blaw ch 4 pt 3

352. Improperly gather evidence: (A) is not allowed in court because it violates Fourth Amendment rights (B) is allowed in court because it does not violate Fourth Amendment rights (C) is not allowed in court because it violates Fifth Amendment rights (D) is not allowed in court because it violates First Amendment rights (E) is allowed in court because it does not violate First Amendment rights

(A) is not allowed in court because it violates Fourth Amendment rights

358. Individuals are protected from self-incrimination by: (A) the Fifth Amendment (B) the Sixth Amendment (C) the First Amendment (D) the Second Amendment (E) the Fourth Amendment

(A) the Fifth Amendment

409. A law that took a protected freedom away from women without a compelling state interest would be unconstitutional because it: (A) violated equal protection (B) violated due process (C) violated fair game (D) violated the First Amendment (E) violated the Declaration of Independence

(A) violated equal protection

391. The Fourteenth Amendment concerns the: (A) way in which trials are conducted (B) way in which the Constitution is amended (C) ability of the government to restrict the freedoms of life, liberty, or property (D) way in which Congress drafts and then votes upon statutes (E) none of these

(C) ability of the government to restrict the freedoms of life, liberty, or property

390. "No state shall...deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law..." is a part of the: (A) First Amendment (B) Fifth Amendment (C) Tenth Amendment (D) Fourteenth Amendment (E) Declaration of Independence

(D) Fourteenth Amendment

351. Improperly gathered evidence violates: (A) Fourth Amendment rights regarding search and seizure (B) First Amendment rights regarding search and seizure (C) First Amendment rights regarding free speech (D) Sixth Amendment rights regarding property ownership (E) none of the other choices are correct

(A) Fourth Amendment rights regarding search and seizure

348. Auto junkyards, which can become chop shops for stolen vehicles and parts, are an example of: (A) a closely regulated business that can be searched without a warrant (B) a business that may not be searched without a warrant (C) a closely regulated business that may not be searched without a warrant (D) a wholesale business (E) none of the other choices

(A) a closely regulated business that can be searched without a warrant

379. The Sixth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution: (A) addresses the right of persons to trial by jury in criminal cases (B) addresses the right of persons to bear arms (C) addresses the right of persons to marry (D) addresses the right of persons to engage in business (E) none of the other choices are correct

(A) addresses the right of persons to trial by jury in criminal cases

344. In New York v. Burger, a junkyard owner claimed that a New York statute permitting warrantless searches of junkyards was a violation of the 4th Amendment. The Supreme Court held that the statute was: (A) constitutional because it met the criteria necessary for a warrantless search of a closely regulated business (B) constitutional because to hold otherwise would leave the Commerce Clause meaningless when regulation is "clearly necessary" (C) an unconstitutional violation of the Fourth Amendment since the police failed to obtain judicial approval for the searches (D) an unconstitutional violation of the exclusionary rule (E) unconstitutional because it was applied in a discriminatory manner

(A) constitutional because it met the criteria necessary for a warrantless search of a closely regulated business

410. Congress passes a law preventing lenders from charging more than 12% interest. Loan Co. only lends money to people in Florida. Loan challenges the application of the law to his business, because he conducts it all within one state. The law is probably: (A) constitutional under the Commerce Clause (B) constitutional according to the Third Amendment (C) unconstitutional as the Commerce Clause is interpreted (D) unconstitutional as the Necessary and Proper Clause is interpreted (E) unconstitutional as the Third Amendment is interpreted Answer : (A)

(A) constitutional under the Commerce Clause

365. In Braswell v. U.S., the president and sole shareholder of a company refused to produce business records, claiming a 5th Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. The Supreme Court held that the 5th Amendment protection: (A) did not apply to the corporation, so Braswell had to produce the records (B) applied to the president because, as sole shareholder, he was the corporation, so the records were protected (C) was available because Braswell, as president, was an employee of the corporation (D) Braswell had to produce the records because of strong government interest in safety (E) none of the other choices

(A) did not apply to the corporation, so Braswell had to produce the records

394. The Fourteenth Amendment: (A) incorporates protections from the Bill of Rights and applies them to state governments (B) incorporates protections from the Bill of Rights and applies them to Congress (C) incorporates protections from the Bill of Rights and applies them to corporations (D) incorporates laws from the Declaration of Independence and applies them to state governments (E) none of the other choices are correct

(A) incorporates protections from the Bill of Rights and applies them to state governments

376. Suppose the city changes the regulations concerning property next to a home. As a result of the new regulation, a garbage dump will be built on that property, resulting in a fall in the value of the home of fifty percent. The home owner sues for compensation for a taking. The likely result will be: (A) no taking; no compensation (B) no taking if the dump is public; a taking if the dump is private, for which fair market value must be paid for the loss in property value (C) a taking regardless of who owns the dump; fair market value must be paid for the loss in property value (D) a taking regardless of who owns the dump; fair market value must be paid for the loss in property value and compensation must be paid for the mental distress of having to deal with the matter (E) the home owner will be forced to live in the dump

(A) no taking; no compensation

356. The Fifth Amendment: (A) protects corporate executives from testifying against themselves (B) protects corporations against self-incrimination (C) protects businesses from warrantless searches (D) prohibits the seizing of private property by state governments (E) none of the other choices

(A) protects corporate executives from testifying against themselves

408. The strongest claims of violations of protection involve discrimination based on: (A) race or sex (B) race or age (C) sex or age (D) age or height (E) age or nationality

(A) race or sex

357. The Fifth Amendment protects individuals against: (A) self-incrimination by testifying against oneself (B) self-reporting to regulatory agencies (C) incrimination by other persons (D) cruel and unusual punishment (E) none of the other choices

(A) self-incrimination by testifying against oneself

377. Regulatory takings cases indicate that: (A) the destruction of property value must be almost complete for compensation to be due (B) the destruction of property value need not be extensive for compensation to be due (C) the destruction of property value need not be more than 50% for compensation to be due (D) the destruction of property value is irrelevant (E) none of the other choices are correct

(A) the destruction of property value must be almost complete for compensation to be due

370. The Fifth Amendment includes: (A) the just compensation clause (B) the fair compensation clause (C) the final compensation clause (D) the extra compensation clause (E) the special compensation clause

(A) the just compensation clause

419. Florida passes a tax that applies only to foreign ships that unload cargo at the ports of Miami and Tampa. This tax is: (A) unconstitutional; it interferes with foreign trade (B) unconstitutional; states must charge fees for the use of public facilities (C) constitutional; it is related to benefits received (D) constitutional; it only applies to foreign merchants, so it does not discriminate against interstate commerce (E) constitutional so long as the federal government imposes a similar tax

(A) unconstitutional; it interferes with foreign trade

343. In Marshall v. Barlow's, where the Occupational Safety and Health Administration asked the Supreme Court to require businesses to admit inspectors to conduct warrantless searches, the Supreme Court held that: (A) warrantless searches are generally unreasonable and that this rule applies to commercial premises as well as homes (B) warrantless searches are never unreasonable and that this rule applies to commercial premises as well as homes (C) warrantless searches are generally unreasonable, but that this rule does not apply to commercial premises (D) warrantless searches are always unreasonable, but that this rule does not apply to homes (E) none of the other choices are correct

(A) warrantless searches are generally unreasonable and that this rule applies to commercial premises as well as homes

340. Which of the following is a key issue in Fourth Amendment cases: (A) whether a person has a constitutionally protected reasonable expectation of privacy (B) whether the defendant had an illegal firearm (C) whether the principles of frees speech were violated (D) whether self-defense was warranted under the circumstances (E) none of the other choices are correct

(A) whether a person has a constitutionally protected reasonable expectation of privacy

339. Which of the following is a key issue in Fourth Amendment cases: (A) whether proper search and seizure procedures were used by government authorities (B) whether the defendant had an illegal firearm (C) whether the principles of frees speech were violated (D) whether self-defense was warranted under the circumstances (E) none of the other choices are correct

(A) whether proper search and seizure procedures were used by government authorities

342. The Supreme Court held that warrantless searches are generally unreasonable in commercial as well a private settings, except for "closely regulated" businesses in: (A) New York v. Morriss (B) Marshall v. Barlow's (C) Dolan v. Tigard (D) First Evangelical Lutheran (E) Mulroney v. Hagar

(B) Marshall v. Barlow's

387. Tim has been selling illegal drugs in his $1,000,000 house. When he is caught by the police, they confiscate the house. Tim sues the police for imposing excessive fines since the drugs he was selling were only worth $1,000. The court is likely to find that: (A) Tim has a case since his property is worth much more than the drugs (B) Tim does not have a case because the confiscation is part of a rational and consistent scheme to deter drug dealing (C) Tim would have a case if he lived in Alabama (D) Tim would have a case if he lived in Illinois (E) Tim has a case because the confiscation of his house violates the Fifth Amendment

(B) Tim does not have a case because the confiscation is part of a rational and consistent scheme to deter drug dealing

383. The right to trial is guaranteed in the Constitution in all of these cases except: (A) a criminal trial (B) a civil trial brought by the government (C) a common law trial (D) any trial in state court (E) it is guaranteed in all of the other choices

(B) a civil trial brought by the government

381. The Seventh Amendment of the U.S. Constitution: (A) addresses the right of government to seize property (B) addresses the right of persons to trial in common-law cases (C) addresses the right of persons to trial by jury in criminal cases (D) addresses the right of persons to engage in business (E) none of the other choices are correct

(B) addresses the right of persons to trial in common-law cases

388. The government seized a large amount of cash (as the "instrumentality" of the crime) being carried out of the country by a couple who failed to report that they were leaving the country with more than $10,000. The Supreme Court held that the seizure of the cash was: (A) an unconstitutional search and seizure (B) an unconstitutional excessive fine (C) a constitutional search and seizure (D) a constitutional fine, not excessive because of the extent of drug money laundering (E) a constitutional taking based on the "significant interest" of the government

(B) an unconstitutional excessive fine

347. Warrentless searches: (A) are not allowed under any circumstances (B) are allowed for "closely regulated" businesses (C) are allowed for foreign businesses (D) are allowed in New York City (E) are allowed in Washington, D.C.

(B) are allowed for "closely regulated" businesses

345. In New York v. Burger, a junkyard owner claimed that a New York statute permitting warrantless searches of junkyards was a violation of the 4th Amendment. The Supreme Court held that the statute was: (A) constitutional because to hold otherwise would leave the Commerce Clause meaningless when regulation is "clearly necessary" (B) constitutional because it met the criteria necessary for a warrantless search of a closely regulated business (C) an unconstitutional violation of the Fourth Amendment since the police failed to obtain judicial approval for the searches (D) an unconstitutional violation of the exclusionary rule (E) none of the other choices

(B) constitutional because it met the criteria necessary for a warrantless search of a closely regulated business

371. The traditional primary use of the Fifth Amendment's just compensation (takings) clause is to require the government to pay: (A) for all business records that must be produced for examination (B) for property the government takes over (C) for all reductions in private property value caused by regulations (D) its employees a wage consistent with private sector wages (E) none of the other choices

(B) for property the government takes over

374. Eminent domain is when: (A) private corporations take private property (B) government takes private property for the benefit of other private parties (C) government takes public property for the benefit of private parties (D) government takes private property for the benefit of public parties (E) none of the other choices are correct

(B) government takes private property for the benefit of other private parties

407. A law that creates a class that suffers a loss of freedom: (A) is constitutional (B) is unconstitutional (C) is allowed under the First Amendment (D) is not allowed due to the First Amendment (E) none of the other choices are correct

(B) is unconstitutional

355. The Fifth Amendment protects individuals against: (A) illegal search and seizure (B) self-incrimination (C) excessive fines (D) trial without a jury (E) none of the other choices

(B) self-incrimination

373. The constitutional requirement that governments must give just compensation for property taken for public use is known as: (A) power of dominant domain (B) takings clause (C) unreasonable search and seizure (D) necessary and proper clause (E) due process of law

(B) takings clause

386. Protection from excessive fines comes from: (A) the Fifth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution (B) the Eighth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution (C) the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution (D) Congress (E) the House of Representatives

(B) the Eighth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution

378. The constitutional right to jury trial in criminal cases is addressed by the: (A) Fifth Amendment (B) First Amendment (C) Sixth Amendment (D) Seventh Amendment (E) none of the other choices

(C) Sixth Amendment

414. Congress passes a law that employers must give employees up to 12 weeks unpaid leave to attend to family matters. The Virginia legislature decides that this in not enough and passes a law that requires employers in Virginia to provide 16 weeks unpaid leave. This law is likely: (A) unconstitutional because its terms are different from those of the federal law (B) unconstitutional because employee relations is a strictly federal area of concern (C) constitutional as long as the law does not unnecessarily impede interstate commerce because it strengthens the federal law (D) constitutional because states may regulate businesses in their borders in whatever manner they think appropriate (E) unconstitutional because it invades the police power of the federal government

(C) constitutional as long as the law does not unnecessarily impede interstate commerce because it strengthens the federal law

385. In addition to its restriction on "cruel and unusual punishments," the Eight Amendment of the U.S. Constitution also holds that: (A) no fines more than $50,000 may be imposed in civil cases (B) there is no limit to the fines that may be imposed (C) no excessive fines may be imposed (D) no firearms may be brought to court (E) none of the other choices are correct

(C) no excessive fines may be imposed

392. The Fourteenth Amendment protects due process rights and: (A) protects freedom of speech (B) protects the citizen's right to bear arms (C) provides for equal protection (D) protects freedom of religion (E) provides no other protection

(C) provides for equal protection

349. Based on the Fourth Amendment, the exclusionary rule allows evidence: (A) to be introduced at trial, no matter how obtained (B) that is pertinent to "key issues" to be introduced at trial (C) that is improperly gathered to be excluded from trial (D) that is improperly gathered by non-government personnel to be excluded at trial (E) that would otherwise be classified as "hearsay" to be used at trial

(C) that is improperly gathered to be excluded from trial

368. "...nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation." is part of: (A) the Third Amendment of the U.S. Constitution (B) the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution (C) the Fifth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution (D) the Sixth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution (E) the Seventh Amendment of the U.S. Constitution

(C) the Fifth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution

423. Company X contributes to a group that opposes increases in state taxes. State Y has a law that prohibits businesses from donating money when the money may influence how people vote on issues. X challenges the law. A court will likely find: (A) X is guilty of violating a valid state law (B) the law is invalid because it impedes interstate commerce (C) the law is invalid because it violates the First Amendment rights of the business (D) the law is valid because it seeks only to restrict political speech by business (E) the law is valid because states have the right to regulate political speech in general

(C) the law is invalid because it violates the First Amendment rights of the business

363. Under the Fifth Amendment, when can a person be forced to produce documents for a government prosecution that could implicate a business in a violation of the law? (A) never; one does not have to report business information that will be incriminating (B) one must produce documents the government requires unless they will incriminate an employee of the business (C) when ordered by a court; corporate records are not due such self-incrimination protection (D) only if the person involved does not work for the business (E) only if the person is a top executive of the business

(C) when ordered by a court; corporate records are not due such self-incrimination

416. Bury-It Landfill operates a successful business disposing of refuse from Alabama and other states. In response to pressure from the environmental lobby, the Alabama legislature passes a law prohibiting Alabama landfill operators from accepting any out-of-state garbage. Bury-It challenges the law as unconstitutional. The landfill operator is likely to: (A) lose the case because environmental protection is more important than profits (B) lose the case because the state may decide what goods move across its borders (C) win the case because the law violates the Commerce Clause (D) win the case because the law violates the Separation of Powers doctrine (E) win the case because promoting competitive business practices is more important than environmental concerns

(C) win the case because the law violates the Commerce Clause

430. You purchase 150 acres of property in the Oregon mountains that is zoned for construction on pieces of land more than 40 acres in size. Before you build a home, the Oregon legislature passes the Preservation Act, which prohibits construction. Your land is nearly worthless now and you sue. Your basis for a suit against Oregon is: (A) illegal interference with contract (B) violation of the 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause (C) unconstitutional infringement of your Second Amendment rights (D) an unconstitutional uncompensated government takings (E) a invalid infringement of your right to criticize the government

(D) an unconstitutional uncompensated government takings

426. Dr. Ayau is a new doctor who has just set up a practice in San Diego. She places ads in the papers to tell people that she will see patients and she will be in her office on Sundays. The California Medical Assn. (CMA) moves to strip Dr. Ayau of her license to practice medicine because such ads are unethical. The Supreme Court is likely to say that the CMA: (A) has the right, under state law, to regulate the practice of medicine and to set ethical standards for all physicians (B) has the right, under the necessary and proper clause, to regulate advertising medicine (C) has the right, under the commerce clause, to so regulate the advertising of medicine (D) cannot prevent doctors from using truthful advertising to help their business (E) cannot regulate medicine because it conflicts with the right of Congress to do so

(D) cannot prevent doctors from using truthful advertising to help their business

417. The federal Clean Air Act sets specific pollution standards. California adopts even stricter pollution standards instate. This standard is likely to be found: (A) unconstitutional; states may not pass regulatory standards different than those of Congress (B) unconstitutional; states may not pass stronger regulatory standards than those of Congress (C) unconstitutional; the standard reduces the ability of California to compete in interstate commerce (D) constitutional; the standard does not favor California businesses (E) constitutional; the necessary and proper clause lets states pass regulations needed for local conditions

(D) constitutional; the standard does not favor California businesses

362. Fifth Amendment protection does not apply to: (A) individuals (B) private citizens (C) minors (D) corporations (E) none of the other choices are correct

(D) corporations

413. The Klan Motel is one of twenty motels in town but the only one that refuses to rent rooms to non-whites. Congress holds that motels may not discriminate on the basis of race. The Klan Motel challenges the regulation as it applies to that motel. The owner will: (A) win; so long as there are plenty of motels available, there is no significant effect on interstate commerce by such discrimination (B) win; a motel is a place of private, not public, accommodations (C) lose; all forms of racial discrimination are forbidden by the Commerce Clause (D) lose; Congress may regulate such local businesses (E) lose if the state in which the motel is located has passed a similar law to apply to motels

(D) lose; Congress may regulate such local businesses

428. Agents of the Software Agency (SA) check companies to be sure all the software they use is properly licensed, not copied. SA agents arrive at Bob's Drugs to conduct an inspection. Bob asks the agent to see her search warrant, otherwise he will not admit her. The SA contends that a warrant is not needed to conduct a routine search to see if SA regulations are being followed. The Supreme Court is likely to say that warrants by SA officials are: (A) not needed to search property regulated by Congress given its authority under the commerce clause (B) not needed to search business property because the Fourth Amendment (search and seizure) only applies to persons and their property (C) not needed because the Third Amendment (quartering of federal officials) allows entry into property by government officials as needed for law enforcement purposes (D) needed to search business property because the Fourth Amendment (search and seizure) applies to businesses as well as persons (E) needed because the Third Amendment (quartering of federal officials) does not allow entry into property by government officials for law enforcement purposes without a warrant

(D) needed to search business property because the Fourth Amendment (search and seizure) applies to businesses as well as persons

434. Indiana imposes a one percent property tax on grocery stores built before 1970 and a five percent property tax on grocery stores built after 1970. The different tax rates are probably: (A) unconstitutional; they violate the commerce clause protection of interstate commerce (B) constitutional; they do not violate the commerce clause protection of interstate commerce (C) unconstitutional; they violate the right of Congress to regulate interstate and intrastate commerce (D) unconstitutional; they violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (E) none of the other choices

(D) unconstitutional; they violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

375. The state of California told the owners of a beach-front house that, before it would issue a building permit to allow expansion of the house, the owners had to agree to allow public use of their beach property. The Supreme Court held that this: (A) was a proper use of state police power (B) was a proper use of state regulatory power for "the public welfare" (C) regulation of beach land was consistent with federal law and so was permissible (D) was an unjust taking of property without compensation (E) regulation was inconsistent with existing federal law and so was stricken

(D) was an unjust taking of property without compensation

367. Government agents may monitor online chat rooms on the Internet to listen for evidence of illegal trading of child pornography. When challenged, a federal court held that this practice: (A) was an unconstitutional violation of the 4th Amendment as a form of warrantless search (B) was an unconstitutional violation of the 4th Amendment right to privacy (C) was an unconstitutional violation of the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech (D) was constitutional because there was no right to privacy in that location (E) none of the other choices

(D) was constitutional because there was no right to privacy in that location

353. In Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Assn., tests of railroad employees were performed for drug or alcohol use. These tests were challenged as an unconstitutional warrantless search of persons. The Supreme Court held that the tests: (A) were too invasive, and so, an unconstitutional violation of the Fourth Amendment regarding improper searches (B) were unnecessary to insure public safety, and so were unconstitutional (C) were an unacceptable impediment to free interstate trade (D) violated the railroad employees' freedom of expression, and so were unconstitutional (E) were not unconstitutional because railroads are regulated and the public has a strong interest in safety

(E) were not unconstitutional because railroads are regulated and the public has a strong interest in safety

360. "No person shall be...compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself." is the: (A) Fifth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution (B) First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution (C) Sixth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution (D) Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution (E) Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution

A) Fifth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution

406. Equal protection: (A) does not extend to all citizens (B) does not extend to all government activities (C) extends to all government activities (D) is set by international standards (E) none of the other choices are correct

B) does not extend to all government activities

401. When governments restrict the rights of citizens, unless a fundamental constitutional liberty is at stake, the law needs to relate rationally to ____ to satisfy due process requirements. (A) a legitimate government interest (B) a legitimate private interest (C) a legitimate monetary interest (D) a legitimate moral interest (E) none of the other choices are correct

a legitimate private interest

405. Which of the following would be likely to be a violation of the equal protection clause: (A) a state admits only men to a college and does not allow women to enroll (B) a state gives speeding tickets to drivers who drive more than 5 mph over the posted limit (C) a state prohibits the sale of alcoholic beverages (D) a state prohibits the use of trans fats in restaurant cooking (E) all of the other choices

a state admits only men to a college and does not allow women to enroll

404. Suppose the Texas legislature ruled that all motorcycle drivers and passengers under the age of 21 had to wear helmets. This could be attacked by a young motorcycle driver who did not want to wear a helmet as a violation of: (A) the due process clause because it is a restriction on personal freedom (B) the due process clause because it does not advance a state interest (C) the equal protection clause because it applies to people under 21 (D) all of the other choices (E) none of the other choices

all of the above

422. Which of the following types of speech are not protected by the First Amendment? (A) a pamphlet prepared by a gas company in support of the use of natural gas (B) political speech by a person at a public facility such as a train station (C) an advertisement listing the prices charged by a local doctor for her services (D) none of the other choices are protected (E) all of the other choices are protected

all of the above

424. Ohio Phone, a regulated company, sends a flyer to customers with their monthly bill. One flyer tells customers that the Ohio Phone Comm. does not let the company charge fair prices and that the quality of phone service will fall. The Commission orders the company to stop sending mailings that discuss these issues, since the customers are forced to pay for the mailings as a part of their service. The Supreme Court is likely to say that such mailings: (A) are constitutional under the First Amendment (B) are constitutional under the commerce clause⎯the states may not ban such mailings (C) may be prohibited under the Constitution because the First Amendment does not protect political speech by regulated companies (D) may be prohibited under the commerce clause because state regulation of utility monopolies is nearly unlimited (E) could not be addressed by the U.S. Supreme Court; it is a matter for Ohio law

are constitutional under the first amendment

396. Which of the following is likely to violate the due process clause: (A) laws that do not treat people equally (B) laws that shock the conscience of a court (C) laws that infringe on fundamental liberty interests (D) b and c (E) a, b and c

b and c

397. When the state infringes on fundamental liberty interests without narrowly tailoring that infringement to serve a compelling state interest it is violating: (A) due process (B) the First Amendment (C) fair play (D) due law (E) fair process

due process

399. When state action either shocks the conscience or offends judicial notions of fairness and human dignity it is violating: (A) the First Amendment (B) the Sixth Amendment (C) fair process (D) due process (E) due law

due process

402. A law must relate rationally to a legitimate government interest to: (A) satisfy due process requirements (B) satisfy fair process requirements (C) satisfy First Amendment requirements (D) satisfy legislative requirements (E) none of the other choices are correct

satisfy due process requirements

421. Which of the following types of speech are not protected by the First Amendment? (A) a pamphlet prepared by a gas company in support of the use of natural gas (B) political speech by a person at a public facility such as a train station (C) an advertisement listing the prices charged by a local doctor for her services (D) yelling "Fire" at a crowded basketball game (E) all of the other choices

(D) yelling "Fire" at a crowded basketball game