Blueprint FL5
Formula: displacement =
(velocity * time) + 1/2(acceleration * time^2)
Entropy generally increases when
- a solid/liquid is dissolved in solvent - solubility of a gas decreases and it escapes from a solvent - as molecular complexity increases due to increased movement of electrons
Asian cultures tend to place less emphasis on ___ and more on ___
1. individual factors 2. group factors so meritocracy scores of Asian students may be low compared to that of American students
Hess's Law ΔHrxn =
= Σ∆Hproducts - ΣΔHreactants
∆G°rxn =
= −RTln Keq
A fatty acid is composed of a carboxylic acid head and a tail end composed primarily of: A. hydrocarbon groups. B. phosphate groups. C. amino groups. D. sulfate groups.
A. hydrocarbon groups. Fatty acids are composed of a polar carboxylic acid head and a hydrocarbon tail.
Ten moles of the monoprotic, weakly acidic medication aspirin were added to water to make one liter of solution. If the pH of the resulting solution was 5.9, what is the approximate Kb for the non-diffusible form of aspirin? A. 0.1 B. 0.01 C. 0.001 D. 1
A. 0.1 Since we are given pH in the question stem, we will not be able to find Kb immediately. Instead, we need to calculate Ka and solve for Kb from that value. The Ka for the dissociation of a generic acid HA can be written as Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA], where all concentrations are measured at equilibrium. In the solution of aspirin described, the initial concentration of drug is 10 M. Since only a small amount of this weak acid will dissociate, this value is a good approximation for our final equilibrium [HA]. Next, we must find the proton concentration. Remember, [H+] = 10-pH. Here, the pH of the solution is 5.9, so [H+] = 10-5.9 M ~ 10-6 M. Since each HA molecule dissociates into equal parts [H+] and [A-], our value for [A-] must be 10-6 M as well. Returning to the Ka expression, Ka = [(10-6 M )(10-6 M)] / (10 - 10-6 M). Remember, we can estimate that [HA] = 10 M, even though its true final value is 10 M - 10-6 M! [(10-6 M )( 10-6 M)] / (10 M) = 10-12 M / 10 M = 10-13 M In water at 25°C, Ka•Kb = 10-14. Given this, Kb = 10-14/Ka = 10 -14/10-13 = 10-1 = 0.1.
During the initial reduction reaction shown in Figure 2, FAD receives how many protons and how many electrons from cholesterol? A. 1 proton and 1 electron B. 1 proton and 2 electrons C. 2 protons and 1 electron D. 2 protons and 2 electrons
A. 1 proton and 1 electron The question asks about the effect of cholesterol on FAD. Go to Figure 2. In reducing FAD to FADH, one electron and one hydrogen ion—one proton—were transferred to FAD from cholesterol. Remember that reduction is the gain of an electron. While we often use the movement of H atoms to spot REDOX reactions, they are defined by the transfer of electrons.
A pure sample of (R)-limonene has a specific rotation of +125.6. If a mixture of (R)-limonene and (S)-limonene has a specific rotation of +62.8, what are the percentages of the R and S enantiomers in this mixture? A. 75% R, 25% S B. 55% R, 45% S C. 45% R, 55% S D. 25% R, 75% S
A. 75% R, 25% S Since the enantiomers in this case must be present in unequal proportions, a weighted average of the components should be used. In this case, the weighted average is given; therefore, we can set up an equation. If we designate x as the percentage of R and 1 - x as the percentage of S, we can solve for x using this equation: (125.6)(x) + (-125.6)(1-x) = 62.8 125.6x - 125.6 + 125.6x = 62.8 251.2x = 188.4 x = 0.75 1 - x = 0.25 Therefore, R makes up 75% of the solution, while S comprises the remaining 25%.
The rates of diffusion of four drugs were tested: acetazolamide (pKa = 7.2), sulfadiazine (pKa = 6.5), warfarin (pKa = 5.0), and cephalexin (pKa = 3.6). Which drug will have the strongest conjugate base? A. Acetazolamide B. Sulfadiazine C. Warfarin D.Cephalexin
A. Acetazolamide The Ka and pKa values of acids are inversely related to each other (since pKaa = -log [Ka], and to corresponding Kb and pKb values of their conjugate bases. Thus, the strongest conjugate base will be produced by deprotonating the weakest acid. As pKa values decrease, acid strength goes up. Thus, the weakest acid present, acetazolamide has the greatest pKa value. You can also use the shortcut that at standard temperatures (which are present unless otherwise stated on the MCAT), pKa + pKb = 14. Thus as pKa increases, pKb decreases, which indicates a stronger base.
Assuming all other conditions are equal, which of the following amino acids is expected to have the most positive charge at physiological pH? A. Arg B. Met C. Asn D. Asp
A. Arg All of the amino acids listed should have a negatively-charged carboxylic acid terminal and a positively-charged amino terminal, so the distinguishing factor here is the side chain. Basic amino acids (of which arginine, or Arg, is the most basic) have nitrogenous side chains with the ability to gain a proton and thus be positively charged. At physiological pH, the side chain of Arg will have a charge of +1, making it the most positive of the given options.
In the human body, two farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) molecules are combined in a reaction that directly leads to which class of compounds? A. Cholesterol B. Sphingolipids C. Triacylglycerols D. Purines
A. Cholesterol the structure of FPP is highly suggestive of its combination with a partner and transformation into the fused 4-ring system common to cholesterol
A certain type of tissue is sensitive to radiation with the damage the tissue receives being directly proportional to the charge on the irradiating particle. Which of the following radiation types will cause the least damage? A. Gamma B. Positron C. Beta D. Alpha
A. Gamma They are no charge and simply high energy photons; particle with no charge would cause the least damage
A scientist uses an ultrasound device mounted to a vehicle to measure fluid flow underground. The device makes use of the Doppler effect to track fluid movement in the water table. Which of the following scenarios is most likely to produce a readable Doppler shift? I. The fluid is flowing at a velocity twice that of the sound-emitting device, in the same direction as the device is moving. II. The fluid is flowing at the same velocity and in the same direction as the sound-emitting device is moving. III. The fluid is not moving at all. A. I only B. III only C. I and II only D. I, II, and III
A. I only When the fluid travels with a different velocity than the sound source and in the same directional plane, it will produce a readable doppler shift
A participant in the study successfully quit smoking, but still finds that when he gets into the car, he turns on the cigarette lighter without being aware of what he is doing. What kind of memory is the participant using? A. Implicit memory B. Episodic memory C. Semantic memory D. Echoic memory
A. Implicit memory Implicit memory is subconscious memory that usually pertains to procedural behavior or conditioned responses. In this case, the participant was conditioned to start the cigarette lighter when he got into the car.
Valproic acid dissociates in water to form its conjugate ion, valproate. Valproate is expected to associate most strongly with a protein rich in which of the following residues? A. K B. D C. E D. S
A. K As the conjugate base of valproic acid, valproate must be negatively charged. As such, it will associate most strongly with positive species. Of the choices given, only K (lysine) is a basic amino acid and thus will have a positively-charged side chain at moderate pH levels.
The histological results of the biopsy of the patient's testicular tissue indicate that meiotic arrest most likely occurred during what stage? (when synapsis is occurring) A. Prophase I B. Prophase II C. Metaphase I D. Metaphase II
A. Prophase I According to the final paragraph, "the nuclear envelope was intact as expected," but there was "an abnormally small number of tetrads undergoing synapsis." During meiosis, synapsis (and chromosomal crossover) occurs only during prophase I.
One program leader has quit smoking very recently and still craves cigarettes frequently. She handles her urges by volunteering to help others in her community quit. Which defense mechanism from psychodynamic theory could best fit her behavior? A. Sublimation B. Reaction formation C. Intellectualization D. Rationalization
A. Sublimation According to psychodynamic theory, sublimation occurs when a person channels unacceptable urges, like a craving to smoke, into something more acceptable, like helping others to quit.
According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, which system is activated preceding emotional response? A.The autonomic nervous system B.The somatic nervous system C.The central nervous system D.The enteric nervous system
A. The autonomic nervous system The autonomic nervous system controls physiological responses, which precede emotional response under the James-Lange theory.
When the outer hair cells vibrate, they generate a standing wave in the closed organ of Corti, which amplifies the frequency of interest at particular locations along the basilar membrane. How will the length of the enclosed space within the organ of Corti vary along the length of the basilar membrane to explain this? A. The length of the enclosed space in the organ of Corti will increase linearly from the base to the apex of the cochlea. B. The length of the enclosed space in the organ of Corti will decrease linearly from the base to the apex of the cochlea. C. The length of the enclosed space in the organ of Corti will decrease exponentially from the base to the apex of the cochlea. D. There should be no change in the length of the enclosed space of the organ of Corti, as length has no impact on the frequency of standing waves.
A. The length of the enclosed space in the organ of Corti will increase linearly from the base to the apex of the cochlea. In order for the standing wave generated by the outer hair cells to amplify the resonant frequency of the basilar membrane, it will have to match it to produce constructive interference. Thus, the fundamental frequency of the standing waves at each location along the organ of Corti should match the basilar membrane resonant frequency at that same location. Thus, in order to increase the wavelength, λ, it would be necessary to increase the length, L, of the enclosed space within the organ of Corti.
In the study, the injection of adrenaline is: A. an unconditioned stimulus. B. a conditioned stimulus. C. an unconditioned response. D. a conditioned response.
A. an unconditioned stimulus. An unconditioned stimulus is one for which the subject has not been conditioned. In other words, it is a stimulus that naturally leads to a particular response. The adrenaline injection promotes a response, even though the subjects have not been conditioned to respond in that manner.
The capacitance of a nerve membrane can be increased by: A. decreasing the width of the membrane. B. decreasing the surface area of the membrane. C. decreasing the charge stored across the membrane. D. increasing the voltage difference across the membrane.
A. decreasing the width of the membrane. For the MCAT, you should remember that capacitance is directly proportional to area but inversely proportional to the distance between the two sides of the capacitor. Thus, decreasing the width of the membrane (choice A) would actually increase capacitance.
A highly exclusive new restaurant opens in a nation's busiest metropolitan area. Within days of opening, the restaurant's reservation list is booked for the following two years. The best friend of one of the acquaintances of the maître d' is able to get a table one night with no reservation. The best friend: A. demonstrated use of social capital. B. took advantage of his personal charismatic authority. C. got something despite lack of social status. D. has high cultural capital.
A. demonstrated use of social capital.
Unlike the cells from which human organs are composed, the cell of a unicellular organism such as algae: A. has a genome where nearly all material codes for protein. B. typically utilizes mitosis for cellular division. C. can perform catabolic reactions to gain energy from macromolecules. D. contains membran
A. has a genome where nearly all material codes for protein. Nearly 95% of the human genome does not code for proteins or RNA. In contrast, the genomes of both prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotes largely lack introns. In these organisms, most genetic material does code for protein products.
Both narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) and BPD are classified as Cluster B personality disorders in the DSM-5. Carl Rogers would argue from the humanistic perspective that NPD results from incongruence between: A. self-concept and reality. B. self-concept and self-image. C. self-esteem and self-concept. D. ideal self and reality.
A. self-concept and reality. Narcissistic personality disorder occurs when patients have an inflated sense of their own importance and a deep craving for admiration. The inflated sense of importance implies that patients have a disconnect with reality, so the correct answer must be either choice A or D. Narcissistic personality disorder deals more with who patients think they already are (their self-concept), not who they want to be (their ideal self).
Alcohols can be processed by
ADH in the liver
Mendels law or Independent assortment
Alleles of different genes sort independently of one another during gamete formation
Dissociation constant (Kd)
An equilibrium constant for the dissociation of a complex of two or more biomolecules into its components; for example, dissociation of a substrate from an enzyme. low Kd means that the ES complex doesn't readily dissociate into enzyme and substrate so it is stable - the lower the Kd, the greater the ES binding affinity
Antioxidant activity is an important function of which of the following vitamins? A. Vitamin B1 B. Vitamin E C. Vitamin D D. Vitamin K
B Vitamin E Vitamin E refers to a set of closely-related, lipid-soluble compounds that function as antioxidants. Additional possible functions of vitamin E are under investigation, but for the purposes of the MCAT it is primarily considered an antioxidant
The distance between the ears for an average adult male is 20 cm. If a wave with a frequency of 17,000 Hz hits both the right and left ear and has a phase difference of 5π radians between the two, what is the difference in distance between the origin of the sound and each ear (velocitysound in air = 343 m/s)? A. 2 cm B. 5 cm C. 8 cm D. 20 cm
B. 5 cm If the phase difference between the sound wave hitting the right and the left ear is 5π, then the difference in distance from the origin of the wave to the right and the left ear is 2½ wavelengths, as (5π radians) / (2π radians / λ) = 2 ½ λ. Thus, the wavelength is needed in order to determine the difference in distance. The wavelength can be found by using the frequency and velocity in the following equation: v = λf. Rearranging for wavelength gives: λ = v/f. Plugging in velocity and frequency gives: λ = 343 m/s / 17000 Hz. In order to estimate, round 343 to 340 and use scientific notation: λ = 3.40 x 102 / 1.7 x 104 = 2 x 10-2 m = 2 cm Thus, the difference in distance = 2.5λ = (2.5)(2 cm) = 5 cm.
A patient presents in the emergency department having ingested a large quantity of tolbutamide. Intravenous administration of which of the following compounds is most likely to increase the rate of urinary excretion of the drug? A. KCl B. NaHCO3 C. NH4ClO4 D. NaCl
B. NaHCO3 In order to increase the percentage of drug excreted in the urine, it is necessary to decrease the fraction of tolbutamide capable of reabsorption, or diffusion out of the lumen of the nephron. Paragraph 3 says that for weakly acidic drugs, the uncharged state is capable of diffusion through membranes much more than the charged form. Thus, to prevent reabsorption, we must maximize the charged form of tolbutamide. Wecan do this to a weak acid by deprotonating the drug (rendering it negatively charged) via administration of a base. This will increase blood and urinary pH (i.e. decreasing [H+]) and increase the fraction of ionized drug present. Urinary alkalinization can be accomplished by administration of a basic salt, like NaHCO3 (the salt of the conjugate base of carbonic acid).
Some eukaryotic cells are covered with small ciliary projections used for absorption, while others contain larger flagella used for propulsion. These cellular structures are composed of: A. microfilaments. B. microtubules. C. intermediate filaments. D. myosin.
B. microtubules. Eukaryotic cilia and flagella are composed of bundles of microtubules. Note that this differs from prokaryotic flagella, which are formed from the protein flagellin.
A single sports fan is capable of yelling at an intensity level of 80 dB from a given distance. If 10,000 similar fans were all yelling from the same distance, which of the following would be closest to the observed intensity level? A. 84 dB B. 120 dB C. 160 dB D. 320 dB
B. 120 dB 10,000 fans would be capable of yelling at an intensity 10,000, or 104, times greater than the single fan alone. According to the decibel scale, this would correspond to an increase of 40 dB
A researcher analyzing a genome measures a cytosine composition of 19%. What is the expected adenine composition of this genome? A. 19% B. 31% C. 38% D. 62%
B. 31% In DNA sequences, cytosine binds to guanine and adenine binds to thymine. Thus (A+T) + (G+C) = 100%. If A+T = 62%, then G+C = 38%. Therefore A = T = 31%.
Three individuals: one from a large urban center in Canada, one from a remote rural village in Bulgaria, and one from a tribe in the Brazilian jungle, are presented with the following stimuli. Which of them is most likely to be interpreted the same way by all three individuals? A. Hunched body posture and upright body posture B. A facial grimace and a smile C. A long, loud sigh D. A shout of a vulgar word in a Romance language
B. A facial grimace and a smile Facial expressions are by far the most universally recognized human expression.
The equivalence point of the titration of tolbutamide with NaOH was reached by adding 50 mL of NaOH. Which of the following correctly describes the solution during this process? A. The solution had a pH less than 7.1 at the equivalence point. B. After addition of 25 mL of NaOH, the pH of the solution was greater than 5. C. The concentration of the charged form of tolbutamide was greater than neutral tolbutamide during the titration. D. The concentration of the charged form of tolbutamide was less than neutral tolbutamide during the titration.
B. After addition of 25 mL of NaOH, the pH of the solution was greater than 5. If 50 mL of NaOH represents the volume of titrant required to reach the equivalence point, then 25 mL is the volume added at the half equivalence point. At this point, one half of the original tolbutamide present will have been converted to its conjugate base, and their concentrations will be equal. According to the Henderson-Hasselbach equation, when the values of protonated acid and conjugate base are equal, pH = pKa + log 1 = pKa + 0 = pKa. At the half-equivalence point, pH of solution equals the pKa of the analyte. According to paragraph 3, tolbutamide's pKa is 5.3.
During oxidative phosphorylation, which membrane complex transfers electrons from succinate to coenzyme Q? A. Complex I B. Complex II C. Complex III D. Complex IV
B. Complex II Complex II, like complex I, transfers electrons to coenzyme Q. Complex I receives its electrons from NADH, while complex II receives electrons from succinate.
Two separate gel electrophoresis analyses are performed on a sample of purified α enzyme and the following results are obtained: SDS-PAGE: 1 band SDS-PAGE + dithiothreitol: 3 bands Which prediction about the enzyme structure is most strongly supported by these observations? A.Enzyme α contains a high ratio of charged to uncharged residues. B.Enzyme α contains more than one subunit. C.Enzyme α contains a low ratio of charged to uncharged residues. D.Enzyme α is post-translationally methylated.
B. Enzyme α contains more than one subunit. Dithiothreitol (DTT) is a reducing agent often used during SDS-PAGE to further denature proteins by reducing/cleaving disulfide linkages and breaking up the quaternary protein structure (oligomeric subunits). The presence of one band when not exposed to DTT and three bands when exposed to DTT suggests that at least two disulfide linkages are present in the enzyme, and that these linkages hold three separate subunits together.
Which of the following acids is expected to generate the strongest hydrogen bonding? A. HI B. HF C. HCl D. HBr
B. HF Fluorine is the most electronegative element and hydrogen bonding when H is bonded to F O or N
One explanation for the development of personality uses the biological perspective, which emphasizes the influence of genetics and brain biology in determining an individual's behavioral, emotional, and cognitive patterns. Which of the following psychologists' views are most closely aligned with this perspective? A. Abraham Maslow B. Hans Eysenck C. B.F. Skinner D. Gordon Allport
B. Hans Eysenck Hans Eysenck is noted for the first empirical study he published on genetics of personality in 1951, which investigated the trait of neuroticism in identical (i.e., monozygotic) and fraternal (i.e., dizygotic twins).
According to the statistical phenomenon known as "regression to the mean," what would happen to the participants' attitudes about smoking cessation if they were assessed a third time, at a six-month follow-up point? I. A greater number of participants would express strong attitudes about smoking cessation. II. A smaller number of participants would express strong attitudes about smoking cessation. III. Participants' attitudes would not change and would remain stable over time A. I only B. II only C. I and II only D. I, II, and III
B. II only Regression to the mean refers to responses becoming less extreme when participants are assessed again, instead of becoming less moderate or average. In this study, individuals who became more moderate would be less likely to agree with strong attitudes about smoking cessation, so a smaller number would endorse that particular response (II).
When Bs1A is assembled as an octamer, what is most likely to be true regarding L76, L77, and L79? A. They are oriented toward the solvent-exposed exterior of the protein assembly. B. The assembly would incur an entropic penalty if they occupied a solvent-exposed site. C. Unlike in a monomer, they are not situated within the hydrophobic cap. D. Their physiochemical properites are not substantially dependent on their hydrophobicity.
B. The assembly would incur an entropic penalty if they occupied a solvent-exposed site. Entropic penalty refers to the thermodynamically disfavored requirement of forming a cage of polar solvent molecules around surface-exposed hydrophobic portions of a molecule. In the case of Bs1A protein folding, an entropic penalty would be incurred if L76, L77, and L79, which in the octamer are sheltered from solvent molecules, were to become exposed to these molecules, requiring formation of an orderly solvation shell around that hydrophobic portion of the Bs1A cap by solvent molecules and thus incurring an entropic penalty.
If the tympanic membrane has three times the diameter of the oval window (to amplify sound as it is transmitted through the ossicles) how would it impact the results shown in Figure 2 if the same experiment was performed on a mouse on whom the tympanic membrane had not been bypassed? A. The higher intensity would shift the values shown in Figure 2 to the left. B. The higher intensity would have no impact on the curve shown in Figure 2. C. The higher intensity would increase the wavelength of the sound waves, shifting the values in Figure 2 down and to the right. D. The higher intensity would shift the values shown in Figure 2 up.
B. The higher intensity would have no impact on the curve shown in Figure 2. The question asks about how an increase in intensity would change the results shown in Figure 2. The values in Figure 2 were determined by changing the frequency of waves entering the cochlea and measuring the location of maximum amplitude along the basilar membrane. From paragraph 3, it is also clear that the frequency of resonance or maximum amplitude is based on the mass and stiffness of the particular portion of basilar membrane. So, changing the intensity of the incoming sound wave should have no impact on where the maximum amplitude occurs (i.e., what frequencies will vibrate certain locations) but will instead only increase the amplitude of vibration at those locations.
In comparison to the cohesive forces between water molecules of the protein solution droplet, how can the strength of interaction between water and oil molecules at an oil-water interface be characterized? A. Weaker, because of the larger surface area of the hydrophobic cap B. Weaker, because they are forces created by induced polarity in nonpolar molecules C. Stronger, because of the predominance of Van der Waals forces D. Stronger, because of sequestration of hydrophobic cap residues from the solvent
B. Weaker, because they are forces created by induced polarity in nonpolar molecules The Van der Waals forces that exist between molecules of water and of oil are predominately of the induced dipole-dipole type. Here, a small, temporary dipole is induced in molecules of oil by the permanent dipole of water, resulting in a weak attraction between the molecules. This is a weaker interaction than the hydrogen bonding that predominates in the interaction between water molecules.
As described in the passage, the kidney's response to alcohol consumption is most similar to its response to: A.low blood osmolality and low blood pressure. B.low blood osmolality and high blood pressure. C.high blood osmolality and low blood pressure. D.high blood osmolality and high blood pressure.
B. low blood osmolality and high blood pressure. The question is asking us what physiological conditions would lead to the same response as what is observed during alcohol consumption. Based on the passage, we know that alcohol decreases the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidney, so it must increase the amount of water excreted in the urine. This is similar to the kidney decreasing water reabsorption, which it does in cases of high blood pressure or low plasma osmolality (our answer here). As a result of this decreased reabsorption, blood volume decreases and blood pressure becomes lower.
If it was found that girls performed more poorly in mixed-gender science classes because of gender stereotypes, and if that led to the pattern of results seen in the study, this is an example of: A. sexual dimorphism. B. stereotype threat. C. availability heuristic. D. cognitive dissonance.
B. stereotype threat. Stereotype threat occurs when individuals perceive that they are expected to perform in a certain way based on a stereotype, such as gender norms about academic performance. These individuals then unwittingly follow this pattern. This answer addresses stereotypes, which include the idea that girls do poorly at math and science. The girls appeared to have "fulfilled" this stereotype.
An object viewed in full sunlight can be seen to have several shades, running from light blue on the left side of the object through teal to light green on the right side of the object. Viewed in moonlight, the same object appears a uniform grey. This is due to: A. the increased activation of the optic nerve due to sympathetic upregulation. B. the decreased light sensitivity of cones relative to rods. C. the increased night-vision image clarity created by the fovea. D. the stereoptic vision created by having two front-facing eyes.
B. the decreased light sensitivity of cones relative to rods. Cones perceive color and have higher visual acuity, but require greater amounts of light to function properly. Rods are sensitive to lower light levels but do not generate color vision. At night with diminished light, more of the brain's visual input will come from the colorless perception of rods, thus making objects appear with less color.
In locations with very low dissolved O2 concentrations in drinking water, the observed Ksp of ferrous (II) hydroxide will be: A. slightly smaller. B. the same. C. slightly larger. D. much larger.
B. the same. Equilibrium constants, including Ksp, are not affected by concentration. These constants are only altered by changing temperature
If the majority of the baseball's kinetic energy comes from power generation in the legs and hips, approximately how much energy do the lower extremities produce in the pitch? A. 65 J B. 70 J C. 140 J D. 810 J
C. 140 J The kinetic energy of the baseball can be calculated using the equation 1/2 mv2. Paragraph 2 tells us that the average velocity of the ball is 30 m/s and its mass is 150 g, which is equivalent to 0.15 kg. KE = (½)(0.15 kg)(30 m/s)2 KE = (½)(0.15)(900) KE = (0.15)(450) = 67.5 J The ball ends up with 67.5 J of KE, but the question asked for how much energy the lower extremities generated (eliminate choice A). Table 1 shows us the overall efficiency of each energy transfer. Using these, we can calculate how much energy was needed to end up with 67.5 J of KE in the ball. The overall efficiency of the kinetic chain can be calculated by multiplying the efficiencies of each step, and we can round the numbers to make our calculations easier. Efficiency = (0.9)(0.9)(0.7)(0.8) = 9*9*7*8 x 10-4 = (81)(56) x 10-4 ≈ (80)(60) x 10-4 = 4800 x 10-4 = 0.48 ≈ 0.5 Thus, the total energy generated in the lower extremities in order to ensure that 67.5 J makes it to the ball is 67.5 J / 0.5 = 135 J. If you are uncomfortable choosing a number that is not exactly what was calculated, you only need to remember that we estimated by rounding up to 0.5. Thus, our denominator in the final calculation, 67.5/0.5, is a bit larger than it should be, making our final value smaller than it would be had we not rounded or used a calculator (exact value of 67.5/ 0.48 =140 J). Thus, we round up and choose choice C.
Which of the following compounds may be effectively removed from waste water by a sand filter with IPB? I. 1,4-dichlorobenzene II. Methanol III. 1,2-ethanediol A. I only B. II only C. II and III only D. I, II, and III
C. II and III only The passage states that filters with IPB produce a polymer that traps hydrophilic compounds, but not hydrophobic ones. Thus, we need to choose the Roman numerals that represent hydrophilic species. Due to their alcohol groups, methanol and 1,2-ethanediol are both hydrophilic, or water-soluble (II and III).
George Mead's social theory presents the part of the self which is called the "me" as the: A. autonomous sense of self that reacts to the attitudes taken in from society. B. part of the self that generates moral behavior and is critical of the self's thoughts and actions. C. collection of attitudes taken from society. D. organized, realistic part of the self that mediates between base desires and moral impulses.
C. collection of attitudes taken from society. In Mead's theory of the nature of the self, people are divided into the "I" and the "me." The "me" is the collection of attitudes taken from society, whereas the "I" is the autonomous sense of self that reacts to the "me."
An unknown fluid has a specific gravity of 0.750. What is the volume of 22.5 kg of this fluid? A. 10 L B. 20 L C. 30 L D. 40 L
C. 30 L Volume = mass / density. Specific gravity relates the density of an object (or fluid, as is the case here) to the density of water, which is 1000 kg/m3. This fluid, then, must have a density of 750 kg/m3. Note also that 1000 L = 1 m3. 22.5 kg x (1 m3/750 kg) x (1000 L/1 m3) = 30 L
If all of the subjects of the study did so on a voluntary basis, what type of organization would that be? A. A mimetic organization B. A coercive organization C. A normative organization D. A utilitarian organization
C. A normative organization The three general types of organizations are coercive, normative, and utilitarian. Because these subjects are volunteering, they are participating in a normative organization.
If a given channel in a nerve membrane shows a preference for transporting larger solutes, which of the following would increase the likelihood of a given particle being transported by the channel? A. Removing an electron from a K atom to create a K+ ion B. Subjecting a dipeptide to proteolysis C. Adding an electron to a Cl atom to create a Cl- ion D. Removing two electrons from a Ca atom to create a Ca2+ ion
C. Adding an electron to a Cl atom to create a Cl- ion The question states that the channel favors larger solutes. Adding electrons to make a negatively charged ion would increase the radius of the particle, making it larger. Thus going from a Cl atom to a Cl- ion would increase the likelihood of it being transported by this channel.
Which of the following molecules would be expected to have the lowest tissue concentrations in active skeletal muscle deprived of O2? A.Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate B.Lactate C.Citrate D.Pyruvate
C. Citrate Under anaerobic conditions (in the absence of oxygen), pyruvate undergoes fermentation to lactate in the cytoplasm instead of being transported to the mitochondria for conversion to acetyl-CoA. Thus, acetyl-CoA will not be present to enter the Krebs cycle and will not be converted to citrate.
What is the primary process responsible for the loss of latent heat and entropy from the ocean at the air-sea interface in Table 1? A. Precipitation B. Condensation C. Evaporation D. Melting
C. Evaporation A negative latent heat implies that the phase change that is occurring is consuming energy. Therefore, the phase change that is occurring is melting, evaporation or sublimation. The fact that this process is occurring at the air sea interface means that the phase change must involve the gas phase. That fact rules out melting. Since sublimation is not an option, will go with evaporation. It makes sense that with evaporation, the ocean is losing entropy at the expense of the atmosphere which is gaining gas particles
The synaptonemal complex with which TEX11 interacts serves as a protein-DNA bridge between what nuclear bodies? A.Sister chromatids B.Chromosomal centromeres C.Homologous chromosomes D.Meiotic spindles
C. Homologous chromosomes Synapsis is the pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis. According to paragraph 2, the synaptonemal complex is "a structure which facilitates interaction between synapsing chromatids." This protein structure bridges together synapsing chromatids from homologous chromosomes during synapsis (and possible recombination).
In addition to the regions mentioned in the passage, which part of the brain is most closely tied to the "limbic system?" A. Occipital lobe B. Cerebellum C. Hypothalamus D. Frontal lobe
C. Hypothalamus While there is no universal agreement on the total list of structures that comprise the limbic system, the main brain regions that are recognized to constitute the core limbic system are the amygdala, hippocampus, limbic cortex, septal area, and hypothalamus.
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by dysregulation of the hormone insulin. Which of the following statements about insulin is/are correct? I. Insulin is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas. II. Insulin directly acts on glucose in the blood. III. Insulin is a peptide hormone. A. I only B. I and II only C. I and III only D. I, II, and III
C. I and III only Insulin is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas (I). Insulin is a peptide hormone, as is characteristic for hormones that have a quick-acting effect (and that end in -in) (III). It is not II because insulin does not directly interact with glucose in the bloodstream; instead, it acts to reduce blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells (II)
A researcher carries out a column chromatography at physiological pH, using a stationary medium with a net positive charge. If a solution containing the following oligopeptides is poured into the column, which oligopeptide will most likely be found in the first fraction collected? A. DDGE B. EILD C. KRVV D. VEGP
C. KRVV If the stationary phase has a net positive charge, then oligopeptides with negative charges will be attracted to the stationary phase and will move more slowly through the column. KRVV is lysine-arginine-valine-valine which would have a charge of + 2. The positive charge would cause it to not bind the stationary phase and allow it to elute quickly.
During normal development in the seminiferous tubules, what class of Tex11 non-expressing somatic cells is responsible for nourishing sperm cells? A. Leydig cells B. Chromaffin cells C. Sertoli cells D. Granulosa cells
C. Sertoli cells During spermatogenesis, the main function of Sertoli cells is to nourish the developing sperm cells. These cells are located in the epithelial lining of the seminiferous tubules and are activated by FSH
Each of the following structures are derived from the mesoderm EXCEPT: A. Kidneys B. Spinal cord C. Triceps D. Circulatory system
C. Triceps This structure develops from the mesoderm.
The results of the study suggest that a likely factor contributing to participants' emotional response was: A. the fundamental attribution error. B. cognitive dissonance. C. misattribution of arousal. D. the availability heuristic.
C. misattribution of arousal. The subjects who were uninformed about the potential effects of the adrenaline injection incorrectly thought that they were emotionally responding to the arousing situation. This perfectly constitutes misattribution of arousal, as the subjects attributed their arousal to the wrong cause.
Some people believe that school success should be based on hard work, but in actuality there are a number of extraneous factors that contribute to student success. These are examples of: A. inductive meritocracy and deductive meritocracy, respectively. B. deductive meritocracy and inductive meritocracy, respectively. C. prescriptive meritocracy and descriptive meritocracy, respectively. D. descriptive meritocracy and prescriptive meritocracy, respectively.
C. prescriptive meritocracy and descriptive meritocracy, respectively. In sociology, prescriptive refers to what an individual believes should occur, while descriptive refers to what one perceives as actually occurring.
The sequence of a typical HERV (human endogenous retroviruses) is most likely to contain a gene that codes for: A. the production of a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. B. the production of an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. C. the production of an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. D. the production of a helicase enzyme.
C. the production of an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. The passage states that HERVs, or human endogenous retroviruses, arose through the integration of retroviral material into the genome. It also mentions that HERVs are able to perform reverse transcription, a process that requires the enzyme reverse transcriptase. This enzyme catalyzes the production of DNA from an RNA template. Reverse transcriptase thus must have DNA polymerase activity, since it builds a new DNA strand; it is also RNA-dependent, since it reads an RNA template.
A bacterium has a faulty lac operon in which there is a structural defect in the operator. In this bacterium: A. there is a mutation in a segment of DNA that binds a promoter. B. a missense mutation is found in the gene that codes for the repressor. C. there is a structural problem with a segment of DNA that binds a repressor. D. there will be no proteins available capable of digesting lactose.
C. there is a structural problem with a segment of DNA that binds a repressor. In the lac operon, the operator is the segment of DNA that binds to the repressor. In the absense of functional repressor/operator binding, the cell will constitutively produce the proteins needed for lactose metabolism. Although this may not be fatal to the cell, it will waste energy if the surroundings lack lactose.
Light inside the thin glass tube of a laproscopic surgical device strikes the edge of the glass tube and is entirely reflected back into the tube, with none of the light exiting to the surrounding medium. Which of the following must be true? A. θincident = 90º B. θincident = 0º C. θincident ≥ θcritical D. θrefracted = θincident
C. θincident ≥ θcritical The question describes total internal reflection, when a light ray bounces inside a medium with a higher refractive index than the surrounding medium. For a light ray to totally internally reflect, rather than exit and refract (bend), the light ray must strike the edge of the glass tube at an angle equal or greater than the critical angle.
IR absorption spectrum with a strong signal at 1750cm-1 indicates the presence of
C=O bond which is typically exhibited in 1650-1750 range
The gastric juices in the stomach have a pH of approximately 2. What is the hydroxide ion concentration in this solution? A. 100 M B. 10-2 M C. 10-7 M D. 10-12 M
D. 10-12 M If the pH is 2, then the pOH must be 12, because pH + pOH = 14. The pOH = -log[OH-] or [OH-] = 10-pOH, and therefore the [OH-] = 10-12.
What is the molar solubility of ferrous (II) hydroxide in water at 25°C? A. 2.1 x 10-8 B. 8.2 x 10-8 C. 2.8 x 10-6 D. 2.1 x 10-5
D. 2.1 x 10-5 The passage states that the Ksp of ferrous (II) hydroxide is 3.2 x 10-14. When Ksp is known, we can determine molar solubility from the dissociation reaction. Fe(OH)2 (aq) + H2O (l) → Fe2+(aq) + 2 OH- (aq) Note that Fe(OH)2 dissociates into three ions (one Fe2+ and 2 OH-). Given this 2:1 ratio, Ksp = [Fe2+][OH-]2 = [x][2x]2 = 4x3, where x represents the molar solubility. Next, we must divide Ksp by 4, then take its cube root to solve for x. Dividing 3.2 by 4 is more difficult than dividing 32 by 4, so we can manipulate scientific notation and rewrite Ksp in an easier format. Ksp = 4x3 = 3.2 x 10-14 = 32 x 10-15 8 x 10-15 = x3 2 x 10-5 = x
Which of the following DNA oligomers, if in a double-stranded alpha helix conformation, would melt at the lowest temperature? A. 5'-CGCGCGTATCGACAAG-3' B. 5'-GGCGCGTATCGACAAG-3' C. 5'-GACGCGTCTCGACGGC-3' D. 5'-GATGCATATCGATAAA-3'
D. 5'-GATGCATATCGATAAA-3' Double-stranded DNA comes apart (melts) into two single-stranded fragments at elevated temperatures. Because there are three hydrogen bonds holding C and G residues together and only two such bonds between A and T, the more A/T residues in a segment, the lower the melting point. Conversely, the more C/G residues, the higher the melting point. Among the segments listed, choice D has the most A/T residues and thus the lowest melting point.
Which of the following subcultures would least likely be described as a meritocracy? A. A gang whose leader is chosen based on how many members of a rival gang he has killed B. A financial firm in which the yearly bonuses paid out to employees are based on the performance of the financial assets managed by each employee over the past five years, not just the past year C. A college department that grades all of its exams anonymously using automated grading software and randomized student ID numbers that are unknown to the professors D. A financial firm in which many of the vice-president positions are occupied by close family members of the members of the Board of Directors
D. A financial firm in which many of the vice-president positions are occupied by close family members of the members of the Board of Directors A meritocracy is one in which selections, appointments, and advancement are made on the basis of merit - skills, credentials, achievements, etc. Since this is a "least" question, we are looking for an answer in which status and social position is not gained through merit. In choice D, rewards (positions of power) are allocated on the basis of family connections, rather than personal skill and hard work.
Which of the following factors would be most likely to cause acetic acid to completely dissociate in aqueous solution? A.Higher temperatures, which increase the pKa of the acid B.Enzymes that catalyze the forward reaction C.Continuous addition of acetic acid to the solution D.Continuous removal of protons from the solution
D. Continuous removal of protons from the solution In acid dissociation reactions, aqueous H+ is a product. Le Châtelier's principle states that removing one or more products will cause equilibrium to shift toward the product side of the reaction. In other words, if protons are continually removed from the solution, acetic acid will continue to dissociate.
Presbyopia is diagnosed when the lens of the eye focuses incoming light rays to a position between the retina and the choroid. Which type of lens should be placed in front of the eye to focus light on the retina and correct this condition? A. Flat B. Spherical C. Diverging D. Converging
D. Converging The problem with presbyopia (far-sightedness) is the image is formed behind the retina rather than on the retina. A converging lens will converge light rays before they can pass the retina and focus light closer to the retina.
Projection and rationalization serve as ego defense mechanisms in those affected by BPD. In which portions of the mind would Sigmund Freud argue that the ego functions in these individuals? I. Conscious mind II. Unconscious mind III. Preconscious mind A. I only B. I and II C. I and III D. I, II, and III
D. I, II, and III Sigmund Freud defined the ego as the principle which drives to please the id in realistic ways that will provide benefit (and reduce grief) in the long term. It has the capacity to act through the conscious mind (i.e., awareness at the present moment), the unconscious mind (i.e., processes that occur automatically in the mind and are not available to introspection), and the preconscious mind (i.e., thoughts in the minds that are unconscious but can be recalled if necessary).
Which of the following statements describe an obstacle researchers would face in implementing a similar transduction procedure to treat cancerous growth within patients? I. Gene incompatibility between patients with different endogenous copies of p53 II. Patient immunological response to the transduction virus III. Effective virus delivery into the entirety of the tumor A. I only B. II only C. I and III only D. II and III only
D. II and III only Transduction is mediated by viruses, which produce an immunological response when encountered by human cells (II). In order to arrest the growth of a tumor, nearly all (if not all) of the tumorous cells have must be successfully altered with the gene in question. Simply introducing the new gene to a small number of cells will be ineffective, as the remaining cancerous cells will repopulate the tumor and continue to grow uncontrollably (III).
Several Salmonella species are facultative anaerobes. Assuming that other external conditions are controlled for, would the expected growth rate of a Salmonella colony be slower in the presence or absence of O2? A. In the presence of O2, because aerobic respiration produces CO2, a byproduct that is lethal to facultative anaerobes. B. In the presence of O2, because the final product of aerobic respiration contains more energy than the final product of fermentation. C. In the absence of O2, because the bacteria will need to produce pyruvate decarboxylase, an enzyme required for entrance to the Krebs cycle. D. In the absence of O2, because these conditions result in lower production of ATP, which can fuel binary fission.
D. In the absence of O2, because these conditions result in lower production of ATP, which can fuel binary fission. Facultative anaerobes can produce energy in the presence or absence of O2. In the presence of O2, the bacteria undergo aerobic respiration, which produces approximately 19 times as many ATP molecules per molecule of glucose as does anaerobic respiration. (Note that the fermentation step itself does not yield any ATP; it simply regenerates the NAD+ required to continue glycolysis.) ATP is necessary for many cell processes, including reproduction; thus, conditions that lead to less ATP are expected to lead to a lower growth rate.
Which of the following segments of amino acids would be most likely to be found in the membrane-spanning domain of the sodium channel in a nerve axon? A. DDR B. EVE C. LAD D. LIV
D. LIV The inside of the membrane is hydrophobic, so the membrane-spanning domain of a protein will likely consist of more hydrophobic amino acid residues. Only choice D consists of three amino acids all of which have hydrophobic side chains: leucine, isoleucine, and valine all have hydrocarbon R groups as side chains.
Which of the following solvents would lead to the fastest SN1 reaction? A. n-hexane B. Benzene C. Tetrachloromethane D. Propanol
D. Propanol SN1 reactions proceed faster in protic solvents. SN2 reactions prefer polar aprotic solvents. The only protic solvent here is choice D
Mr. Smith believes his son John smokes marijuana because he looks very similar to "typical stoners" that Mr. Smith has seen. John sometimes smells a little funny and has been dressing differently because he has started practicing yoga - he has to wear loose clothes at the studio and he smells because his teacher burns incense in class. What cognitive heuristic did Mr. Smith use when judging John? A. Adjustment heuristic B. Anchoring heuristic C. Availability heuristic D. Representativeness heuristic
D. Representativeness heuristic Mr. Smith believed his son's look (and smell) was similar to a category of people (typical teens who smoke marijuana) and inferred that he had all of the attributes of a person who smokes.
The transition from a vapor phase directly to a solid form is known as: A. condensation. B. freezing. C. sublimation. D. deposition.
D. deposition Deposition refers to a gas-to-solid transition. This phase change skips over the liquid phase entirely.
Sociologists have found that for first-generation immigrants from West African nations, health outcomes and healthcare disparities are relatively minor compared to white and Asian populations, whereas the children of West African immigrants experience health outcomes and healthcare disparities nearly aligned with US-born African American populations. This sharp downward change in a single generation is likely: A. a negative consequence of social segregation into ethnic enclaves. B. due to lifelong exposure to higher socioeconomic environment of the US as compared to West African nations. C. unrelated to educational attainment. D. due to increased social and cultural integration in the US.
D. due to increased social and cultural integration in the US. Children who are born in the US tend to show outcomes that are similar to other US-born people in the same demographic group. This demonstrates that the second-generation immigrant children have socially integrated more fully into the US culture.
Which of the following is true concerning oligodendrocytes? They: A. work in concert with Schwann cells to myelinate peripheral nerves. B. myelinate motor nerves but not sensory nerves in the peripheral nervous system. C. myelinate sensory afferent nerves but not motor afferent nerves. D. serve to increase nerve c
D. serve to increase nerve conduction velocity in the central nervous system. Oligodendrocytes myelinate nerves in the central nervous system, which increases nerve conduction velocity.
It is likely that if this study were conducted in a different culture, the results of the study would be: A.greater feelings of anger in misinformed people than in this study. B.unknowable because happiness and anger are culturally-specific emotions. C.that naïve participants would have greater levels of emotion in the anger and happiness condition. D.similar to this study.
D. similar to this study. This question requires the reader to recognize that the emotions studied were anger and happiness, two of the universal emotions. Thus, it stands to reason that this study would yield similar results if conducted in another culture.
A particular oncogene product with an unusually high number of proline residues is most likely to use these residues: A. to aid in the formation of alpha helices. B. to be found primarily throughout beta-pleated sheets. C. to aid only in the formation of antiparallel beta-pleated sheets. D. to be found in turn regions of the protein.
D. to be found in turn regions of the protein. The unusual cyclic structure of proline creates a high degree of rigidity in the primary structure of a protein and disrupts the normal formation of alpha or beta secondary structures. Thus proline is much more likely to be found in the unstructured "turn" regions of a protein between the larger secondary structures.
Acetylated histones are less attracted to ___ than deacetylated histones
DNA
Work =
F*d*cos(theta) KEfinal-KEinitial
Postconventional stage of development
Kohlberg's Stage of Moral development Concern for mortality and the good of society, rather than social rules and laws
Preconventional stage of development
Kohlberg's Stage of Moral development Concern for rewards and punishments outweighs social rules and laws
Explicit/Declarative Memory
Long-term memory for factual knowledge and personal experiences. This type of memory requires a conscious effort to remember and entails making declarations about the information remembered hippocampus (think HM)
Implicit/Nondeclarative Memory
Long-term memory for procedural tasks, classical conditioning, and primary effects. This type of memory does not require conscious awareness or the need to make declarations about the information remembered cerebellum
IR absorption with a strong signal at 3000cm-1 indicates the presence of
O-H (hydroxyl) bond
Norepinephrine (PNS)
PNS nt -used in postganglionic connections in the sympathetic ANS - Increases arousal and alertness and focuses attention
Epinephrine
PNS nt stimulates fight/flight response
DNA synthesis occurs during __ phase of the cell cycle
S (synthesis)
Formula: Power =
Work in joules / time
Anomie
a breakdown between individuals and cultural norms, leading to widespread sense of alienation between individuals and their society
Mass hysteria
a collective delusional belief that something is threatening (like vaccines). It spreads through fear and misinformation.
Dopamine
a neurotransmitter that regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure, and emotional arousal - reward pathways
Schachter-Singer theory
a stimulus first leads to physiological arousal, then a cognitive interpretation of the circumstances, and finally a perception of emotion
Formula: change in velocity =
acceleration * time
In human metabolism, the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation are
aerobic processes
Limbic system brain structures:
amygdala, hippocampus, limbic cortex, septal area, and hypothalamus.
Conflict theory
analyzes social interactions in terms of the conflict between the powerful and powerless (high and low status, and rich and poor)
Functionalism
analyzes society as a working set of interdependent parts, rather than focusing on conflicts between different social classes
Tautomers
are structural isomers that interconvert with each other and exist in equilibrium. The most commonly encountered is keto-enol isomerism, in which a ketone interconverts with an enol (a structure with an C-OH group and an adjacent C=C bond, instead of a C=O bond and an adjacent C-C bond, as in a ketone). At room temperature, the keto form is favored, but the enol form contributes significantly to some reaction mechanisms, and the deprotonated intermediate (known as an enolate ion) is also important for some reactions.
Binary Fission
asexual reproduction in bacteria Steps: replication, in which the chromosome is duplicated while the cell grows; segregation and growth of a new cell wall, in which the chromosomes are pulled towards different sides of the cell and the cell envelope begins to grow towards the middle of the cell; and finally, the separation of two daughter cells
Parkinson's
associated with dopamine/loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra
Mimetic organization
attempt to copy another organization
Amphiphiles
chemical compounds that possess both hydrophobic and hydrophilic elements soaps, detergents, biological molecules (lipoproteins, bile acids)
enantiomers
chiral mirror images of each other and have the same atomic connectivity
Ozonolysis
cleaves double bond in half, it only oxidizes the carbon to an aldehyde under reducing conditions. if ozidizing make same product as KMNO4
aliphatic compound
containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched trains or non-aromatic rings
mRNA degrades easily in the
cytoplasm
Periphery countries
dependent on core nations for capital and lack a strong centralized government
Long Term Memory
divided into implicit(nondeclarative) and explicit(declarative memory)
Drugs that are prone to abuse can act on reward pathways and the main reward neurotransmitter is
dopamine
Working Memory
element of short term memory that allows us to consciously process and manipulative a few pieces of info interplay between short term mem, attention, executive brain function
Glutamate
excitatory neurotransmitter, most common as 90% brain cells are responsive to glutamate
Angiogenesis
formation of new blood vessels which can be an important aspect of the development of cancer
Transformation
genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane
Constitutional isomers
have same molecular formula but differ in their connectivity
in chromatin, DNA is wrapped around
histone proteins
Prevalence
how common the disease is
Social construction theory
human activity as consisting of human creations made through countless individual human choices and through interactions, primarily mediated through language
Deshielding effect leads to
increased chemical (downfield) shifts for N-H proton resonances due to the removal of electron density
Primacy effect
information that is presented first has a disproportionate influence on your perception of a person
Glycine
inhibitory neurotransmitter found in the spinal cord and brainstem
Sensory memory
initial recording of encoded sensory information; most fleeting iconic (visual, few tenths of a second) and echoic (auditory, 3-4 seconds)
Azimuthal quantum number
l Orbital angular momentum and describes shape of orbital - subshell of n in which the e is found -values are 0 to n-1 l=0 in s subshell, l=1 in p subshell, l=2 in d subshell, l=3 in f subshell
Short term Memory
lasts 30 seconds without repetition about 7 pieces of information at once can be bolstered by repetition and mnemonic devices
lower bone density may indicate
low calcium levels
Mechanisms that have a ____ delta H are thermodynamically favored
lower
GABA
main inhibitory neurotransmitter. of the CNS, and it hyperpolarizes cells to reduce AP firing alcohol binds and activates GABA receptors (so alcohol is a GABA agonist)
Open system
matter is exchanged and can exchange heat
Normative organization
members join based on some shared, moral goal (like American Red Cross)
Principal quantum number
n the potential energy of the electron and approximate radial size of an electron cloud
Acetylcholine
neurotransmitter in the PNS that activates muscle contraction at the NMJ
Closed system
no exchange of matter but can exchange heat
isolated system
no exchange of matter or heat
coercive organization
organizations in which members are forced to join (like prison)
Utilitarian organization
organizations where members are compensated for their involvement. employees of a particular company share membership in a utilitarian organization
Transduction
process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus such as a bacteriophage
If a phenotype skips generations, the allele must be
recessive (carriers do not express the phenotype)
Respect for autonomy
refers to respecting patients' rights to make decisions about their own healthcare
Social capital
refers to things of value that one possesses by virtue of social networks, rather than through material possessions. The best friend in this scenario was able to use his connection to the maître d' to get something he wanted through use of a social network.
Serotonin (PNS)
regulates intestinal movement in the gastrointestinal tract
serotonin (CNS)
regulates mood, appetite, and sleep in the brain low levels are associated with depressive mood disorders
Primary social group
stable, often life long relationships - family, childhood friends
geometric isomers
stereoisomers such as cis vs trans
diastereomers
stereoisomers that are not enantiomers and have the same connectivity
Symbolic Interactionism
studies how people interact by using shared understanding of certain symbols
Endorphins
suppress pain and can produce euphoria
Secondary social group
temporary relationships that are unlikely to last, such as neighbors at a temporary home or coworkers at a second job
Bacterial Conjugation
the direct transfer of genetic material (DNA) from one bacterial cell to another
Nondisjunction is
the failure of chromosomes to separate properly during anaphase I of meiosis or the failure of sister chromatids to separate properly during anaphase II of meiosis
Expressivity
the intensity or extent of variation in the phenotype
Bystander effect
the more people present, the likelihood of a someone helping goes down rather than up
Mortality
the number of people who die from the disease
Projection
the process of attributing one's own undesired thoughts or feelings onto another person For example, if you have resentment toward your roommate, you may instead believe that your roommate has resentment toward you
Morbidity
the relative incidence of disease
Group polarization
the tendency that groups have to make decisions that are notably more extreme than the initial, individual opinions of their members
Loose interactions between DNA and histone proteins promote
transcription
Doppler effect
used to analyze moving objects/fluids so a doppler shift is only registered if the fluid is moving relative to the source of sound (device) and at least some component of the fluid's velocity must exist in the same directional plane as the wave's velocity and it must be different from the velocity of the sound source
Formula: displacement =
velocity * time
Power units
watts
Core nation
well-developed, wealthy capitalist nations that control many resources, have powerful militaries, and strong state institutions
Group think
when a group of people has such a strong desire for harmony and individual conformity that the group makes irrational decisions
Incomplete dominance
when a heterozygote displays a blended phenotype pink phenotype comes from red or white
Groupthink
when group members are pressured to make decisions as the group is insulated from outside opinons and make irrational choices without considering other available evidence
Codominance
when two dominant allele can be expressed at the same time ABO blood types
ΔG =
ΔH - TΔS
