BLY 122 exam 4

When humans experience jetlag, this is a result of their lunar clocks being disrupted.

False

When studying animal behavior, the mechanistic approaches that are used to evaluate causation and development are more useful than using an analysis of adaptive functions and evolutionary history.

False

A paleontologist is trying to understand the niche of Triceratops during the Cretaceous Period. What could she study to characterize Triceratops's niche?

Fossilized plant matter found near Triceratops fossils (and dating from the same period). Tooth marks on fossilized Triceratops bones, to determine what animals preyed on Triceratops. Fossilized Triceratops excrement, to determine what this animal ate. Soil or rock samples dating from the Cretaceous Period, which could yield some information regarding climate during that time. All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the tail of a male peacock?

It functions in intersexual selection and helps a male peacock to attract a mate.

How does a vaccination help to prevent a disease?

It generates a population of memory cells that speed up response to an actual infection.

Recall that the age structure histogram (for humans) of India is shaped like a pyramid. What does this tell you about India's population?

It is growing.

Which of the following describes adaptive immunity?

It is the basis for vaccines

Which of the following describes innate immunity?

It reacts to a wide variety of pathogens.

Which of the following best describes the genetic basis of behavior?

Most behaviors are influenced by many genes, and a few behaviors are strongly influenced by a single gene.

Trees in rainforests have high tree species richness, but low density. In deciduous forests the pattern is the opposite. Which of the following is not a plausible explanation for this pattern?

There are fewer species in temperate regions because the number of trees per hectare is lower than in tropical rainforests.

Which of the statements below about honeybee communication is not correct?

The workers use olfactory cues to go out and find food once given a sample by returning foragers.

Consider a species of fruit bat. Which of the following factors play a role in the distribution of these fruit bats?

What organisms, if any, prey upon fruit bats. The dispersal capabilities of this species of fruit bat (i.e. could these bats fly to uncolonized islands). What organisms compete with these fruit bats for particular food sources or nesting areas. All of these choices are correct.

Clonal selection results in the formation of:

all of these

Greenhouse gases:

all of these

What are the potential consequences of increasing crop growth to feed a growing human population?

all of these

What cellular process is involved in the release of histamine or cytokines?

all of these

Which of the following is a possible outcome of activation of the complement system?

all of these

Which of the following statements about coral bleaching is true?

all of these

Your friend insists that any changes in atmospheric CO2 levels or global temperature are nothing to worry about. He claims that these are actually normal fluctuations that have occurred for thousands of years on Earth, and that human activities play no role in these processes. What evidence could you provide to counter this argument?

all of these

Similar to the tundra, but without a permanent ice layer, this biome is characterized by low and slow growing plants with little protection from UV radiation.

alpine

Recall that instead of expending energy fleeing or hiding from coyotes, foxes will instead settle in "coyote-poor" environments. This is not:

an example of intraspecific competition

Many species of fish are found in schools, large groups of conspecifics all swimming with one another. Which of the following terms best describes the distribution of schooling fish?

clumped

An interaction in which one partner benefits with no effect on the other is called a:

commensalism.

Barnacles on the bellies of whales or on the shells of mollusks are examples of:

commensalism.

The sum total of the populations that live in a given area is called a(n):

community.

Which of the following is a type of interaction in which both parties are harmed?

competition

Benefits associated with symbiotic relationships might include all of the following except:

competitive exclusion.

Exponential growth depends on the per capita growth rate (r) of a population gradually increasing over time.

false

K-strategists tend to inhabit "unpredictable" environments and also have population densities near the carrying capacity of an environment.

false

Many facultative mutualisms probably began as obligate relationships.

false

Most of Earth's primary production comes from tropical rainforests.

false

Niche and habitat have the same meaning

false

Seasons are caused by the Earth's elliptical orbit around the sun.

false

Symbiotic relationships between species do not change over time.

false

The sequence of species that colonize a recently disturbed area through succession is unpredictable.

false

Stimulus recognition is often carried out by specialized sensory receptors called ______________ detectors.

feature

Imagine that a scientist takes a group of Anolis lizards and introduces them into an enclosure at a research facility in continental South America. He notes that the lizards thrive in this new environment. The fact that Anolis lizards could survive in habitats outside of the Caribbean is a reflection of their ____ niche; their _____ niche is determined by predation and resource availability.

fundamental; realized

Diversity can be described at many different levels. Which of the following is not a level of diversity considered by conservation biologists?

genetic diversity within an individual

What determines the specificity of the hypervariable region of an antibody?

genomic rearrangement

Antibody diversity is primarily the result of:

genomic rearrangement.

An autoimmune disease occurs when:

immune cells react to antigens normally present on host cells.

Depletion of a resource by one species, which lowers the availability of that resource to other species, is an example of:

indirect competition.

Which of the statements below does not accurately describe the navigational ability of homing in birds?

A biological clock used for time cues is not necessary for a homing pigeon to use the sun compass.

Which of the sentences below best supports the claim that natural selection has favored genes that underpin a species-specific behavior?

A male responds to a female-produced pheromone.

From the moment that a behavior appears in a population, that behavior is always used for a certain function or purpose. For example, if "scent-marking" behavior in lions first developed as a way to attract mates, it will never be used by lions to mark their territories.

False

Song in White-Crowned Sparrows is learned by imprinting, and even if deprived of hearing the adult male song during the sensitive period, the young males will always sing the father's song.

False

Courtship displays are behaviors that will not be performed if members of a species have been raised in isolation.

False

What accounts for the lysis of a bacterial cell in the presence of a membrane attack complex?

osmosis leading to swelling and rupture of the cell

Organisms that take up inorganic nutrients and convert them to organic molecules such as carbohydrates and proteins are called:

primary producers

A chemical spill selectively kills all the bacteria in a half-acre of soil, leaving other soil organisms unharmed. Which of the following cycles would most disrupted?

the nitrogen cycle

A researcher knows the geographic range of a population of butterflies. Given only this information, what else can she deduce about this butterfly population?

the parasites/predators that these butterflies may encounter

This biome is situated around the equator and boasts the greatest biodiversity of any biome.

tropical rain forest

At its earliest stages, a logistic growth curve closely resembles an exponential growth curve.

true

Competition can occur over resources such as space, mates, and nesting sites, not just over food.

true

Frogs have evolved highly specific sensory receptors for different components of their own species-specific calls--in fact, each auditory nerve is "tuned" to be maximally responsive to distinct features of the call.

true

In contrast to an association made between a stimulus and a behavior, in operant conditioning an association is made between a behavior and a response.

true

Which of the following best describes a species' niche?

its habitat and how it uses available resources in that habitat

A species that has a disproportionately large effect on a community is called a _____ species.

keystone

Sea stars, otters, and beavers through their influence on prey populations and habitat modification are considered __________ species.

keystone

Which of the following is not a role of helper T cells?

killing cells

Choose the statement below that does not accurately characterize associative learning.

learning that occurs in the absence of reward or punishment

Warm air is _____ dense than cold air, and warm air holds _____ moisture than cold air.

less,more

A mutualism in which the survival of one or both participants is dependent on the other is:

obligate.

Which of the following does not contribute to the formation of dead zones?

ocean acidification

Where would Toll-like receptors be synthesized in a phagocyte?

on the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Competition can only occur between members of the same species.

false

Which of the statements below about the circadian clock is correct?

-A circadian clock is a set of molecular mechanisms that cycle on their own and keep a regular rhythm Circadian clocks are dependent on a set of clock genes. -Physiological or behavioral aspects of an animal are controlled by its biological clock. -Circadian clocks regulate daily rhythms such as feeding, sleeping, hormone production, and core body temperature

Which of the statements below about Hymenoptera is correct?

-Group benefits come from living in and defending the nest. -Degree of relatedness (r) is higher for sister-sister relationships (0.75) than for mother-daughter relationships (0.5). -they exhibit care of the young with clear and consistent division of labor between reproducer (queen) and non-reproducers (workers). -Sex determination includes diploid females (queen and workers) and haploid males (drones).

Imagine that you have a cat that is purring on your lap. Which of the following questions would Niko Tinbergen ask about this behavior?

-How many genes—if any—direct purring behavior in cats? Do cats learn to purr from their maternal parent? Their paternal parent? -Why did purring first evolve in cats? Was this behavior initially used by cat ancestors to attract mates? To communicate between female cats and their kittens? -Do cats that purr have a greater rate of survival than those that don't? Does purring in cats serve any reproductive purpose? -Is there any relationship between the cat's larynx and purring? Does air move over the cat's larynx in a specific way to produce a "purr"?

Which of the following is an example of communication?

-The bright red flowers of a poinsettia and the pollinators it attracts -two male elks standing next to one another, evaluating one another's antlers and stature -pheromones produced by a termite queen that attracts workers in the colony -the waggle dance of bees to inform other members of the colony as to the location of a food source

Imagine that you are in the midst of WWI and are with a group of allied forces trapped behind enemy lines. You and your group are stranded, and the only way to message for help is to send a homing pigeon to your base. How will the homing pigeon find its destination?

-The pigeon will use all of these things in its flight back to base. -The pigeon may use olfactory cues to fly back to base. -The pigeon may fly back to base using the sun and stars as compasses. -The pigeon may be able to fly back to base using the Earth's magnetic field. -The pigeon will likely use landmarks or map information to return to the base.

Choose the statement below that does accurately characterize associative learning.

-linking or associating a behavior with a reward -operant conditioning -a form of conditioning in which two stimuli are paired -pairing a stimulus that leads to a specific behavior with a neutral stimulus that initially had nothing to do with the specific behavior

Which of the following would be examples of sexual dimorphisms?

-the bright yellow feathers of male goldfinches and the brown feathers of female goldfinches -the large antlers of male deer and the lack of antlers in female deer -the manes of male lions and the lack of manes in lionesses -the elaborate tails of male peacocks and the subdued tails (or lack thereof) of female peacocks

Look at Figure 45.17 in the textbook. What is the probability that the niece or nephew of the individual in the gray shaded box will have the A allele?

0.25

Look at Figure 45.17 in the textbook and consider the individual in the gray shaded box. What is the probability that this individual will pass on the A allele to its offspring?

0.5

Approximately _____ of the energy and biomass available at one trophic level is passed to the next.

10 percent

How many kilograms of biomass at the primary producer level would be required to support 20 kilograms of biomass at the tertiary consumer level?

20,000

A marine ecologist counts the number of octopus in three different intertidal regions that are each two hectares. The octopus counts are 7, 2, and 6 respectively. What is the best estimate of population density for this particular species of octopus?

5

Which of the statements below about European digger wasps, Philanthus triangulum, is not correct?

After foraging for honeybees to feed her larvae, she finds her nest in the sand using her specialized olfactory sheet.

Which of the following mechanisms are causal explanations for bird song?

Air passing through a bird's specialized singing organ, the syrinx, vibrates the surrounding organs.

Which of the following is not an example of an ecosystem service?

All of these choices are considered ecosystem services.

We often think that biologists are primarily responsible for coming up with solutions to climate change. How could engineers also help to reduce atmospheric CO2 levels?

All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following are responsible for the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria?

All of these choices are correct.

The Arctic has been a key research area for the study of predator/prey dynamics in the community because:

Arctic communities are generally smaller in size.

If we examine the standard of living in Australia, Saudi Arabia, and India, we find that Australia has the highest standard of living, India has the lowest standard of living, and Saudi Arabia has an intermediate standard of living. Based on this information, which of following shows the correct listing of these countries from largest to smallest in terms of ecological footprint?

Australia, Saudi Arabia, India

Why does the number of species on an island level off at S?

Because resources become scarce as more species colonize an island. Because predation increases as more species colonize an island. Because extinction rates increase as more species colonize an island. Because colonization rates eventually decrease. All of these choices are correct.

Which of the statements below about behavior shaped by experience is not correct?

Behaviors shaped by experience are primarily genetic and are inherited.

Which of the statements below about the circadian clock is not correct?

Circadian clocks are completely dependent on the movement of the sun

If a stimulus that leads to a behavior is paired with a stimulus that is neutral and does not evoke a particular behavior, and the animal is repeatedly exposed to the two paired stimuli, the animal's behavior will be evoked by the bell alone. This is called _____________ conditioning.

Classical

Which of the statements below about hormone effects on behavior is not accurate?

Compared to hormone action, neurons are much less specific in their actions.

_____ is an interaction in which individuals require the same resource, and therefore the availability of that resource is lowered.

Competition

Which of the statements below does not describe non-associative learning?

Conditioning occurs when an animal learns to link or associate two events.

Which of the following statements about the concept of an ecological footprint is false?

Countries with the largest population sizes have the largest ecological footprints.

A mature collection of species, called a _____, makes up the final stage of succession.

climax community

Why are many of the world's deserts found at 23 to 30 degrees latitude?

Descending air masses warm as they go, absorbing more water vapor.

Phenotypic differences between the sexes are called sexual ________________

Dimorphism

46.3 Age- Structured Population Growth

Direct counting and mark-and-recapture methods permit ecologists to assess the size and density of populations in a particular place. However, not all organisms in a population contribute equally to population growth because some reproduce more than others. Therefore, it is also useful to take into account individuals that have differing reproductive capacities, variation that most often depends on differences in age. Page 1011

Which of the following statements regarding the loss of biodiversity is false?

Earth is losing 2.5 percent of its species annually.

If a person wanted to change Earth's climate and came up with a way to add copious amounts of water vapor to the atmosphere, how would the climate be affected?

Earth's temperature would increase and its weather patterns would change.

A male cricket creates sounds that we call "chirps" by rubbing one wing against the other. When is this considered an act of communication?

Every time the chirp is heard by some other organism that changes its behavior in response to the signal.

Which of the following hypothetical lines of evidence would most strongly refute the hypothesis that there are more species in the tropics because they have existed for longer periods of time than biomes at higher latitudes?

Evidence that speciation rates of organisms at the equator are faster than those at higher latitudes.

Which of the following statements about global warming is correct?

Higher latitudes have warmed more than equatorial regions

Which of the statements below about sex-specific behaviors in Anolis carolinensis lizards is not correct?

If the courtship stimulus is not present, then ovarian development rate increases in Anolis carolinensis lizards.

Which of the following class of immunoglobulin proteins is associated with allergies?

IgE

46.4 Metapopulation Dynamics

In nature, the populations of many, if not most, species are patchily distributed across the landscape, just as they are among islands in an archipelago (Chapter 22). Deer occur only where there are forest patches of suitable size, milkweeds occur only in open fields, and ducks need to be near water. Local populations are therefore usually separated from one another in space and are connected only occasionally by individuals that migrate between habitat patches. Moreover, some habitat areas that could, in principle, support populations of a given species are unoccupied. How does this kind of distribution influence the dynamics—that is, the change in abundances—of populations in nature? page 1015

Which of the statements below about Hymenoptera is not correct?

In terms of genetic representation in the next generation, it is better for the workers to produce more offspring rather than help the mother produce more sisters.

Which of the following statements about patterns of energy use among countries is false?

Individuals in larger countries use more energy than individuals in smaller countries

Competition among members of one sex for access to the other sex is called _____________________ selection.

Intrasexual

Which of the following statements is true regarding the mark-and-recapture method?

It assumes that the size of the population of interest remains constant between the initial mark and subsequent recapture measurements. It can be represented by the equation: N = C/R x M. It can rely on members of a species being identified by physical characteristics (i.e., fin markings on whales). It is used to estimate the size of a population of interest. All of these choices are correct.

Urrrrrgh

Just

In the logistic growth curve depicted in Figure 46.6, as time goes on, what value would you expect N to approach? Click to view full size.

K

Which of the following statements about the physiological responses of plants to increasing temperatures and carbon dioxide levels is false?

Many plants devote more resources to reproduction under these conditions.

You have discovered a new species of seal and are observing their behavior on a beach. You see groups of females affiliated with a single male. What data support the hypothesis that sexual selection played a role in the evolution of these behaviors?

Most of the offspring of a single group are parented by the male that defends the group.

Which of the following is a form of nitrogen that can be utilized by plants?

NO3- and NH3

_____ allows populations to adapt to the abiotic and biotic conditions where they live.

Natural selection

What is generally true about biomass and energy as we move from one trophic level to the next?

Not all energy is transferred to the next trophic level.

A woman observes a hawk perched in the branches of a pine tree. Suddenly, the hawk swoops down and catches a chipmunk that has been eating sunflower seeds at the woman's bird feeder. The hawk returns to its nest, which is in a nearby oak tree. Through this scenario, what can you tell about the niches of the organisms involved?

Oak trees or pine trees can serve as suitable shelter for hawks. Hawks prey on chipmunks. Chipmunks serve as food sources for hawks. Chipmunks feed on seeds in their environments. All of these are correct.

Which of the following statements about ocean acidification is false?

Ocean acidification increases the availability of carbonate ions in seawater.

If you were a doctor at a local hospital in the United States, how would humans' impact on the evolution of organisms impact your work?

Patient mortality may increase as drug-resistant pathogens become more prevalent.

Hypoxia (oxygen depletion) is a challenging problem in coastal ecosystems worldwide. If nutrient inputs, especially nitrogen, are in excess in a coastal sea, which sequence of events below could lead to dead zones as a result of hypoxia?

Phytoplankton productivity and biomass increase, and after they die, decomposition of their dead biomass by bacteria depletes the oxygen in the deeper waters causing other organisms to leave or die.

You observe a chimpanzee use a stick to dig termites out from a nest. How could you determine if this digging behavior is learned or innate?

Raise chimps in isolation from other chimps and see if the chimps still exhibit the behavior.

Overlap of niches can be minimized through:

Resource partitioning

Why would a pharmaceutical company be concerned about species loss, especially in areas where species composition and diversity are not completely characterized?

Species loss could result in the extinction of plants from which medicinal compounds could be derived (consider quinine).

_____ describes the number of individuals in a species that survive from one life cycle stage to the next.

Survivorship

Movement in a specific direction in response to a stimulus is called a______________

Taxis

Decline of a predator population in an area affects only the prey population on which it feeds.

false

Imagine that you are at dinner with a group of friends. The topic of climate change comes up, and one of your friends insists that climate change is a myth. What evidence would you provide to convince your friend that climate change is actually occurring, and that humans play a role in this process

That the world's oceans have become more acidic, the direct result of excess human-produced CO2 being released into the environment.

Two people place flags simultaneously on the surface of the Earth. One flag just north of the South Pole (at approximately 85 degrees), and one flag at the equator (approximately 0 degrees). Which of the statements is a correct reflection of their speed?

The flag at the equator travels faster than the flag at the pole because it will go further in one day (i.e. one turn on its axis).

A hummingbird is attracted to the red, tubular flowers of a trumpet vine. It drinks nectar from the flower and, in doing so, collects pollen that it transfers to the next flower. In this form of communication, who is the sender, who is the receiver, and what information is being transferred?

The flower is the sender, the hummingbird is the receiver, and the availability of nectar is the information

Which of the following statements about global warming and the greenhouse effect is correct?

The greenhouse effect can lead to global warming

Imagine that a population of meerkats exhibits an exponential growth curve. What does this tell you about the intrinsic growth rate (r) of the meerkat population?

The growth rate has remained constant.

What is the evidence that human activity is causing increased atmospheric CO2 levels?

The isotopic composition of atmospheric CO2 can be measured and shows that CO2 being added to the air now comes from combustion of fossil fuels.

A group of scientists in Alaska notices that not only have atmospheric CO2 levels increased at their sampling site but so too have methane levels. What could account for this increase in methane levels?

The release of methane from thawed permafrost.

A conservation group has established a new sanctuary for an endangered species of rabbit. What are the ideal characteristics of this sanctuary?

The sanctuary is large enough to support a growing number of rabbits. The sanctuary is located in close proximity to another local rabbit population. The sanctuary is seeded with enough rabbits so that they can easily find mates. The sanctuary is not populated by rabbit predators. All of these choices are correct.

Which of the statements below about the behavioral effects governed by forS and forR in Drosophila is not correct?

The sitters usually become obese due to their stationary foraging behavior.

46.2 Population Growth and Decline

The size of a population may increase, decrease, or stay the same over time. Trends in population size are a key focus of ecological research and its application to conservation biology. A decrease in size through time, for example, might signal declining health in a local population—a matter of practical concern when the population in question is a commercially harvested fish or an endangered species. In the 1990s, catastrophic declines in cod populations led to a ban on commercial cod fishing on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. The decline affected both cod and cod fishers, and it also led to changes in Grand Banks ecosystems: Crab and lobster populations have increased as there are fewer cod to prey on them. page 1007

Patterns of primary productivity in marine environments are not delineated in the same way as in terrestrial environments. Why are there regions of high primary productivity at 60 degrees N and S in the oceans, when these are not regions of high productivity on land?

There is higher nutrient availability at these latitudes, supporting more primary producers.

Which of the following statements is true regarding cooperative hunting in killer whales?

This behavior consists of a coordinated effort between several whales to generate a wave, which knocks a seal off an iceberg.

Which of the statements below is the most reasonable explanation for why many mammals, such as deer, give birth in the spring?

This is the result of certain mammals having seasonal clocks dependent on photoperiods.

Which is not a hypothesis that attempts to explain the latitudinal diversity gradient?

Tropical areas have larger population sizes for a given species.

Group selection is not an evolutionarily stable strategy.

True

In certain species, sexual selection has resulted in males being more muted or subdued in their appearance compared to females. Furthermore, in these species males could be considered choosier when picking a mate compared to females.

True

Learning is often based on imitation, including human learning.

True

Look at Figure 45.17 in the textbook. If the individual in the gray shaded box does not reproduce so that its sibling will have two offspring, then the individual in the gray shaded box will still make the same genetic contribution to the next generation as it would having one of its own offspring.

True

Some protozoa sense their environment and move either toward a favorable or away from an unfavorable environment using random movement.

True

As human mortality is greatest during later life stages and most children survive into adulthood, humans demonstrate a _____ survivorship curve.

Type I

Which type of survivorship curve can be depicted as a straight line (where mortality rates are roughly equivalent at all life stages)?

Type II

As mice produce several offspring that do not normally survive into adulthood and mortality rates are highest during the first few months of life, these animals exhibit a: Type I survivorship curve.

Type III survivorship curve.

Coastal regions of the ocean have high primary productivity. What is the primary reason for this pattern? (Select all that apply.)

Upwelling of nutrient-rich deep waters commonly occurs along continental margins. Erosional runoff from continents supplies abundant nutrients. Sunlight is able to penetrate coastal waters, so photosynthetic rates are high among autotrophs

The growth rate has remained constant.

When taking the second sample, 200 individuals are caught and 20 are marked from the first sample.

Which of the following results from a mark-recapture study done on mice would reflect a larger population size?

When taking the second sample, 200 individuals are caught and 20 are marked from the first sample.

46.1 Populations and their properties

When the first United States census was completed in 1790, the British scholar Thomas Malthus supposed that the remarkable recent growth of the American population, which had doubled in the previous 25 years, was a consequence of ample food supply and the active encouragement of marriages, neither of which characterized Europe at the time. In his 1798 volume An Essay on the Principle of Population, Malthus argued that a similar periodic doubling of population in the British Isles, on the other hand, would outstrip the more slowly increasing food supply in 50 years and lead to starvation. That is, increasing the number of births per year would eventually result in an increased number of deaths because the amount of food the land could produce was limited. This view of the human condition influenced the thinking of Charles Darwin, who as an inquisitive student read the most exciting works of the day. Darwin realized that the tension between population growth and resource limitation applies to all species, leading to a struggle for existence that results in adaptations that enhance survival (Chapter 21). Page 1005

The Mojave Desert lies to the east of the coastal and Sierra Nevada mountains in California. Deserts in Chile lie to the west of the Andes Mountains. Both the California and the Andes mountains run along the west coast of their respective continents. What probably accounts for the fact that one desert is on the east side of its neighboring mountain range, while the other is on the west side of its neighboring mountain range?

Winds move from east to west along the Andes in the southern hemisphere.

Learning

______________________ is the process by which experience leads to a change in behavior.

Which of the following could be considered a habitat island?

a person in line at the train station a lake surrounded by trees a patch of moss on a tree trunk All of the above

The term (ΔN/Δt)/N1 (where N denotes the size of a population and t represents time) is used to calculate:

a population's growth rate.

Which of the following does not contribute to high rainfall in the tropics (at the equator)?

ability of warm air to hold more moisture than cool air density of air at different temperatures density of air at different temperatures Incorrect: evapotranspiration rate evapotranspiration rate

If bird song promotes an individual's ability to attract a mate and reproduce, then the song has a(n) ________________ function.

adaptive

Competition and predation are one-sided interactions called _____, in which at least one participant experiences a loss.

antagonisms

Clonal selection is a process in which:

antibody binding to antigen results in mitotic cell division.

A hypervariable region is part of a(n):

antibody.

Conditioning that occurs when an animal learns to link two events is called _________________ learning.

associative

The immune system sometimes attacks cells of its own body, resulting in:

autoimmune disease.

Some of the characteristics used to describe biomes include precipitation and:

average temperature.

What type of pathogen causes cholera?

bacterium

Which of the following systems is the most stable in terms of species composition and distribution?

biomes

Broad, ecologically uniform areas with stable and distinctive collections of species are called:

biomes.

Where do B cells mature in mammals?

bone marrow

How does the adaptive immune system differ from the innate immune system?

both in having memory and in the ability to target a specific pathogen

When two species compete for resources the fitness of:

both species will decline.

The ability to distinguish self from nonself is a feature of which of the following?

both the innate and adaptive immune systems

How do T cells contribute to the immune response?

by cell-mediated immunity

Refer to Figure 45.8 in your textbook. Which of the statements below about foraging behavior is not correct?

cAMP was capable of activating a kinase that increased nurse bee behavior in foragers.

An environment can only support a certain number of individuals from a given species at any one time. This number is referred to as the _____ of that environment.

carrying capacity

Fever that develops as part of a viral infection is the result of:

cytokines.

Moderate temperatures and precipitation, as well as nutrient-rich soil due to annual leaf fall, characterize this biome.

deciduous forest

Which group in a food web is responsible for returning inorganic compounds back to the environment?

decomposers

Which of the following is the direct cause of the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico?

decomposition of algal blooms by aerobic bacteria

Carbon is returned to the atmosphere through

decomposition of detritus by fungi.

A general trend in global biodiversity is a gradient of

decreasing diversity moving from the equator toward the poles.

MHC class II proteins can be found on the surface of a:

dendritic cell.

In terrestrial ecosystems, nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere by

denitrifying bacteria.

Because tropical plants have very high species diversity, they also have very low population

density.

Which of the following groups of biomes is listed in order of greatest to lowest potential evapotranspiration ratio?

desert, deciduous forest, rain forest

A researcher is trying to determine the role that genes play in social grooming in apes (where one individual will pick insects or parasites off another). This researcher is asking a question under which of Tinbergen's classifications?

development

What causes antigenic variation?

differential gene expression

A species' niche is determined only by its physical environment.

false

All anaerobic bacteria are capable of magnetotaxis; however, these organisms can only detect the northern magnetic pole. As a result, these organisms are never found in the southern hemisphere.

false

Which of the following would be considered density-independent factors that could affect the growth of a population?

droughts

A community of organisms and the physical environment it occupies are known together as a(n):

ecosystem

T cells can be classified as:

either helper or cytotoxic T cells.

Cytokine signaling of phagocytes is an example of:

endocrine signaling.

In marine ecosystems phosphorous is added to the ecosystem primarily from:

erosion of rocks on land.

Given the B cell's role in the adaptive immune response, it is reasonable to assume that a B cell has:

extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum.

In response to global climate change, it is likely that some plant species will survive while others will go extinct. All of the following are explanations of this pattern except:

greenhouse gases are toxic, so increasing levels of these gases will cause some plants to go extinct

Reduction or elimination of a behavioral response due to a repeatedly presented stimulus is called ___________________

habituation

A researcher is comparing the species diversity of two islands. Both islands are roughly equal in size. However, one island is much closer to the mainland. She determines that the S value for the island closer to the mainland is _____ the S value for the island located farther from the mainland. In addition, she finds that the closer island's extinction rate is _____ the extinction rate on the farther island.

higher than; the same as

Which of the following organisms would likely be a K-strategist?

humans

A granuloma is formed around:

infected lung macrophages

Instinctive behaviors that are carried out regardless of earlier experience are called ________________ behaviors and are a product of an individual's genome.

innate

The adhesion step in extravasation is most likely to be mediated by:

integrin proteins.

Which of the following does not influence patterns of biodiversity?

intraspecific competition

When a male lion competes with another male for mating rights in a pride, this is an example of _____. When a lion pride competes with hyenas for food sources in a habitat, this is an example of _____. Both can affect the size of the lion population.

intraspecific competition; interspecific competition

The per capita growth rate (r) is synonymous with:

intrinsic growth rate.

An invasive species:

is any non-native species that becomes established in a new ecosystem.

The ability to process information from the environment:

is characteristic of all types of organisms

G. Evelyn Hutchinson's definition of a niche is unique in that:

it described the niche as a combination of an organism's habitat and how that organism functions in its environment.

Most populations demonstrate _____ growth, in which the population size increases exponentially until it levels off near the K value of the habitat for that species.

logistic

A researcher compares the species diversity of two different islands located equal distances from the mainland. One island is much smaller than the other. She finds that the S value for the smaller island is _____ the S value for the larger island. When she examines the extinction rates for both islands, she finds that the extinction rate on the small island is _____ the extinction rate for the large island.

lower than; higher than

Which of the following is not a type of phagocytic cell?

mast cell

Which cell type is responsible for the strength of the secondary immune response?

memory cells

Approximately how long did it take for the human population to reach 1 billion?

more than 100,000 years

Small, photosynthetic algae called zooxanthellae inhabit organisms such as corals and anemones, and provide these organisms with food, while acquiring a protected environment in which to live. This is an example of:

mutualism

Interactions that involve a gain for both participants are called:

mutualisms.

The evolution of flowers and sweet-tasting fruits in response to animal pollinators are examples of _____ relationships.

mutualistic

Which of the following is most likely to lead to resource partitioning?

niche overlap

Learning that occurs in the absence of any particular outcome such as reward or punishment is called _______________________ learning

non-associative

The immune system usually responds to _____ cells and molecules, but not _____ cells and molecules.

nonself; self

Leopards require large amounts of space in order to maintain viable population numbers. If conservation biologists establish reserves that are large enough to preserve populations of leopards, then:

other species, endangered or not, will also be protected in that same area.

The cytoskeleton is involved in which of the following cellular responses?

phagocytosis and extravasation

Which biogeochemical cycle does not include oxidation and reduction reactions that provide energy to microorganisms?

phosphorous

The _____ of box turtles in the United States includes all of the individual box turtles that could mate and reproduce within the 50 states.

population

If an ecologist does a field count of the number of mice in a space that is six hectares, the ecologist is calculating the:

population density

Which of the following is not one of the defining features of a population?

population sex-ratio

A heterotrophic organism that consumes primary consumers is called a(n):

predator.

Herbivores belong to which group in a food web?

primary consumers

The _____ of a species is usually the result of predation, competition, and other types of interaction between species.

realized niche

Which of the following would be considered a density-dependent factor that could affect population growth?

resources

On which part of the carbon cycle have humans had the greatest impact?

return of CO2 to the atmosphere by oxidation of ancient organic matter

Enhancement of a response to a stimulus by first presenting a strong or novel stimulus is called _____________________.

sensitization

Want

to Pass

Close interactions that have evolved over time between species are called:

symbioses.

Which of these biomes has a plant composition that is most similar to the temperate coniferous forest?

taiga

Which of the following groups of biomes is listed in order of least to greatest in terms of species diversity?

taiga, savannah, rain forest

If winds did not move away from the equator to the poles

temperatures at the poles would be lower.

A scientist is studying a population of feral cats in his city. He notes that the r of this population is 1. What does this mean if he is evaluating the population size on a yearly basis?

that the population of feral cats doubles in size each yearthat the population of feral cats doubles in size each year

Specificity is a feature of which of the following?

the adaptive immune system

The ability to react more strongly to a subsequent infection is a feature of which of the following?

the adaptive immune system

Immunological memory is a feature of which of

the adaptive immune system.

An individual's ecological footprint is equivalent to:

the amount of land required to provide all the resources used by that individual.

Which of the following might be expected to increase as a result of predation?

the availability of resources and niches

Based on mortality rates shown below in Figure 46.11, which stage of the lime swallowtail life cycle would you expect to be the shortest?

the egg stage

Eutrophication describes:

the process in which added nutrient levels lead to the growth of algae and cyanobacteria populations, eventually causing oxygen availability to decline.

researcher is trying to calculate the population density of bobcats in Colorado. What information must she have in order to calculate this value?

the size and geographic range of the bobcat population in Colorado

A scientist is researching a population of blue jays in her city. In order to completely define this blue jay population, she must determine:

the size, range, and density of the blue jay population.

According to Joseph Grinnell, the niche of a butterfly species would be determined by which of the following?

the temperature of the environment in which this butterfly species lives and the butterflies' food sources

Which of the following types of communication would not be considered an advertisement display?

the waggle dance of bees

Keystone species can have significant influences over several populations in a community through:

their effect on high amounts of biomass and energy transfer between populations.

Male peacocks have tail feathers that make up about 60% of their body length. During the mating season they shake these feathers in front of females. Longer feathers produce a larger volume of rustling sound for a given shaking rate, but they are also heavier, and thus require more energy to shake at a given rate than shorter feathers. This suggests that:

there are selective pressures against too long or too short of a tail, which results in the variable tail lengths

In order to attract the opposite sex, sensory hairs in the silkworm moth, Bombyx, allow ion channel receptors to open, and ultimately electrical signals are conducted as action potentials following a response to airborne chemicals.

true

It is thought that some forms of communication have evolved from a behavioral process called ritualization.

true

Niches are dynamic, and are affected by interactions among species.

true

Species' extinction rates on an island are dependent on two things: how large the island is, and the location of the island in relation to other land masses.

true

Symbiotic relationships are subject to natural selection.

true

The fact that diverse types of Anolis lizards inhabit (or hunt in) different levels of the tree canopy is the result of the effects of resource partitioning.

true

There are a number of biological clocks and the circadian clock is just one of them.

true

Various species of Anolis lizards are able to coexist in Hispaniola because they function in different niches (e.g., feed on different organisms or hunt in different areas).

true

While food chains show linear energy transfer between organisms, food webs depict more realistically what occurs in an ecosystem.

true

Which list of biomes places them in the predicted order of species diversity from lowest to highest?

tundra; temperate grasslands; tropical rainforests

Certain soils in the Midwest have very even concentrations of minerals and nutrients that are required for the growth of a small shrub. How would you expect individuals in a population of this shrub to be distributed in the area?

uniform

While biodiversity includes the number of species in a given area, it also includes:

unique phylogenetic lineages.

Salmon are well known for their ability, after growing to maturity in the ocean, to find their way back to the streams where they were born in order to breed. For this kind of navigation, they likely:

use a variety of environmental cues

What type of pathogen causes AIDS?

virus

In addition to carbon dioxide, which of the following are also considered to be greenhouse gases?

water vapor and methane

Microorganisms are important to the carbon cycle because

without them, organic carbon in oxygen-free environments could not be cycled. without them, primary producers would be limited by nitrogen availability. without them there would be no chemoautotrophs.

Terrestrial biomes are defined by their average annual temperature and precipitation, and the range of values can be organized in such a way to produce the graph below. What type of biome would you expect to find in an area where the average annual precipitation is 100 cm and the average annual temperature is 10 C?

woodland/shrubland