BLS Class

Largygneal spasm

Laryngeal spasm may occur in these situations, making passive ventilation during chest compressions minimal or nonexistent. Therefore, it is critical to make sure the child or infant's brain is oxygenated before leaving them to get additional resources.

when to check for pulse & breathing

about every 2 mins

If the patient is unresponsive or experiencing an altered level of consciousness, is breathing normally and has a pulse, follow these steps:

If you have not already done so, call for help to activate EMS, the rapid response team or the resuscitation team, as appropriate, and call for an AED. If you do not suspect a head, neck, spinal or pelvic injury, place the patient in a side-lying recovery position. If you suspect a head, neck, spinal or pelvic injury, maintain the patient in their current position. Avoid further moving the patient unless it is absolutely necessary. For example, if you need to leave the patient to call for help and/or get additional resources, place the patient in a side-lying recovery position. Monitor the patient until EMS, the rapid response team or the resuscitation team arrives.

if the AED pads look like they will touch since child is bit small, how to place?

posterior/anterior placement

cardiac arrest in children often occurs as the result of a

preventable injury (such as trauma, drowning, choking or electrocution).

If the patient appears unresponsive during the initial impression, immediately check for responsiveness using

the shout-tap-shout sequence.

when to use pediatric AED pads for child:

under 8 yrs, <55pd

For children or infants in respiratory arrest, deliver ______ ventilation every ________ seconds.

1 ventilation every 3-5 seconds

For adult patients, high quality CPR involves:

30 chest compressions followed by 2 ventilations.

Define myocardial infarction (heart attack)

A myocardial infarction (MI), or heart attack, refers to the necrosis (death) of heart tissue as a result of insufficient delivery of oxygenated blood to the heart. The sooner the signs and symptoms are recognized and treated, the lesser the degree of damage to the heart.

What is the difference in response from a person suffering from cardiac arrest versus heart attack?

A person in cardiac arrest doesn't breathe, doesn't have a pulse, and can't respond to you. Someone having a heart attack usually is conscious and breathing, has a pulse, and can answer your questions.

how do compressions help a choking patient?

Compressions may help clear the airway by moving the blockage into the upper airway and the oropharynx (mouth), where it can be seen and removed.

Respiratory Arrest: what to do + how long?

Deliver 1 ventilation every 5 to 6 seconds for an adult patient, with each ventilation lasting about 1 second and making the chest rise.

Difference between cardiac and respiratory arrest

During respiratory (or pulmonary) arrest, breathing stops. During cardiac arrest, blood flow stops. Technically, cardiac arrest means that the heart has stopped beating, but it's really assessed by the fact that blood flow is no longer detectable, even if the heart might still be trying to beat. In both respiratory arrest and cardiac arrest, the patient will be unconscious and not be breathing. However, respiratory arrest patients still have a beating heart that is pushing blood around the body. Cardiac arrest patients do not

call first

For a child or an infant whom you witnessed suddenly collapse, or for an unresponsive child or infant with a known cardiac condition: Call for help to activate EMS, the rapid response team or the resuscitation team, as appropriate, and call for an AED. Then, provide care based on the conditions found.

care first

For an unresponsive infant or child whom you did not see collapse: Provide 2 minutes of care based on the conditions found. Then, call for help to activate EMS, the rapid response team or the resuscitation team, as appropriate, and call for an AED.

chest thrust vs. abdominal thrust

For chest thrusts, pull straight back, performing quick inward thrusts into the patient's chest, as you would with abdominal thrusts. Do not thrust upward.

Read.

If Theo were unresponsive and not breathing normally (or only gasping) but had a pulse ≤ 60 bpm with signs of poor perfusion, she would tell Joe get help and an AED. Then, she would begin CPR. She would continue compressions and ventilations checking the pulse and breathing about every 2 minutes. If during pulse checks Theo's pulse increased to greater than 60 bpm, Amy would stop chest compressions but continue providing 1 ventilation every 3 to 5 seconds as long as Theo remained in respiratory arrest. If she did not find a pulse, she would continue CPR.

If the patient is unresponsive, is not breathing normally, and does not have a pulse:

If the patient is unresponsive, is not breathing normally (or only gasping) and does not have a pulse, they are in cardiac arrest. Start CPR within 10 seconds of recognizing cardiac arrest and use an AED when it is available. See Lesson 3 for more information. Remember: Cardiac arrest is different from myocardial infarction (or heart attack); however, a myocardial infarction can lead to cardiac arrest.

If the patient is unresponsive, but has a pulse:

If the patient is unresponsive, is not breathing normally (or only gasping) but has a pulse, they are in respiratory arrest. Deliver 1 ventilation every 5 to 6 seconds; each ventilation should last about 1 second and make the chest begin to rise. See Lesson 3 for more information.

how to check infant pulse

Open the airway to a neutral position. Simultaneously check for breathing and a brachial pulse for at least 5 seconds but no more than 10.

how to check adult pulse

Open the airway to a past-neutral position. Simultaneously check for breathing and a carotid pulse for at least 5 seconds but no more than 10.

how to check child pulse

Open the airway to a slightly past-neutral position. Simultaneously check for breathing and a carotid pulse for at least 5 seconds but no more than 10.

Difference between heart attack and cardiac arrest

People often use these terms interchangeably, but they are not synonyms. A heart attack is when blood flow to the heart is blocked, and sudden cardiac arrest is when the heart malfunctions and suddenly stops beating unexpectedly.

difference in compression technique for larger vs smaller child

Position one hand on top of the other with fingers interlaced and off the chest centered on lower half of the sternum. For smaller children, use the one-hand technique.

during respiratory arrest/cardiac arrest with opioid overdose, what is the priority?

Remember, delivering ventilations is the priority over administering naloxone during respiratory arrest. Remember, providing high-quality CPR is the priority over administering naloxone during cardiac arrest.

name all the compression depths

Since Aaliyah has reached the onset of puberty, you should follow adult CPR guidelines. For adults the proper chest compression depth is at least 2 inches (5 cm) but no more than 2.4 inches (6 cm). For children, you would compress to a depth of about 2 inches. For infants, you would compress to a depth of about 1½ inches (3.8 cm) or one-third the anterior-posterior diameter of the chest.

What is the correct ventilation rate for an adult patient in respiratory arrest?

The correct ventilation rate for Liz is 1 ventilation every 5 to 6 seconds.

when best to use BVM?

This is the recommended technique for operating the BVM when enough providers are available. Although a single provider often operates the BVM, evidence shows that two providers are needed to most effectively operate the equipment. When two providers are available to operate the BVM, one provider maintains an open airway and seals the mask with both hands in the E-C position, while the other provider delivers ventilations.

recovery position for infant

To place an infant in a recovery position, use the same technique you would apply for an older child. You also can hold an infant in a recovery position by: Carefully positioning the infant face-down along your forearm. Then supporting the infant's head and neck with your other hand while keeping the infant's mouth and nose clear.

What does an AED do?

Use of an AED may restore an effective heart rhythm, increasing the patient's chance for survival.

When drowning/some other hypoxic event is determined as cause of cardiac arrest:

When drowning or other hypoxic event is suspected as the cause of cardiac arrest, deliver two initial ventilations before starting CPR.

The Assess, Recognize and Care concept begins with

a rapid assessment, which includes performing a visual survey, checking responsiveness, opening the airway and simultaneously checking for breathing and a pulse.

infant: where to check for pulse

brachial pulse

If a choking patient becomes unresponsive

carefully lower them to a firm, flat surface, while protecting their head. Then, send someone to get an AED and summon additional resources (if appropriate and you have not already done so). Immediately begin CPR, starting with chest compressions.

The correct hand position to perform chest compressions is the

center of the patient's chest on the lower half of the sternum.

When the heart and normal breathing have stopped, the patient is in cardiac arrest and CPR is needed to

circulate blood containing oxygen to the patient's vital organs.

Agonal Breathing

isolated or infrequent gasps that occur in the absence of normal breathing in an unconscious patient. These breaths can occur after the heart has stopped beating and are considered a sign of cardiac arrest. Agonal breaths are not normal breathing. If the patient is demonstrating agonal breaths, you need to care for the patient as if they are not breathing at all.

When an advanced airway is in place, the compression-to-ventilation ratio

of 30:2 (adult) or 15:2 (child/infant) does not apply because compressions and ventilations are delivered continuously with no interruptions.

If an advanced airway is in place,

one provider delivers 1 ventilation every 6 seconds. At the same time, a second provider performs compressions at a rate of 100 to 120 per minute. In this case, the compression-to-ventilation ratio of 30:2 does not apply because compressions and ventilations are delivered continuously with no interruptions.

If you determine the patient is indeed unresponsive

open the airway and simultaneously check breathing and a carotid pulse for at least 5 seconds but no more than 10.