Bisc 227 exam 3

what are the mass movements?

- Slow and strong movements that force intestinal contents toward the rectum. - Movements that can be caused by irritation of the intestinal mucosa. - Peristaltic waves of the large intestine that happen only two or three times each day.

Identify the correct structural differences between the small intestine and the colon.

- The small intestine has two complete layers of muscle and the large intestine has one complete layer and one incomplete layer of muscle. - The small intestine has villi and the large intestine does not.

Following hydrolysis of triglycerides, the resulting glycerol molecules can be used in which two ways?

- enter citric acid cycle to produce ATP -be converted to glucose

Which vitamins are fat-soluble

-A -D -E -K

Indicate the three major types of lipoproteins.

-HDLs -VLDLs -LDLs

what is normally found in feces?

-bile pigment -bacteria -unabsorbed nutrients -mucus

Three examples of proteins in the body

-enzymes -collagen -keratin

What are two functions of the B vitamins (as a group)

-essential for cellular metabolism -role in cellular respiration

what is the function of bile salts

-increases surface area of fatty substances, allowing better access for lipase enzymes -Emulsify fats

Describe the hormone leptin

-released by adipocytes -suppresses appetite -stimulates metabolic rate

Vitamin ______ is needed for vision (production of rhodopsin) as well as the health of bones, teeth, and epithelial cells of skin and mucosae.

A

Serous cells in salivary glands secrete a fluid containing an enzyme called salivary ____ which aids in digestion of starch and glycogen. Mucous cells secrete a thick liquid called ____, which lubricates the food during swallowing.

Amylase, mucus

The ______ part of the tongue is freely moveable.

Anterior

The colon is composed of four parts. In order these are the ____ colon, ____ colon, ____ colon, and the s-shaped ____ colon.

Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

The vitamin that functions as a part of coenzymes NAD and NADP that are required for oxidation of glucose and the synthesis of proteins and fats is

B3

What is the function of the teeth

Begin mechanical digestion

Enzymes in saliva begin the chemical digestion of ______ in the mouth.

Carbohydrates

name the nutrient class that includes sugar, glycogen, and cellulose.

Carbohydrates

When bacteria digest sugars and produce acids, they can create cavities within tooth enamel called dental ___

Caries

At the beginning of the large intestine is a pouch-like structure, inferior to the ileocecal valve, known as the

Cecum

structures in the correct order through which digested material would pass, with the first structure to receive material at the top.

Cecum colon rectum anal canal

The structures forming the lateral walls of the mouth, consisting of outer layers of skin, pads of subcutaneous fat, muscles associated with expression and chewing, and inner linings of moist, stratified squamous epithelium, are thE

Cheeks

The soupy mixture of semi digested food formed in the stomach is known as

Chyme

the right and left hepatic ducts converge to form the ___ hepatic duct

Common

The part of tooth that projects upward beyond the gum is called the

Crown

Removal of an amino group from an organic molecule such as an amino acid is called

Deanimation

The process of breaking down foods, either mechanically or chemically, into forms that cell membranes can absorb is called

Digestion

Dental caries (cavities) are degeneration of which structure

Enamel of teeth

Pancreatic juice=

Endocrine or exocrine secretion

insulin=

Endocrine or exocrine secretion

The ___ is a straight muscular tube conveying food from the pharynx to the stomach

Esophagus

nutrients that the body needs but cannot synthesis are called

Essential nutrients

Following hydrolysis of triglycerides, the resulting glycerol molecules are converted to cholesterol for storage in liver and muscle cells.

False, cholesterol is not made from glycerol

Two classifications of vitamins

Fat-soluble water-soluble

The action of which mitochondrial enzyme removes successive two-carbon segments from fatty acid chains during the process of beta oxidation?

Fatty acid oxidase

Tubular glands that open into gastric pits of the fungus and the body of the stomach are called

Gastric glands

What are the phases of gastric secretion?

Gastric phase intestinal phase cephalic phase

If the body has excess glucose, it is stored in the liver in the form of

Glycogen

the mucus-secreting cells in the epithelium of the intestine are called ____ cells

Goblet

The roof of the mouth consists of a bony anterior portion called the ______ and a muscular posterior portion called the _____.

Hard palate, soft palate

Where is the stomach located?

In th supper left portion of the abdominal cavity

two essential fatty acids for humans are

Linoleic acids and linoleinic acid

The ______ are highly mobile structures that surround the mouth opening. They contain skeletal muscles and sensory receptors useful in judging the temperature and texture of foods.

Lips

after being absorbed into the blood, fructose and galactose are converted to glucose by cells of the ___

Liver

When responding to hormones such as insulin and glucagon, liver cells ______ blood glucose levels by polymerizing glucose to glycogen, and ______ blood glucose levels by breaking down glycogen to glucose or by converting noncarbohydrates into glucose.

Lower, raise

beta oxidation, the breakdown of fatty acids producing acetyl coenzyme A, occurs in which cellular organelle?

Mitochondria

What are the two basic types of movement in the alimentary canal

Mixing and propelling

The alimentary canal consists of four layers that are beginning with the innermost tissues...

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

The roof of the mouth, has a hard and soft component, is called the

Palate

which accessory organ is located posterior to the parietal peritoneum and closely associated with the small intestine?

Pancreas

The cavity located posterior to the mouth, extending from the nasal cavity to the esophagus, is the _____

Pharynx

When swallowing, a bolus of food moves from the mouth directly into the ____ before reaching the ____.

Pharynx, esophagus

The category of macromolecule that includes antibodies, most enzymes, and some hormones is called _____.

Proteins

The substance that functions to moisten the mouth, clean the teeth, inhibit bacterial growth, and aid in swallowing by moistening food is called

Saliva

The hormone that stimulates the pancreas to secrete an abundant amount of fluid rich in bicarbonate ions when acidic chyme enters the duodenum is

Secretin

A salivary gland has two types of cells: ______ cells that produce a watery fluid containing salivary amylase to digest starch and glycogen, and ______ cells that produce a thicker secretion that binds food particles together and lubricates the bolus for swallowing.

Serous, mucous

The alimentary canal of the digestive system is controlled by which nervous system?

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

The ______ is a thick, muscular organ that occupies the floor of the mouth and nearly fills the oral cavity when the mouth is closed.

Tongue

Functions of vitamin E include acting as an antioxidant and helping to maintain the stability of cell membranes

True

the liver is located in the right ____ quadrant of the abdominal cavity, just inferior of the ____

Upper, diaphragm

Small projections of the mucosa of the small intestine that increase the surface area of the intestinal lining are the intestinal

Villi

Which vitamin promotes calcium absorption and bone mineralization?

Vitamin D

Which vitamin acts as an antioxidant and helps maintain the stability of cell membranes?

Vitamin E

the pancreatic enzyme that digests starch is called pancreatic ____

amylase

in what form are carbohydrates absorbed into the blood?

as monosaccharides

Fatty acids can be broken down into units that form acetyl CoA by the process called ____ oxidation

beta

the hormone secretin stimulates the pancreas to secrete a solution high in _____

bicarbonate ions

the liquid that is created and secreted by the liver to help with liquid digestion is

bile

what are the functions of the liver in the metabolism of carbohydrates?

breaks down glycogen to glucose converts noncarbohydrates to glucose polymerizes glucose to glycogen

Vitamin D increases the absorption of _____ from the diet

calcium and phosphorus

pancreatic amylase breaks ____ down into _____.

carbohydrates, disaccharides

the appendix is attached to the ____

cecum

the large intestine consists of the ____, _____, _____, and the anal canal

cecum, colon, rectum

plant cellulose and pectin are examples of what

dietary fibers

When the liver doesn't have enough amino acids to produce plasma proteins, a condition called ______ results.

edema

which structure has no digestive function, but conveys food to the stomach?

esophagus

The sac on the underside of the liver that serves to store and concentrate bile is called the

gallbladder

The hormone secreted by the stomach that enhances appetite by stimulating the release of neuropeptide Y is called

ghrelin

The carbohydrate that is most commonly oxidized for cellular fuel is called

glucose

Some of the unique aspects of the wall of the large intestine are that it ______ villi, it ______ teniae coli, and it ______ haustra.

lacks, has, has

The digestive organ that is about 1.5 meters long and begins in the lower right side of the abdominal cavity, where the ileum joins the cecum is the ____

large intestine

Low blood levels of the appetite-controlling substance called ______ indicate depleted fat stores, a condition in which appetite increases and metabolism slows to conserve energy.

leptin

the nutrients that are needed in larger quantities, such as carbohydrates ], lipids, and proteins, are called

macronutrients

What are the functions of the oral cavity

mastication chemical digestion Ingestion

What are the functions of motor movements in the alimentary canal

mix the contents with fluids move the contents along the tract.

What do goblet cells secrete?

mucus

Which substance is secreted by the hypothalamus and is a potent appetite stimulant?

neuropeptide Y

Opening at the ends of tubular gastric glands in the gastric mucosa are called gastric ____

pits

Insufficient dietary intake of protein leads to deficiency in the production of _____

plasma proteins

where is the pancreas located?

posterior to the parietal peritoneum posterior to the stomach

lists the three groups of nutrients that are classified as macronutrients

proteins lipids carbohydrates

Precursor substances that are converted to vitamins are called

provitamins

The organ that is most effective in absorbing digestive products, water, and electrolytes is the ____

small intestine

the tubular organ that connects the stomach to the large intestine is the

small intestine

The J-shaped, 25-30 centimeter long, pouchlike organ located inferior to the diaphragm in the upper-left portion of the abdominal cavity is the

stomach

the small intestine is the tubular organ that connect which two organs in the digestive tract?

stomach and large intestine

The mitochondrial enzyme called fatty acid oxidase removes ______ from fatty acids during the process of beta oxidation.

successive two-carbon segments

the portion of the large intestine that passes horizontally across the abdominal cavity is the

transverse colon

Which vitamin is necessary for the formation of several liver proteins, including prothrombin, that are needed for blood clotting?

vitamin K

Organic substances needed in small amounts for normal metabolism are called ____. Since cells cannot synthesize them in adequate amounts, they are essential nutrients.

vitamins