Blood
hematocrit
"blood fraction", the percentage of total blood volume occupied by erythrocytes
Describe the process of centrifuging and how it gets whole blood divided into liquid and cellular parts.
Blood is drawn from a vein into a centrifuge tube. The tube is then placed into a machine called a centrifuge where it is spun in a circular motion for several minutes. This rotational movement separates the blood into liquid and cellular components.
How does blood help in maintaining the pH? One example?
Blood plasma helps maintain the pH levels by evenly distributing fluids among tissues to help balance pH levels through BUFFERS. Three major buffer systems involved in regulating blood pH Bicarbonate buffer system Phosphate buffer system Plasma protein buffer system
Describe transportation of blood
Blood takes oxygen that is made from the lungs and distributes it throughout the body and then takes the carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs to be filtered out.
positive chemotaxis
By following the chemical trail of molecules released by damaged cells or other leukocytes, a phenomenon called positive chemotaxis, they pinpoint areas of tissue damage and infection and gather there in large numbers to destroy foreign substances and dead cells. is the movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus
Define the ECF, ICF, and interstitial fluids
ECF: Extracellular fluid or extracellular fluid is all body fluid outside the cells. ECF includes blood plasma and ISF. ICF: The fluid inside the cells is called intracellular fluid. Interstitial fluids: ISF. ISF: fluid that bathes and surrounds the tissue cells.
How many oxygen molecule are transported by one molecule of hemoglobin? How many total oxygen molecules are transported by one erythrocyte?
Each HB chain contains one heme group each of which contains one iron ion. The iron is the site of oxygen binding; each iron can bind one O2 molecule thus each hemoglobin molecule is capable of binding a total to four O2 molecules. Each erythrocyte is filled with approximately 280 million molecules of hemoglobin. 4x280-1,120. Therefore, there are 1,120 oxygen molecules transported by one erythrocyte.
How many molecules of oxygen can each hemoglobin molecule transport? What part of the hemoglobin binds the oxygen?
Each hemoglobin molecule can transport four Oxygen. The heme portion of the hemoglobin binds the Oxygen.
What are the two hormones controlling hematopoiesis?
Erythropoietin: RBC's (hormone from the kidney) Thrombopoietin: megakaryocytic & platelets (hormone from the liver and kidney)
basophilic erythroblasts
Second Erythroblast Stage Basophilic normoblast Prorubricyte
What is the hematocrit? What is its normal value?
The hematocrit is the percentage of blood that is occupied by erythrocytes. It is normally about 45%.
ferritin
a universal intracellular protein that stores iron and releases it in a controlled fashion. acts as a buffer against iron deficiency and iron overload
Be able to distinguish between different granulocytes and agranulocytes in the blood smear
agranulocytes=Lymphocyte & Monocyte, granulocytes=Eosinophil, Basophil, & Neutrophil
Functions of blood
distribution, regulation, protection
red bone marrow
hematopoisesis occurs here, which is composed largely of a soft network of reticular connective tissue bordering on wide blood capillaries called blood sinusoids. -in adults, red marrow is found chiefly in the bones of the axial skeleton and girdles, and in the proximal epiphyses of the humerus and femur.
blood circulation
initiated by the pumping action of the heart.
anucleate
lack a nucleus
agranulocytes
lack obvious membrane-bound cytoplasmic granules
macrocytes
large pale cells. an abnormally large erythrocyte.
amoeboid motion
once out of the bloodstream, leukocytes move through the tissue spaces by this motion. (they form flowing cytoplasmic extensions that move them along).
intrinsic factor
substance that must be present for vitamin B12 to be absorbed by intestinal cells.
hemoglobin (Hb)
the RBC protein that functions in gas transport.
anemia
"lacking blood", a condition in which the blood's oygen-carrying capacity is too low to support normal metabolism. It is a sign of some disorder rather than a disease in itself. Its hallmark is blood oxygen levels that are inadequate to support normal metabolism. Anemic individuals are fatigued, often pale, short of breath, and chilled. causes can be divided into three groups: blood loss, not enough red blood cells produced, or too many of them destroyed.
Polycythemia
"many blood cells", an abnormal excess of erythrocytes that increases blood viscoity, causing it to sludge, or flow sluggishly.
Thaslassemias
"sea blood" typically occur in people of Mediterranean ancestry, such as Greeks and Italians. One of the globin chains is absent or faulty, and the erythrocytes are thin, delicate, and deficeinet in hemoglobin. range from mild to so severe that monthly blood transfusions are required
albuminum
1. accounts for some 60% of plasma protein. it acts as a carrier to shuttle certain molecules through the circulation 2. is an important blood buffer 3. is the major blood protein contributing to the plasma osmotic pressure (the pressure that helps to keep water in the bloodstream).
regulation
1. maintaining appropriate body temperature by absorbin and distributing heat throughout the body and to the skin surface to encourage heat loss 2. maintaining normal pH in body tissues. 3. maintaining adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system. Blood proteins prevent excessive fluid loss from the bloodstream into the tissue spaces.
protection
1. preventing blood loss. When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets and plasma proteins initiate clot formulation, halting blood loss. 2. preventing infection. drifting along in blood are antibodies, complement proteins and white blood cells, all of which help defend the body against foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses.
Plasma
1. straw-colored, sticky fluid. Although it is mostly water (about 90%), plasma contains over 100 different dissolved solutes, including nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes and products of cell activity, proteins, and inorganic ions (electrolytes). 2. Most abundant solutes by number; cations include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium; anions include chloride, phosphate, sulfate, and bicarbonate; help to maintain plasma osmotic pressure and normal blood pH 3. Although outnumbered by the lighter electrolytes, the heavier plasma proteins are the most abundant plasma solutes by weight, accounting for about 8% of plasma weight. Most plasma proteins are produced by the liver. 4. Plasma proteins serve a variety of functions, but they are NOT taken up by cells to be used as fuels or metabolic nutrients as are most other organic solutes, such as glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids. 5. When the blood starts to become too acidic, both the lungs and the kidneys are called into action to restore plasma's normal, slightly alkaline pH.
globin
1. the protein constituent of hemoglobin. 2. any of a group of proteins similar to the typical globin.
distribution
1.. delivering oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract to all body cells 2. transporting metabolic waste products from cells to elimination sites (to the lungs to eliminate carbon dioxide, and to the kidneys to dispose of nitrogenous weastes in urine). 3. transporting hormones fromt he endocrine organs to their target organs
plasma
55% of whole blood, least dense component, nonliving fluid matrix
What is the normal pH level?
7.4
erythrocytes
=red, the red blood cells that transport oxygen, 45% of whole blood (hematocrit) most dense component "formed elements"
stages of erythropoiesis
A Hemocytoblast, a multipotent hematopoietic stem cell, becomes a common myeloid progenitor or a multipotent stem cell, and then a unipotent stem cell, then a pronormoblast, also commonly called an proerythroblast or a rubriblast. This becomes a basophilic or early normoblast, also commonly called an erythroblast, then a polychromatophilic or intermediate normoblast, then an orthochromatic or late normoblast. At this stage the nucleus is expelled before the cell becomes a reticulocyte.
What is a macrophage? What does it look like in the smear? What is the origin of the macrophages?
A macrophage is the result of a macrophage that resides in the connective tissue. Macrophages phagocytize (eat up) bacteria, cell fragments, dead cells and debris.
Be able to work with exercises such as this: A person with "B+" blood type can give blood to which recipients? Why and why not?
A+=you can give blood A+ or AB+ & you can recive blood from A+, A=,O+,O- O+=you can give blood to O+, A+, B+,AB+& you can receive blood from O+, O- B+=you can give blood to B+,AB+&you can receive from B+,B-,O+,O- AB+=you can give blood to AB+&you can receive blood from everyone A-=you can give blood to A+,A-,AB+,AB-&you can receive blood from A-,O- O-=you can give blood to everyone&you can receive blood only from O- B-=you can give blood to B+,B-,AB+,AB-&you can receive blood from B-,O- AB-=you can give blood to AB+,AB-&you can receive blood from AB-,A-,B-,O-
carbaminohemoglobin
About 20% of the carbon dioxide transported in the blood combines with hemoglobin, but it binds to blobin's amino acids rather than to the heme group. This formation of carbaminohemoblin occurs more readily when hemoglobin is in the reduced state (dissociated from oxygen). Carbon dioxide loading occurs in the tissues, and the direction of transport is from tissues to lungs, where carbon dioxide is eliminated from the body.
Understand the pH scale: What is acidic? What is basic? What is neutral? What is considered a strong acid? What is considered a weak base? What is the normal pH of the blood?
Acidic=Between 0-7 Alkaline (Basic)-Between 7-14 Neutral: Exactly 7 Strength is dependent on where the acid falls on pH scale (the further the stronger). The most acidic being 0 and the least acidic being right before 7. Alkaline is similar in this aspect as well, with a little after 7 would be the weakest base while 14 would be the most basic.
How does albumin regulate the fluid balance between the body compartments?
Albumin helps regulate water movement between the blood and interstitial fluid. Osmosis occurs when the water gets absorbed into the blood vessels. Thus, water is drawn from teh tissue fluid back into the capillary, carrying dissolved molecules with it. This difference is called osmotic pressure accounts for reabsorption. Albumin helps the body maintain intravascular colloid osmotic pressure.
Know the functions of alpha, beta, gamma globulins and fibrinogen
Alpha Globulins and beta globulins primarily bind, support, and protect certain water-insoluble or hydrophobic molecules, hormones, and ions. Gamma globulins: These are also called immunoglobulins or antibodies. They are produced by some of our defense cells to protect the body against pathogens that can cause disease. fibrinogen: helps in the formation of blood clots.
Why is bile green? Why do feces and urine seem yellowish? What is jaundice?
Bile is green because it contains the green pigment biliverdin, which is formed by breakdown of hemoglobin. Biliverden is then converted into bilirubin in the liver. Feces and urin seem yellowish because that is where bilirubin is removed and bilirubin has a yellow color. Jaundice is a yellowish discoloration of the skin, mucious membranes and of the whites of the eyes caused by elevated levels of the chemical bilirubin in the blood.
List two protective functions of blood.
Blood can prevent blood loss by forming clots when a blood vessel is damaged. Blood can prevent infection because it contains antimicrobial proteins and white blood cells.
What kind of tissue is blood? What constitutes its ground substance, fibers, and cells?
Blood is a connective tissue. It has a liquid ground substance called plasma. It contains dissolved protein fibers. Blood cells have a biconcave disk shape and do not contain a nucleus.
Describe regulation of pH levels
Body works to regulate how acidic or basic it is. Normal pH level is approximately 7.4
Describe the role of diffusion in movements of solutes in and out of the blood vessel
Difference in concentration ensures that oxygen will continue to diffuse from the blood into the tissues. The difference in concentration ensures carbon dioxide will readily diffuse from the interstitial fluid into the blood, through which it will be carried to the lungs and discharged from teh body. Also transports nutrients that have been absorbed in the GI tract and hormones secreted by the endocrine organs to their target cells. The plasma carries waste products from the cells to organs such as the kidneys, where these waste products are removed.
Name the formed elements, their percentages and their major functions
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. Erythrocytes: These are red blood cells (RBC). They make up 99% of the formed elements. Primary function is the transportation of respiratory gases in the blood. Leukocytes: These are the white blood cells (WBC). They make up less than 1% of formed elements. Their primary function is to defend the body against pathogens. Platelets: They are less than 1% of formed elements and their primary function is to help with blood clotting.
Name the elements taking part in composition of each layer of blood after being centrifuged.
Erythrocytes: red blood cells. Form the bottom layer of centrifuged blood. Buffy coat: middle layer. Thin, slightly gray-white layer composed of cells called leukocytes (white blood cells) and cell fragments called Platelets
Define the terms: erythropoiesis, thromobopoiesis, leuckopoiesis, and lymphopoiesis.
Erythropoiesis-production of red blood cells Thrombopoiesis-process of a clot forming in blood, but generally used with reference ot the formation of blood platelets (thrombocytes) Leukopoiesis-a form of hematopoiesis in which white blood cells (WBC or leukocytes) are formed in bone marrow located in bones in adults and hematopoietic organs in the fetus
orthochromatic erythroblast
Fourth Erythroblast Stage Metarubricyte Orthochromatic normoblast
What is hematocrit? What's the normal range? (45%)
Hematocrits are the percentage of erythrocytes (RBC) in the blood. The normal range is about 45%. Different altitude and age and sex can have an effect on the range of hematocrits.
Why do the arteries seem red and veins seem blue/purplish?
Hemoglobin is red-pigmented and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide and is responsible for the bright red color of arterial blood. Veins look blue/purplish because the blood within these veins are observed through layers of skin and the subcutaneous tissue. When the blood is perceived as blue/purplish it is because hemoglobin that contains NO oxygen has a dark red color.
What is the hemopoietic stem cells called? What are the two cell-lines it can turn to? What are the end products of each lineage?
Hemopoiesis begins with hemopoietic stem cells called hemocytoblast. The two cell-lined produced are pluripotent cells, the first being the myeloid line (cell that can turn into almost anything) and the lymphoid cell (cell that can turn into lymphocytes)
How do we get high and low blood pressure? What causes the tissues to swell?
High and low blood pressure is dependent on the amount of fluid absorption. High blood pressure would be caused by too much fluid fluid in the blood. Low blood pressure would be caused by if fluid escapes the bloodstream and enters tissue, this would also cause the tissues to swell.
Why do we need iron in our bodies?
Iron is necessary to make hemoglobin, the substance that carries oxygen through your blood to all cells in your body. Hemoglobin is what makes red blood cells red. With insufficient iron, and therefore not enough hemoglobin, red blood cells become small and pale and don't carry enough oxygen. You may have heard the phrase "tired blood". This really means blood that is low in iron and that can't carry enough oxygen to vital organs and muscles. "Tired blood" results in a tired body.
Know the life-cycle of an erythrocyte as well as its life span.
Life span of erythrocyte is about 120 days. In the erythrocyte, some components are saved and some are discarded. The heme group is converted to biliverdin then to bilirubin. Bilirubin is picked up from blood by the liver then secreted into bile. The bile enters the digestive tract which helps emulsify fat. It is modified and removed by urine and feces. The iron group is transported by transferrin to the liver. Then, it is transferred to ferritin for storage. The ferritin can be transported to red bone marrow.
Describe maintenance of fluid levels of blood
Maintains normal fluid levels in cardiovascular system. Prevents high/low blood pressure from happening. Prevents fluid loss with the help from compounds, such as salts and some proteins.
Group the leukocytes in order from most abundant to least abundant.
NLMEB-Neutraophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils (Never let monkeys eat bananas).
Which chemicals are transported through bloodstream?
Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Nutrients Water Hormones Waste substances Heat
veins
Oxygen deficient blood leaves the capillary beds and flows into these which return to the heart. The blood then flows from the heart to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and then returns to the heart to be pumped throughout the body once again.
Are plasma proteins used as fuel for body cells? Explain your answer.
Plasma proteins are not used as fuel for body cells because their presence in blood is required to perform many key functions.
What are platelets and what is their origin? How do they help in blood clotting?
Platelets aka thrombocytes are components in the blood plasma that cause the blood to clot or coagulate. Components in the plasma produce a web or fibrin that trap erythrocytes and the platelets in a web that pauses the blood flow and forms a scab that protects the injury until the tissue has healed.
Know the composition of plasma and their percentages: water, proteins and solutes
Protein: makes up 7% of Plasma. Includes albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, and regulatory proteins
Name the 3 main types of lymphocytes and their major function
T-lymphocytes (T-cells)-Manage and direct immune response. Some directly attack foreign cells & virus infected cells. B-lymphocytes (B-cell)-once stimulated, they become plasma cells and produce antibodies. Natural Killers (NK cells)-attack abnormal & infected tissue cells
Describe the components of blood after being centrifuged (erythrocytes, buffy coat, and plasma). Name the components of each layer with their percentages.
The blood is separated into three components. Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are on the bottom which is about 44% of the whole blood. The buffy coat is in the middle which is composed of leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets. This forms less than 1% of the blood. Plasma is a straw colored liquid that rises to the top and makes up 55% of the blood. Plamsa=55% Buffy Coat <1% Erythrocyte (red blood cell)=44%
Patients with advanced kidney disease often have anemia. Explain the connection.
The kidneys' synthesis of erythropoitin is comprised in advanced kidney disease, so RBC production decreases, causing anemia.
polychromatic erythroblast
Third Erythroblast Stage Rubricyte Polychromatophilic normoblast
Three structural characteristics of erythrocytes?
Three structural characteristics are: small size and biconcave shape provide a huge surface area relative to volume and is ideal for gas exchange, over 97% hemoglobin, do not consume any of the oxygen that they carry because they lack mitochondria and generate ATP by anaerobic mechanisms. Women have lower rbc count than men. When the number of red blood cells increases beyond the normal range, blood flows more slowly. As it drops below the low end of the range, the blood thins and flows more rapidlly.
vasodilation
To stay cool, blood vessels expand the dermis and gets rid of excess heat
vasoconstriction
To stay warm, blood vessels constricts and the warm blood is forced back into the body.
What is erythroblastosis fetalis and how is it treated?
When a mother is RH-and the fetus is Rh+, antibodies against the Rh+ blood of the child can cross the placenta border and get into the plasma of the child. Agglutination will occur in the child's blood and cause the death of the child. The treatment is an injection called RhoGam which prevents the development of the antibodies and ensures the safety of future pregnancies.
Describe protection of blood
With the help of leukocytes (White blood cells), the body is protected from the threat of infections and disease causing bacteria. This is done with the production of antibodies and proteins that fight off and kill these harmful intruders in the body.
erythropoietin (EPO)
a glycoprotein hormone, stimulates the formation of erythrocytes. Normally a small amount of EPO circulates in teh blood at all times and sustains red blood cell production at a basal rate. The kidneys play the major role in EPO production, although the liver also produces some. When certain kidney cells become hypoxic (oxygen deficient), oxygen-sensitive enzymes are unable to carry out their normal functions of degrading an intracellular signaling molecule called hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). As HIF accumulates, it accelerates the synthesis and release of erythropoietin.
Esonophiles (e''o-sin'o-filz)
account fo r2-4% of all leukocytes and are approximately the size of neutrophils. Their nucles usually resembles an old fashioned telephone receiver-it has two lobes connected by a broad band of nuclear material. Large, corase granules that stain from brick red to crimson with acid (eosin) dyes pack the cytoplasm. These granules are lysosome -like and filled with a unique variety of digestive enzymes. However, unlike typical lysosomes, they lack enzymes that specifically digest bacteria. The most important role of eosinophils is to lead the counterattack against parasitic worms, such as flatworms (tapeworms and flukes) and roundworms (pinworms and hookworms) that are too large to be phagocytized. Eosinophils reside in the loose connective tissues at the body sites, and when they encounter a parasitic worm "prey", they gather around and release the enzymes from their cytoplasmic granules onto the parasite's surface, digesting it away. Eosinophils have complex roles in many other diseases including allergies and asthma. While they contribute to the tissue damage that occurs in many immune processes, we are also beginning to recognize them as important modulators of the immune response.
reticulocyte counts
account for 1-2% of all erythrocytes in teh blood of healthy people. provide a rough index of the rate of RBC formation-reticulocyte counts below or above the range indicate abnormal rates of erythrocyte formation.
components of blood
after spinning a sample of blood in a centrifuge you will get this: heavier formed elements at the bottom, and less dense plasma remains at the top. 1.) most of the red stuff at the bottom=erythrocytes (erythro=red)-red blood cells that transport oxygen 2.)thin, whitish layer called the buffy coat is present at the erythrocyte-plasma junction. This layer contains leukocytes (leuko=white), the white blood cells that act in various ways to protec the body, and platelets, cell fragments that help stop bleeding.
Define the terms: o Agglutination o Agglutinogen o Agglutinin o Universal donor o Universal recipient
agglutination-when an antibody interacts with a specific antigen: their interaction is called agglutination. Agglutinogens: aka surface antigens, are membrane proteins in the RBC membrane. Agglutinins: aka antibodies, work against each unkown surface antigen that is present in the plasma. Ex: Blood type A: has anti-B., Unversal donor: O-can donate to anyone. Universal recipient: AB+ can receive blood from anyone.
pernicious anemia
an autoimmune disease that most often affects the elderly. The immune systems of these individuals destroys cells of their own stomach mucosa. These cells produce a substance called intrinsic factor that must be present for vitamin B12 to be absorbed by intestinal cells.
myeloid stem cell
an immature cell found in the bone marrow and not normally in the peripheral blood; it is the most primitive precursor in the granulocytic series, which matures to develop into the promyelocyte and eventually the granular leukocyte; myeloblasts have fine, evenly distributed chromatin, several nucleoli, and a non-granular basophilic cytoplasm.
histamine
an inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator (makes blood vessels dilate) and attracts other white blood cells to the inflamed site; drugs called antihistamines counter this effect. The deep purple nucleus is generally U or S shaped with one or two conspicuous constrictions.
transferrin
are iron-binding blood plasma glycoproteins that control the level of free iron (Fe) in biological fluids.[3] Human transferrin is encoded by the TF gene.[4] Transferrin glycoproteins bind iron tightly, but reversibly. Although iron bound to transferrin is less than 0.1% (4 mg) of total body iron, it forms the most vital iron pool with the highest rate of turnover (25 mg/24 h). Transferrin has a molecular weight of around 80 KDa and contains two specific high-affinity Fe(III) binding sites. The affinity of transferrin for Fe(III) is extremely high (association constant is 1020 M−1 at pH 7.4)[5] but decreases progressively with decreasing pH below neutrality. When not bound to iron, transferrin is known as "apotransferrin" (see also apoprotein).
hematopoiesis
blood cell-formation; hemopoiesis. occurs in the red bone marrow
arteries
blood exits the heart via these. They then branch repeatedly until they become tiny capillaries
Polycythemia vera
bone marrow cancer, charcterized by dizziness and an exceptionally high RBC count (8011 million cells /microliter)., The hematocrit may be as high as 80% and blood volume may double, causing the vascular system to become engorged with blood and severly impairing circulation. Severe polycythemia is treated by diluting blood-removing some blood and replacing it with saline.
hematopoietic stem cell
bone marrow cell that gives rise to all the formed elements of blood; hemocytoblast.. once a cell is commited to a specific blood cell pathway, it cannot change.
capillaries
branches from the capillary walls. By diffusing across the capillary walls, oxygen and nutrients leave the blood and enter the body tissues, and carbon dioxide and wastes move from the tissues to the bloodstream. Oxygen-deficient blood leaves the capillary beds and flows into veins
hemorrhagic anemia
caused by blood loss. In acute hemorrhagic anemia, blood loss is rapid (as might follow a severe stab wound); it is treated by replacing the lost blood. Slight but persistent blood loss (due to hemorrhoids or an undiagnosed bleeding ulcer, for example) causes chronic hemorrhagic anemia. Once the primary problem is resolved, normal erythropoietic mechanisms replace the lost blood cells.
granulocytes
contain obvious membrane-bound cytoplasmic granules. include: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, are all roughly spherical in shape. much larger and much shorter lived (in most cases) than erythrocytes. They characteristically have lobed nuclei (rounded nuclear masses connected by thinner strands of nuclear material), and their membrane-bound cytoplasmic granules stain quite specifically with Wright's stain. Functionally, all granulocytes are phagocytes to some degree.
hemolytic anemias
erythrocytes rupture, or lyse, prematurely.
Formed elementsk-of blood
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets-have some unusual features. Erythrocytes have no nuclei or organelles, and platelets are cell fragments. Only leukocytes are complete cells. Most of the formed elements survive in the bloodstream for only a few days. Most blood cells do not divide. Instead, stem cells divide continuously in red bone marror to replace them. Erythrocytes vastly outnumber the other types of formed elements.
Define: formed elements, serum, plasma
formed elements-the Erythrocytes and the components of the buffy coat. Compose whole blood serum-when proteins are removed from plasma, the remaining fluid is called the serum. plasma-straw-colored liquid, can also carry waste products from the cells to organs such as the kidneys, where waste products are removed
mast cells
granulated cells similar to basophils, called mast cells, are found in connective tissues. Although mast cell nuclei tend to be more oval than lobed, the cells are similar microscopically, and both cell types bind to a particular antibody (immunogblobin E) that causes the cells to release histamine. However, they arise from different cell lines.
hemosiderin
haemosiderin is an iron-storage complex. It is only found within cells (as opposed to circulating in blood) and appears to be a complex of ferritin, denatured ferritin and other material.[1][2] The iron within deposits of hemosiderin is very poorly available to supply iron when needed. Hemosiderin can be identified histologically with "Perls' Prussian-blue" stain.
sickle-cell anemia
havoc caused by the abnormal hemoglobin, hemoglobin S (HbS), results from a change in just one of the 146 amino acids in a beta chain of the globin molecule! This alteration causes the beta chains to link together under low-oxygen conditions, forming stiff rods so that hemoglobin S becomes spiky and sharp. This, in turn, causes the red blood cells to become crescent shaped when they unload oxygen molecules or when the oxygen content of the blood is lower than normal. The stiff, deformed erythrocytes rupture easily and tend to dam up in small blood vessels. These events interfere with oxygen delivery, leaving the victims gasping for air and in extreme pain. occurs in nearly 1 in every 500 black newborns in the US. Also, having this gene can actually better the chance of surviving malaria.
heme
iron-containing pigment that is essential to oxygen transport by hemoglobin.
proerythroblast
is the earliest of four stages in development of the normoblast. First Erythroblast Stage Rubriblast Pronormoblast
Describe regulation of body temperature via blood
keeps the body homeostatic. Although thermoregulation is mostly done in the dermis, the blood also plays a role in regulating by controlling when it is time to release or keep heat within. To stay cool, blood vessels expand the dermis and gets rid of excess heat. (vasodilation) To stay warm, blood vessels constricts and the warm blood is forced back into the body (vasocinstriction)
renal anemia
lack of EPO, the hormone that controls red blood cell production. Renal anemia frequently accompanies renal disease because damaged or diseased kidneys cannot produce enough EPO. Fortunately, it can be treated with synthetic EPO
Leukocytes
leuko=white, or white blood cells (WBCs) are the only formed elements that are complete cells, with nuclei and the usual organelles. Accounting for less than 1% of total blood volume, leukocytes are far less numerous than red blood cells. On average, there are 4800-10,800 WBCs/microliter of blood. Leukocytes are crucial to our defense against disease. They are able to slip out of the capillary blood vessels in a process called diapedesis where they mount inflammatory or immune responses
formed elements
living blood cells, suspended in a nonliving fluid matrix called plasma
Aplastic anemia
may result from destruction or inhibition of the red marrow by certain drugs and chemicals, ionizing radiation, or viruses. IN most cases, though, the cause is unknown. Because marrow destruction impairs formation of ALL formed elements, anemia is just one of its signs. Defects in blood clotting and immunity are also present. Blood transfusions provide a stopgap treatment until stem cells harvestede from a donor's blood, bone marrow, or umbilical cord blood can be transplanted.
spectrin
network of proteins, this one is attached ot the cytoplasmic face of RBC plasma membranes, contains the biconcave shape of an erythrocyte. is deformable, allowing erythrocytes to change shape as necessary-to twist, turn, and become cup shaped as they are carried passively through capillaries with diameters smaller than themselves-and then to resume their biconcave shape
reticulocyte
nucleus degenerates and is pinched off, allowing the cell to collapse inward and eventually assume the biconcave shape. the result is this. (a young erythrocyte) so named because it still contains a scant reituclum (network) of clumped ribosomes.
deoxyhemoglobin
oxygen detaches from iron, hemoglobin resumes its former shape, and the resulting deoxyhemoglobin, or reduced hemoglobin, becomes dark red.. The released oxygen diffuses from the blood into the tissue fluid and then into tissue cells.
oxyhemoglobin
oxygen-bound form of hemoglobin. When oxygen binds to iron, hemoglobin now called oxyhemoglobin, assumes a new three dimensional shape and becomes ruby red.
defensins
potent "brew" of antimicrobial proteins
blood doping
practiced by some athletes competing in aerobic events, is artificially induced polycythemia. Some of the athlete's red blood cells are drawn off and stored. The body quickly replaces these erythrocytes because removing blood triggers the erythropoiten mechanism. Then, when the stored blood is reinfused a few days before the athletic event, a temporary polycythemia results. Since red blood cells carry oxygen, the additional infusion should translate into increased oxygen-carrying capacity due to a higher hematocrit , and hence greater endurance and speed. The practice is considered unethical and has been banned from the Olympic Games.
erythropoiesis
process of erythrocyte formation.
Secondary polycythemias
result when less oxygen is available or EPO production increases. RBC counts of 6-8 million/microliters are common in such people because of living in high altitudes.
iron-deficiency anemia
secondary result of hemorrhagic anemia, also results from inadequate intake of iron-containing foods and impaired iron absorption.
reticular cells
secrete the connective fibers
blood
serves as a transport "vehicle" for the organs of the cardiovascular system. cardio-heart, vasc=blood vessels. is the only fluid tissue on the body. It appears to be a thick, homogenous liquid, but the microscope reveals that is has both cellular and liquid components. it is a specialized connective tissue in which living blood cells, called the formed elements, are suspended in a nonliving fluid matrix called plasma. Blood lacks the collagen and elastic fibers typical of other connective tissues, but dissolved fibrous proteins become visible as fibrin strands during blood clotting.
erythrocytes -red blood cells (RBCs)
small cells, about 7.5 micrometer in diameter. Shaped like biconcave discs-flattened discs with depressed centers-they appear lighter in color at their thin centers than at their edges. look like miniature doughnuts when viewed with a microscope. mature erythrocytes are bound by a plasma membrane, but lack a nucleus. have essentially no organelles. little more than "bags" of hemoglobin (Hb), it picks upoxygen in the capillaries of the lungs and releases it to tissue cells across other capillaries throughout the body. It also transports some 20% of the carbon dioxide released by tissue back to the lungs.
physical characteristics and volume of blood
sticky, opaque fluid with a characteristic metallic taste. Depending on the amount of oxygen it is carrying, the color of blood varies from scarlet (oxygen rich) to dark red (oxygen poor). It is more dense than water and about five times more viscous, largely because of its formed elements. It is slightly alkaline, with a pH between 7.35 and 7.45. It accounts to 8% of body weight. Its average volume in healthy adult males is 5-6 L and 4-5L in females.
respiratory burst
the cells metabolize oxygen to produce potent germ-killer oxidizing substances such as bleach and hydrogen peroxide. In addition, defensin-mediated lysis occurs when the granules containing defensins merge with a microbe-containgin phagosome. The defensins form peptide "spears" that pierce holes in the membrane of the ingested "foe".
Basophils
the rarest white blood cells, accounting for only 0.5-1% of the leukocyte population. Their cytoplasm contains large, coarse, histamine-containing granules that have an affinity for the basic dyes. )basophil=base loving) and stain purplish-black. granulated cells similar to basophils, called mast cells, are found in connective tissues. Although mast cell nuclei tend to be more oval than lobed, the cells are similar microscopically, and both cell types bind to a particular antibody (immunogblobin E) that causes the cells to release histamine. However, they arise from different cell lines.
diapedesis
the white blood cells are able to slip out of the capillary blood vessels "leaping across"
buffy coat
thin, whitish layer. 1% of whole blood, leukocytes and platelets "formed elements"
Name five functions of the blood (transportation, controlling temperature, etc...)
transportation, regulation of body temperature, regulation of pH levels, maintenance of fluid levels, protection
Functions of erythrocytes?
transporting respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
acididosis
when the blood starts to become too acidic
leukocytosis
white blood cell count of over 11,000 cells/microliter is leukocytosis. This condition is a normal homeostatic response to an infection in the body. They are grouped into two major categories on the basis of structural and chemical characteristics-granulocytes and agranulocytes.
blood sinusoids
wide blood capillaries
bilirubin
yellow pigment of bile
Neutrophils (nu'tro-filz)
the most numerous white blood cells, account for 50-70% of the WBC population. Neutrophils are about twice as large as erythrocytes. The neutrophil cytoplasm contains very fine granules (of two varieties) that are difficult to see. Neutrophils get their name (literally "neutral-loving" because their granules take up both basic (blue) and acidic (red) dyes. Togther, the two types of granules give the cytoplasm a lilac color. Some of these granules contain hydrolytic enzymes, and are regarded as lysosomes. Others, especially the smaller granules, contain a poten "brew" of antimicrobial proteins called densins are our body's bacteira slayers, and their numbers increase explosively during acute bacterial infections such as meningitis and appendicitis. Neutrophils are chemically attracted to sites of inflmattion and are active phagocytes. They are especially partial to bacteria and some fungi, and bacterial killing is promoted by a process called a respiratory burst
hemaglobin
the protein that makes red blood cells red, binds easily and reversibly with oxygen, and most oxygen carried in blood is bound to hemoglobin. Normal values for hemoglobin are 13-18 grams per 100 milliliters of blood (g/100ml) in adult males, and 12-16 g/100 ml in adult females. It is made up of the red heme pigment bound to the protein globin.
