglycan cell walls. b. If they affect the formation of Actin filaments. c. If they affect the histones in the chromosomes. d. If they don't affect Mitosis. e. If they do affect Mitosis. -

a. If they affect the formation of Peptidoglycan cell walls.

What is the difference between Karyogamy and Plasmogamy? Read questions carefully! a. In Karyogamy two different nuclei merge, the result is a homokaryotic nucleus. b. In Karyogamy two different cells merge, the result is a diploid cell. c. In Karyogamy two different cells merge, the result is a heterokaryotic nucleus. d. In Plasmogamy two different nuclei merge, the result is a diploid nucleus. e. In Plasmogamy the cells merge, the result is a hapoid cell.

a. In Karyogamy two different nuclei merge, the result is a homokaryotic nucleus.

Where do Methanogenes occur? Mark all that apply. Select one or more: a. In pond mud b. In the deep earth crust (heat and pressure) c. In cold, shallow oceans d. In cow stomachs (Rumen) e. In deep sea sediments -

a. In pond mud b. In the deep earth crust (heat and pressure) c. In cold, shallow oceans d. In cow stomachs (Rumen) e. In deep sea sediments

What is a shared strategy or benefit between a diploid genome and heterokary? Select one: a. Increased likelihood of more than one allele to occur. b. Both allow meiosis. c. Decreases the chance for a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to establish. d. Either is required for Mitosis. e. Both define a single-gene trait mating type that is non-ambiguous. -

a. Increased likelihood of more than one allele to occur. - Yes: both contain two genomes in an individual, although heterokaryosis keeps them spatially separate in nuclei.

In mitochondria and chloroplasts, through which membrane do most of the hydrogen ions flow? Select one: a. Inner membrane (including crista and thylacoids). b. The single membrane (directly between organelle and eukaryote host cell cytoplasm). c. There is no hydrogen flow. d. Outer membrane (into the host cell cytoplasm).

a. Inner membrane (including crista and thylacoids).

Which of the following taxa is closest related to the biggest contributor to the early deposit of coal? (the Mississippian sub-period). a. Isoetes and Selaginella b. Ginkgo. c. Polypodium. d. Lycopodium. e. Polytrichum.

a. Isoetes and Selaginella

What is so dangerous about Botulism? Mark all that apply, false answers give a penalty. Select one or more: a. It can occur even after sealing the food air-tight. Yes, anaerobic. b. It has no odor, no flavor, no color. c. Minuscule amounts can kill. d. Once our body is infected by the bacterium, there is no antibiotic to cure it (multi-resistant). e. It occurs together with other bacteria when food is exposed to air. f. It can occur even after cooking the food. g. The causing organism cannot be detected by our immune system, because it is gram-positive.

a. It can occur even after sealing the food air-tight. (Yes, anaerobic.) b. It has no odor, no flavor, no color. c. Minuscule amounts can kill. -(Micrograms!) f. It can occur even after cooking the food.-(Yes, because of heat-resistant endospores.)

Ancestral character state reconstruction: visualize the cladogram of the 3 domains you had in book and slides. Considering the strict phylogeny of the 3 domains, and ignoring any form of horizontal gene transfer between them, what can you say about the cell membrane of the last common ancestry of all extant life forms known on earth today? a. It cannot be determined from cladogram (ambiguous) b. It was double but not peptidoglycan wall c. It was double with a peptidoglycan wall d. It was single but not peptidoglycan wall e. It was single with a peptidoglycan wall -

a. It cannot be determined from cladogram (ambiguous)

Which of the following is true for Streptophyta? Select one: a. Land Plants are monophyletic (have all one common ancestor). b. A thallus developed only on land. c. Land plants are the only green-algae relatives that dwell permanently on land (out of water). d. A true Parenchyma developed only on land. e. Basal land plants have no more filamentous stages on their development.

a. Land Plants are monophyletic (have all one common ancestor).

In the illustration (on back), to which taxonomic group does this organism belong? Select one: a. Leptosporangiate ferns b. Lycophyta (club mosses) c. Bryophyta (proper mosses) d. Equisetales (horsetails) e. Ophioglossaceae (grape ferns) -

a. Leptosporangiate ferns

Photoautotrophs use... Hint: CO2 = Carbon dioxide, N2 = nitrogen, H2S = hydrogen sulfide Select one: a. Light as energy source and CO2 as carbon source. b. CO2 as both, energy source and carbon source. c. Light as energy source and methane as carbon source. d. N2 as energy source and and CO2 as carbon source. e. H2S as energy source and CO2 as carbon source. -

a. Light as energy source and CO2 as carbon source.

What enabled vascular plants to rise water high without the conductive tissue collapsing, and supports a higher plant body, and is missing in non-vascular plants? Select one: a. Lignin. b. Sporoplollenin. c. Chlorophyll. d. Glycoproteins. e. Cellulose.

a. Lignin.

In the illustration of placentarian mammal chromosomes, what can you say about the karyological condition of the individual? a. Male. b. Cannot be told (only haploid set) c. Individual has a Trisomie. d. Female. e. Intersexual (hermaphrodite).

a. Male.

What can you find in the Ascogonium? Select one: a. Meiospores b. Conidia. c. Zygospores d. Cleistogamy. e. Plasmogamy.

a. Meiospores

What are spores in Lycophytes? Select one: a. Meiospores. b. Zoospores. c. Endospores. d. Zygospores. e. Mitospores. f. Lepidospores -

a. Meiospores. Right: meiosis in the sporangium; sporophyte is diploid, gametophytes are haploid.

What are Thylakoids? Give the most accurate anwer! Select one: a. Membrane pouches in Cyanobacteria cells and Plastids. b. Cell wall pouches in Archaea. c. Cell wall pouches in Cyanobacteria cells. d. Membrane pouches in Cyanobacteria cells only. -

a. Membrane pouches in Cyanobacteria cells and Plastids.

Where do all cold seeps occur? a. Methanehydrate deposits b. Coral reefs (i.e. great barrier reef) c. Volcanic deep sea hot springs (i.e. Mid-Atlantic Ridge) d. Ocean Shelf -

a. Methanehydrate deposits

Which biomolecules are directly and mechanically responsible for motion and cell shape in Eukaryotes? Select one: a. Microtubuli (actin and myosin). b. DNA and RNA. c. Phospholipids. d. Metabolism.

a. Microtubuli (actin and myosin).

Which biomolecules are directly and mechanically responsible for motion and cell shape in Eukaryotes? Select one: a. Microtubuli (actin and myosin). b. Metabolism. c. Phospholipids. d. DNA and RNA. -

a. Microtubuli (actin and myosin).

What are the major differences of ferns plus seed plants from lycophytes? (synapomorphies of ferns and seedplants). Mark all that apply. Select one or more: a. Multiflagellate sperm cells. b. Loss of Protostele c. Leptosporangium. d. Roots. e. Megaphyll. -

a. Multiflagellate sperm cells. e. Megaphyll.

Which of the following features found in Charophyta + Embryophyta are missing in Chlorophytes? Mark all that apply Select one or more: a. Multiple choloroplasts per cell. b. Plasmodesmata. c. Zygotic meiosis type. d. Phragmoplast. e. Multicellular thallus. -

a. Multiple choloroplasts per cell. b. Plasmodesmata. d. Phragmoplast.

Policy and Syllabus: What type of cell phone use is allowed during class (including Lab)? Select one: a. No cell phone use is allowed in the class room, and the phone has to be silenced (off or discrete buzz mode) b. Text messaging is allowed, because it is silent and does not disturb others. c. Cell phones are forbidden during tests only. During class I can use then when I talk with low voice. d. No voice communication is allowed in the class room, but I can leave it running in full mode, so I can hear incomming calls.

a. No cell phone use is allowed in the class room, and the phone has to be silenced (off or discrete buzz mode).- ( neither voice, nor music, not text messages)

What is NOT a key difference between ALL Fungi and Animals (Porifera and Metazoa)? Select one: a. No fungus has a flagellum. b. Fungi are external digesters/absorbers (not ingesters). c. Fungi have a vacuole. d. Fungi have a cell wall. e. No fungus has a gametic life cycle.

a. No fungus has a flagellum.

Which of the following is true for ALL non-vascular land plants? Select one: a. None is truely marine (living in salt water). b. None of them can endure prolonged drought (all grow in humid sites). c. The spores are diploid or bear a diploid wall of sporopollenin cells. d. The sporophyte is heterotrophous, and photosynthesis does only occur in the gametophyte.. e. They have no conductive cells at all. -

a. None is truely marine (living in salt water).

NOT ON EXAM: *Which group of the following primary producers undergoes conjugation during sexual reproduction? a. None: this term is only used in bacteria b. Spriogyra (Zygnematales) c. Laminaria (Phaeophyta) d. Chara (Charales) e. Chlamydomonas (Chlorophyta) -

a. None: this term is only used in bacteria

What is the definition of double fertilization? Select one: a. One sperm cell nucleus joins the egg cell, the other joins the polar nuclei. b. Two sperm cell nuclei enter an egg cell resulting in a triploid embryo. c. Two sperm cells merge before they fertilize the egg cell. d. Two archegonia occur in Gymnosperm ovules, each of both is fertilized by one of the two sperm cells. e. One sperm cell nucleus joins the egg cell, the other becomes the synergids. -

a. One sperm cell nucleus joins the egg cell, the other joins the polar nuclei.

How many flagellae did the most-recent common ancestor of Fungi, Metazoans, and Porifera (sponges) most likely have? Select one: a. One. b. None. c. Many or cilia. d. Two. -

a. One.

How many flagellae did the most-recent common ancestor of Fungi, Metazoans, and Porifera (sponges) most likely have? Select one: a. One. b. Two. c. None. d. Many or cilia. Feedback

a. One.

How many flagellae did the most-recent common ancestor of Fungi, Metazoans, and Porifera (sponges) most likely have? Select one: a. One. b. None. c. Two. d. Many or cilia. -

a. One. - Yes: Opistoconta in the Uniconta.

Which is true for the types of gametogamy? Select one: a. Oogamy is an extreme case of Anisogamy. b. Anisogamy never involves flagellate gametes. c. Isogamy is an extreme case of Oogamy. d. Oogamy never involves flagellate gametes. e. Isogamy never involves flagellate gametes.

a. Oogamy is an extreme case of Anisogamy.

In Eukaryote cells, which of the following organelles are surrounded or formed by a double membrane? Mark all that apply, wrong answers give a penatly. Select one or more: a. Plastid. b. Centrosome. c. Mitochondrium. d. Vacuole. e. Nucellus.

a. Plastid. c. Mitochondrium. e. Nucellus.

Which of the following conditions is a way to increase or maintain the DNA content per cytoplasm? Mark all that apply. a. Polyploidy. b. Polyphony. c. Polygamy. d. Polyteny. e. Polynucleate cells -

a. Polyploidy. d. Polyteny. e. Polynucleate cells

Which of the following conditions is a way to increase or maintain the DNA content per cytoplasm? Mark all that apply Select one or more: a. Polyploidy. b. Polyteny. c. Polynucleate cells. d. Polyphony. e. Polygamy. -

a. Polyploidy. b. Polyteny. c. Polynucleate cells.

Which of the following taxa are NOT eusporangiate embryophytes? Select one: a. Polypodium b. Psilotum-Ophioglossum c. Marchanthia d. Equisetum e. Lily f. Isoetes g. Zamia -

a. Polypodium

Which of the following organisms is NOT a fossil of the earliest vascular plants and has gone extinct? Mark all that apply. Select one or more: a. Psilotum. b. Rhynia. c. Isoetes. d. Cooksonia e. Ophioglossum. f. Aglaophyton g. Selaginella.

a. Psilotum. c. Isoetes. e. Ophioglossum. g. Selaginella.

Which of the following organisms is NOT a fossil of the earliest vascular plants and has gone extinct? Mark all that apply. Select one or more: a. Psilotum. b. Aglaophyton c. Selaginella. d. Ophioglossum. e. Isoetes. f. Rhynia. g. Cooksonia -

a. Psilotum. c. Selaginella. d. Ophioglossum. e. Isoetes.

Which of the following do NOT comprise species causing an STD? a. Purple-Green sulfer bacteria b. Ascomycetes c. Beta-proteobacteria d. Spirochaetes e. Chlamydia -

a. Purple-Green sulfer bacteria

What does asexual reproduction not have that makes it a key difference from sexual reproduction? What is the key difference of sexual reproduction from asexual reproduction? Asexual (= non-sexual) has no... Select one: a. Recombination of genes. b. Reproduction of genes. c. Repression of genes. d. Replication of genes. e. Regeneration of genes. -

a. Recombination of genes Misc. Asexual Reproduction - a mode of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single parent, and inherit the genes of that parent only. The offspring will be exact genetic copies of the parent.

What is the key difference of sexual reproduction from asexual reproduction? Asexual (= non-sexual) has no... Select one: a. Recombination of genes. b. Reproduction of genes. c. Repression of genes. d. Regeneration of genes. e. Replication of genes.

a. Recombination of genes.

Which group of the following comprise taxa that harbor Plastids? Select all that apply. a. Rhizzaria b. Fungi c. Excavata d. Alveolata e. Stramenopiles -

a. Rhizzaria c. Excavata d. Alveolata e. Stramenopiles

Which of the following are Supergroups? Specifically: The "Supergroups" are monophyletic clades of Eukarya that replaced Whittaker's Kingdoms. The concept is still dynamic as new data contunie to resolve the phylogeny. Mark all of the following that are Supergroups and that are NOT contained in any of the other named here (are not undergroup of another one listed). Select one or more: a. Rhizzaria b. Chromalveolata c. Plantae d. Archaeplastidae e. Fungi f. Algae g. Excavata h. Animalia i. Protista j. Uniconta -

a. Rhizzaria b. Chromalveolata d. Archaeplastidae g. Excavata j. Uniconta

What is the difference between Saccharomyces and Schizzosaccharomyces? Select one: a. Saccharomyces is a budding yeast, Schizzosaccharomyces does cell fission. b. Saccharomyces is an Ascomycete, Schizzosaccharomyces a Chitrid. c. Saccharomyces is used for beverage preparation, Schizzosaccharomyces not. d. Saccharomyces has eight meiospores, Schizzosaccharomyces only four. e. Saccharomyces is a yeast, Schizzosaccharomyces a protist. -

a. Saccharomyces is a budding yeast, Schizzosaccharomyces does cell fission.

What is the difference between Saccharomyces and Schizzosaccharomyces? Select one: a. Saccharomyces is a budding yeast, Schizzosaccharomyces does cell fission. b. Saccharomyces is used for beverage preparation, Schizzosaccharomyces not. c. Saccharomyces has eight meiospores, Schizzosaccharomyces only four. d. Saccharomyces is a yeast, Schizzosaccharomyces a protist. e. Saccharomyces is an Ascomycete, Schizzosaccharomyces a Chitrid. -

a. Saccharomyces is a budding yeast, Schizzosaccharomyces does cell fission.

You are participating in a race; you overtake the racer right behind the first one: on which position are you running now. (Cognitive ability) a. Second b. Third c. Last d. First

a. Second

What is the purpose of the Anaphase of Mitosis? Select one: a. Separation of identical Chromatids. b. Recombination of Chromosomes. c. Separation of homologous chromosomes. d. Division of the chromosome sets into one single set. e. Alignment of homologous chromosomes.

a. Separation of identical Chromatids.

Match fungi taxa and their corresponding MUTUALISTIC symbiosis. Warning: not all that sound like fungi are actually fungi! a. As fungi garden for Leaf Cutter Ants. b. In rumen of Ruminantia. c. Biotechnology and pharmacology d. Mycorrhizza and Lichen. e. As Trichomycetes in Insect guts. Possible Matching Answers: - Some Basidiomycota - Some Zygomycota - Some unicellular Ascomycota & Deuteromycota - Some Chitridomycota - Some multicellular Ascomycota & Basidiomycota - Some Ascomycota - Not Listed -

a. Some Basidiomycota. b. Some Chitridomycota c. Some Unicellular Ascomycota and Deuteromycota. d. Some multicellular Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. e. Some Zygomycota.

What was the key message of Darwin's proposal? Select one: a. Species are separated through extinction of intermediate forms; inheritable changes accumulate over long time. b. Evolution progresses as gene are recombined. c. Evolution progresses as individuals acquire features during their life time by adaptation, and pass these acquirements on to their offspring. d. Species evolved one from the other in a linear sequence. -

a. Species are separated through extinction of intermediate forms; inheritable changes accumulate over long time.

Which of the following algae are member of Chlorophytes? Mark all that apply; read carefully: Chlorophytes, not Chlorophyta Select one or more: a. Spiropgyra. b. Chlamydomonas. c. Ulva. d. Chara. e. Volvox

a. Spirogyra. b. Chlamydomonas. e. Volvox

Which of the following is THE autapomorphy of land plants? (and synapomorphy of all land plants) Select one: a. Sporic life cycle. b. Multicellular sporangia. c. Sporopollenin. d. Multicellular thallus. e. Lignin. -

a. Sporic life cycle.

What is the meiosis type of Fucus, and why? Select one: a. Sporic, because mitosis follows meiosis. b. Zygotic, because it only has a haploid generation. c. Sporic, because only sporic organisms can form complex bodies. d. Gametic, because it has no haploid thallus (no gametophyte). e. Sporic, because it has a isomorphic, independent multicellular thallus in both generations (sporophyte and gametophyte). -

a. Sporic, because mitosis follows meiosis.

Which of the following features of Angiosperms does occur also in most Gymnosperms? (shared features, "Symplesiomorphies"). Select one: a. Stamen (microsporphyll; microsporangia exposed to air). b. Herbaceous life forms. c. Carpel (closed megasporophyll, megasporangia not exposed). d. Two integuments. e. Functionally bisexual reproductive strobily (both genders are fertile). -

a. Stamen (microsporphyll; microsporangia exposed to air).

To which group do the Killeralgae of the Haptophyta belong to? Select one: a. Stramenopiles b. Rhodophyta. c. Viridiplantae d. Alveolata e. Euglenophyta.

a. Stramenopiles

Which of the following are the two major clades of Viridiplantae? Mark both correct ones. Select one or more: a. Streptophytes. b. Chlorophyceae. c. Chlorophytes. d. Stramenopiles. e. Archaeplastidae.

a. Streptophytes. c. Chlorophytes.

Which of the following is true for liposomes? Mark all that apply, and only what applies. Select one or more: a. They are produced industrially and used in pharmacologically. b. They have the first genome and were the first prokaryotes. c. They form littles spheres that can grow and break off smaller spheres. d. They are able to katalyse simple biological reactions. e. They consist of a phospholipid bilayer. f. They are organelles of eukaryote cells. -

a. They are produced industrially and used in pharmacologically. c. They form littles spheres that can grow and break off smaller spheres. d. They are able to katalyse simple biological reactions. e. They consist of a phospholipid bilayer.

What is true for Bacteria reproduction involving gene recombination? Select one: a. They exchange genes via smaller DNA fragments (plasmids and virus). b. They have mitosis. c. They have meiosis. d. There is no genetic recombination in Prokarya. -

a. They exchange genes via smaller DNA fragments (plasmids and virus).

Which of the following elements are true for an epiphyte? Select one or more: a. They grow on a plant (or on top of another plant). b. They are hemi-parasites taking water and minerals from the host. c. They occur only in fresh water. d. They are holo-parasites taking sugars and proteins from the host. e. They are exclusive to the tropical regions.

a. They grow on a plant (or on top of another plant).

Which of the following is true for ciliates? Select one: a. They have many small flagella-like motile elements instead of few large flagella. b. They have a rigid cell wall and are external digesters (not ingesters). c. They have chloroplasts. d. All are free-swimming organisms. e. They are multi-cellular.

a. They have many small flagella-like motile elements instead of few large flagella.

Cell Cycle: How many chromatids are in a chromosome after the S phase of the cell cycle? a. Two b. Four c. One -

a. Two

Which of the following is an identifying feature shared by all member of Heteroconta/Stramenopiles at least at some stage of their life? Select one: a. Two different flagella. Yes, some of the crimson tide-causing ones. b. One single flagellum at the front. c. Two equal flagella. d. Many small flagella. e. One single flagellum at the rear.

a. Two different flagella. (Yes, some of the crimson tide-causing ones)

How many clades (domains and Supergroups) does botany traditionally include? (Clades containing organisms that either perform photosynthesis or that are fungi?) Select one: a. Two prokaryote domains, five eukaryote Supergroups b. Two prokaryote domains, four eukaryote Supergroups c. One prokaryote domains, four eukaryote Supergroups d. Three prokaryote domains, six eukaryote Supergroups e. No prokaryote domains, five eukaryote Supergroups

a. Two prokaryote domains, five eukaryote Supergroups

Which of the following is most likely a cell in the Prophase? (Pic on back) a. U b. S and T c. Y d. T and Z e. X and S -

a. U

*Referenced picture on back.* In these six trees, all but one have the same Topology (relationship of the terminal taxa to each other). Which is the odd ball in this sample? -

a. W

Which label indicates the illustration of one single flower, and not an entire inflorescence (pic on back)? Select one: a. X b. Z c. W d. V e. Y -

a. X

Which of the following illustrations is a Apothecium? Select one: a. Y. b. X. c. Z. d. U. e. W.

a. Y.

Which of the following illustrations is a Perithecium? Select one: a. Z. b. W. c. X. d. Y. e. U.

a. Z.

In the illustration, to which group of fungi does it belong to? Select one: a. Zygomycota. b. Ascomycota. c. Deuteromycota. d. Chitridomycota. e. Basidiomycota.

a. Zygomycota.

*What is the result of plasmogamy in Zygomycota? a. Zygospore b. Basidiospore c. Mitospore d. Conidiospore e. Ascospore -

a. Zygospore

Which is the meiosis type where only the Haploid generation can have mitosis? Select one: a. Zygotic. b. Gametic. c. Paracyclic. d. Sporic. -

a. Zygotic.

Which is the meiosis type where only the Haploid generation can have mitosis? Select one: a. Zygotic. b. Sporic. c. Gametic. d. Paracyclic. -

a. Zygotic.

Endosymbiosis: to what does the ruminate inner membrane of mitochondria correspond? Select one: a. a Bacteria cell membrane. b. A membrane of the endoplasmatic reticulum. c. A Eukaryote cell membrane. d. An Archean cell membrane. e. A membrane around the nucleus. -

a. a Bacteria cell membrane.

a. Index Fossils primarily allow __________ dating of __________. Key for index fossis is that their species occurred and over __________ period of time. Index fossils are classically __________ and __________ a skelleton or shell. b. Which of the following does NOT represent classical index fossils? (hint: logic conclusions can substitute for memorizing) -

a. a relative comparative; sediments; globally abundant; a short; either; with. Misc. Index Fossils - fossils used to define and identify geologic periods (or faunal stages). They work on the premise that, although different sediments may look different depending on the conditions under which they were laid down, they may include the remains of the same species of fossil. (Not a classical index fossils: Dinosaurs)

What is true for prokaryote flagella? Mark all that apply. They... Select one or more: a. consist of protein sub-units. b. transfer DNA during sexual recombination c. are extracellular d. possess a rotating anchor e. serve the transfer of macromolecules into the cell cytoplasm. f. consist of lipid sub-units. g. are endocellular h. serve cell mobility. -

a. consist of protein sub-units. c. are extracellular d. possess a rotating anchor h. serve cell mobility.

In Angiosperms, the genomes of Gametophyte and Sporophyte generations are ________. The two generations occupy ________ ecological niches, because the Gametophyte is mainly ________, the Sporophyte is ________. Energy is supplemented mainly ________. Are there disruptions or dormancy periods between the main growth of the two generations? -

a. different b. different c. heterotrophic; autotrophic d. from parental sporophyte to infant sporophyte directly e. No, instead any dormancy happens during sporophyte phase.

Terminology: Match the following definitions with their terms. a. Organisms living together in a tight interaction, with benefits for both or all partners. b. Organisms that live on or from dead material (scavangers). c. Organisms living together in a tight interaction, with benefits for only one or few, but no costs for the other partners. d. Organisms living together in a tight interaction, with benefits for only one, and costs for the other. e. Binding of atmospheric Nitrogen (N2), making it available for bio synthesis (e.g., for aminoacids and proteins) f. One organism making another one sick. g. Living in an environment that has only little or now free oxygen. h. Organisms living together in a tight interaction. This term is general, and does not require that all partners profit. i. Release of light as a result of metabolic processes. -

a. mutualism b. Saprobiosis c. Commensalism d. Parasitism e. Nitrification f. Pathogeny g. Anaeroby h. Symbiosis i. Bioluminescence

What is a specific and direct ecological precondition for the convergent-analogous evolution of heterospory in land plants? Select one: a.A heterotrophic gametophyte. b.A dominant gametophyte c.Tree-like growth form. d.Vascular system, because all vascular plants are heterosporous.

a.A heterotrophic gametophyte. Yes: these gametophytes need energy which they receive from symbiotic fungi (disadvantage: dependence on the fungal host) and from their mother sporophyte as. The larger the maternal energy provision, is the less dependency is on the fungi, and the more likely to succeed.

What is the function of the micropyle in seed plants? Select one: a.Access of the male gametophyte to the nucellus. b.Nourishing the female gametophyte by the sporophyte. c.Nourishing the embryo by the female gametophyte. d.Access of the free sperm cell to the Archegonium. e.Access of the free sperm cell to the nucellus.

a.Access of the male gametophyte to the nucellus.

Mark all members of Gymnosperms. Select one or more: a.Ginkgo b.Corn (Zea maize) c.Horsetail (Equisetum) d.Date palm (Phoenix) e.Orchid (Ophrys) f.Selaginella g.Pine (Pinus) h.Marchantia

a.Ginkgo g.Pine (Pinus)

Which of the following taxa is a member of Lycophyta AND homosporous? Select one: a.Lycopodium. b.Anthoceros. c.Selaginella. d.Isoetes. e.Equisetum.

a.Lycopodium.

Which structure or tissue surrounds the megagametophyte in seed plants?Hint: the structure also is the megasporangium and responsible of much of the sperm selection. Select one: a.Nucellus b.Gametophyte c.Integument d.Megaspore e.Antheridia

a.Nucellus

From the perspective of the gametophyte in Marchantia, what is the purpose of the Sporophyte in terms of reproduction ecology and population genetics? The sporophyte is active ... Select one: a. ... at the same time, in a different environment, and has the same genome. b. ... at the same time, in the same environment, and has a different genome. c. ... at the same time, in a different environment, and has a different genome. d. ... at a different time, in a different environment, and has a different genome. e. ... at the same time, in the same environment, and has the same genome. -

b. ... at the same time, in the same environment, and has a different genome. This is true for the short-living or young sporophyte, that grows on the gametophyte, but has a diploid genome (including the maternal one, but broadened in its applicability due to heterosis).

What is an exceptional ecological key ability of many fungi with high impact on the environment? It is fungi that... Select one: a. ... have a very fast rate of cell division/cell multiplication. b. ... can digest substrates that are difficult to tackle for enzymes. c. ... deliver the highest proportion of primary production. d. ... Fungi cause the most infectuous diseases on humans and animals. -

b. ... can digest substrates that are difficult to tackle for enzymes.

What inhibits endocytosis? Select one: a. The lack of a nucleus. b. A contiguous cell wall. c. Photosynthesis. d. The loss of the cell wall. e. Flagella. -

b. A contiguous cell wall. Right: you need at least a whole (stomium)

Is heterokary an advantage or disadvantage? Under which condition? Select one: a. DISADVANTAGE if nuclei are HAPLOID and organism COMPLEX and LONG-LIVING. b. ADVANTAGE if nuclei are HAPLOID and organism COMPLEX and LONG-LIVING. c. ADVANTAGE if nuclei are HAPLOID and organism SIMPLE and SHORT-LIVING. d. ADVANTAGE if nuclei are DIPLOID and organism COMPLEX and LONG-LIVING. e. ADVANTAGE if nuclei are DIPLOID and organism SIMPLE and SHORT-LIVING.

b. ADVANTAGE if nuclei are HAPLOID and organism COMPLEX and LONG-LIVING.

Which of the following pairs form the Microtubuly? Select one: a. Polycarbonates and fatty acids. b. Actin and Myosin filaments. c. Carbohydrates and Hemicelluloses. d. A Token Ring and TCP/IP e. Phospholipids and Glycoproteins.

b. Actin and Myosin filaments.

Which of the following is true? a. Mitosis is followed by the S phase. b. After mitosis, all resulting nuclei or cells are clones. c. Cytokinesis is followed by the G2 phase. d. Mitosis is always followed by Cytokinesis. -

b. After mitosis, all resulting nuclei or cells are clones.

Which of the follwing is true? Select one: a. Mitosis is followed by the S phase. b. After mitosis, all resulting nuclei or cells are clones. c. Cytokinesis is followed by the G2 phase. d. Mitosis is always followed by Cytokinesis.

b. After mitosis, all resulting nuclei or cells are clones.

Which of the following fungi has the the longest active heterokaryotic phase? (pedantically, most mitotic divisions during a heterokaryotic phase) Select one: a. Penicillium b. Agaricus (Mushroom) c. Rhizzopus d. Peziza/Morchella (Morel) e. Aspergillus -

b. Agaricus (Mushroom)

Which group of the following comprise taxa that harbor Plastids? Mark all that apply. Select one or more: a. Fungi b. Alveolata c. Excavata d. Stramenopiles e. Rhizzaria

b. Alveolata c. Excavata d. Stramenopiles e. Rhizzaria

What is the original feature of an Embryophyta sperm cell? Select one: a. Sperm cells contain sporopollenin and are carried by wind. b. An expanded spiral, with two flagella inserted asymmetrically-lateral near the front end. c. Multiflagellate compressed or ovoid, no chloroplasts. d. No flagella, passively transpored by water, filamentous or globular (coccal). e. No flagellae, swimming with the help of elateres. -

b. An expanded spiral, with two flagella inserted asymmetrically-lateral near the front end.

Which of the following groups of plants is the phylogenetically basal-most that exhibits proper stomata on the sporophyte, and what does this imply physiologically? Select one: a. Marchantiaceae, anaerobe metabolism. b. Anthocerophytes, photosynthesis in the sporophyte. c. Psilotum, extensive starch and fat storage in megaspores. d. Lycopodiaceae, heterotrophous gametophyte. e. Euphyllophytes, truely terrestrial life (no longer swamp or water-bound). -

b. Anthocerophytes, photosynthesis in the sporophyte.

In the illustration, to which group of fungi does it belong to? Select one: a. Zygomycota. b. Ascomycota. c. Deuteromycota. d. Basidiomycota. e. Chitridomycota. -

b. Ascomycota.

Which of the following is the domain to which your mitochondrial genome most closely related? a. Monada b. Bacteria c. Archaea d. Prokarya -

b. Bacteria

What is the core message of the Endosymbiont Theory? Select one: a. Archaea were engulfed by Bacteria, and became part of the Eukaryote cell. b. Bacteria were engulfed by Archaea, and became part of the Eukaryote cell. c. Archaea were engulfed by another Archaea, and became part of the Eukaryote cell. d. Organisms that life inside of animal intestines as symbionts, such as in our colon. e. Bacteria were engulfed by another Bacteria, and became part of the Eukaryote cell. -

b. Bacteria were engulfed by Archaea, and became part of the Eukaryote cell.

Which of the following phyla has a Doliopore? Select one: a. Both, Ascomycota and Bascidiomycota. b. Basidiomycota. c. Zygomycota. d. Chitridomycota. e. Ascomycota. -

b. Basidiomycota.

To which does the Ascus correspond with regard of function (reproductive cell cycle), and position in a sporangium or fruit body? Select one: a. Sporophore with columella. b. Basidium. c. Conidium. d. Conjugation/Trichogyne. e. Woronin Body.

b. Basidium.

What types of mycelium occur in Ascocarps? Select one: a. Dikaryotic only. b. Both types. c. Monokaryotic only. d. None of the ones listed here. -

b. Both types.

Which of the following organs is NOT part of the flower? Select one: a. Carpel. b. Bract. c. Sepal. d. Petal. e. Stamen. -

b. Bract. Correct: they still have axillary meristems.

"Which of the following belongs to the "Peristomate Mosses"? Select one: a. Marchantiales b. Bryidae, Bryopsida c. Sphagnidae, Sphagnopsida d. Anthocerophyta e. Tracheophyta f. Jungermaniales -

b. Bryidae, Bryopsida

What are peat bogs and peat largely made of? Select one: a. Algae. b. Bryophyta (Sphagnum moss). c. Flowering plants that did not fully decompose. d. Lycophyta (club moss). e. Wood that did not fully decompose (lignite). -

b. Bryophyta (Sphagnum moss).

Illustration on back: To which taxonomic group does this land plant belong? Select one: a. Lycopodiaceae (club mosses). b. Bryopsida (Peristomata). c. Charophyta (stonewort). d. Sphagnopsida (Sphagnacae). e. Hepatophya (liverworts). -

b. Bryopsida (Peristomata). No, Polytrichopsidae hand drawn

In terms of weight, what is the main component of Rhynia chert? Select one: a. Carbon b. Calcite c. Silica d. Basalt and volcanic ashes

b. Calcite

What is the minimal growth unit of life on earth? Select one: a. Protein molecules b. Cell c. DNA d. Cell Nucleus e. RNA -

b. Cell

What are Transfer cells in non-vascular land plants? Select one: a. The cells at the tip of the oogonium in Chara (oospore). b. Cells at the base of the sporophyte where nutrients are passed over from the gametophyte to the sporophyte. c. The cells surounding the guard cells of stomata in non-vascular land plants. d. The neck cells of the archegonium of Hepatophyta. e. Hygroscopic teeth at the sporangium of Bryopsidae. -

b. Cells at the base of the sporophyte where nutrients are passed over from the gametophyte to the sporophyte.

Which of the following is considered a "Primary Producer"? a. Carnivore b. Chemoautotroph c. Herbivore d. Parasite (antagonist) e. Saprobiont (saprophyte) -

b. Chemoautotroph

Which of the following groups represents organisms where almost all species lack a rigid cellulose cell wall? (endocytosis or amoeboid forms) Mark all that apply. Select one or more: a. Chrysophyta. b. Chlorarachniophyta. c. Cryptophyta. d. Xanthophyceae = Yellow-Green algae. e. Phaeophta = Brown Algae f. Rhodophyta = Red Algae. -

b. Chlorarachniophyta. c. Cryptophyta.

Wherefrom did photosynthetic Euglenoids they get plastids most likely? Select one: a. Cyanobacteria (same pigments) b. Chlorophyta (same pigments). c. Rhodobacter (same pigments) d. Rhodophyta (same pigments).

b. Chlorophyta (same pigments).

What organisms do these belong to? a. Dinophyta. b. Chlorophyta. c. Rhodophyta. d. Phaeophyta. e. Chrysophyta.

b. Chlorophyta.

Which of the following is one of three main protein sources for cows and other ruminatia? a. Microscopic animals that live in its rumen b. Ciliates c. Cyanobacteria d. Grass e. Amoeba -

b. Ciliates

Which of the following is the one of the three main protein source for cows and other ruminantia? Select one: a. Amoeba. b. Ciliates. c. Microscopic animals that live in its rumen. d. Grass. e. Cyanobacteria.

b. Ciliates.

Which of the following organisms is NOT photosynthetic? a. Halobacteria/Haloarchaea b. Clostridia c. Cyanobacteria d. Purple-Green bacteria e. Heliobacteria -

b. Clostridia

Both diseases, Botulism and Tetanus are caused by microorganisms species of the same genus. Hints: the entire genus is obligated anaerobe and belongs to the clade of "Firmicutes." a. Streptococcus b. Clostridium c. Tersinia d. Rickettsia (proteobacteria) e. Chlamydia -

b. Clostridium

Which of the following is a type of spore involved in ASEXUAL reproduction? Select one: a. Zygospore. b. Conidiospore. c. Teliospore (Puccinia). d. Basidiospore e. Ascospore. -

b. Conidiospore.

*How do Deuteromycetes reproduce? (Illustration as hint - 2012a, #36) a. Cleistothecium b. Conidiospores c. Oogonium and Antheridium d. Meiospores e. Zygospores -

b. Conidiospores

Which of the following groups is paraphyletic? (Based on the concept of Chaw et al. 2000) Select one: a. Cycads b. Conifers. c. Ferns (Monilophyta-Pteridophyta) d. Angiospermae. e. Gymnosperms. -

b. Conifers. Correct: Gnetales break Conifers group up.

The binominal system in biology was... Select one: a. Introduced by Charles R. Darwin and Alfred R. Wallace as natural system. b. Consolidated in a consistent manner by Carl Linnaeus, and used in his sense since him. c. Used first time by Carl Linnaeus. -

b. Consolidated in a consistent manner by Carl Linnaeus, and used in his sense since him.

In which of the following symbioses are Dinoflagellates essential as primary producers? Select one: a. Rhizzobium. b. Corals. c. Mycorrhiza. d. Lichen. e. Rumen of cows.

b. Corals.

Which of the following prokaryotes does certainly NOT occur in your intestines? a. Archaea b. Cyanobacteria c. Firmicutes d. Proeobacteria e. Spriochaeta -

b. Cyanobacteria

Which of the following do bacteria NOT possess? a. Cell wall b. Cytoskeleton c. Glycocalyx d. Ribosome -

b. Cytoskeleton

Which of the functional groups of the cell are the elements of the flagellum of our sperm cell? Select one: a. Endoplasmatic Reticulum (ER) and Mitochondtrium. b. Cytoskeleton and cell membrane. c. Cytoskeleton alone. d. Cell membrane and Mitochondtrium. e. Endoplasmatic Reticulum (ER) and cell membrane.

b. Cytoskeleton and cell membrane.

Which period came before carboniferous? a. Permian b. Devonian c. Silurian d. Triassic e. Cretaceous -

b. Devonian

To which group do the organisms on this picture belong? a. Green algae b. Diatoms c. Brown algae (Phaeophyta) d. Fungi e. Green plants (plants in strict sense) -

b. Diatoms

To which taxon do the organisms in the illustration belong? Select one: a. Animalia b. Diatoms c. Amoebozoa d. Chlorophyta e. Dinoflagellates

b. Diatoms

From the perspective of the Heterotrophous gametophyte in some vascular plants, what is the SITUATION(!) of the sporophyte in terms of reproduction ecology and population genetics? Select one: a. Same environment, same genome, same time. b. Different environment, different genome, different time. c. Different environment, same genome, same time. d. Different environment, same genome, same time, -

b. Different environment, different genome, different time. This is true for a long-living, large sporophyte that dominates: it starts at the same conditions as the gametophyte, but will live beyond the gametophyte, it will be more exposed to external conditions (light, drought), and is diploid instead of haploid (heterosis benefits). If the gametophyte is heterotrophous, then this difference is extended into the aspect of energy nutrition (trophy).

Which group of organisms cause Red Tides (Crimson Tides)? a. Green Algae b. Dinoflagellates c. Diatoms d. Ciliates e. Red Algae -

b. Dinoflagellates

Many Eurakya depend on mating types to avoid inbreeding. Which of the following is true for the mating types? Select one: a. Mating types are only expressed in the diploid stage of fungi. b. Diploid or heterokaric stages are hardly ever homozygous for mating types. c. In a species or population, there can only be two: male and female (+ and -). d. For gametogamy, both gametes must have the same mating type e. Two different mating types (+ and -) constitute a post-zygotic reproductive barrier.

b. Diploid or heterokaric stages are hardly ever homozygous for mating types.

Many Eurakya depend on mating types to avoid inbreeding. Which of the following is true for the mating types? Select one: a. Two different mating types (+ and -) constitutes a pre-zygotic reproductive barrier. b. Diploid or heterokaric stages are hardly ever homozygous for mating types. c. Mating types are only expressed in the diploid stage of fungi. d. In a species or population, there can only be two: male and female (+ and -). e. Two different mating types (+ and -) constitutes a post-zygotic reproductive barrier. -

b. Diploid or heterokaric stages are hardly ever homozygous for mating types.

Which of the conditions below is most likely to lead to the evolution of heterotrophous gametophytes? Select one: a. The evolution of a zygotic life cycle. b. Dominant sporophytes that compete with photosynthetic gametophytes. c. Dry environments. d. Actually, photoautotroph gametophytes are derived, and heterotroph gametophytes are ancestral for all embryophyta. e. The evolution of wood and vascular systems.

b. Dominant sporophytes that compete with photosynthetic gametophytes. (Yes: heterotroph gametophytes evolved several times in vascular plants, all with a past or ecology of intense sporophyte competition.)

What is the name of the female gametophyte in flowering plants? Select one: a. Nucellus b. Embryo sac c. Suspensor d. Endosperm e. Pollen -

b. Embryo sac

In the evolution of complex, multicellular organisms living in increasingly challenging types of environments, what trend did we meet in at least three different supergroups? a. Dominance of the haploid stage b. Emphasis of diploid generations c. Loss of chloroplasts, organisms becoming heterotrophous d. Loss of free swimming sperms e. Shift from sporic to zygotic meiosis type -

b. Emphasis on diploid generation

Mark all of the features that are NOT shared by FILAMENTOUS fungi. Note: they may occur in Chitrids and Yeasts, though; the old Whittacker Kingdom circumscription is a good guideline here. Select one or more: a. No flagella ever. b. Endocytosis / Internal Digestion c. Zygotic Meiosis type. d. External Digestors. e. Coenocythia and/or hyphen. f. Gametic Meiosis type. g. Heterotrophs. h. Cell wall chitinous. i. All are Pathogens/Parasites or Symbionts.

b. Endocytosis / Internal Digestion f. Gametic Meiosis type. i. All are Pathogens/Parasites or Symbionts.

To which groups does the parasite causing Giardia belong? Select one: a. Dinoflagellates b. Excavata c. Apicomplexans d. Amoebozoa e. Bacteria (Salmonella)

b. Excavata

In which status are chromosomes during the interphase? Select one: a. Condensed. b. Expanded. c. Hybridized. d. Precipitated.

b. Expanded.

In which status are chromosomes during the interphase? Select one: a. Condensed. b. Expanded. c. Precipitated. d. Hybridized. -

b. Expanded.

Chemistry: Which element is more likely to lose an electron to another one? Select one: a. O (oxygen) b. Fe (iron) c. Cl (chlorine)

b. Fe (iron)

With which evolutionary mile stone in animals do the oldest known Tracheophyte fossils co-incide? Select one: a. First fish. b. First tetrapods. c. First reptiles. d. First bone fish. e. First dinosaurs.

b. First tetrapods.

What is true for Leptoids? Select one or more: a. Chloroplasts present. b. Food conduction (carbohydrates, aminoacids). c. Elongate cells with inclinated cross walls. d. Cells dead, protoplast gone (no cytoplasm). e. Occur only in sporophyte. f. Found in fossil protracheophytes. g. Function corresponds to xylem. h. Degenerate cell nucleus. -

b. Food conduction (carbohydrates, aminoacids). c. Elongate cells with inclinated cross walls. f. Found in fossil protracheophytes. h. Degenerate cell nucleus.

Which of the following organism is an important lead fossil for the oil exploitation? Select one: a. Euglenophyta. b. Foraminifera. c. Dinoflagellates. d. Ciliates. e. Troglodytes. -

b. Foraminifera.

In what habitat did the first Tracheophytes live? Select one: a. Shallow oceans. b. Freshwater shores c. Firm land. d. Saltwater shores (marshes). -

b. Freshwater shores

What is true for Hydroids and Hadrom? Mark all that apply. Select one or more: a. Contain chloroplasts. b. Function as water conduction. c. Similar in function to xylem. d. Elongate cells with inclinated cross walls. e. Found only in moss gametophytes. f. Cells are alive with protoplast (cytoplasm). g. Found in fossil protracheophytes. h. Lignin present. -

b. Function as water conduction. c. Similar in function to xylem. d. Elongate cells with inclinated cross walls. g. Found in fossil protracheophytes.

To which group of organisms does this organism belong? (Pics showing people drinking beer, bread, etc.) a. Choanoflagellates b. Fungi c. Porifera d. Algae e. Amoebozoa -

b. Fungi

In organism with a zygotic or gametic meiosis type, which control point of the cell cycle is switched to the G0 stage in one karyotype? (hint: which part of the cell cycle is most likely not passed in) Select one: a. None - it is the sporic meiosis type where the cell cycle is stopped. b. G1. c. M. d. G2. -

b. G1.

Mark all of the features that are NOT shared by FILAMENTOUS fungi. Note: they may occur in Chitrids and Yeasts, though; the old Whittacker Kingdom circumscription is a good guideline here. Select one or more: a. Coenocythia and/or hyphen. b. Gametic Meiosis type. c. External Digestors. d. Cell wall chitinous. e. All are Pathogens/Parasites or Symbionts. f. Zygotic Meiosis type. g. No flagella ever. h. Endocytosis / Internal Digestion i. Heterotrophs. -

b. Gametic Meiosis type. e. All are Pathogens/Parasites or Symbionts. h. Endocytosis / Internal Digestion

How is the meiosis type called that (we) animals have? Select one: a. Sporic. b. Gametic. c. Numismatic. d. Zygotic.

b. Gametic.

Genetics: How is a singular chromosome set called (each chromosome occurs only once in a nucleus)? Select one: a. Monoploid. b. Haploid. c. Diploid. d. Polyploid. e. Homoploid.

b. Haploid.

Genetics: How is a singular chromosome set called (each chromosome occurs only once in a nucleus)? Select one: a. Polyploid. b. Haploid. c. Homoploid. d. Diploid. e. Monoploid.

b. Haploid.

Which of the following is or are non-vascular Embryophyta containing species that evolved leaf-like structures? Leaf-like as for flat, broad, lateral structures, but not necessarily true leaves and stems as in vascular plants. Select one or more: a. Anthocerophyta b. Hepatophyta c. Charophyta d. Bryophyta (musci, mosses) e. Pteridophyta (ferns) -

b. Hepatophyta Yes: Jungermaniales d. Bryophyta (musci, mosses)

Which taxon listed is a non-vascular embryophyte and considered the sister clade to all other embryophyta? Select one: a. Anthocerophyta. b. Hepatophyta. c. Tracheophyta. d. Bryophyta. e. Charophyta. -

b. Hepatophyta.

What is the best concept of a common ancestor of all extant Eukaryota? (Eukaryote prototype) Select one: a. Photosynthetic, two flagellae. b. Heterotroph, two flagellae. c. Heterotroph, one flagella. d. Heterotroph, no flagella. e. Photosynthetic, one flagellae. -

b. Heterotroph, two flagellae. (+ mitochondria and cellulose cell wall)

In Arabidopsis and most other angiosperms: What is the advantage of the karyological state of the Endosperm over the karyological state of a non-angiosperm embryophyte? Select one: a. The endosperm forms only AFTER fertilization has occurred and therefore avoids waste (in case of non-pollination) b. Higher transcription rate and thus higher biosynthetic power. c. It always rests, sometimes for over a year, which prevents waste in case of failed pollination. d. It has a smaller genome and therefore can grow faster. -

b. Higher transcription rate and thus higher biosynthetic power.

Domains: Mark all elements that are shared by Archaea and Eukarya, but not found in any known Bacteria. Select one or more: a. Cytoskeletton present b. Histones present. c. Several RNA polymerases. d. Start codon for transpation is Methionine (AUG), not Formyl-Methionine (UUG) e. Extremophyles f. Introns present. g. Main genomic chromosomes linear, not ring shaped. h. Endocellular membranes (e.g., Thylacoids) -

b. Histones present. c. Several RNA polymerases. d. Start codon for transpation is Methionine (AUG), not Formyl-Methionine (UUG) f. Introns present.

Which feature of the following is shared between Archea and Eukarya, and absent in Bacteria? Mark all that apply. Select one or more: a. Plasmids. b. Histones. c. Ring-shaped chromosome. d. Introns. e. Plastids.

b. Histones. d. Introns.

Crozier ("hook") and Clamp in higher filamentous fungi are similar and have probably a common ancestral formation. How is such a common ancestral feature called? a. Isologous b. Homologous c. Heterologous d. Analogous e. Paralogous -

b. Homologous

Which of the following is a condition where Methane Hydrate occurs on Earth? a. Permafrost soil b. Hot springs and deep see vents (i.e. black smokers) c. Stratosphere, in extreme cold d. In the intestines or rumen of some large herbivores e. In eutrophic anaerobic or stagnant freshwater (along with the danger of amoeboid encephalitis infections). -

b. Hot springs and deep see vents (i.e. black smokers)

What is the difference between Karyogamy and Plasmogamy? Select one: a. In Karyogamy the cells merge, the result is a diploid cell. b. In Karyogamy the nuclei merge, the result is a diploid nucleus. c. In Plasmogamy the nuclei merge, the result is a diploid nucleus. d. In Karyogamy the cells merge, the result is a heterokariotic cell. e. In Plasmogamy the cells merge, the result is a diploid cell. -

b. In Karyogamy the nuclei merge, the result is a diploid nucleus.

What is the difference between Karyogamy and Plasmogamy? Read questions carefully! Select one: a. In Plasmogamy the cells merge, the result is a hapoid cell. b. In Karyogamy two different nuclei merge, the result is a homokaryotic nucleus. c. In Karyogamy two different cells merge, the result is a diploid cell. d. In Karyogamy two different cells merge, the result is a heterokaryotic nucleus. e. In Plasmogamy two different nuclei merge, the result is a diploid nucleus. -

b. In Karyogamy two different nuclei merge, the result is a homokaryotic nucleus.

What is a difference between Prokaryote Cell Fission and Mitosis? Select one: a. In cell fission the chromosomes are attached to the cell nucleus membrane, but in mitosis not. b. In cell fission, the chromosome is attached directly to the cell membrane, but in mitosis not. c. There is no difference, the two expressions are synonyms. d. Cell fission involves a sex pilus, but mitosis not.

b. In cell fission, the chromosome is attached directly to the cell membrane, but in mitosis not.

In polysiphonia, how can you recognize a female thallus? a. It has anteridia b. It has a cystocarp (carpospores) c. It has tetraspores d. All thalli are female or bisexual e. It is in the process of conjugation and receives a nucleus (the other cell strand has no nucleus anymore). -

b. It has a cystocarp (carpospores)

To which group of taxonomic terms does the expression GENUS correspond? Select one: a. It is a Character. b. It is a Category. c. It is a Character State. d. It is a Taxon. -

b. It is a Category.

What is one of reasons for the assumption that the cell nucleus membrane evolved from a pouch of the cell membrane? Select one: a. It bears rests of the old cell wall (peptidoglycans). b. It is a double-membrane. c. It is similar to a bacteria membrane. d. It is a single membrane.

b. It is a double-membrane.

What happens classically in the Crozier? Select one: a. Cleistogamy. b. Karyogamy. c. Apogamy. d. Plasmogamy. e. Gamete formation. -

b. Karyogamy.

What is the main energy storage in Diatoms? Select one: a. Glycogen. b. Laminarin-Chrysolaminarin and Fatty Oils. c. Xanthophyllin. d. Floridean-starch. e. Regular starch (Amylose + Amylopectin). -

b. Laminarin-Chrysolaminarin and Fatty Oils.

Which of the following is true for leaves in vascular plants? Select one: a. Roots can bear leaves. b. Leaves in ferns grow mainly at the tip, less at the base. c. Megaphylls and microphylls are derived directly from the shoot apical meristem. d. In vascular plants, sporangia are not always associated with leaves (sporophylls). e. Equisetum has microphylls. -

b. Leaves in ferns grow mainly at the tip, less at the base.

Which of the following cell types is specialized for the conduction of nutrients (sugars, aminoacids)? Select one: a. Peristom b. Leptom c. Hadrom d. Xylem e. None

b. Leptom

Which is the oldest, still existing group of Archaeplastidae with a vascular system? (the Basal-most clade of extant Tracheophyta) Select one: a. Spermatophyta (seed plants) b. Lycophyta (club mosses). c. Hepatophyta (liverworts). d. Pteridophyta (ferns). e. Bryophyta (proper mosses) -

b. Lycophyta (club mosses).

Which is the phylogenetically basalmost extant lineage that contains lignin? Select one: a. Bryophyta. b. Lycophyta. c. Pteridophta. d. Gymnosperms. e. Hepatophyta. -

b. Lycophyta.

Ergot (Claviceps): what is the substance found in this fungus, and where does it dwell? Select one: a. Alcohol, sugar (wine, beer). b. Lysergic Acid, some grasses (Poaceae). c. Penicillin, old bread (mold). d. Penicillin, on any plant leaves as dusty mildew (e.g., willows, Salicaceae). e. Lysergic Acid, on any plant leaves as dusty mildew (e.g., willows, Salicaceae). -

b. Lysergic Acid, some grasses (Poaceae).

In the illustration is Black Pepper (Piper nigrum). Which of the taxa listed is the closest relative of pepper? (pic on back) Select one: a. Crimson (Dianthus, Caryophyllidae) b. Magnolia (Magnoliidae) c. Sunflower (Helianthus, Asteridae) d. Rose (Rosiidae) e. Anthurium (flamingo blossom, Monocots) -

b. Magnolia (Magnoliidae)

What are Thylakoids? Give the most accurate anwer! Select one: a. Membrane pouches in Cyanobacteria cells only. b. Membrane pouches in Cyanobacteria cells and Plastids. c. Cell wall pouches in Archaea. d. Cell wall pouches in Cyanobacteria cells.

b. Membrane pouches in Cyanobacteria cells and Plastids.

*Pic not shown* In a sewage treatment plant the sludge of the second sedimentation or the final sedimentation is collected by sedimentation. However, some of it's then pumped back into the water that just comes out of the primary sedimentation tank; that recycled sludge is called "activated sludge." Apparently it helps to process the younger sewage water. Which of the following terms describes the activated community of the recycled sludge? a. Thermophiles b. Microbial consortium c. Endosymbiosis d. Endospores e. Completely decomposition, mineralized compounds (cycle of matter in the ecosystem) -

b. Microbial consortium

Which biomolecules are directly and mechanically responsible for motion and cell shape in Eukaryotes? Select one: a. Phospholipids. b. Microtubuli (actin and myosin). c. Metabolism. d. DNA and RNA. -

b. Microtubuli (actin and myosin).

What is so dangerous about Botulism? Mark all that apply, false answers give a penalty. Select one or more: a. Once our body is infected by the bacterium, there is no antibiotic to cure it (multi-resistant). b. Minuscule amounts can kill. c. It can occur even after cooking the food. d. It has no odor, no flavor, no color. e. The causing organism cannot be detected by our immune system, because it is gram-positive. f. It occurs together with other bacteria when food is exposed to air. g. It can occur even after sealing the food air-tight. -

b. Minuscule amounts can kill. Micrograms! c. It can occur even after cooking the food. Yes, because of heat-resistant endospores. d. It has no odor, no flavor, no color. g. It can occur even after sealing the food air-tight.

What happens in your muscle cells, when you increase your physiclal work-out for some time (training)? Select one: a. Mitochondria shrink and are reduced to save energy. b. Mitochondria grow and multiply by fission. c. My skelettal muscle cells divide. d. The cell nucleus absorbs Mitochondria. e. The cell nucleus membrane buds off Mitochondria.

b. Mitochondria grow and multiply by fission.

To which taxonomic group does this organism belong? (Illustration on back) Select one: a. Monilophyta - Filicales (leptosporangiate ferns) b. Monilophyta - Equisetales (horsetails) c. Hepatophya (liverworts) d. Lycophyta (club mosses) e. Bryophyta (mosses) -

b. Monilophyta - Equisetales (horsetails)

To which taxonomic group does this organism belong? (Illustration on back) Select one: a. Bryophyta (mosses) b. Monilophyta - Equisetales (horsetails) c. Hepatophya (liverworts) d. Monilophyta - Filicales (leptosporangiate ferns) e. Lycophyta (club mosses) -

b. Monilophyta - Equisetales (horsetails)

Grasses (family Poaceae): to which group do they belong? (pic on back) Select one: a. Basal angiosperms b. Monocots c. Eudicots d. Gymnosperms -

b. Monocots

To which group of plants do palms belong? (Arecaceae) (pic on back) Select one: a. Asterids b. Monocots c. Basal angiosperms d. Rosids e. Caryophyllids -

b. Monocots

Which is a synapomorphy in all existing Euphyllophyta? (A feature exclusive for and shared by a group; in some taxa it may be secondarily reduced). Select one: a. No protostele (only eustele or siphonostele). b. Multi-flagellate sperm. c. Secondary xylem. d. Heterotrophous gametophytes. e. Seeds.

b. Multi-flagellate sperm.

Which is a synapomorphy in all existing Euphyllophyta? (A feature exclusive for and shared by a group; in some taxa it may be secondarily reduced). Select one: a. Seeds. b. Multi-flagellate sperm. c. Secondary xylem. d. No protostele (only eustele or siphonostele). e. Heterotrophous gametophytes. -

b. Multi-flagellate sperm.

Which type of gametogamy do we humans use? Select one: a. Isogamy. b. Oogamy. c. Autogamy (Parthenogenesis). d. Anisogamy. e. Herkogamy. -

b. Oogamy.

What is the definition of Plankton? Select one: a. Plants drifting in the water (fresh and salt water). b. Organisms drifting in the water (fresh and salt water). c. Organisms drifting in the Ocean. d. Plants drifting in the Ocean. e. Plants living in the Ocean (algae). -

b. Organisms drifting in the water (fresh and salt water).

How was the atmosphere condition 550 million years ago? Select one: a. Anaerobe, tropical-warm. b. Oxidizing, cold. c. Oxidizing, tropical-warm. d. Anaerobe, cold. -

b. Oxidizing, cold.

What is the name for the science that studies shape and species of pollen? (hint: often used in forensics, archeology, and paleoclimatology) Select one: a. Phycology. b. Palynology. c. Mycology. d. Dendrology. e. Pollinology. -

b. Palynology.

How do Deuteromycetes reproduce SEXUALLY? (Fungi Imperfecti) - pick the most precise answer! Select one: a. Ascospores, or not at all. b. Parasexually or not at all. c. Conidiospores. d. Ascospores, Basidiospores, or not at all. e. Basidiospores, or not at all. -

b. Parasexually or not at all.

Which of the following ecological communities (biocoenosis) is dominated by bryophytes? Select one: a. Boreal forests. b. Peat bog. c. Savannah. d. Freshwater streams. e. Tidal zone of temperate ocean shores. -

b. Peat bog.

Which of the following organisms have Fucoxantins as carrotenoid pigments? Select one: a. Euglenophyta b. Phaeophyta (brown algae) c. Chlorophyta (green algae) d. Dinophyta (Dinoflagellates) e. Rhodophyta (red algae) -

b. Phaeophyta (brown algae)

Before red banded iron formation took place, which step of evolution had to be completed? a. Archaean respiration had to evolve (Kreb's Cycle) b. Photosystem II had to evolve c. Mitochondria had to invade proto-eukaryotic cells d. Bacterial respiration had to evolve (Kreb's Cycle) d. The second invasion event into eukaryotes had to have taken place. -

b. Photosystem II had to evolve

What is the definition of Plankton? a. Organisms drifting in the Ocean. b. Plants drifting in the water (fresh and salt water). c. Plants drifting into the ocean. d. Plants living in the Ocean (Algae). e. Organisms drifting in the water (fresh and salt water). -

b. Plants drifting in the water (fresh and salt water).

In Eukaryote cells, which of the following organelles are surrounded or formed by a double membrane? Mark all that apply, wrong answers give a penatly. a. Vacuole b. Plastid c. Centrosome d. Mitochondria e. Nucleus -

b. Plastid d. Mitochondria e. Nucleus

In Eukaryote cells, which of the following organelles are surrounded or formed by a double membrane? Mark all that apply, wrong answers give a penatly. Select one or more: a. Vacuole. b. Plastid. c. Centrosome. d. Mitochondrium. e. Nucellus. -

b. Plastid. d. Mitochondrium. e. Nucellus.

*Referenced picture on back.* In the Illustration, what would a higher taxon be considered if it included the sub-taxa B, C and D, but not A? a. A Polytomy. b. Polyphyletic. c. Paraphyletic. d. Monophyletic. -

b. Polyphyletic.

Which of the following conditions is a way to increase or maintain the DNA content per cytoplasm? Mark all that apply Select one or more: a. Polyphony. b. Polyploidy. c. Polyteny. d. Polygamy. e. Polynucleate cells.

b. Polyploidy. c. Polyteny. e. Polynucleate cells.

In animal cells, in which stage of mitosis is the membrane of cell nuclei in the process of being dissolved? Select one: a. Metaphase. b. Prophase. c. Anaphase. d. Prometaphase. e. Telophase.

b. Prophase.

Which of the following taxa has or have Megaphylls? Select one or more: a. Hepatophyta (liverworts). b. Pteridophyta/Monilophyta (ferns). c. Spermatophyta. d. Bryophyta (mosses). e. Lycophyta. -

b. Pteridophyta/Monilophyta (ferns). c. Spermatophyta.

Which of the following was appearing first on earth? a. Single celled Protista b. RNA and Ribozymes c. Oxygen d. Algae (plants) e. Prokaryota -

b. RNA and Ribozymes

Which of the following is a Postzygotic reproductive barrier? Select one: a. Reduced geographical contact. b. Reduced hybrid fertility. c. Different mating behavior (songs, color, pollinator). d. Different mating seasons. -

b. Reduced hybrid fertility.

What is true for Stromatolites? They... Select one: a. Provide evidence that plants moved onto land in the company of fungi around 500 million years ago. b. Resemble structures that are found today in warm, shallow ocean bays. c. Formed around deep sea vents. d. Contain the first undisputed fossils of eukaryotes, dating 2.1 billion years ago. e. Existed 4 billion years ago -

b. Resemble structures that are found today in warm, shallow ocean bays.

Which of the following trophy styles are found in consumers? Mark all that apply Select one or more: a. Photosynthesis. b. Respiration c. Chemoautotrophy. d. Phototrophy e. Autotrophy. -

b. Respiration d. Phototrophy

To which taxonomic group does the plant in the illustration belong? (pic on back) Select one: a. Asteridae. b. Rosidae. c. Monocots. d. Basal Angsiosperms. e. Gymnosperms. -

b. Rosidae.

In terms of population genetics, reproduction ecology: Compare the purpose the anchored gametophyte in Marchantia with the purpose of Gemmae? Select one: a. Same time, same environment, different genome. b. Same time, same environment, same genome. c. Different time, different environment, different genome. d. Different time, different environment, different genome. e. Same time, different environment, different genome. -

b. Same time, same environment, same genome. Yes. vegetative, asexual reproduction with near dispersal, without dormancy, and as a clonal (haploid) unit.

In order to produce vinegar, Acetobacter strains are used: they metabolize wine ethanol to acetic acid that gives vinegar its sour-refreshing taste, and keeps other critters at bay due to its acidity. What was the original ecology of Acetobacter? Select one: a. Photoautotrophy b. Saprobiont c. Chemoautotrophy d. Herbivory e. Parasitism -

b. Saprobiont

Which of the following is a synonym for the ecological trophy level of a decomposer? a. Parasite b. Saprobiont c. Carnivore d. Producer e. Herbivore -

b. Saprobiont

Neurospora is a model organism fungus. How does it live and to what group does it belong? Select one: a. Parasite-Pathogen, Zygomycota. b. Saprobiont, Ascomycota. c. Parasite-Pathogen, Ascomycota. d. Saprobiont, Zygomycota. e. Parasite-Pathogen, Yeasts.

b. Saprobiont, Ascomycota.

Which of the following clades picked up photosynthesis via secondary endosymbiosis? Mark all that apply Select one or more: a. Cyanobacteria b. Some Euglenids c. Red algae (Rhodophyta) d. Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) e. Fungi f. Land plants (Embryophyta) g. Dinoflagellates h. Green algae (Chlorophyta) i. Brown algae (Phaeophyta)

b. Some Euglenids d. Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) g. Dinoflagellates i. Brown algae (Phaeophyta)

Which of the following clades picked up photosynthesis via secondary endosymbiosis? Mark all that apply Select one or more: a. Green algae (Chlorophyta) b. Some Euglenids c. Fungi d. Cyanobacteria e. Brown algae (Phaeophyta) f. Land plants (Embryophyta) g. Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) h. Red algae (Rhodophyta) i. Dinoflagellates -

b. Some Euglenidse. e. Brown algae (Phaeophyta) g. Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) i. Dinoflagellates

To which group of land plants does this organism belong? (illustration on back) Select one: a. Anthocerophyta (hornworts). b. Sphagnopsida (Sphagnaceae). c. Bryophyta-Bryopsida (peristomate mosses). d. Hepatophyta-Marchantiales e. Cannot be determined because picture shows only the gametophyte. -

b. Sphagnopsida (Sphagnaceae). Polytrichum - Bryopsidae

Domains: Mark all elements that are shared by Archaea and Eukarya, but not found in any known Bacteria. Select one or more: a. Endocellular membranes (e.g., Thylacoids) b. Start codon for transpation is Methionine (AUG), not Formyl-Methionine (UUG) c. Cytoskeletton present d. Several RNA polymerases. e. Extremophiles f. Main genomic chromosomes linear, not ring shaped. g. Histones present. h. Introns present.

b. Start codon for transpation is Methionine (AUG), not Formyl-Methionine (UUG) d. Several RNA polymerases. g. Histones present. h. Introns present.

From the following statements, mark all that are true for Oogamy. Select one or more: a. Egg cells are selected for mobility. b. Sterm cells are selected for high number rather than size. c. Egg cells are selected for high number rather than size. d. Sterm cells are selected for nutrition content. e. Egg cells are selected for nutrition content. f. Sterm cells are selected for mobility. -

b. Sterm cells are selected for high number rather than size. e. Egg cells are selected for nutrition content. f. Sterm cells are selected for mobility.

To which group do the Killeralgae of the Haptophyta belong to? Select one: a. Euglenophyta. b. Stramenopiles c. Alveolata d. Rhodophyta. e. Viridiplantae -

b. Stramenopiles

Which group of the following comprise taxa that harbor Plastids? Mark all that apply. Select one or more: a. Fungi b. Stramenopiles c. Excavata d. Rhizzaria e. Alveolata -

b. Stramenopiles c. Excavata d. Rhizzaria e. Alveolata

What is the main benefit of Mycorrhiza for plants without own photosynthesis (heterotrophous land plants, e.g., Monotropa on Illustration)? Select one: a. None - only the fungi profits, but the plant does not suffer. b. Supply of Energy, Water, and Minerals. c. Heterotrophous plants have no mycorrhiza - they cannot support fungi. d. Allelopathy. e. Protein supply. -

b. Supply of Energy, Water, and Minerals.

Which of the following adaptations took direct advantage of the presence of free oxygen in oceans and atmosphere? a. The evolution of multicellular eukaryotic colonies from communities of prokaryote communities b. The evolution of cellular respiration c. The persistence of animals in anaerobic habitats d. The evolution of photosynthetic pigments that protected early algae from corrosive effects of oxygen e. The evolution of chloroplasts after early protists incorporated photosynthetic bacteria. -

b. The evolution of cellular respiration

Which of the following steps has NOT been accomplished by scientists studying the origin of life? Extra brain candy: muse over why this step does not need to be accomplished in the lab, why scientists don't even bother. Select one: a. The abiotic synthesis of polypeptides (short proteins) from amino acids. b. The formation of protobionts that use DNA to direct the polymerization of proteins. c. The synthesis of small RNA polymers by ribozymes. d. The formation of molecular aggregates with selectively permeable membranes. e. The abiotic synthesis of organic molecules. -

b. The formation of protobionts that use DNA to direct the polymerization of proteins. Because evidence suggests that RNA was used for all thre funtions: genetic information carries, and in protein transcription as template and as rybozyme; DNA as specialized genetic carrier evolved only later.

How can proteins be anchored in the cell membrane? Select one: a. The hydrophilic portion of a protein molecule joins the lipid layer of a membrane. b. The hydrophobic portion of a protein molecule joins the lipid layer of a membrane. c. A protein cannot join a membrane; it would disrupt it immediately. d. Proteins join membarnes spontaneously at contact: cell membranes are made out of proteins. -

b. The hydrophobic portion of a protein molecules joins the lipid layer of a membrane.

What happens, if in the M phase of the cell cycle mitosis is not followed by cytokinesis? a. Then meiosis 2 starts b. The resulting cells are always diploid c. The cell becomes a coenocythium d. The cell becomes polyploidy e. This cannot happen (or the cell dies) -

b. The resulting cells are always diploid

Mitosis is very similar to a part of Meiosis. What is the conclusion from that regarding Eukaryote evolution? a. Ancestral eukarya had no cell division; that evolved only later and several times independently (convergence). b. The zygotic meiosis type is ancestral in Eukarya (a plesiomorphy) c. Bacteria have only the sporic meiosis type d. Meiosis leads to coenocythia, coenocythia are formed by meiosis e. The original eukaryote M-phase did not involve a spindle apparatus -

b. The zygotic meiosis type is ancestral in Eukarya (a plesiomorphy)

What does endosymbiosis tell about mitochondria? a. They were originally archaea b. They were originally gram-negative bacteria c. They were originally gram-positive bacteria d. They were originally mitochondria; that's why they're gram-negative. e. Ricksettiales were originally mitochondria; and that's why they are gram-positive. -

b. They were originally gram-negative bacteria

What is the exclusive feature of Eudicots? (apomorphy) Select one: a. Tri-symmetric flowers, Parallel leave nerves and basal leaf growth. b. Tricolpate Pollen. c. Two cotyledons. d. Monosulcate Pollen, Tri-symmetric flowers, Parallel leave nerves and basal leaf growth, never secondary thickening. e. Monosulcate Pollen, Tri-symmetric flowers, Parallel leave nerves and basal leaf growth, Never cambial vasculature. -

b. Tricolpate Pollen.

Which of the following organisms is a pathogen flagellate? Select one: a. Chlamydomonas. b. Tripanosoma c. Plasmodium. d. Euglena. e. Paramecium.

b. Tripanosoma

What is the karyological state of the Endosperm of Arabidopsis and most other angiosperms? Select one: a. Diploid. b. Triploid. c. Haploid. -

b. Triploid.

In a heterokaric cell of a filamentous fungus, how many different nuclear genomes are present? a. Many b. Two c. One d. None, funi have no genome -

b. Two

Which of the following features is ancestral for all Eukaryotes? (the eukaryote prototype). Select one: a. Many flagella or cilia. b. Two flagella c. One flagellum. d. Amoeboid locomotion or a mucillage track.

b. Two flagella

Which of the following features is ancestral for all Eukaryotes? (the eukaryote prototype). Select one: a. One flagellum. b. Two flagella c. Many flagella or cilia. d. Amoeboid locomotion or a mucillage track. -

b. Two flagella

Cell Cycle: How many chromatids are in a chromosome after the S phase of the cell cycle? Select one: a. One. b. Two. c. Four

b. Two.

Cell Cycle: How many chromatids are in a chromosome after the S phase of the cell cycle? a. Four. b. Two. c. One. -

b. Two.

Which group of the following do NOT compromise taxa that harbor proper plastids? (except for one genus that does) a. Rhizzaria b. Uniconta c. Excavata d. Alveolata e. Stramenopiles -

b. Uniconta

Cyanobacteria are famous for their PS II: Different from all other photosynthetic prokarya, what could this photosystem do in Cyanobacteria? a. Release sulfur b. Use water molecules as electron donor c. Nitrogen fixation d. Use oxygen for respiration e. Use chlorophyll (all other prokarya use Rhodopsin-like pigments) -

b. Use water molecules as electron donor

Which of the following tissues are NOT found in a shoot axis (stem) featuring a classical Protostele? Select one: a. Sclerenchyma. b. Vascular Cambium. c. Phloem. d. Xylem. e. Apical Meristem.

b. Vascular Cambium.

NOT ON OUR EXAM: *Endosymbiosis: which phylum or supergroup consists largely (almost entirely) of algae which all obtained their capacity for photosynthesis by secondary endosymbiosis? a. Rhodophytes b. Viridiplantae c. Rhizzaria d. Uniconta e. Chromalveolata -

b. Viridiplantae *(or Chromalveolata x2 -- Scratch grade 2012b)?

Which of the following is a way of gene exchange in Prokaryota? Mark all that apply, false answers give a penalty. Select one or more: a. Karyogamy. b. Virus (particle of enveloped coding nuceotide sequence). c. Exchange of free DNA bits. d. Plasmid. e. None of the pathways listed here. f. Meiosis -

b. Virus (particle of enveloped coding nuceotide sequence). Yes: Transduction. c. Exchange of free DNA bits. Yes: Transformation. d. Plasmid. Yes: Conjugation and some forms of Transduction and Transformation.

Which of the following did NOT obtain its plastids through Secondary Endosymbiosis ? Select one: a. Diatoms. b. Volvox. c. Chrysophyta (gold brown algae). d. Phaeophyta (brown algae). e. Dinoflagellates.

b. Volvox.

Which part in the illustration (on back) indicates the sporophyte? Select one: a. All parts together (X, Y, and Z) b. Y c. Z d. X -

b. Y

Does photosynthesis occur in Archaea, and if so, which pigment would be used to capture light energy? Select one: a. Yes, sulfur. b. Yes, Rhodopsin. c. Yes, Chlorophyll. d. Does not exist, only in Bacteria. e. Yes, Chlorophyll a and Phycobilines.

b. Yes, Rhodopsin.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the floral organs? Select one: a.All petals and sepals together form the Perianth. b.All carpels together form the Androecium. c.Carpels are considered megasporophylls. d.Flower organs have no distinct axillary shoot buds. e.The anther is the microsporangium. f.The stigma is the site of pollen germination. g.The fruit is the carpel at the time of seed dispersal. h.The seed is the ovule at the time of dispersal.

b.All carpels together form the Androecium.

What corresponds to the microsporangium in Angiosperms? Select one: a.Embryo sac. b.Anther. c.Pollen tube. d.Ovule. e.Ovary.

b.Anther.

Which of the following organism have no flagella on any of the gametes? Select one: a.Anthocerophyta (hornwort). b.Conifers. c.Charophyta (stonewort). d.Some Pteridophyta (ferns). e.Gingko

b.Conifers.

According to current molecular phylogeny, which are the extant monophyletic clades of seed plants? Mark all that apply. Select one or more: a.Monilophytes b.Gymnosperms c.Pinales (conifers in the strict sense) d.Angiosperms e.Progymnosperms

b.Gymnosperms d.Angiosperms

What enabled vascular plants to rise water high without the conductive tissue collapsing, and supports a higher plant body, and is missing in non-vascular plants? Select one: a.Cellulose. b.Lignin. c.Glycoproteins. d.Chlorophyll. e.Sporoplollenin.

b.Lignin.

Which of the following is the closest relative of Equisetum (horsetails)? Select one: a.Bryophytes. b.Lycopodium. c.Selaginella and Isoetes. d.Seed Plants. e.Leptosporangiate ferns (Filicales).

b.Lycopodium.

Which of the two evolutionary events had an ecological correlation? (same time, causally linked) Select one: a.The rise of flowering plants and the first insect pollination. b.The rise of first vascular plants and the evolution of tetrapod animals. c.The first seed plants and the first filamentous fungi. d.The rise of first vascular plants and the evolution of first herbivorous Dinosaurs. e.The rise of first vascular plants and the formation of coal.

b.The rise of first vascular plants and the evolution of tetrapod animals.

In terms of reproductive strategy, what is the problem of strictly unisexual individuals in a species? (Examples: Heterosporous plants, dioecious plants, Mammals) Select one: a.Self-fertilization can occur (inbreeding depression). b.You have only half of the population available for reproduction. c.Insect pollination is impossible. d.Wind pollination is impossible. e.Spores can travel longer distance.

b.You have only half of the population available for reproduction.

What is a prothallium? Select one: a.The basalmost portion of a sporophyte. b.The structure bearing several sporangia in ferns. c.Gametophyte of lycophytes and ferns. d.The first stage of a Bryophyte germinating from a spore.

c. Gametophyte of lycophytes and ferns.

Regarding the functionality, what is the mechanic advantage of Xylem over its predecessor tissues? Select one: a.Xylem cells in the periphery have a second function as bark (phellem) b.Continuous growth of the cell after it assumed conductive function. c.Resistance against atmospheric pressure. d.Xylem cells can store more starch. e.Faster transport of amino acids and mRNA in the Xylem

c. Resistance against atmospheric pressure.

What is an exceptional ecological key ability of many fungi with high impact on the environment? It is fungi that... Select one: a. ... have a very fast rate of cell division/cell multiplication. b. ... Fungi cause the most infectuous diseases on humans and animals. c. ... can digest substrates that are difficult to tackle for enzymes. d. ... deliver the highest proportion of primary production. -

c. ... can digest substrates that are difficult to tackle for enzymes.

Appart from molecular data, which following arguments support the assumption that photosynthesis entered the clade Chromalveolata from Rhodophyta through amoeboid ancestors? Which is an example or model for such amoeboid ancestors? Mark all that apply. Certain Chromalveolata lineages ... Select one or more: a. The certain group of relatives are Chlorarachniophyta. b. The certain group of relatives are Chrysophyta. c. ... have four membranes around the plastids. d. ... have a reduced cell wall and are partially internal ingesters. e. ... have general starch, not laminarines (or chrysolaminarines). f. ... use phycobilins as secondary photosynthesis pigment along with some chlorophyll c. g. The certain group of relatives are Cryptophyta. h. ... have general carotinoids, not fucoxantins. CorrectThe fucoxantins are an autapomorphy of Stramenpiles strictly.

c. ... have four membranes around the plastids. (Indicating the secondary endo-symbiosis from another primary endosymbiosis organism, rejecting a direct invasion of Cyanobacteria.) d. ... have a reduced cell wall and are partially internal ingesters. (Allowing endosymbionts to be taken up.) e. ... have general starch, not laminarines (or chrysolaminarines). (So laminarines are an autapomorphy of Stramenpiles strictly.) f. ... use phycobilins as secondary photosynthesis pigment along with some chlorophyll c. (Yes: Phycobilins as in Cyanobacteria and Rhodophytes, chlorophyll c as in most others of this clades (Alveolata and Stramenopiles). g. The certain group of relatives are Cryptophyta. ( Starch not laminarines, no fucoxantines, amoeboid-ingesters, frour cell membranes) h. ... have general carotinoids, not fucoxantins. (The fucoxantins are an autapomorphy of Stramenpiles strictly.)

Cell Cycle: In the cells of some organisms, mitosis occurs without cytokinesis. What is the result of this? a. Cell cycles lacking the S phase. b. Cells that are unusually small. c. A Coenocythium. d. Destruction of chromosomes. e. Cells lacking nuclei. -

c. A Coenocythium.

What is the meaning of the term Ribozyme? Select one: a. A Protein molecule with biocatalytic function. b. A DNA molecule with biocatalytic function. c. A RNA molecule with biocatalytic function. d. The first Prokarya were Ribosomes. e. A Protein molecule with self-replicating capacity. -

c. A RNA molecule with biocatalytic function.

Cheese flavors are determined by a series of organic acids. Which of the following acids would you expect to form mostly on the surface by the cheese prokaryotes as a result of their metabolism (in the bark of the cheese)? a. Lactic acid b. Butytic acid c. Acetic acid d. Nucleic acids e. Amino acids -

c. Acetic acids

What is the implication of the ancient marine sediments referred to as Banded Iron Formations? Select one: a. The atmosphere now had free oxygen gas (we could breath). b. First respiratory Bacteria exist. c. Advanced forms of photosynthesis released oxygen. d. First life forms appeared and left traces. e. First, primitive forms of photosynthesis existed. f. First Eukaryotes exist. -

c. Advanced forms of photosynthesis released oxygen.

Which of the follwing is true? Select one: a. Mitosis is followed by the S phase. b. Mitosis is always followed by Cytokinesis. c. After mitosis, all resulting nuclei or cells are clones. d. Cytokinesis is followed by the G2 phase. -

c. After mitosis, all resulting nuclei or cells are clones.

Cell Cycle: What is the purpose of the S phase? Select one: a. Before the M phase, chromosomes need to condense; this happens during the S phase. b. After the M phase, the chromosomes need to expand; this happens during the S phase. c. After some increase of the cell's cytoplasm volume, the genomic DNA needs to be duplicated. d. After Mitosis/Meiosis, preparation of the chromosomes for the Cytokinesis. e. Separation of the two chromatids during the M phase (disconnection of the centromer).

c. After some increase of the cell's cytoplasm volume, the genomic DNA needs to be duplicated.

Cell Cycle: What is the purpose of the S phase? Select one: a. Separation of the two chromatids during the M phase (disconnection of the centromer). b. Before the M phase, chromosomes need to condense; this happens during the S phase. c. After some increase of the cell's cytoplasm volume, the genomic DNA needs to be duplicated. d. After Mitosis/Meiosis, preparation of the chromosomes for the Cytokinesis. e. After the M phase, the chromosomes need to expand; this happens during the S phase. -

c. After some increase of the cell's cytoplasm volume, the genomic DNA needs to be duplicated.

In the illustration, to which group of fungi does this organism belong? Hint: it grows on horse droppings and translated its name means "naked head", because you can pull the skin off its head ;-) Select one: a. Ustilaginomycotina - Heterobasidiomycota b. Pucciniomycotina - Heterobasidiomycota c. Agaricomycotina - Homobasidiomycota d. Pezizomycotina - Ascomycota

c. Agaricomycotina - Homobasidiomycota

Which taxa are included in Botany? a. All eukaryotes b. All organisms w/ photosynthesis, and only those. c. All organisms w/ photosynthesis or cell wall. d. All plants and only plants. e. All prokaryotes -

c. All organisms w/ photosynthesis or cell wall.

What is the ecological benefit for a fungi, if it produces antibiotics? Select one: a. Antibiotics kill the bacteria, so the fungus can eat them. b. Antibiotics stun the immune system of a host, so the fungus can invade it. c. Allelopathy. d. None, antibiotics are released as waste product the fungus needs to get rid of. e. Antibiotics are exo-enzymes released by the fungus to digest macromolecules in its substrate. -

c. Allelopathy.

What is the ecological benefit for a fungi, if it produces antibiotics? The illustration is just a hint. Select one: a. Antibiotics are exo-enzymes released by the fungus to digest macromolecules in its substrate. b. Antibiotics stun the immune system of a host, so the fungus can invade it. c. Allelopathy. d. None, antibiotics are released as waste product the fungus needs to get rid of. e. Antibiotics kill the bacteria, so the fungus can eat them.

c. Allelopathy.

What is the metabolism of Lactobacillus we use in food industry? Select one: a. Aerobe fermentation. b. Respiration. c. Anaerobe fermentation. d. Photosynthesis. -

c. Anaerobe fermentation.

What term describes the evolutionary relationship between the legs of mouse and legs of a spider? Select one: a. Homologous. b. Phylogenetic. c. Analogous d. Binomial.

c. Analogous

When you eat a morel (Morchella), what part do you actually eat? Select one: a. Conidium. b. Basidioma/Basidiocarp. c. Ascoma/Ascocarp. d. Zygnoma/Zygocarp. e. Aecium.

c. Ascoma/Ascocarp.

When you eat a morel (Morchella), what part do you actually eat? Select one: a. Zygnoma/Zygocarp. b. Basidioma/Basidiocarp. c. Ascoma/Ascocarp. d. Aecium. e. Conidium. -

c. Ascoma/Ascocarp.

To which group of plants does Tomato belong? (pic on back) Select one: a. Caryophyllids b. Monocots c. Asterids d. Rosids e. Basal angiosperms -

c. Asterids

3 Domains: In which has a majority of taxa a double membrane surrounding the cell? a. All 3 b. Archaea c. Bacteria d. Eukarya e. None -

c. Bacteria

Endosymbiosis: to what does the inner material (Stroma) of a plastid correspond? Select one: a. Space inside of nucleus. b. Eukaryote cytoplasm. c. Bacteria cytoplasm. d. Extracellular space. e. Archaea cytoplasm..

c. Bacteria cytoplasm.

Endosymbiosis: to what does the thylakoid membrane of plastid correspond? a. ER membrane b. Eukaryotic cell membrane c. Bacterial cell membrane d. Archean cell membrane e. Membrane around nucleus -

c. Bacterial cell membrane

What was the purpose of the Miller-Urei experiment? To show that... Select one: a. Polymer Macromolecules can form spontaneously under conditions as found on eartly Earth. b. Cells can form spontaneously under conditions as found on early Earth. c. Biomolecules can form spontaneously under conditions as found on early Earth. d. DNA replication can occur spontaneously under conditions as found on early Earth. e. Life can form spontaneously under conditions as found on early Earth. -

c. Biomolecules can form spontaneously under conditions as found on early Earth.

NOT ON EXAM: To which group do Streptophyta belong? a. Red algae (Rhodophyta) b. Green algae (Viridiplantae) c. Brown algae (Pheophyta) d. Chromalveolate (actually, it's a synonym for "Heterochonta") e. Uniconta-Opistoconta -

c. Brown algae (Pheophyta)

To which taxonomic group does Polytrichum belong? Select one: a. Pteridophyta (ferns and horsetails). b. Charophyta (stonewort). c. Bryophyta (mosses). d. Hepatophya (liverworts). e. Lycophyta (club mosses). -

c. Bryophyta (mosses).

NOT ON OUR EXAM: Which of the following did NOT obtain their plastids through Secondary Endosymbiosis? a. Dinoflagellates b. Phaeophyta (brown algae) c. Charophyta d. Diatoms e. Chrysophyta (gold-brown algae) -

c. Charophyta

Which of these organisms play an important role in the rumen of cows? (rumen = stomach part where cows ferment food). Select one: a. Basidiomycota. b. Zygomycota. c. Chytridomycota. d. Ascomycota. -

c. Chytridomycota.

What is the function of a Woronin body? Select one: a. Explosive release of mitospores. b. Fruitbody of Deuteromycetes. c. Closure of the septal pore in emergency. d. Deactivation of one nucleus in heterokaric cells. e. Explosive release of meiospores. -

c. Closure of the septal pore in emergency.

*Which is true for the types of gametogamy? a. Oogamy is an extreme case of Anisogamy b. Anisogamy never involves flagellate gametes c. Conjugation is the same as Isogamy d. Oogamy never involves flagellate gametes e. Isogamy never involves flagellate gametes -

c. Conjugation is the same as Isogamy

In which of the following symbioses are Dinoflagellates essential as primary producers? Select one: a. Rhizzobium. b. Rumen of cows. c. Corals. d. Mycorrhiza. e. Lichen. -

c. Corals.

Which of the following examples uses phycobilins as photosynthetic pigments? Select one: a. Chlorophyta (green algae) b. Phaeophyta (brown algae) c. Cyanobacteria d. Dinoflagellates e. Diatoms

c. Cyanobacteria

What functional element of the cell does the spindle apparatus belong? a. Chloroplast b. ER c. Cytoskeleton d. Mitochondria e. Golgi Apparatus -

c. Cytoskeleton

Mark all of the following that perform photosynthesis (more than 60% of their species maintaining chloroplasts). Select one or more: a. Radiolaria. b. Ciliates c. Diatoms. d. Fungi e. Dinoflagellates. f. Phaeophyta (Kelp and Bladderwrak) g. Chlorophyta h. Foraminifers. -

c. Diatoms. e. Dinoflagellates. f. Phaeophyta (Kelp and Bladderwrak) g. Chlorophyta

In old concepts, the flowering plants were divided into two classes, based on their cotyledons and some anatomical features. Which of the two classes was recognized to be artificial - and subdivided into which ones? Select one: a. Old Monocots into New Monocots and Basal Angiosperms. b. Monocots into Eudicots and Basal Angiosperms. c. Dicots into Basal Angiosperms and Eudicots. d. Dicots into Monocots and Basal Angiosperms. e. Eudicots into Monocots and Basal Angiosperms. -

c. Dicots into Basal Angiosperms and Eudicots.

From the perspspective of the gametophyte in Marchantia, what is the purpose of Spores in terms of reproduction ecology and population genetics? Select one: a. Same time, same environment, same genome. b. Same time, same environment, different genome. c. Different time, different environment, different genome. d. Same time, different environment, different genome. e. Same time, different environment, same genome.

c. Different time, different environment, different genome.

Which of the following clades picked up photosynthesis via secondary endosymbiosis? a. Fungi b. Red Algae (Rhodophyta) c. Dinoflagellates d. Some Euglenids e. Land Plants (Embryophyta) f. Green Algae (Chlorophyta) g. Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) h. Cyanobacteria i. Brown Algae (Phaeophyta) -

c. Dinoflagellates d. Some Euglenids g. Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) i. Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)

Which of the following IS found in basal land plants (Embryophyta), but NOT found in Chara? Select one: a. Photoautotrophous gametophyte b. Sperm cells with two flagella. c. Diploid mitosis. d. Haploid mitosis. e. Multicellular gametangia with sterile jacket. -

c. Diploid mitosis.

What features shared by by almost all Tracheophyta are absent in non-vascular land plants? Check all answers that apply. Select one or more: a. Conductive cells. b. Flagellate sperms. c. Dominant sporophyte (outliving gametophte). d. Sclenenchyma e. Xylem (proper) f. Lignin g. Stomata. h. Rhizoids. i. Cuticula. j. Phloem (proper) -

c. Dominant sporophyte (outliving gametophte). d. Sclenenchyma e. Xylem (proper) f. Lignin j. Phloem (proper)

What is the ecological category to which Endo-Mycorrhiza belong? a. Endoparasitism b. Endodermal infection c. Endophytic symbiosis d. Endocytosis e. Endoflagellates -

c. Endophytic symbiosis

What is the natural origin of the hallucinogenic LSD? a. Death cap (Amanita phalloides) b. Cordyceps c. Ergot (Claviceps) d. Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) e. Magic Mushrooms (Psilocybe) -

c. Ergot (Claviceps)

Which of the following are Supergroups? Specifically: The "Supergroups" are monophyletic clades of Eukarya that replaced Whittaker's Kingdoms. The concept is still dynamic as new data contunie to resolve the phylogeny. Mark all of the following that are Supergroups and that are NOT contained in any of the other named here (are not undergroup of another one listed). Select one or more: a. Rhizzaria b. Fungi c. Excavata d. Algae e. Uniconta f. Chromalveolata g. Animalia h. Archaeplastidae i. Protista j. Plantae

c. Excavata e. Uniconta f. Chromalveolata h. Archaeplastidae

In which status are chromosomes during the interphase? Select one: a. Condensed. b. Precipitated. c. Expanded. d. Hybridized. -

c. Expanded.

Which of the following have phototrophic gametophytes? Mark all that apply. Select one or more: a. Seed plants (Spermatophyta) b. Lycophyta. c. Filicales. d. Psilotaceae. e. Equisetaceae. f. Selaginella and Isoetes. g. Ophioglossaceae. h. Bryophyta.

c. Filicales. (Homosporous and photrophous.) e. Equisetaceae. (Homosporous and but kind of crooked green.) h. Bryophyta. (Homosporous and photrophous.)

The profile of an unknown bacterium includes endospore formation, anaerobe, nitrogen fixing, gram positive, toxine formation & human pathogen, heterotrophic can normally be defeated by administration of Methicillin. Which taxon does this belong to? a. Actinobacteria b. Cyanobacteria c. Firmicutes d. Proteobacteria e. Spirochaeta -

c. Firmicutes

With which evolutionary mile stone in animals do the oldest known Tracheophyte fossils co-incide? Select one: a. First reptiles. b. First bone fish. c. First tetrapods. d. First fish. e. First dinosaurs. -

c. First tetrapods.

Which of the following organism is an important lead fossil for the oil exploitation? Select one: a. Euglenophyta. b. Ciliates. c. Foraminifera. d. Dinoflagellates. e. Troglodytes

c. Foraminifera.

What was a planetary pre-requirement for the evolution of Eukaryotes? Select one: a. Precambrian explosion. b. The evolution of multicellular organisms. c. Free oxygen. d. Ozone shield. -

c. Free oxygen. - Right - for mitochondria as respiratory bacteria.

What is a Lichen? Select one: a. Fungal symbiosis with the roots of a vascular plant. b. The result of fungal decomposition of a material (e.g., wood rott) c. Fungal symbiosis with algae or cyanobacteria. d. Fungal symbiosis in the intestines of an animal. e. An infection with a fungus pathogen. -

c. Fungal symbiosis with algae or cyanobacteria.

Cell Cycle: In one of the following mitotic phases, the cell has only half as much DNA than in all another phases listed. Which one? Select one: a. Metaphase. b. Anaphase. c. G1. d. G2. e. Prophase. -

c. G1.

What is the meiosis type of this organism? (pic seen in 2012 Mid-Term) a. Sporic b. Zygotic c. Gametic d. Asexual -

c. Gametic

Which type of meiosis is the HAPLOID generation NOT able to divide (no mitosis)? a. Mitosis is possible in all three listed types b. Sporic c. Gametic d. Zygotic -

c. Gametic

Which is the meiosis type where only the Diploid generation can have mitosis? Select one: a. Sporic. b. Paracyclic. c. Gametic. d. Zygotic. -

c. Gametic.

What is the dominant generation in Hepatophyta, and what chromosome status does it have? Select one: a. Sporophyte - Haploid b. Gametophyte - Diploid c. Gametophyte - Haploid d. Sporophyte - Diploid -

c. Gametophyte - Haploid Yes: Chapter 29, p.607

Which of the following groups is or are paraphyletic? Mark all that apply. Select one or more: a. Embryophyta b. Red Algae c. Green Algae d. Tracheophyta e. Non-vascular Embryophyta -

c. Green Algae e. Non-vascular Embryophyta

*In a heterokaric cell of a fungus, what is the karyological status of each cell nucleus? a. Alloploid b. Heteroploid c. Haploid d. Polyploid e. Diploid -

c. Haploid

Which is the embryophyte with the shortest living sporophyte? Select one: a. Anthocerophyta b. Monilophytes c. Hepatophyta d. Bryophyta e. Lycophytes -

c. Hepatophyta

What type of mycelium occur in Basidiocarps? a. None of the ones listed here. b. Both types c. Heterokaryotic only d. Monokaryotic only -

c. Heterokaryotic only

To which taxonomic group does this organism belong? (Illustration on back) Select one: a. Homosporous Leptosporangiates. b. Heterosporous Eusporangiates. c. Heterosporous Leptosporangiates. d. Lycophyta (club mosses) e. Equisetales (horsetails) -

c. Heterosporous Leptosporangiates.

What is the best concept of a common ancestor of all extant Eukaryota? (Eukaryote prototype) a. Heterotroph, one flagella b. Photosynthetic, two flagella c. Heterotroph, two flagella d. Photosynthetic, one flagella e. Heterotroph, no flagella -

c. Heterotroph, two flagella

Which of the following features is ancestral for Eukaryotes? (the eukaryote prototype) Select one: a. Autotrophous. b. Homotrophous. c. Heterotrophous.

c. Heterotrophous.

Which of the following features is ancestral for Eukaryotes? (the eukaryote prototype) Select one: a. Autotrophous. b. Homotrophous. c. Heterotrophous. -

c. Heterotrophous.

What causes peat bogs to be difficult for other organisms to grow on? Mark all that apply. Illustration (on back) is a hint to the lecture. Select one or more: a. High in essential minerals. b. Drought. c. High acidity. d. High oxygen levels in the water. e. High concentration on phenolic compounds. f. High competition by fast growing plants. -

c. High acidity. e. High concentration on phenolic compounds.

When are some Antibiotics less effective on Gram-Negative Bacteria and Archaea than on Gram-Positive ones? (e.g., Streptomycin). [Slides and Class, Raven] Select one: a. If they affect the formation of Actin filaments. b. If they don't affect Mitosis. c. If they affect the formation of Peptidoglycan cell walls. d. If they affect the histones in the chromosomes. e. If they do affect Mitosis.

c. If they affect the formation of Peptidoglycan cell walls.

Crozier ("hook") and Clamp in higher filamentous fungi are similar and have probably a common ancestral formation. Where does the Crozier occur? a. In the hymenium of the Basidiocarp b. In the hymenium of the Conidium c. In the hymenium of the Ascocarp d. In the homokaric stage of Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes e. In the tertiary mycelium of all filamentous fungi. -

c. In the hymenium of the Ascocarp

Crozier ("hook") and Clamp in higher filamentous fungi are similar and have probably a common ancestral formation. Where does the Crozier occur? Select one: a. In the hymenium of the Conidium. b. In the hymenium of the Basidiocarp. c. In the hymenium of the Ascocarp. d. In the homokaric stage of Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes. e. In the tertiary mycelium of all filamentous fungi. -

c. In the hymenium of the Ascocarp.

What is a shared strategy or benefit between a diploid genome and heterokary? Select one: a. Both define a single-gene trait mating type that is non-ambiguous. b. Decreases the chance for a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to establish. c. Increased likelihood of more than one allele to occur. d. Either is required for Mitosis. e. Both allow meiosis. -

c. Increased likelihood of more than one allele to occur.

What is one of reasons for the assumption that the cell nucleus membrane evolved from a pouch of the cell membrane? Select one: a. It is similar to a bacteria membrane. b. It is a single membrane. c. It is a double-membrane. d. It bears rests of the old cell wall (peptidoglycans). -

c. It is a double-membrane.

Cell Cycle: During the separation of chromosomes, how is the element called that is responsible for the lokomotion of the chromosome along the micrutubule? Select one: a. Ribosome. b. Chromatid. c. Kinetochore. d. Kinetosome. e. Histone. -

c. Kinetochore.

What is the significance of Carolus Linnaeus for Biology? a. First American naturalist b. First use of binomial names in Western history. c. Largest record of species descriptions d. First proposition of an evolutionary concept -

c. Largest record of species descriptions

What unexpected organelle does the parasite causing Malaria contain? Select one: a. Plasmid b. Thermoplast c. Leucoplast d. Chloroplast e. Chromoplast

c. Leucoplast

Which was the key invention that allowed Tracheophytes to grow higher and that has no correspondance in non-vascular plants? Select one: a. Distinct roots. b. Connective tissue. c. Lignin. d. Cellulose. e. Leaves. -

c. Lignin.

Which of the following is an ecological key feature of peat bogs? a. Low level of available water b. Calcite precipitation due to photosynthesis and alkalinity (CaCO3) c. Low levels of nutrients d. High rate of photosynthesis and primary production (many C4 plants) e. Requirement for high average temperatures (yearly average) -

c. Low levels of nutrients

To which taxonomic group does this organism belong? (Illustration on back) Select one: a. Hepatophya (liverworts) b. Equisetales (horsetails) c. Lycophyta (club mosses) d. Leptosporangiate ferns e. Pines (in the Gymnosperms) f. Bryophyta (mosses) -

c. Lycophyta (club mosses)

In the illustration, what organism is this? (pic shown from 2012a and seen in Algae slides) a. Chlamydomonas (Green Algae) b. Polysiphonia (Red Algae) c. Macrocystis (Brown Algae) d. Puff Ball (Basidiomycetes) e. Devil's Egg (Oomycota) -

c. Macrocystis (Brown Algae)

In nomenclature, categories have standard endings of taxa (suffixes). Which of the following describes the order typified by Magnolia? a. Magnolia b. Magnoliaceae c. Magnoliales d. Magnoliophyta e. Magnoliopsida -

c. Magnoliales

NOT ON OUR EXAM: Which of the following has the smallest and shortest-living sporophyte? a. Androceros b. Fucus c. Marchantia d. Polytrichum e. Sphagnum -

c. Marchantia

What are spores in Lycophytes? Select one: a. Zygospores. b. Zoospores. c. Meiospores. Right: meiosis in the sporangium; sporophyte is diploid, gametophytes are haploid. d. Lepidospores e. Mitospores. f. Endospores.

c. Meiospores. (Right: meiosis in the sporangium; sporophyte is diploid, gametophytes are haploid.)

Some cyanobacteria have heterocycsts; what is the function of these cells? a. Respiration b. Denitrification: release of nitrogen into the atmosphere. c. Nitrification: binding of atmospheric nitrogen d. Photosynthesis e. Sexual reproduction -

c. Nitrification: binding of atmospheric nitrogen

Regarding the origin of plastids, how often did the invasion of free-living photosynthetic Prokarya into Eukarya cells happen? Select one: a. Twice, once in brown algae and once in the other plants. b. Several times, independently into Brown Algae, Red Algae, Green Algae, and some Flagellates. c. Once d. Once: Eukaryota started out as photosynthetic organisms, some lost the chloroplast later (Animals, Fungi).

c. Once

On this illustration, how many Sori can you see with each Indusium (=per indusium)? Select one: a. Many (more than 20) b. None (=zero) c. One (=1) d. Nine (=9) e. Two (=2)

c. One (=1)

How many clades of the Eukaryota lead to Animalia (multicellular, ingesting heterotrophs)? Select one: a. Two (Amoeba, and Choanoflagellates+Metazoa). b. Many; animals are polyphyletic. c. One (splitting into Choanoflagellates and Metazoa).

c. One (splitting into Choanoflagellates and Metazoa).

How many clades of the Eukaryota lead to Animalia (multicellular, ingesting heterotrophs)? Select one: a. Two (Amoeba, and Choanoflagellates+Metazoa). b. Many; animals are polyphyletic. c. One (splitting into Choanoflagellates and Metazoa). -

c. One (splitting into Choanoflagellates and Metazoa).

Which of the following groups is NOT a member of fungi? a. Zygomycetes b. Deuteromycetes c. Oomycetes d. Chitridomycetes e. Basidiomycetes -

c. Oomycetes

Which of the following groups is NOT part of fungi? Select one: a. Chitridomycetes b. Basidiomycetes c. Oomycetes d. Zygomycetes e. Deuteromycetes -

c. Oomycetes

Which of the following can NOT be the primary producer of a Lichen? a. Cyanobacteria b. Chlorophyta c. Oomycota d. Phaeophyta -

c. Oomycota

What does a vascular system consist of? Select one: a. Root, Stem, Leaf. b. Xylem, xylem contains lignin (wood). c. Phloem and Xylem, xylem always contains lignin (wood). d. Sklerenchyma and Parenchyma. e. Phloem; some also Xylem (lignin may occur or may be absent).

c. Phloem and Xylem, xylem always contains lignin (wood).

What does a vascular system consist of? Select one: a. Sklerenchyma and Parenchyma. b. Xylem, xylem contains lignin (wood). c. Phloem and Xylem, xylem always contains lignin (wood). d. Root, Stem, Leaf. e. Phloem; some also Xylem (lignin may occur or may be absent). -

c. Phloem and Xylem, xylem always contains lignin (wood).

Which means strictly "plant"? a. Bios b. Botan c. Photos d. Phycos e. Phytos -

c. Photos

What is the likely cause for Snowball Earth? Select one: a. Loss of dissolved iron in oceans (red banded iron formation) b. Volcanism and CO2 release. c. Photosynthesis. d. The end of the dinosaurs. e. Human activity (agriculture, logging, industrialization).

c. Photosynthesis.

*It's fall and the leaves on trees are turning golden and red. What causes this? a. Old leaves got a sunburn from the sun. b. Plastids disappear c. Plastids turn into chromoplasts d. Plastids turn into leucoplasts e. Plastids turn into chloroplasts -

c. Plastids turn into chromoplasts

In the Illustration (on back), what would a higher taxon be considered if it included the sub-taxa B, C and D, but not A? -

c. Polyphyletic.

Which of the following does NOT represent a mutual symbiosis involving fungi? Select one: a. Brewer's yeast. b. Lichen. c. Puccinia (rust). d. Leaf cutter ants. e. Mycorrhiza. -

c. Puccinia (rust).

In the illustration, to which group of fungi does this organism belong? Hint: this structure is the seaonally enduring stage that will stay over winter on one of its two hosts. Select one: a. Agaricomycotina - Homobasidiomycota b. Pezizomycotina - Ascomycota c. Pucciniomycotina - Heterobasidiomycota d. Ustilaginomycotina - Heterobasidiomycota

c. Pucciniomycotina - Heterobasidiomycota

What is the end product of the Photosynthesis in Purple and Green Sulfur Bacteria? [Slides and Class, Raven] Select one: a. Oxygen (O2) b. Hydrogen Sulfite (H2S). c. Pure Sulfur (S8). d. Carbon Dioxide (CO2). e. Reduced Organics.

c. Pure Sulfur (S8).

Which of the following biomolecules can have both capabilities: Bio-Catalyzer and Self-Replication? Select one: a. Proteins (Amino Acids) b. DNA c. RNA d. Cellulose (Carbohydrates) e. Phospholipids -

c. RNA

Which of the following is a Postzygotic reproductive barrier? Select one: a. Reduced geographical contact. b. Different mating seasons. c. Reduced hybrid fertility. d. Different mating behavior (songs, color, pollinator).

c. Reduced hybrid fertility.

Which of the following is a Postzygotic reproductive barrier? a. Different mating behavior (songs, color, pollinator). b. Different mating seasons. c. Reduced hybrid fertility. d. Reduced geographical contract. -

c. Reduced hybrid fertility.

Which of the following is true for fossilized stromatolites? a. Provide evidence that plants moved onto land in the company of fungi around 500 mya. b. Date from 2.1 bya and contain first undisputed fossils of eukaryotes. c. Resemble structures formed by bacterial communities found today. d. All date from 2.7 bya e. All formed around deep-see vents. -

c. Resemble structures formed by bacterial communities found today.

What ocean organisms do these belong to? Note the calcite armor. Select one: a. Chrysophyta. b. Phaeophyta. c. Rhodophyta. d. Chlorophyta. e. Dinophyta.

c. Rhodophyta.

What did Miller and Urei try to show in their experiment? Select one: a. Simple biomolecules can form spontaneously under conditions as on Earth today. b. Simple life can form spontaneously under conditions as on Early Earth. c. Simple biomolecules can form spontaneously under conditions as on Early Earth. d. Protobionts could form under conditions on early earth. e. Macromolecules can form spontaneously under conditions as on Early Earth. f. Macromolecules form when simple biomolecules and light are present. -

c. Simple biomolecules can form spontaneously under conditions as on Early Earth.

Cell Cycle BIOS 110/120: In mammals, which of the following cell types have the highest rate of cell divisions? Select one: a. Neurons (nerve cells). b. Meristoderm. c. Skin (epithel, epidermis). d. Skelettal muscles. e. Teeth. -

c. Skin (epithel, epidermis).

Which of the following is true for Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)? Select one: a. Some have no flagellate forms. b. Some have no cell wall and became heterotrophous. c. Some developed a strictly apical growth mode of the thallus. d. Some have regular starch as energy storage (Amylose). e. Some of them are single-celled (fully unicellular life cycles). f. About half of them live in freshwater (cold rivers with much oxygen).

c. Some developed a strictly apical growth mode of the thallus.

Which of the following questions is true for Chitrids? Mark all that apply. Select one or more: a. Some species can do endocytosis/phagocytosis. b. They are all marine organisms. c. Some have flagellate mobility. d. Some species have a sporic meiosis type. e. All of them are pathogens (be it plant, animal, any other eukaryote). f. They are all single-celled, no filamentous species. g. Some species also have cellulose in their cell wall. -

c. Some have flagellate mobility. d. Some species have a sporic meiosis type. g. Some species also have cellulose in their cell wall.

Which of the following cell types form the Basidiocarp/Basidioma? Select one: a. Secondary mycelium. b. Primary mycelium. c. Tertiary mycelium. d. Quartary mycelium. -

c. Tertiary mycelium.

Prokaryote cell fission and eukaryote cell cycles: Which of the following statements is true? Select one: a. The process of cell fission involves only cells with a cell wall. b. Cell fission occurs only in respiratory bacteria and cyanobacteria. c. The process of cell fission also occurs inside of eukaryota cells. d. Cell fission is one form of the prokaryote pathways of gene recombination, mitosis not.

c. The process of cell fission also occurs inside of eukaryota cells. (Yes: Mitochondria and Plastids)

What is true for Bacteria reproduction involving gene recombination? Select one: a. They have meiosis. b. There is no genetic recombination in Prokarya. c. They exchange genes via smaller DNA fragments (plasmids and virus). d. They have mitosis.

c. They exchange genes via smaller DNA fragments (plasmids and virus).

What is true for non-vascular land plants (bryophytes)? Select one: a. They have a unicellular gametangium. b. They have a gametic lifecycle with a dominant sporophyte. c. They retain the young sporophyte on the gametophyte (Embryophyta). d. They have immobile sperm cells. e. They have no vasculature, but already wood (lignin). -

c. They retain the young sporophyte on the gametophyte (Embryophyta). Exactly: retained young sporophyte = embryo

Which period spans the age of the dinosaurs? a. Devonian-Permian b. Carboniferous c. Triassic-Cretaceous d. Ordovician-Silurian e. Paleocene-Pliocene -

c. Triassic-Cretaceous

How many chromatids are in a chromosome after the S phase of the cell cycle? Select one: a. Zero (none) b. Four. c. Two. d. One. -

c. Two.

In which of the following biotechnological processes is lactic acid fermentation NOT a key factor? a. Silo (cattle food) b. Sour dough bread c. Vinegar production d. Sauerkraut, Kimchi, etc... e. Yoghurt production -

c. Vinegar production

Do cells with several nuclei exist? Select one: a. No, all cells have one nucleus. b. Yes, they are called Polyloid. c. Yes, they are called Coenocythium. d. Yes, they are called Polytene. e. Only in Prokaryota (all Bacteria). -

c. Yes, they are called Coenocythium.

In multicellular organisms, is an isomorphic life cycle requiring a specific meiosis type? Select one: a. Yes: zygotic. b. Yes: gametic c. Yes: sporic. d. No: it can happen at any type. e. Yes: gametic or zygotic, but not sporic.

c. Yes: sporic. (See Allomyces Chitrids, Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia.)

In multicellular organisms, is an isomorphic life cycle requiring a specific meiosis type? Select one: a. Yes: zygotic. b. Yes: gametic or zygotic, but not sporic. c. Yes: sporic. d. Yes: gametic e. No: it can happen at any type. -

c. Yes: sporic. - See Allomyces Chitrids, Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia.

What does a Protostele look like? Select one: a.The vascular system forms a cylinder, in cross section appearing as a ring. b.The vascular system consists of several indepenent strands (cable). c.A single vascular strand in the center of the stem.

c.A single vascular strand in the center of the stem.

To which taxonomic group does this organism belong? (Illustration) Select one: a.Bryophyta (proper mosses) b.Gymnosperms c.Filicales (in the leptosporangiate ferns) d.Homosporous Lycophyta (club mosses) e.Equisetales (horsetails) f.Heteosporous Lycophyta (spike mosses and quillworts)

c.Filicales (in the leptosporangiate ferns)

Which of the following is true for the life cycle of Embryophyta? Select one: a.It is gametic. b.It is isomorphic. c.It is heteromorphic. d.It is zygotic. e.It is chemoautotroph.

c.It is heteromorphic.

Which of the following families is the most important one in terms of human nutrition? Select one: a.Orchidaceae b.Solanaceae c.Poaceae d.Asteraceae e.Rosaceae

c.Poaceae

Which of the following is true for vascular plants? Select one: a.All gametophytes are heterotrophic. b.All gametophytes are autotrophic. c.Pollen tubes are considered part of a gametophyte. d.Some gametophytes have only one cell and one nucleus. e.Not all vascular plants have a gametophyte.

c.Pollen tubes are considered part of a gametophyte.

Which of the following taxa has or have Megaphylls? Select one or more: a. Lycophyta. b. Hepatophyta (liverworts). c.Pteridophyta/Monilophyta (ferns). d. Bryophyta (mosses). e. Spermatophyta.

c.Pteridophyta/Monilophyta (ferns). e. Spermatophyta.

Which of the following is NOT a feature found in monocots? Select one: a.Trimerous flower architecture. b.Parallel venation. c.Two cotyledons. d.Tracheary elements. e.Monosulcate pollen.

c.Two cotyledons.

We learned that the old concept of monocots vs. dicots has been overturned. In which of the actual groups do two cotyledons occur? Select one: a.All Eudicots and some Monocots. b.Basal Angiosperms only. c.Eudicots only. d.All Basal Angiosperms and all Eudicots. e.Two cotyledons occur in all three groups, and have been given up as feature with phylogenetic bearing.

d. All Basal Angiosperms and all Eudicots.

What is the Synapomorphy for the clade including Gnetales and Conifers? Select one: a.Insect pollination. b.Vessels. c.Double fertilization. d.Sperm cells without flagellae. e.Second integument.

d. Sperm cells without flagellae.

Which is the definition for Angiospermy? Select one: a.The sperm cell has multiple flagellae. b.The ovule is exposed on the carpel at the moment of pollination; the pollen grain enters the ovule via a pollination droplet. c.A true flower exists, combining microsporophylls and megasporophyll in one structure. d.The ovule is enclosed by a carpel at the moment of pollination; the pollen grain does not reach the ovule. e.The sperm cell has no flagellae at all.

d. The ovule is enclosed by a carpel at the moment of pollination; the pollen grain does not reach the ovule.

Which of the following is NOT a feature shared between basal Embryophytes and Charophytes? Select one: a.Sperm with two flagellae. b.Multicellular Oogonium. c.Apical or peripheral growth. d.Zygote undergoes mitosis while retained on gametophyte. e. Multicellular antheridia.

d. Zygote undergoes mitosis while retained on gametophyte.

Assume a diploid individual has eight chromosomes in total (2n=8), and is heterozygous for each of them. How many different genotypes of gametes can come from this individual? (That is: how many different combinations of chromosomes can be packed into one gamete?) Select one: a. 64 b. 4 c. 32 d. 16

d. 16

What is about the age of the oldest Multicellular Eukaryote? a. 3.2 billion years b. 572 - 540 million years c. 1.5 - 1.2 billion years d. 2.7 - 2.1 billion years e. 225 million years -

d. 2.7 - 2.1 billion years

Cell Cycle: In the cells of some organisms, mitosis occurs without cytokinesis. What is the result of this? Select one: a. Cell cycles lacking the S phase. b. Cells lacking nuclei. c. Destruction of chromosomes. d. A Coenocythium. e. Cells that are unusually small.

d. A Coenocythium.

What is true for the protonema? Select one: a. It is diploid. b. It is not photosynthetic (fully heterotrophous). c. It is always filamentous, never two-dimensional. d. A Protonema also exists in Chara, and is similar to some stages of Coleochaete.. e. It does not occur in Bryidae. -

d. A Protonema also exists in Chara, and is similar to some stages of Coleochaete.. Yes, filamentous in Chara, and it like Coleochaete, it can be sincle-cell layered disc-shaped (Hepatophyta and Sphagnidae) or filamentious (Bryidae), always growing with an apical cell or peripherally.

What is the definition of a fruit? Select one: a. A seed at maturity. b. A sweet or attractive elaboration of the seed coat. c. A flower after flowering. d. A gynoecium at the moment of seed dispersal. e. Anything that bears and protects the seed (e.g., ovuliferous scale). -

d. A gynoecium at the moment of seed dispersal.

Regarding the meiosis type or reproductive ancestry: What does the Endosperm in Angiosperms correspond to? Select one: a. A megagametophyte b. A microsporangium c. A microgametophyte d. A sporophyte e. A megasporangium -

d. A sporophyte

Is heterokary an advantage or disadvantage? Under which condition? Select one: a. DISADVANTAGE if nuclei are HAPLOID and organism COMPLEX and LONG-LIVING. b. ADVANTAGE if nuclei are DIPLOID and organism SIMPLE and SHORT-LIVING. c. ADVANTAGE if nuclei are HAPLOID and organism SIMPLE and SHORT-LIVING. d. ADVANTAGE if nuclei are HAPLOID and organism COMPLEX and LONG-LIVING. e. ADVANTAGE if nuclei are DIPLOID and organism COMPLEX and LONG-LIVING. -

d. ADVANTAGE if nuclei are HAPLOID and organism COMPLEX and LONG-LIVING.

Which of the following taxa are NOT members of the Fungi. Mark all that apply. Select one or more: a. Basidiomycetes. b. Chytridomycetes. c. Ascomycetes. d. Actinomycetes. e. Oomycetes. f. Zygomycetes.

d. Actinomycetes. e. Oomycetes.

Which of the following fungi has the the longest active heterokaryotic phase? (pedantically, most mitotic divisions during a heterokaryotic phase) Select one: a. Penicillium b. Rhizzopus c. Aspergillus d. Agaricus (Mushroom) e. Peziza/Morchella (Morel) -

d. Agaricus (Mushroom) - Yes, Basidiomycetes.

To which group of flowering plants belong species that form one of the most important submarine ecosystems? Select one: a. Fabales (Eudicots - Rosids) b. Fagales (Eudicots - Rosids) c. Lamiales (Eudicots - Asterids) d. Alismatales (monocots). e. Commelinales (monocots) -

d. Alismatales (monocots).

Which is TRUE for Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Zygomycetes, including single celled organisms comprised in all these taxa! a. Some are chemoautotrophys b. Some have flagellate zoospores c. All are zygotic d. All have chitin in their cell wall e. Some are ingestors -

d. All have chitin in their cell wall

Which of the following do you NOT find in a plant cell? (plant = phototroph, multicellular Eukaryote; or specifically Viridiplantae) Select one: a. Cell Wall. b. Mitochondria. c. Cytoskeleton. d. All of the listed elements are found in a plant cell. e. Cell Nucleus.

d. All of the listed elements are found in a plant cell.

What is Mycosis? Select one: a. Fungal symbiosis with the roots of a vascular plant. b. The result of fungal decomposition of a material (e.g., wood rott) c. Fungal symbiosis with algae or cyanobacteria. d. An infection with a fungus pathogen. e. Fungal symbiosis in the intestines of an animal. -

d. An infection with a fungus pathogen.

Where is the Sargasso Sea? a. In the Indian Ocean, between Seychelles and Madagascar b. Off the West Coast of China, Gulf of Sichuan c. Mid Pacific, altitude of Mexico (Great Pacific Garbage Patch) d. Atlantic between Florid and Africa (Bermuda Triangle) e. Dead Sea, East off Isreal -

d. Atlantic between Florid and Africa (Bermuda Triangle)

Endosymbiosis: to what does the inner space (Stroma) of a plastid correspond? a. Space inside of nucleus b. Eukaryote cytoplasm c. Extracellular space d. Bacteria cytoplasm e. Archaea cytoplasm -

d. Bacteria cytoplasm

In the illustration, to which group of fungi does this organism belong to? a. Zygomycota b. Deuteromycota c. Chytridomycota d. Basidiomycota e. Ascomycota -

d. Basidiomycota

Which of the following prokaryotic features or processes involves metabolic cooperation among cells? Select one: a. Photoautotrophy b. Endotoxin release c. Binary Fission d. Biofilms e. Endospore Formation -

d. Biofilms

Which of the following uses of yeast has the highest turnover in terms of biomass? (Hint: Brazil). Select one: a. Bakery. b. Protein production (yeast extract). c. Alcoholic beverages. d. Biofuel. -

d. Biofuel. (Sugar from SugarCane is fermented to alcohol, most famously in Brazil; this amount surpasses all other global production.)

Illustration: To which taxonomic group does this land plant belong? Select one: a. Lycopodiaceae (club mosses). b. Charophyta (stonewort). c. Hepatophya (liverworts). d. Bryopsida (Peristomata). e. Sphagnopsida (Sphagnacae).

d. Bryopsida (Peristomata).

Which of the following causes a mycosis? Select one: a. Pilobolus b. Pezisa c. Rhizzopus d. Candida e. Saccharomyces

d. Candida

Systematics: Which of the following represents the SPECIES name of white muskgrass in the binominal nomenclature? Select one: a. Chara candescens var. louisianensis b. candescens c. Chara d. Chara candescens e. Musk grass -

d. Chara candescens (genus and epitet)

Which of the following taxa is NOT a member of Embryophyta? Select one: a. Pteridophyta. b. Angiospermae. c. Lycophyta. d. Charophyceae. e. Gymnospermae. Which of the following taxa is NOT a member of Embryophyta? Select one: a.Bryophyta. b.Tracheophyta. c.Charophyta. d.Anthocerophyta. e.Hepatophyta.

d. Charophyceae. Correct: that's Chlorophyta, Green Algae proper. c.Charophyta. Raven 2005 chap.16+17+18, 347+380.

Which of the following organisms have chlorophyll a and b as photosynthetic pigments? Select one: a. Diatoms b. Phaeophyta (brown algae) c. Dinoflagellates d. Chlorophyta e. Rhodophyta (red algae)

d. Chlorophyta

Which of the following is a prokaryote lives normally in the soil and is obligatory anaerobe? Select one: a. Thermophilus aquaticus b. Yersinia pestis c. Escherichia coli d. Clostridium botulinum e. Anabaena viridis (Cyabobacteria) -

d. Clostridium botulinum

What is the function of a Doliopore? a. Explosive release of mitospores b. Deactivation of one nucleus in heterokaric cells c. Explosive release of meiospores d. Closure of the septal pore in emergency e. Fruitbody of Deuteromycetes -

d. Closure of the septal pore in emergency

What is the function of a Woronin body? Select one: a. Explosive release of mitospores. b. Deactivation of one nucleus in heterokaric cells. c. Fruitbody of Deuteromycetes. d. Closure of the septal pore in emergency. e. Explosive release of meiospores. -

d. Closure of the septal pore in emergency.

Which of the following is a type of spore involved in ASEXUAL reproduction? Select one: a. Ascospore. b. Basidiospore c. Zygospore. d. Conidiospore. e. Teliospore (Puccinia).

d. Conidiospore.

In this illustration (on back) through a microscope you see a cell in division: a new membrane begins to form across the middle of a cell starting in the middle of the cell, and nuclei re-form on either side of the plate. What is this cell most likely? a. Metaphase of a plant (Viridiplantae). b. Cytokinesis in an animal (Animalia). c. S phase of the cell cycle of an animal (Animalia). d. Cytokinesis of a plant (Viridiplantae). e. Cell fission of a bacterium. -

d. Cytokinesis of a plant (Viridiplantae).

What organisms do these belong to? Select one: a. Diatoms b. Dinoflagellates c. Polysiphonia d. Desmids e. Chitrids

d. Desmids

In the illustration, to what organisms does this one belong? Select one: a. Dinoflagellates b. Desmids c. Euglenophyta d. Diatoms e. Chlorophyta (green algae) Feedback

d. Diatoms

Which of the folloing organisms are important Index Fossils for the oil industry? a. Cyanobacteria and Green Algae b. Green Algae and Dinoflagellates c. Ferns and Mosses (Pteridophyta and Bryophytes) d. Diatoms and Foraminifers e. Amoeba and Ciliates -

d. Diatoms and Foraminifers

From the perspective of the Heterotrophous gametophyte in some vascular plants, what is the SITUATION(!) of the sporophyte in terms of reproduction ecology and population genetics? Select one: a. Same environment, same genome, same time. b. Different environment, same genome, same time, c. Different environment, same genome, same time. d. Different environment, different genome, different time.

d. Different environment, different genome, different time. (This is true for a long-living, large sporophyte that dominates: it starts at the same conditions as the gametophyte, but will live beyond the gametophyte, it will be more exposed to external conditions (light, drought), and is diploid instead of haploid (heterosis benefits). If the gametophyte is heterotrophous, then this difference is extended into the aspect of energy nutrition (trophy).

Which group of organisms cause Red Tides (Crimson Tides)? Select one: a. Diatoms b. Ciliates c. Green Algae d. Dinoflagellates e. Red Algae

d. Dinoflagellates

What is the reason lime stone deposits around some Cyanobacteria? Select one: a. Calcite precipitates because of nitrification. b. Calcite is part of the cell wall. c. Cyanobacteria evaporate water and calcite precipitates. d. Dissolved bicarbonate is depleted by photosynthesis. -

d. Dissolved bicarbonate is depleted by photosynthesis.

What is the reason lime stone deposits around some Cyanobacteria? Select one: a. Cyanobacteria evaporate water and calcite precipitates. b. Calcite is part of the cell wall. c. Calcite precipitates because of nitrification. d. Dissolved bicarbonate is depleted by photosynthesis.

d. Dissolved bicarbonate is depleted by photosynthesis.

Which of the conditions below is most likely to lead to the evolution of heterotrophous gametophytes? Select one: a. Actually, photoautotroph gametophytes are derived, and heterotroph gametophytes are ancestral for all embryophyta. b. The evolution of a zygotic life cycle. c. Dry environments. d. Dominant sporophytes that compete with photosynthetic gametophytes. e. The evolution of wood and vascular systems. -

d. Dominant sporophytes that compete with photosynthetic gametophytes. Yes: heterotroph gametophytes evolved several times in vascular plants, all with a past or ecology of intense sporophyte competition.

Which is true for the entire haploid phase of all eukaryotes? Select one: a. Each cell has only one set of chromosomes. b. Each chromosome has only one branch (one chromatid). c. Each chromosome has two branches (two chromatids). d. Each nucleus has only one set of chromosomes. e. Mitosis cannot happen in this phase. -

d. Each nucleus has only one set of chromosomes.

Which of the following is a prokaryote that lives in our intestines? a. Yersinia pestis b. Anabaena viridis c. Thermophilus aquaticus d. Escherichia coli e. Clostridium botulinum -

d. Escherichia coli

To which groups does the parasite causing Giardia belong? Select one: a. Bacteria (Salmonella) b. Dinoflagellates c. Apicomplexans d. Excavata e. Amoebozoa

d. Excavata

When somebody tells you that Lycopods are "some kind of ferns", why is this not accurate? Select one: a. Lycophytes evolved independently from non-vascular plants; the common ancestor of Lycophytes and ferns had no vasculature. b. Lycophytes are all eusporangiate, like Bryophytes, ferns all leptosporangiate. c. Lycophytes have no vasculature, yet. d. Ferns are closer related to seed plants than to Lycophytes. -

d. Ferns are closer related to seed plants than to Lycophytes.

What is the main difference between ferns (Pteridophyta) and mosses (Bryophyta)? Select one: a. Ferns no longer have flagellate sperm cells. b. Ferns no longer have photosynthetic sporophytes. c. Ferns no longer have photosynthetic gametophytes. d. Ferns have a vascular system and lignin, mosses not. e. Ferns no longer disperse and reproduce by spores.

d. Ferns have a vascular system and lignin, mosses not.

What is the main difference between ferns (Pteridophyta) and mosses (Bryophyta)? Select one: a. Ferns no longer have photosynthetic gametophytes. b. Ferns no longer have flagellate sperm cells. c. Ferns no longer disperse and reproduce by spores. d. Ferns have a vascular system and lignin, mosses not. e. Ferns no longer have photosynthetic sporophytes. -

d. Ferns have a vascular system and lignin, mosses not.

Which of the following is true for flowering plants? Select one: a. Fossil records reach back to the the Carboniferous. b. They appeared after bees had evolved (pollination). c. They are all insect-pollinated. d. Fossil records reach back to the era of dinosaurs (Cretaceous). e. They all have vessels and secondary thickening. -

d. Fossil records reach back to the era of dinosaurs (Cretaceous).

What was a planetary pre-requirement for the evolution of Eukaryotes? Select one: a. Precambrian explosion. b. The evolution of multicellular organisms. c. Ozone shield. d. Free oxygen.

d. Free oxygen. (Right - for mitochondria as respiratory bacteria.)

Cell Cycle: In one of the following mitotic phases, the cell has only half as much DNA than in all another phases listed. Which one? Select one: a. Prophase. b. Metaphase. c. Anaphase. d. G1. e. G2.

d. G1.

What is the meiosis type of this organism? a. Zygotic b. Asexual c. Sporic d. Gametic -

d. Gametic

What is the dominant generation in Bryophyta, and what chromosome status does it have? Select one: a. Sporophyte - Diploid b. Gametophyte - Diploid c. Sporophyte - Haploid d. Gametophyte - Haploid -

d. Gametophyte - Haploid

What is the meaning of Conjugation in Prokarya? Select one: a. Gene exchange involving Virus (enveloped vector). b. Pick-up of free extracellular DNA by a prokaryote cell. c. Sexual recombination: merger of cells (Plasmogamy). d. Gene exchange involving Pilus and Plasmid. e. Gene exchange involving a Plastid (only). -

d. Gene exchange involving Pilus and Plasmid.

What is the meaning of Conjugation in Prokarya? Select one: a. Gene exchange involving a Plastid (only). b. Gene exchange involving Virus (enveloped vector). c. Sexual recombination: merger of cells (Plasmogamy). d. Gene exchange involving Pilus and Plasmid. e. Pick-up of free extracellular DNA by a prokaryote cell.

d. Gene exchange involving Pilus and Plasmid.

What is a Streptococcus? Select one: a. A stick-shaped prokaryote in in a two-dimensional colony. b. Globular prokaryote single or in a group of two. c. Spiral prokaryote in a linear colony. d. Globular prokaryote in a linear colony. e. Globular prokaryote in a two-dimensional colony. -

d. Globular prokaryote in a linear colony.

What does "Gram Negative/Positive" mean, and what consequence does it have? Select one: a. Gram positive organisms are the closest ancestor of Eukarya. b. Not only, but all Gram positive organisms are infectious. c. Gram negative prokarya are all member of the Archaea. d. Gram positive bacteria dye strongly in a diagnostic dye. e. Only Gram positive organisms are infectious.

d. Gram positive bacteria dye strongly in a diagnostic dye.

Which of the following can possess flagella? Select one: a. Akinetes. b. Cyanobacteria. c. Archea. d. Gram positive bacteria. e. Gliding bacteria (e.g., Beggiatoa). -

d. Gram positive bacteria.

NOT ON OUR EXAM: What group of the following primary producers is closest related to Land Plants (Embryophyta)? a. Red algae b. Multicellular dinoflagellates c. None: Land Plants are polyphyletic (not one ancestral group) d. Green algae e. Brown algae -

d. Green algae

Genetics: How is a singular chromosome set called (each chromosome occurs only once in a nucleus)? a. Monoploid. b. Homoploid. c. Polyploid. d. Haploid. e. Diploid. -

d. Haploid.

What is the best concept of a common ancestor of all extant Eukaryota? (Eukaryote prototype) Select one: a. Photosynthetic, one flagellae. b. Heterotroph, one flagella. c. Heterotroph, no flagella. d. Heterotroph, two flagellae. e. Photosynthetic, two flagellae

d. Heterotroph, two flagellae.

What is the difference between Karyogamy and Plasmogamy? Read questions carefully! Select one: a. In Karyogamy two different cells merge, the result is a diploid cell. b. In Plasmogamy the cells merge, the result is a hapoid cell. c. In Plasmogamy two different nuclei merge, the result is a diploid nucleus. d. In Karyogamy two different nuclei merge, the result is a homokaryotic nucleus. e. In Karyogamy two different cells merge, the result is a heterokaryotic nucleus.

d. In Karyogamy two different nuclei merge, the result is a homokaryotic nucleus.

The term flagella means whip, and is used in both domains, Bacteria and Eukarya. What can you say about the flagella in both domains? a. The flagellum has a rotating motor at the base (F1 subunit of ATPase) of both b. It is a part of the cytoskeleton of both c. All eukaryotes have two flagella at some stage of their life (bikonta stage); Bacteria can have many or non at all; there is no specific flagellate stage. d. In eukarya, it is covered with the cell membrane, more like a cell protrusion, while in bacteria, it is a "naked" protein rod and is extracellular. -

d. In eukarya, it is covered with the cell membrane, more like a cell protrusion, while in bacteria, it is a "naked" protein rod and is extracellular.

In the illustration (on back): What can you say about the karyological condition of the individual? a. Intersexual (hermaphrodite). b. Male. c. Cannot be told (only haploid set). d. Individual has a Trisomie. -

d. Individual has a Trisomie.

In the illustration: What can you say about the karyological condition of the individual? Select one: a. Cannot be told (only haploid set). b. Intersexual (hermaphrodite). c. Male. d. Individual has a Trisomie.

d. Individual has a Trisomie.

Concept of science: In which form of inquiry is data collected BEFORE the hypothesis is formulated? Select one: a. Deduction b. Aphoristic c. Dialectic d. Induction

d. Induction

In mitochondria and chloroplasts, through which membrane do most of the hydrogen ions flow? Select one: a. The single membrane (directly between organelle and eukaryote host cell cytoplasm). b. There is no hydrogen flow. c. Outer membrane (into the host cell cytoplasm). d. Inner membrane (including crista and thylacoids).

d. Inner membrane (including crista and thylacoids).

Chemistry: How is an atom called after it is electrically charged because it lost or gained one or more electrons? Select one: a. Isomer b. Molecule c. Isotope d. Ion

d. Ion

What is one of reasons for the assumption that the cell nucleus membrane evolved from a pouch of the cell membrane? a. It bears rests of the old cell wall (peptidoglycans). b. It is a single membrane. c. It is similar to a bacteria membrane. d. It is a double-membrane. -

d. It is a double-membrane.

What is the main energy storage in Diatoms? Select one: a. Xanthophyllin. b. Floridean-starch. c. Regular starch (Amylose + Amylopectin). d. Laminarin-Chrysolaminarin and Fatty Oils. e. Glycogen.

d. Laminarin-Chrysolaminarin and Fatty Oils.

In most EXTANT Tracheophyta, on which principal organ are sporangia located? Select one: a. Stem. b. Root. c. Calyptra. d. Leaf.

d. Leaf.

Which of the following scientists first recommended to shortly heat substances in order to prevent spoiling by microorganisms? Select one: a. Whatson and Crick b. Alexander Flemming c. Miller and Urei d. Louis Pasteur e. Huygens and Van Leeuwenhoek -

d. Louis Pasteur

Which group has the larger spores? Select one: a. Hepatophyta. b. Spores are variable and unpredictable. c. All are about the same. d. Lycopods. e. Bryophyta. -

d. Lycopods. Yes, they contain fat.

Which of the following organisms has a heterotroph sporophyte and a very small seta? Select one: a. Polytrichum and Sphagnum. b. Vacular plants. c. Pellia and leafy liverworts (Clasmatocolea, Porella). d. Marchantia and Riccia. e. Anthoceros. -

d. Marchantia and Riccia.

What are Ascospores? Select one: a. Mitospores b. Spermatozoids c. Kinetospores d. Meiospores

d. Meiospores

What can you find in the Ascogonium? Select one: a. Conidia. b. Zygospores c. Cleistogamy. d. Meiospores e. Plasmogamy. -

d. Meiospores

What was the era of the dinosaurs? a. Pleistocene b. Carboniferous c. Silurian d. Mesozoic e. Devonian -

d. Mesozoic (Chapter 25) Misc. a. Pleistocene - corresponds with the end of the last glacial period. It also corresponds with the end of the Paleolithic age used in archaeology. b. Carboniferous - reflects the most famous attribute of this geologic period: the great forrest, the massive swamps that cooked, over tens of millions of years, into today's vast reserves of coal. Also notable for the appearance of new terrestrial vertebrates, including the very first amphibians and lizards. c. Silurian - the appearance of the first land plants, the subsequent colonization of dry land by the first terrestrial invertebrates, and the evolution of jawed fish. e. Devonian - when the first vertebrate tetrapods climbed out of the primordial seas and began to colonize dry land.

What distinguishes all Embryophyta from Charophyta (like Chara)? a. Mitosis during haploid generations b. Multicellular gametangia c. Pharagmoblast d. Mitosis during diploid generations e. Apical cell/apical growth -

d. Mitosis during diploid generations

Regarding the origin of plastids, how often did the invasion of free-living photosynthetic Prokarya into Eukarya cells happen? a. Once: Eukaryota started out as photosynthetic organisms, some lost the chloroplast later (Animals, Fungi). b. Twice, once in brown algae and once in the other plants. c. Several times, independently into Brown Algae, Red Algae, Green Algae, and some Flagellates. d. Once -

d. Once

Kelp, Marchantia, Polysiphonia, Ulva, and animals all have complex bodies, and share the following feature as convergence: a. Apical growth with an apical cell b. Flagellate sperm cells c. Non-flagellate gametes d. Oogamy AND a diploid generation that is equivalent to the haploid or dominant. e. Endonuclear cell division -

d. Oogamy AND a diploid generation that is equivalent to the haploid or dominant.

To which taxonomic group does this organism belong? (Illustration on back) Select one: a. Equisetales (horsetails) b. Rhyniophyta (Aglaophyton) c. Filicales (in the leptosporangiate ferns) d. Ophioglossaceae (a group of Eusporangiate ferns) e. Heteosporous Lycophyta (spike mosses and quillworts) f. Homosporous Lycophyta (club mosses) -

d. Ophioglossaceae (a group of Eusporangiate ferns)

What is the definition of Plankton? Select one: a. Plants drifting in the Ocean. b. Plants living in the Ocean (algae). c. Plants drifting in the water (fresh and salt water). d. Organisms drifting in the water (fresh and salt water). e. Organisms drifting in the Ocean.

d. Organisms drifting in the water (fresh and salt water).

Which of the following organisms has the fewest single celled species? (none known) Select one: a. Diatoms b. Euglenophyta c. Chlorophyta (green algae) d. Phaeophyta (brown algae) e. Rhodophyta (red algae)

d. Phaeophyta (brown algae)

Which of the following organisms has the fewest species single celled species? (none known) Select one: a. Chlorophyta (green algae) b. Rhodophyta (red algae) c. Diatoms d. Phaeophyta (brown algae) e. Euglenophyta -

d. Phaeophyta (brown algae)

What is the end product of the Photosynthesis in Purple and Green Sulfur Bacteria? [Slides and Class, Raven] Select one: a. Carbon Dioxide (CO2). b. Hydrogen Sulfite (H2S). c. Reduced Organics. d. Pure Sulfur (S8). e. Oxygen (O2) -

d. Pure Sulfur (S8).

What does the concept of a RNA world mean? Select one: a. The first organisms had a cell membrane consisting of RNA. b. Life began with virus that contained RNA, which then evolved into bacteria. c. The occurrence of first RNA molecules after DNA had been established as genetic carrier. d. RNA molecules can function as genetic carrier AND as bio-catalyst. -

d. RNA molecules can function as genetic carrier AND as bio-catalyst.

Which of the following organs is NOT derived from a leaf (is not a phyllome)? Select one: a. Petal. b. Stamen. c. Sepal. d. Receptacle. e. Carpel. -

d. Receptacle. Correct: they still have axillary meristems.

Which of the following phyla produce most of the alginates (Carrageenan, Agar Agar), but also food like Nori and Dulce? Select one: a. Gold algae (Crysophyta) b. Green algae (Chlorophyta) c. Cyanobacteria d. Red algae (Rhodophyta) e. Brown algae (Phaeophyta)

d. Red algae (Rhodophyta)

What is true for Stromatolites? They... Select one: a. Formed around deep sea vents. b. Existed 4 billion years ago c. Provide evidence that plants moved onto land in the company of fungi around 500 million years ago. d. Resemble structures that are found today in warm, shallow ocean bays. e. Contain the first undisputed fossils of eukaryotes, dating 2.1 billion years ago.

d. Resemble structures that are found today in warm, shallow ocean bays.

What was the metabolic boost eukaryotes gained with the intake of mitochondria? Select one: a. Glycolysis. b. Exspiration. c. Transpiration. d. Respiration. e. Photosynthesis. -

d. Respiration.

Which of the following plants is an invasive, problematic species in the SE of the USA? Select one: a. Polypodium polypoidiodes. b. Marchantia polymorpha. c. Marsilea quadrifolia. d. Salvinia molesta. e. Psilotum nudum. -

d. Salvinia molesta.

What is the purpose of the Anaphase of Mitosis? Select one: a. Separation of homologous chromosomes. b. Alignment of homologous chromosomes. c. Recombination of Chromosomes. d. Separation of identical Chromatids. e. Division of the chromosome sets into one single set. -

d. Separation of identical Chromatids.

Which is the basalmost group of the three mayor groups of Bryophyta? (sister clade to the two others, ancestral group) Select one: a. Anthoceridae. b. Andraeidae (Andraeidaeopsida). c. Bryidae (Bryopsida). d. Sphagnidae (Sphagnopsida). -

d. Sphagnidae (Sphagnopsida).

What is the meiosis type of Fucus, and why? Select one: a. Zygotic, because it only has a haploid generation. b. Sporic, because it has a isomorphic, independent multicellular thallus in both generations (sporophyte and gametophyte). c. Sporic, because only sporic organisms can form complex bodies. d. Sporic, because mitosis follows meiosis. e. Gametic, because it has no haploid thallus (no gametophyte).

d. Sporic, because mitosis follows meiosis.

NOT ON OUR EXAM: Among non-vascular embryophyta, which of the following structures is NOT exclusive to peristomate mosses? a. Leptome/Leptoid cells b. Apical cell in the sporophyte c. Hadrome/Hydroid cells d. Stomata e. Calyptra -

d. Stomata

Which of the following group of organisms is NOT an important inhabitant of cow stomachs? a. Archaeans b. Chitridomycota c. Ciliates d. Stramenopiles/Heteroconta e. Lactobacillus -

d. Stramenopiles/Heteroconta

NOT ON OUR EXAM: *What group of the following primary producers is closest related to Land Plants (Embryophyta)? a. Phaeophyta b. Multicellular dinoflagellates c. None: Land Plants are polyphyletic (not one ancestral group) d. Streptophyta e. Rhodophyta -

d. Streptophyta

Which of the following ecosystems or terrestrial biomes belongs to the "Tropics"? a. Boreal conifer forest b. Savanna c. Chaparal d. Temperate broad leaf forest e. Tundra -

d. Temperate broad leaf forest

Which of the following cell types form the Basidiocarp/Basidioma? Select one: a. Secondary mycelium. b. Quartary mycelium. c. Primary mycelium. d. Tertiary mycelium. -

d. Tertiary mycelium.

What is a protonema? Select one: a. The gametophyte of ferns and lycophytes producing gametangia. b. The structure bearing several sporangia in ferns. c. The basalmost portion of a sporophyte in embryophyta. d. The first stage of a bryophyte germinating of a spore.

d. The first stage of a bryophyte germinating of a spore.

On this illustration, what organ do you see? Mark all that apply! Select one or more: a. One entire leaf on a stem. b. One gametangium. c. Several gametangia. d. The leaflet of a pinnate-compound leaf. e. A strobilus, or part of one. f. A sporophyll or part of one.

d. The leaflet of a pinnate-compound leaf. f. A sporophyll or part of one.

Prokaryote cell fission and eukaryote cell cycles: Which of the following statements is true? Select one: a. Cell fission is one form of the prokaryote pathways of gene recombination, mitosis not. b. The process of cell fission involves only cells with a cell wall. c. Cell fission occurs only in respiratory bacteria and cyanobacteria. d. The process of cell fission also occurs inside of eukaryota cells. -

d. The process of cell fission also occurs inside of eukaryota cells.

What mechanism did Darwin actually conclusively explain and what not? a. That evolution happened over a very long time recorded in fossils (coining "Deep Time"). b. Both, the origin of biodiversity by mutation and crossing, and the separation of species by selection. c. The origin of biodiversity by mutation and crossing, not the separation of species by selection. d. The separation of species by selection, but not the origin of biodiversity by mutation and crossing. e. Neither, he had no evidence or rejectable hypotheses, it was just a theory. -

d. The separation of species by selection, but not the origin of biodiversity by mutation and crossing.

Crozier ("hook") and Clamp in higher filamentous fungi are similar and have probably a common ancestral formation. Which part of the Crozier corresponds to the actual clamp? Select one: a. To the ascogonium. b. The penultimate cell (second by last cell) of the cell string of a hyphen. c. To the columella of sporophores. d. The ultimate cell (terminal cell) of the cell string of a hyphen. e. To the conidium. -

d. The ultimate cell (terminal cell) of the cell string of a hyphen.

Give the most plausible reason for yeasts to be unicellular. Select one: a. They dwell in liquid substrates - being unicellular allows them to swim faster. b. Yeasts are unicellular only for a short time of their life or in culture by man; in nature they have regular filamentous stages. c. They are ancient fungi that kept much of their protist legacy, such as unicellularity. d. They compete for easily digestable substrates - a fast cell cycle is an advantage. e. They live where food is scarse, and cannot support a large mycelium. -

d. They compete for easily digestable substrates - a fast cell cycle is an advantage.

What is true for bacteria reproduction involving gene recombination? a. They have meiosis b. They have mitosis c. There is no genetic recombination in Prokarya d. They exchange genes via smaller DNA fragments (plasmids and virus). -

d. They exchange genes via smaller DNA fragments (plasmids and virus).

Which is true for all FILAMENTOUS Fungi? (Not including Chitrids, not including any unicellular life forms) Select one: a. They have one flagellum. b. They are ingestors (endocytosis). c. Some have cellulose in their cell walls. d. They have a zygotic meiosis type. e. They are parasites.

d. They have a zygotic meiosis type.

Which of the following is true for ciliates? Select one: a. They have a rigid cell wall and are external digesters (not ingesters). b. All are free-swimming organisms. c. They have chloroplasts. d. They have many small flagella-like motile elements instead of few large flagella. e. They are multi-cellular. -

d. They have many small flagella-like motile elements instead of few large flagella.

In the cell of an Archaedplastid, Diatom, or Phaeophyte, how many distinct organellar genomes are present? (how many genomes that are in separate organelles or compartments in the cell). [not part of this question, but as learning hint: why do I ask specifically for these phyla, and not, for example, chromalveolata or euglenozoans? Why would asking this questions be tricky if I included dinoflagellates or chlorarachnoids?] Select one: a. One in all three. b. One in Archaeplastids, two in Streptophytes/Heteroconta. c. Two in Archaeplastids, one in Streptophytes/Heteroconta. d. Three in all three. e. Two in all three.

d. Three in all three. (Nucellus, mitochondria, and plastids each have their own, separate genome.)

Which of the following features is ancestral for all Eukaryotes? (the eukaryote prototype). Select one: a. Amoeboid locomotion or a mucillage track. b. One flagellum. c. Many flagella or cilia. d. Two flagella

d. Two flagella

Which of the following features is ancestral for all Eukaryotes? (the eukaryote prototype). a. One flagellum. b. Many flagella or cilia. c. Amoeboid locomotion or a mucilage track. d. Two flagella. -

d. Two flagella.

What are alleles? Select one: a. Two homologous chromosomes. b. Two different loci. c. Two genes in a homozygous individual. d. Two or more states of a locus. e. Two corresponding phenotypes. -

d. Two or more states of a locus. Misc. (1) Allele - one of a number of alternative forms of the same gene or same genetic locus. (2) Locus - the specific location of a gene or DNA sequence on a chromosome.

How many clades (domains and Supergroups) does botany traditionally include? (Clades containing organisms that either perform photosynthesis or that are fungi?) a. One prokaryote domains, four eukaryote Supergroups b. Three prokaryote domains, six eukaryote Supergroups c. Two prokaryote domains, four eukaryote Supergroups d. Two prokaryote domains, five eukaryote Supergroups e. No prokaryote domains, five eukaryote Supergroups -

d. Two prokaryote domains, five eukaryote Supergroups

To which clade of Eukarya do we humans belong? a. Chromalveolata b. Rhizaria c. Excavata d. Uniconta/Opistoconta e. Archaeplastida -

d. Uniconta/Opistoconta

Which of the following organelles is NOT surrounded by a double membrane? a. Nucleus b. Mitochondria c. Plastid d. Vacuole e. Chloroplast -

d. Vacuole

Which of the following tissues are NOT found in a shoot axis (stem) featuring a classical Protostele? Select one: a. Apical Meristem. b. Xylem. c. Sclerenchyma. d. Vascular Cambium. e. Phloem. -

d. Vascular Cambium.

Which of the following illustrations is a Conidium? Select one: a. Z. b. U. c. Y. d. W. e. X. -

d. W.

Which is the permanent, perennial host of Puccinia gram inis (grass rust, stem rust, "wheat rust" in the large sense)? Perennial = the natural reservoir. a. Ergot (Claviceps) b. Barberry (Berberis) c. Cow stomach/Rumen d. Wheat (Triticum), or other grasses e. Willows (Salix) -

d. Wheat (Triticum), or other grasses

Which is the current debate about the origin of Angiosperms? (molecular, genome phylogeny vs. anatomical and genetic data). Select one: a. Whether Angiosperms are monophyletic or paraphyletic. b. Whether monocots or dicots were first. c. Whether they descended from ferns or from Lycopods. d. Whether Angiosperms are related to Gnetales or whether all existing Gymnosperms are monophyletic. -

d. Whether Angiosperms are related to Gnetales or whether all existing Gymnosperms are monophyletic.

Which of the following illustrations is a Cleistothecium? Select one: a. W. b. Y. c. U. d. X. e. Z. -

d. X.

Which of the following organisms do NOT help ruminantia to digest cellulose? Warning - they may occur occasionally in the rumen (and even in your intestine), but are not breaking down cellulose. a. Methanogens b. Chitrids c. Ciliates d. Yeasts -

d. Yeasts

What is the result of plasmogamy in Zygomycota? Select one: a. Conidiospore b. Basidiospore. c. Mitospore d. Zygospore. e. Ascospore.

d. Zygospore.

What do you think about this statement from a popular article: "all life on earth depends on the sun"? This statement is... a. accurate: animals need plants and plants need animals to survive. b. accurate: all organisms ultimately depend on photosynthetic primary producers. c. inaccurate: only in aerobe (oxygen-containing) conditions the sun became necessary. d. inaccurate: some entire ecosystems still depend entirely on chemoautotroph organisms -

d. inaccurate: some entire ecosystems still depend entirely on chemoautotroph organismsf

In Cycads, in what form does a haploid male genotype travel the largest distance from male to female clones? Select one: a.As multiflagellate sperm cell. b.As megasporangium or endosporic megagametophyte. c.As seed/ovule. d.As microspore or endosporic microgametophyte.

d.As microspore or endosporic microgametophyte.

Which of the following groups represents the non-flowering seed plans (spermatophytes) with the most angiosperm-like features? Select one: a.Equisetales. b.Cycadales (Cycads). c.Conifers. d.Gnetales. e.Ginkgo.

d.Gnetales.

Mark all points that stand for one of the principle organs of all extant(!) Tracheophytes. Select one or more: a.Leaf. b.Cone. c.Seed / Ovule. d.Stem. e.Root. f.Calyptra.

d.Stem. e.Root. a.Leaf.

Which of the following is true for Marchantia? Select one: a.The sporophyte is photosynthetic. b.The seta of the sporophyte grows to a long stalk that rises the sporangium. c.The sporophyte possesses stomata. d.The spores are covered with sporopollenin.

d.The spores are covered with sporopollenin.

What is the apomorphy for eudicots (the shared innovation distinguishing them from their outgroups)? Select one: a.Monosulcate pollen. b.Two cotyledons. c.Vessels. d.Tricolpate pollen. e.One cotyledon.

d.Tricolpate pollen.

Which type of tissue enables tracheophytes to transport water from the ground high up AND strengthens the plant body mechanically? Select one: a.Parenchyma. b.Sclerenchyma. c.Phloem. d.Xylem. e.Collenchyma.

d.Xylem.

Which are NOT features of a typical Spermatophyte ovule? Select one: a.Gametophyte b.Megaspore c.Integument d.Nucellus e.Antheridia

e. Antheridia

Which of the following is a difference between Cycadaceae and Zamiaceae? Select one: a.Cycadaceae have a cone only on the female plant, Zamiaceae have a cone on both genders. b.Zamiaceae can have male and female cones on the same, bisexual plant, Cycadaceae are strictly unisexual. c.Zamiaceae have a cone only on the female plant, Cycadaceae have a cone on both genders. d.Zamiaceae have a cone only on the male plant, Cycadaceae have a cone on both genders. e.Cycadaceae have a cone only on the male plant, Zamiaceae have a cone on both genders.

e. Cycadaceae have a cone only on the male plant, Zamiaceae have a cone on both genders.

Which is true for Gnetales? They Select one: a.Have no leaves, b.Have flagellate sperm cells. c.Are strictly wind pollinated. d.Have herbaceous species. e.Have morphologically bisexual strobili, though sporangia of one sex may be sterile.

e. Have morphologically bisexual strobili, though sporangia of one sex may be sterile.

How long ago about was Snow Ball Earth? Select one: a. 65 million years ago (the end of the Dinosaurs) b. 800 million years ago c. 40,000 years ago (Ice Age) d. 1.2 billion years ago. e. 570 million years ago -

e. 570 million years ago

Endosymbiosis: to what does the thylacoid membrane of plastids correspond? Select one: a. An Archean cell membrane. b. A Eukaryote cell membrane. c. A membrane around the nucleus. d. A membrane of the endoplasmatic reticulum. e. A Bacteria cell membrane.

e. A Bacteria cell membrane.

What inhibits endocytosis? Select one: a. Photosynthesis. b. Flagella. c. The lack of a nucleus. d. The loss of the cell wall. e. A contiguous cell wall.

e. A contiguous cell wall. Right: you need at least a whole (stomium)

What is special about the life cycle and meiosis type of the baker's yeast Saccharomyces? It is the only filamentous fungus with ... Select one: a. No known sexual reproduction. b. A parasexual reproduction. c. A gametic life cyle. d. A zygotic life cyle. e. A sporic life cyle. -

e. A sporic life cyle.

Which is true for the relation of endosymbiont organelles and the host cell? Select one: a. Without mitochondria no CO2 would be produced, and photosynthesis would not occur. b. The products of photosynthesis can only be metabolized when mitochondrial enzymes are present. c. Mitochondrial DNA is less similar to prokaryotic DNA than plastid DNA. d. Mitochondria do not have their own ribosomes, but plastids do. e. All Eukaryota contain mitochondria or remnants of them. f. All Eukaryota have plastids or remnants of them.

e. All Eukaryota contain mitochondria or remnants of them.

Which of the following do you NOT find in a plant cell? (plant = phototroph, multicellular Eukaryote; or specifically Viridiplantae). a. Cell Nucleus b. Cell Wall c. Cytoskeleton d. Mitochondria e. All of the listed elements are found in a plant cell. -

e. All of the listed elements are found in a plant cell.

What is Mycosis? Select one: a. Fungal symbiosis with the roots of a vascular plant. b. The result of fungal decomposition of a material (e.g., wood rott) c. Fungal symbiosis in the intestines of an animal. d. Fungal symbiosis with algae or cyanobacteria. e. An infection with a fungus pathogen.

e. An infection with a fungus pathogen.

To which group of land plants does this organism belong? (illustration on back) Select one: a. Cannot be determined because picture shows only the sporophyte. b. Hepatophytes. c. Bryophyta (proper mosses). d. Cannot be determined because picture shows only the gametophyte. e. Anthocerophyta (hornworts). -

e. Anthocerophyta (hornworts).

In all land plants, where does the embryo begin its life? Select one: a. Sporocarp (or structure derived from it). b. Sporangium (or structure derived from it). c. Nucellus (or structure derived from it). d. Antheridium (or structure derived from it). e. Archegonium (or structure derived from it). -

e. Archegonium (or structure derived from it).

Where in land plants does the sporophyte emerge from? Select one: a. Protonema. b. Peristome. c. Anteridium. d. Calyptra. e. Archegonium.

e. Archegonium.

When you eat a morel (Morchella), what part do you actually eat? Select one: a. Zygnoma/Zygocarp. b. Basidioma/Basidiocarp. c. Aecium. d. Conidium. e. Ascoma/Ascocarp. -

e. Ascoma/Ascocarp.

In the illustration, to which group of fungi does it belong to? Select one: a. Zygomycota. b. Chitridomycota. c. Deuteromycota. d. Basidiomycota. e. Ascomycota.

e. Ascomycota.

Which of the following is the stem group of yeasts? Select one: a. Basiciomycota. b. Zygomycota. c. Chitridomycota. d. Actinomycota. e. Ascomycota. -

e. Ascomycota.

Which of the following groups of seed plants is a Grade, i.e. paraphyletic (not a clade)? Select one: a. Ginkgo. b. Cycadales. c. Eudicots. d. Monocots. e. Basal Angiosperms. -

e. Basal Angiosperms.

To what does the Ascus correspond with regard to function (reproductive cell cycle) and position in a sporangium or fruit body? Select one: a. Sporophore with columella b. Conjugation/Trichogyne c. Conidium d. Woronin Body e. Basidium -

e. Basidium

To which group of land plants does this organism belong? (illustration on back) Select one: a. Anthocerophyta (hornworts). b. Hepatophyta (liverworts) c. Cannot be determined because picture shows only the sporophyte. d. Cannot be determined because picture shows only the gametophyte. e. Bryophyta (proper mosses). -

e. Bryophyta (proper mosses). Polytrichum - Bryopsidae

Which of the following is NOT a mass extinction event? Select one: a. Transition Devonian to Carboniferous 360 mya. b. End of the Permian era, about 250 mya c. Yucatan-Chicxulup impact 65 mya. d. End of Triassic 190 mya. e. Cambrian Explosion, about 540 mya -

e. Cambrian Explosion, about 540 mya Misc. Mass Extinction Event - a widespread and rapid decrease in the amount of life on earth. Such an event is identified by a sharp change in the diversity and abundance of macroscopic life. It occurs when the rate of extinction increases with respect to the rate of speciation. a. Transition Devonian to Carboniferous 360 mya. b. End of the Permian era, about 250 mya c. Yucatan-Chicxulup impact 65 mya. d. End of Triassic 190 mya. e. Cambrian Explosion, about 540 mya

Which is true for ALL Fungi? ALL! Select one: a. They are multicellular in asexual stages. b. They have no flagellate stages. c. They have a zygotic meiosis type. d. Mitosis and meiosis are extranuclear. e. Cell walls contain chitin. -

e. Cell walls contain chitin.

NOT ON OUR EXAM: In the illustration, to what organism does this one belong? a. Coleochaete b. Polysiphonia c. Ulva d. Ulotrix e. Chara -

e. Chara

What organisms do these two pictures indicate? (Shows chalk sediments by ocean and a cell with CaCO3 scales on its surface) a. Dinoflagellates b. Green Algae (Chlorophyta) c. Euglenophyta (Excavata) d. Diatoms e. Coccolithophorids (Chrysophyta) -

e. Coccolithophorids (Chrysophyta)

What do Oomycota share with fungi? Select one: a. Gametic Lifecycle b. No flagellate cells in any stage. c. Chitinous cell walls. d. Zygotic life cycle e. Coenocytic Hyphen and sexual Conjugation.

e. Coenocytic Hyphen and sexual Conjugation.

Which of the following is true for Cytokinesis? a. Classical cytokinesis is part of the G1 phase. b. Plants have no cytokinesis. c. Classical cytokinesis is part of the S phase. d. Cytokinesis always includes the formation of a cell wall. e. Cytokinesis can occur in the interphase. -

e. Cytokinesis can occur in the interphase.

Which of the following is true for Cytokinesis? This may be tricky and requires analythical reading. Select one: a. Plants have no cytokinesis. b. Classical cytokinesis is part of the G1 phase. c. Cytokinesis always includes the formation of a cell wall. d. Classical cytokinesis is part of the S phase. e. Cytokinesis can occur in the interphase.

e. Cytokinesis can occur in the interphase. (Yes: the nuclei can be in the interphase when the new mambrane forms around them)

What organisms do these belong to? Select one: a. Dinoflagellates b. Chlorophyta (green algae) c. Euglenophyta d. Desmids e. Diatoms

e. Diatoms

Which of the following organisms have chlorophyll a and c as photosynthetic pigments? a. Euglena b. Chlorophyta c. Rhodophyta (red algae) d. Ciliates e. Diatoms -

e. Diatoms (or could show as Dinoflagellates)

In a scientific publication or experimental report, where can the Rejection of a Hypothesis stand? (hint: BIOS 110, Torch, Snakes, Ducks) Select one: a. Introduction or Results. b. Introduction or Discussion. c. Results only. d. Results or Discussion. e. Discussion only. -

e. Discussion only.

What is the ecological category to which Endo-Mycorrhiza belongs? Select one: a. Endocytosis. b. Endodermal infection. c. Endoparasitism. d. Endoflagellates. e. Endophytic Symbiosis. -

e. Endophytic Symbiosis.

What is a Streptococcus? Select one: a. Globular prokaryote in a two-dimensional colony. b. Globular prokaryote single or in a group of two. c. A stick-shaped prokaryote in in a two-dimensional colony. d. Spiral prokaryote in a linear colony. e. Globular prokaryote in a linear colony.

e. Globular prokaryote in a linear colony.

To which group does this taxon belong (image on back)? Select one: a. Hepatophyta-Marchantiales: simple liverworts. b. Bryophyta-Sphagninae: peat mosses. c. Anthocerophyta: hornworts. d. Bryophyta-Peristomata: higher mosses. e. Hepatophyta-Jungermanniales: leafy liverworts. -

e. Hepatophyta-Jungermanniales: leafy liverworts.

Which taxon listed is a non-vascular embryophyte and considered the sister clade to all other embryophyta? Select one: a. Charophyta. b. Bryophyta. c. Tracheophyta. d. Anthocerophyta. e. Hepatophyta.

e. Hepatophyta.

To which taxonomic group does this organism belong? (Illustration on back) Select one: a. Equisetales (horsetails) b. Lycophyta (club mosses) c. Homosporous Leptosporangiates. d. Heterosporous Eusporangiates. e. Heterosporous Leptosporangiates. -

e. Heterosporous Leptosporangiates.

To which of the following does the term Peristome apply? Select one: a. The neck cells of the archegonium of Hepatophyta. b. Cells at the base of the land plant sporophyte facilitating the transfer of nutrients. c. The cells at the tip of the Oogonium in Chara (Oospore). d. The cells surrounding the guard cells of stomata in Non-vascular land plants. e. Hygroscopic teeth at the sporangium of Bryopsida (e.g., Bryidae). -

e. Hygroscopic teeth at the sporangium of Bryopsida (e.g., Bryidae).

What is the difference between Karyogamy and Plasmogamy? Read questions carefully! In Karyogamy two different cells merge, the result is a heterokaryotic nucleus. b. In Plasmogamy the cells merge, the result is a hapoid cell. c. In Plasmogamy two different nuclei merge, the result is a diploid nucleus. d. In Karyogamy two different cells merge, the result is a diploid cell. e. In Karyogamy two different nuclei merge, the result is a homokaryotic nucleus. -

e. In Karyogamy two different nuclei merge, the result is a homokaryotic nucleus.

What is true about the metabolism of the baker's yeast Saccharomyces? Select one: a. It has no chitin in its cell walls. b. It is mandatorily anaerobic (does not tolerate oxygen). c. It depends on high protein concentration in the substrate. d. It can digest all carbohydrates (including starch and cellulose). e. It can degrade sugar competely to CO2 and H2O.

e. It can degrade sugar competely to CO2 and H2O.

What unexpected organelle does the parasite causing Malaria contain? Select one: a. Chromoplast b. Plasmid c. Thermoplast d. Chloroplast e. Leucoplast -

e. Leucoplast

What enabled vascular plants to rise water high without the conductive tissue collapsing, and supports a higher plant body, and is missing in non-vascular plants? Select one: a. Chlorophyll. b. Cellulose. c. Glycoproteins. d. Sporoplollenin. e. Lignin -

e. Lignin

To which clade do the plants belong that formed much of the coal we mine? Select one: a. Charophyta (stonewort). b. Pteridophyta (ferns). c. Angiosperms (flowering plants). d. Bryophyta (peat mosses) e. Lycophyta. -

e. Lycophyta.

To which taxonomic group does this organism belong? (Illustration on back) Select one: a. Bryopsida (peristomate mosses) b. Pteridophyta - Filicales (leptosporangiate ferns) c. Pteridophyta - Equisetales (horsetails) d. Selaginaceae (spike mosses) e. Lycopodiaceae (club mosses) -

e. Lycopodiaceae (club mosses)

In the illustration of placentarian mammal chromosomes, what can you say about the karyological condition of the individual? a. Cannot be told (only haploid set) b. Intersexual (hermaphrodite). c. Individual has a Trisomie. d. Female. e. Male. -

e. Male.

Which of the following represents the extant basal-most clade of Embryophyta? Select one: a. Polytrichum b. Psilotum (wisk fern) c. Lycopodium (club moss) d. Aglaophyton (Rhiniophytes) e. Marchantia -

e. Marchantia

What are Basidiospores? Select one: a. Mitospores b. Zygospores c. Spermatozoids d. Kinetospores e. Meiospores

e. Meiospores

What can you find in the Ascogonium? Select one: a. Conidia. b. Zygospores c. Plasmogamy. d. Cleistogamy. e. Meiospores -

e. Meiospores

What is the core of the Endosymbionth concept? Originally... Select one: a. Mitochondria were free-living Archaea. b. Plastids were free-living Eukarya. c. Plastids were free-living Archaea. d. Mitochondria were free-living Eukarya. e. Mitochondria were free-living Bacteria.

e. Mitochondria were free-living Bacteria.

Peat is added to potting soil and used as fuel in some areas. When was most of this peat deposited? Select one: a. Paleogene b. Cretaceous c. Carboniferous d. Lower Devonian e. Neogene

e. Neogene

What is NOT a key difference between ALL Fungi and Animals (Porifera and Metazoa)? Select one: a. Fungi have a vacuole. b. Fungi are external digesters/absorbers (not ingesters). c. No fungus has a gametic life cycle. d. Fungi have a cell wall. e. No fungus has a flagellum. -

e. No fungus has a flagellum.

Which of the following taxa are NOT members of the Fungi. Mark all that apply. a. Basidiomycetes b. Chytridomycetes c. Zygomycetes d. Ascomycetes e. Oomycetes f. Actinomycetes -

e. Oomycetes (a fungi) f. Actinomycetes (a bacteria)

What is the definition of Plankton? Select one: a. Plants living in the Ocean (algae). b. Plants drifting in the Ocean. c. Organisms drifting in the Ocean. d. Plants drifting in the water (fresh and salt water). e. Organisms drifting in the water (fresh and salt water).

e. Organisms drifting in the water (fresh and salt water).

In the illustration, to what organisms does this one belong? Select one: a. Oomycota b. Chlorophyta (green algae) c. Diatom. d. Rhodophyta (red algae) e. Phaeophyta (Brown Algae).

e. Phaeophyta (Brown Algae).

In the illustration, to what organisms does this one belong? Select one: a. Rhodophyta (red algae) b. Oomycota c. Chlorophyta (green algae) d. Diatoms e. Phaeophyta (brown algae)

e. Phaeophyta (brown algae)

Which of the following organisms has the fewest species in freshwater? (almost none). Select one: a. Rhodophyta (red algae) b. Diatoms c. Euglenophyta d. Chlorophyta (green algae) e. Phaeophyta (brown algae) -

e. Phaeophyta (brown algae)

What is the likely cause for Snowball Earth? Select one: a. Human activity (agriculture, logging, industrialization). b. Loss of dissolved iron in oceans (red banded iron formation) c. The end of the dinosaurs. d. Volcanism and CO2 release. e. Photosynthesis. -

e. Photosynthesis.

Which genus causes Malaria? a. Entamoeba b. Giardia c. Trypanosoma d. Salmonella e. Plasmodium -

e. Plasmodium

Which of the following did NOT obtain its plastids through Secondary Endosymbiosis ? Select one: a. Fucus. b. Euglena. c. Chrysophyta (gold brown algae). d. Diatoms. e. Polysiphonia

e. Polysiphonia

Which of the following fungi has a heterokaryotic or diploid spore that can persist long time? Select one: a. Aspergillus. b. Penicillium. c. Agaricus (Mushroom). d. Peziza/Morchella (Morel). e. Rhizzopus. -

e. Rhizzopus.

What are Nori, Agar-Agar, and Carrageen made from? Select one: a. Deuteromycetes b. Cyanobacteria c. Chlorophyta (green algae) d. Phaeophyta (brown algae) e. Rhodophyta (red algae)

e. Rhodophyta (red algae)

If Eukarya had evolved its own genuine pathway to a fully dominant method (instead of picking it up from another domain), what would be its original pigment? a. Carotene b. Chlorophyll c. Melanin d. Phycobiline e. Rhodopsin -

e. Rhodopsin

Which free-living organisms are the ancestors or closest relatives of our mitochondria? a. Gram (+) bacteria b. Spirochetes c. Methanogens d. Cyanobacteria e. Rickettsiales (Among proteobacteria) -

e. Rockettsiales (Among proteobacteria)

Neurospora is a model organism fungus. How does it live and to what group does it belong? Select one: a. Parasite-Pathogen, Ascomycota. b. Saprobiont, Zygomycota. c. Parasite-Pathogen, Zygomycota. d. Parasite-Pathogen, Yeasts. e. Saprobiont, Ascomycota. -

e. Saprobiont, Ascomycota.

What is the purpose of the Anaphase of Mitosis? a. Division of the chromosome sets into one single set. b. Separation of homologous chromosomes. c. Alignment of homologous chromosomes. d. Recombination of chromosomes. e. Separation of identical Chromatids. -

e. Separation of identical Chromatids.

What geologic era was 420 million years ago? Select one: a. Carboniferous b. Precambrian c. Cambrian d. Devonian e. Silurian -

e. Silurian

In which period did the first vascular plants leave fossil records? Select one: a. Cambrian-Ordovicium b. Ordovicium c. Carboniferous-Permian d. Devonian-Carboniferous. e. Silurian-Devonian. -

e. Silurian-Devonian.

Cell Cycle BIOS 110/120: In mammals, which of the following cell types have the highest rate of cell divisions? Select one: a. Meristoderm. b. Teeth. c. Neurons (nerve cells). d. Skelettal muscles. e. Skin (epithel, epidermis).

e. Skin (epithel, epidermis).

Which of the following is true for Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)? Select one: a. Some have regular starch as energy storage (Amylose). b. About half of them live in freshwater (cold rivers with much oxygen). c. Some have no cell wall and became heterotrophous. d. Some of them are single-celled (fully unicellular life cycles). e. Some developed a strictly apical growth mode of the thallus. f. Some have no flagellate forms. -

e. Some developed a strictly apical growth mode of the thallus.

In the illustration (on back), what type of bacterium is this? a. Bazillus b. Streptococcus c. Staphylococcus d. Chimaera e. Spirillum -

e. Spirillum

In Ascomycota AND Basidiomycota, how is the fruit body called? Select one: a. Basidium. b. Ascus. c. Conidium. d. Zygosporangium. e. Sporocarp.

e. Sporocarp.

What type of prokaryote is this? (back) Select one: a. Streptococcus. b. Spirillum. c. Vibriobacterium. d. Bazillus. e. Staphylococcus. -

e. Staphylococcus.

What is the cell shape of Lactobacillus? a. Actinoid b. Ball shaped (globular) c. Spiral, screw shaped d. Amoeboid (changing shape) e. Stick-shaped -

e. Stick-shaped

Which of the following organism is NOT photosynthetic? a. Rhodobacter b. Halobacteria-Haloarchaea c. Cyanobacteria d. Purple-Green Bacteria e. Streptococcus -

e. Streptococcus

What is a Sorus? Select one: a. The gametophyte of a pteridophyte. b. The first stage of a fern when it germinates from a spore. c. The base of the sporophyte in Pteridophyta. d. A single sporangium in leptosporangiate ferns. e. The collective of several sporangia in ferns; mostly as dark dots on the lower side of leaves. -

e. The collective of several sporangia in ferns; mostly as dark dots on the lower side of leaves.

In the illustration (on back) of phylogeny of characteristics (i.e. genes), what does thepattern of nodes leading to the end points indicate? a. The separation of A from C is older than the split pattern of A from E. b. Homologous characters have evolved more slowly in D. c. The separation of A from B is older than the split of C from E. d. A and B are more primitive/ancestral than C and D. e. The separation of A from C is older than the split of A from B. -

e. The separation of A from C is older than the split of A from B.

Lycophytes can be used in pyrotechniques; how is this connected to their life styles? Select one: a. Sporopollenin is explosive, and lycopods have particularly many. b. The spore contains lignin. c. The sporangium releases spores explosively. d. The gametophyte is photoautotrophic. e. Their gametophyte is heterotrophous. -

e. Their gametophyte is heterotrophous. Right - ther start-up energy is the energy that burns in Gametophytes.

What is shared between a pilus, a prokaryote flagellum, a viral capsid, and the cytoskeleton? Select one: a. They all occur in Bacteria (though not necessarily Archea). b. They are all involved in gene-exchange between cells. c. They all occur in Archea (though not necessarily Bacteria). d. None of the points listed here. e. They all consist of protein subunits that congregate to superstructures.

e. They all consist of protein subunits that congregate to superstructures.

What is shared between a pilus, a prokaryote flagellum, a viral capsid, and the cytoskeleton? Select one: a. They are all involved in gene-exchange between cells. b. None of the points listed here. c. They all occur in Bacteria (though not necessarily Archea). d. They all occur in Archea (though not necessarily Bacteria). e. They all consist of protein subunits that congregate to superstructures. -

e. They all consist of protein subunits that congregate to superstructures.

What is NOT true for mitochondria? a. They have their own kind of ribosomes b. They are durrounded by a double-membrane c. They perform the Kreb's Cycle. d. They have their own chromosomes e. They have histones -

e. They have histones

Which of the following is true for ciliates? a. All are free-swimming organisms b. They have chloroplasts. c. They have a rigid cell wall and are external digesters (not ingesters) d. They are multicellular e. They have many small flagella-like motile elements instead of few large flagella. -

e. They have many small flagella-like motile elements instead of few large flagella.

What have Archea and Bacteria in common? Select one: a. They have all these features in common. b. They have the same type of cell wall (peptidoglycans, mureic acid). c. They have the same kind of DNA management (no histones, no introns, etc.) . d. They have none of these features in common. e. They have no cell nucleus membrane. -

e. They have no cell nucleus membrane.

Which of the following is true for Gram (-) bacterial? a. They have a thicker cellulose layer in the cell wall. b. They have thicker peptidoglycan later in their cell wall. c. They are polyphyletic d. They have never flagella. e. They have two cell membranes. -

e. They have two cell membranes.

In the cell of an Archaedplastid, Diatom, or Phaeophyte, how many distinct organellar genomes are present? (how many genomes that are in separate organelles or compartments in the cell). a. One in all three. b. Two in all three. c. Two in Archaeplastids, one in Streptophytes/Heteroconta. d. One in Archaeplastids, two in Streptophytes/Heteroconta. e. Three in all three. -

e. Three in all three. - Nucellus, mitochondria, and plastids each have their own, separate genome.

Name two fungi taxa that live as mutualistic symbionts in animal digestive tracts. Select one: a. Mycorrhiza and yeasts b. Lichen and Cryptomycota c. Lichen and Slime Molds. d. Slime Molds and Mycoses. e. Trichomycota and Chitrids.

e. Trichomycota and Chitrids.

Which of the following ecosystems or terrestrial biomes surrounds the artic ocean? a. Boreal conifer forest b. Chaparal c. Savanna d. Temperate broad leaf forest e. Tundra -

e. Tundra

Which of the following is an identifying feature shared by all member of Heteroconta/Stramenopiles at least at some stage of their life? Select one: a. Two equal flagella. b. One single flagellum at the rear. c. One single flagellum at the front. d. Many small flagella. e. Two different flagella. -

e. Two different flagella. - Yes, some of the crimson tide-causing ones.

Flowers without showy perianth or even colors, long dangling anthers with powdery pollen, male flowers in catkins, trees or prairie plants. Who pollinates those flowers most likely? (pic on back) Select one: a. Moths and night-butterflies (Lepidoptera). b. Flies (Syrphid dipters). c. Mammals. d. Hymenopters (bees). e. Wind. f. Birds.

e. Wind.

Which of the following is a type of spore involved in SEXUAL reproduction? Select one: a. Uredinospore (Puccinia). b. Soredia (Lichen). c. Mitospore. d. Conidiospore. e. Zygospore

e. Zygospore

Which of the following is a type of spore involved in sexual reproduction? a. Soredia (Lichen) b. Uredinospore (Puccinia) c. Mitospore d. Conidiospore e. Zygospore -

e. Zygospore

What is the age of the fossils of the first vascular plants? Select one: a. ~240 mya, Triassic (early Mesozoic). b. ~550 mya, Cambrian. c. ~362 mya, Carboniferous. d. ~200 mya, Jurassic (mid Mesozoic). e. ~400 mya, Silurian-Devonian. -

e. ~400 mya, Silurian-Devonian.

Based on molecular data, which of the following groups is paraphyletic? Select one: a.Eudicots. b.Monocots. c.Angiospermae. d.Gymnosperms. e.Basal angiosperms.

e.Basal angiosperms.

Which of the following gymnosperm families dominates some of the largest forest systems on Earth today? Select one: a.Podocarpaceae b.Araucariaceae c.Ginkgoaceae d.Cupressaceae e.Pinaceae

e.Pinaceae

Where is Taxodium native? Select one: a.Tropical mountains b.Boreal conifer forests c.E-Asia, China d.Europe and Australia e.Southeastern USA and Mexico

e.Southeastern USA and Mexico

Which is true for the relation of endosymbiont organelles and the host cell? Select one: a. All Eukaryota have plastids or remnants of them. b. Mitochondria do not have their own ribosomes, but plastids do. c. Without mitochondria no CO2 would be produced, and photosynthesis would not occur. d. Mitochondrial DNA is less similar to prokaryotic DNA than plastid DNA. e. The products of photosynthesis can only be metabolized when mitochondrial enzymes are present. f. All Eukaryota contain mitochondria or remnants of them. -

f. All Eukaryota contain mitochondria or remnants of them.

Which clades (Domains, Supergroups) does botany traditionally NOT include? Select one: a. Archaeplastidae. b. Uniconta. c. Bacteria. d. None of these is included. e. Archaea. f. All are included. -

f. All are included.

Although placentarian mammals are relatively closely related, and may look similar in early life, they may later look grossly different to the human eye (e.g., chimpanzee face vs. human, Chihuahua vs. Great Dane). How is this diversity of developmental processes called? Select one: a. Heterogeny b. Homeotic changes c. Homogeny d. Heterokary e. Heterotrophy f. Heterochrony -

f. Heterochrony

To which taxonomic group does this organism belong? (Illustration on back) Select one: a. Homosporous Lycophyta (Lycopodiaceae club mosses) b. Leptosporangiate ferns c. Bryophyta (mosses) d. Hepatophya (liverworts) e. Equisetales (horsetails) f. Heterosporous Lycophyta (Selaginella and Isoetes) -

f. Heterosporous Lycophyta (Selaginella and Isoetes)

Which of the following substances was NOT present in the primevial atmosphere on earth? Select one: a. Nitrogen N2 b. Carbondioxyde CO2 c. Water H2O d. Methan CH4 e. Hydrogen Sulfide H2S f. Oxygen O2 -

f. Oxygen O2

Bacillus anthraci causes Anthrax, a horrible disease, and has even been used in terrorist attacks; one clue of its danger is that it forms endospores. What shape does its cell have, and what Gram type does it belong to? Hint: in class and on slides, we present two other prokaryotes that form endospores; they are close relatives to Bacillus. Select one: a. Stick-shaped, Gram-negative. b. Spiral, Gram-positive. c. Globular, Gram-positive. d. Spiral, Gram-negative. e. Globular, Gram-negative. f. Stick-shaped, Gram-positive. -

f. Stick-shaped, Gram-positive.

Which of the following families is the Basal-most of all angiosperms still alive? (extant sister to all angiosperms) Select one: a.Asteraceae. b.Magnoliaceae. c.Rosaceae. d.Poaceae. e.Orchidaceae. f.Amborellaceae. g.Nymphaeaceae.

f.Amborellaceae.

Which fo the following taxa has NO insect pollination? (insect visits may still happen; Taxon referring to the entire clade without exception). Select one: a.Arecaceae (Palms). b.Ephedraceae (Mormon tea). c.Zamiaceae (Coontees). d.Monocots (Liliopsida). e.Sunflower (Helianthus). f.Poaceae (Grasses).

f.Poaceae (Grasses).

What is the name of this plant? Note: the relevant name is the latin genus; the vernacular name in brakets is NOT grade-relevant but just a hint for you, and may be absent sometimes. a.Pinus (Pine, actually) b.Aracuaria (Monkey puzzle) c.Cedrus (Cedar, actually) d.Podocarpus e.Taxus (Yew) f.Picea or Abies or Tsuga (Spruce) g.Taxodium ("Cypress")

g. Taxodium ("Cypress")

Which of the following taxa is or are the major contributor(s) to coal? Mark all that apply Select one or more: a.Sigillaria and Leptidodendron b.Leptosporangiate ferns c.Seed plants (Spermatophyta) d.Selaginella and Isoetes e.Lycopodium f.Rhyniophytes (Aglaophyton, Cooksonia) g.Calamites and other Equisetales h.Bryophyta (peat)

g.Calamites and other Equisetales c.Seed plants (Spermatophyta) a.Sigillaria and Leptidodendron

Which of the following families comprises the largest number of species? Select one: a. Asteraceae. b. Magnoliaceae. c. Rosaceae. d. Lamiaceae. e. Amborellaceae. f. Nymphaeaceae. g. Poaceae. h. Orchidaceae. -

h. Orchidaceae. Correct, although not all species are really "confirmed" (~25,000). Follwed by Asteraceae (compositae, ~23,000) and Poaceae (grasses, ~10,000).