BMED 4853 Final Exam Quiz Questions
A patient receives an intravenous infusion that causes swelling and lysis of his red blood cells. The solution was most likely: __.
A patient receives an intravenous infusion that causes swelling and lysis of his red blood cells. The solution was most likely: __.
The heart valves open and close due to _____________.
A pressure difference on the two sides of the valve.
Secondary transport can best be described as
A type of active transport that moves two different molecules across a cell membrane, one down its concentration gradient and one against its concentration gradient.
Epinephrine binds to _____ receptors on vascular smooth muscle cells in systemic arterioles to ____ vessel radius and ____ total peripheral resistance.
A1-adrenergic, decrease, increase
Angiotensin II increases blood volume by stimulating
ADH production.
What promotes sodium reabsorbtion in the kidneys?
Aldosterone
What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)? (Select all): -The CSF provides a route by which wastes can be removed from the CNS - The CSF provides a protective padding for the brain - The buoyancy of the CSF reduces the weight of the brain
All of the above
What kind of input/s control hormone secretion?
All of the above
A main brain area for integrating and learning due to emotional experiences is the
Amygdala
Which brain structure, besides the hippocampus, is responsible for the link between stress and memory?
Amygdala
If the molecules are being carried in opposite directions, the carrier proteins are called ______.
Antiport transporters
Epinephrine binds to ____ receptors on pacemaker cells and cardiomyocytes (contractile cells) to increase permeability for ____ and ____ ions to ____ heart rate and stoke volume.
B1-adrenergic, Na+, Ca2+, Increase
Epinephrine binds to ____ receptors on bronchiolar smooth muscle cells to ____ bronchiole diameter and ____ ventilation.
B2-adrenergic, increase, increase
In smooth muscle, the Ca2+ for contraction comes from __________.
Both extracellular fluid and sarcoplasmic reticulum
Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is _____.
Bound to hemoglobin
The plasma is most similar in chemical composition to the fluid in the _______.
Bowman's capsule
The ion necessary to initiate the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft is ______________.
Ca2+
The process of EC coupling in cardiac muscle is called ______.
Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release
Which of the following would be an example of a biogenic stressor? Select all that apply.
Caffeine, Extreme heat
The velocity of blood flow is slowest in the ______.
Capillaries
Mean arterial pressure is determined by (select all):
Cardiac output, Distribution of blood in the systemic circulation, Resistance to the system to blood flow, Total blood volume
The inhibitory neurotransmitters of the CNS, GABA and glycine, act by opening ________ channels, leading to hyperpolarization.
Cl-
The tissue surrounding organs and between body cavities is
Connective tissue
Meninges are _______.
Connective tissue coverings around the central nervous system.
Hormones act on their target cells by ________ (select all).
Controlling the rates of enzymatic reactions, Controlling the transport of ions or molecules across cell membranes, Controlling gene expression and the synthesis of proteins
Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed by ______.
Cotransport/symport with sodium
The long-term stress response includes all of the following (select all):
Damaged neurons of the hippocampus, Sleep disruption, Elevated cortisol levels, Suppression of the immune system
Which of the following factors directly trigger angiotensin (ANG II) release?
Decreased blood pressure
Which of the following does NOT occur when epinephrine is released into the bloodstream?
Decreased ventilation rate
For a typical neuron, chloride ions have an equilibrium potential near -75 mV. When channels that pass Cl- open in a neuron that is near the K+ equilibrium (near -90mV), the neuron becomes ________ (select all applicable answers)
Depolarized, and less negative
When stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system, the threshold potential for the pacemaker cells _____.
Does not change
Which of the following conditions would have the greatest effect on peripheral resistance?
Doubling the diameter of a vessel
The most important stress hormone during fight-or-flight situations, such as being chased by a bear, is ______.
Epinephrine
An increased afterload will generally result in increased stroke volume.
False
Blood in veins is always deoxygenated.
False
Parasympathetic input to cardiomyocytes in the ventricles will reduce their contractile force.
False
Skeletal muscle contraction starts when the muscle fiber depolarizes due to entry of calcium into the cell.
False
Sympathetic output from cardiovascular control center acting on B2 receptors cause vasodilation in the heart and vasoconstriction in skeletal muscles.
False
The hydrostatic pressure exerted by Bowman's Capsule is typically negligible when calculating the glomerular net filtration pressure.
False
The onset of action for an endocrine reflex is much faster than a neural response.
False
Typically, the protein concentration in the blood and filtrate are roughly equal.
False
Usually, dilation/constriction of the efferent arteriole does not affect the GFR.
False
Excretion is broadly defined as ________________ (Sterlings Law)
Filtration + Secretion - Reabsorption
The intensity of a SENSORY stimulus is coded by ________.
Frequency of action potentials
Cortisol is a useful therapeutic drug because it ___________(Select all).
Helps prevent rejection of transplanted organs, Suppresses the immune system, Inhibits the inflammatory response
An important structure in both learning and memory is the ______.
Hippocampus
The phospholipids of cell membranes are arranged with ______.
Hydrophilic ends facing extracellular and intracellular fluids
Which of the following is NOT neurological effect of chronic stress?
Increased neurogenesis
Two compartments of equal volume are separated by a membrane that is permeable to water but not to NaCl. Compartment A is filled with a 150 mM NaCl solution and compartment B is filled with an equal volume of 100 mM NaCl is added to compartment B. Once the system reaches equilibrium, compartment A will have _______.
Increased volume and decreased osmolarity
When an arteriole dilates, blood flow through it _____.
Increases
If a person's ECF K+ concentration decreases from 3.5 mM to 2.8 mM, what happens to the resting membrane potential of her cells?
It becomes more negative.
What happens to the membrane potential of a cell that suddenly becomes more permeable to Na+?
It becomes more positive.
A cell has an internal osmolarity of 300 mOsM and its membrane is permeable only to water. What happens to the cell's volume if the cell is placed in solution of 200 mOsM NaCl?
It swells.
Which of the following statements about the Na+/K+ pump is FALSE?
It transports Na+ and K+ in a 1:1 ratio.
If the Nernst potential for potassium is -92 mV and the resting membrane potential is -70 mV in a normal cell, and potassium channels are opened, potassium ions will ____.
Leave the cell in order to make membrane potential more negative
The parasympathetic nervous system is anatomically characterized by ________________.
Long preganglionic and short postganglionic nerve fibers
The long-term stress response includes all of the following EXCEPT
Low blood pressure
Which of the following regions of the brain stem controls involuntary functions, such as blood pressure, swallowing, and vomiting?
Medulla oblongata
The basal ganglia is primarily responsible for ______.
Movement.
What causes the rapid depolarization phase of the action potential?
Na+ entering the cell through voltage-gated channels
When voltage-gated Na+ channels of a resting neuron open,
Na+ enters the neuron and the neuron depolarizes.
Groups of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS are ______.
Nuclei.
Ions directly regulated by the kidney include all EXCEPT which of the following?
OH-
Peripheral chemoreceptors located in the carotid and aortic arteries are most sensitive to which of the following?
PO2
Which type of input will be increased by vagal nerve stimulation?
Parasympathetic
An example of a procedural memory is:
Playing piano. (implicit - skilled behavior)
The most concentrated cation in intracellular fluid (inside cell) is ________.
Potassium
What is the normal effect of the prefrontal cortex on amygdala activity?
Prefrontal cortex suppresses amygdala activity
Which region of the cerebrum receives and interprets somatic information from receptors for touch, pain, and proprioception?
Primary somatosensory cortex
Which of the following is TRUE for both somatic and visceral sensory function?
Provides feedback that modulates motor output.
With which ECG feature is isovolumetric ventricular contraction most closely associated?
QRS complex
If a person had a partial spinal cord injury on the right side of the spinal cord at thoracic level 8 (T8) what would be the most likely sensory test outcomes?
Reduced sensation to pin prick on the left leg.
Stretching the muscle spindle causes _________.
Reflex contraction of the muscle
The RAAS pathway begins with the secretion of
Renin
Mechanosensation afferents travel to the cortex along which pathway?
Sensory receptor to ipsilateral (same side as entry) dorsal spinal cord to medulla, medulla to thalamus, thalamus to cortex.
Which of the following is NOT true of diffusion in the human body?
Smaller molecules take longer to diffuse than larger ones.
The targets of the autonomic nervous system include _________ (Select all).
Smooth and cardiac muscles, Some endocrine and exocrine glands, Some adipose tissue
Why do some normal cells fail to respond to a chemical signal?
Some cells lack the necessary receptors.
Which one is NOT a lobe of the brain?
Spinal lobe.
Which class of hormones is lipid-soluble?
Steroids
The difference between the end diastolic volume and the end systolic volume is known as the ______
Stroke volume
The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for intense levels of activity and stress is the ___________.
Sympathetic division
Which of the following allows action potentials to move rapidly from the muscle cell surface into the interior?
T-tubules
Which of the following is a CORRECT example of short-loop negative feedback?
TSH inhibits the release of TRH
Which of the following statements concerning the brainstem is true?
The brainstem is an integrating center for many autonomic functions.
Which is TRUE about typical, resting neurons? - The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to potassium ions. - The plasma membrane is most permeable to chloride ions. - The concentration of sodium ions is equal inside and outside the cell - The permeability of the plasma membrane to potassium ions is much lower than its permeability to sodium ions. - The concentration of sodium ions is greater outside the cell than inside.
The concentration of sodium ion is greater outside the cell than inside.
Resting membrane potential is primarily generated by
The movement of K ions down their electrical gradient through leak channels.
Which of the following statements concerning the occipital lobe is true?
The occipital lobe is the primary visual cortex.
If a particular cell in the body does not have a receptor for a specific hormone, ____________.
This hormone will have no effect on this cell
When does structural plasticity happen in the brain?
Throughout life.
A hormone traveling in the bloodstream ______.
Travels to all cells but elicits responses only in cells with receptors for that hormone
Which of these statements about smooth muscle contraction is FALSE?
Troponin plays the same role as in skeletal muscle.
(True/False) Blood in the two left side chambers of the heart is always oxygenated.
True
(True/False) Stimulus intensity is directly correlated with the amount of hormone secreted.
True
A small increase in EDV (with no other changes) will increase the cardiac output.
True
Increasing/decreasing the surface area of the glomerulus is a method the body can use to alter the GFR.
True
Parasympathetic input to pacemaker cells will reduce heart rate.
True
Plasma epinephrine is capable of altering the contractility of the heart and the heart rate.
True
The "stress hormones" of the adrenal cortex, such as cortisol, are useful in fight-or-flight situations, such as being chased by a bear.
True
The apical surface of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is NOT permeable to water.
True
True or False: The corticospinal tract initiates in the sensorimotor cortex and projects directly to the contralateral spinal cord.
True
Glucose can be transported up the gradient by ____.
Using Na+ gradient
The hormone that directly controls water reabsorption by the kidneys is
Vasopressin
A researcher has a sample of an unknown blood vessel. After performing testing, they find high levels of elastic tissue markers, lower levels of smooth muscle cells, and vessel diameter of 4.5 mm. The sample is MOST likely what type of blood vessel?
Vein
What would likely occur if the extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolarity increases as a result of salt intake?
Water will move out of the cells and they will shrink.
Which statement about the flexion-withdrawal and crossed-extensor reflex is FALSE?
When this reflex occurs, you have no perception that it has occurred.
When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, _____.
a second messenger is activated in the cytoplasm.
The neurotransmitter in the synapse between the pre- and postganglionic autonomic neurons is ______________.
acetylcholine
In response to a threat, the amygdala processes fear and sends signals to the hypothalamus which __________.
activates the sympathetic nervous system via the HPA axis
Which of the following correctly orders blood flow through the glomerulus?
afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole
The hormone that most directly influences Na+ balance in the body is __________.
aldosterone
Amplification during a second-messenger cascade is beneficial because amplification ________.
allows small amounts of ligand to produce large responses in target cells.
Gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood takes place in the _____.
alveoli
Assuming no other changes, dilation of the afferent arteriole would lead to ________ in GFR.
an increase
Which is the correct flow of blood?
arteries --> arterioles --> capillaries --> venules --> veins
Neurotransmitters are released from the _________
axon terminals
The sensory receptor that senses changes in blood pressure is the ____, and the control center that receives the sensory information is located in the ____.
baroreceptors, medulla oblongata
The force for glomerular filtration is the
blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries
A rise in angiotensin II levels would result in increased (select all):
blood pressure, retention of sodium ions at the kidney, water retention, blood volume.
Most oxygen is carried in the blood ______; but most carbon dioxide is ________.
bound to hemoglobin; associated with bicarbonate ions in the plasma
Sodium ions are more concentrated in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid. This is an example of ___________
chemical disequilibrium.
The osmolarity of the final urine is established in the ________.
collecting duct
Diffusion rate is directly proportional to all of the following with the exception of _______.
compliance of the barrier
In the myocardium, voltage-gated Na+ channels are found in the ___ cells and contribute to the ___ phase of the action potential.
contractile; depolarization
The anatomical arrangement of the kidney that allows transfer of solutes from one blood vessel to another is called the
countercurrent exchange system
The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is ____.
decreased in rapidly metabolizing tissue
Oxygen moving from the alveoli into the blood does so by _______.
diffusion
Airflow is ____ related to pressure gradient and ___ related to resistance.
directly, inversely
Which part of the nephron listed below is directly involved in forming the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in ______.
dorsal root ganglia
An explorer has been lost in the desert for two days with very little water. As a result, you would expect to observe ____.
elevated vasopressin levels
The term used to describe the amount of blood in the ventricle after ventricular relaxation is called ______.
end-diastolic volume (EDV)
The purpose of having valves in the cardiovascular system is to ________.
ensure that blood flows in one direction
Which of the following is NOT a component of blood vessels?
epithelium
Alveolar pressure at the end of inspiration is _____ alveolar pressure at the end of expiration.
equal to
The arterial PO2 in a person with anemia (low Hb) will be _____ the arterial PO2 in a normal person. (All other factors are equal.)
equal to
What class of capillary is found in the glomerulus?
fenestrated
The amount of a substance that is excreted in the urine is equal to the amount that is ________ plus the amount that is ________ minus the amount that is ________.
filtered; secreted; reabsorbed
The process that removes selected molecules from the blood and adds them to the filtrate is called ________.
filtration
The oxygen content of the blood in the aorta is ______ the oxygen content in the pulmonary artery.
greater than
An important structure in both learning and memory is the _________.
hippocampus
Which part of the brain forms rapid associations for memories?
hippocampus
Secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary is stimulated by ________ released from the ________.
hormones; hypothalamus
Are hydrophilic molecules or hydrophobic molecules more permeable to cell membranes?
hydrophobic molecules
Given tubes of equal length and diameter (and the inflow/outflow pressures below), which will have the highest flow?
in = 70mHg and out = 10 mmHg (The one with the greatest difference in pressures/pressure gradient)
An increase in the number of voltage-gated Ca2+ ion channels in the presynaptic terminal would___
increase exocytosis.
Eating salty dry food without drinking will cause (before any response) a(n) ________ in body fluid osmolarity and ________ in the volume of the body fluids.
increase; no change
Which of the following would result in an increased stroke volume?
increased EDV, increased sympathetic nervous system stimulation
Which of the following factors affect the release of atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP)?
increased blood pressure
A positive inotropic agent would directly cause ________
increased stroke volume
As the PO2 of the plasma increases, the amount of oxygen dissolved in plasma _____.
increases
When baroreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies register increased blood pressure, this results in _____.
inhibition of vasopressin secretion
When venous return is increased, stretch receptors in the atria of the heart are activated. This results in
inhibition of vasopressin secretion
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system _____________.
is a modified capillary bed that transports hormones directly from the hypothalamus to the pituitary (only location besides the liver)
The conduction of an action potential along an axon (myelinated vs. unmyelinated) ___________.
is faster in myelinated nerve fibers than in unmyelinated nerve fibers
If the volume of a gas mixture doubles, the pressure _____.
is halved (PV=nRT)
Describing a physiological variable as "homeostatic" means that it ____.
is in a state of dynamic constancy that is regulated to remain near a stable set point value.
In the lumen of the proximal tubule, Na+ concentration ________ the Na+ concentration inside the cells of the tubule wall.
is much higher than
In the living body, Na+ in the ECF and ICF_____.
is not in equilibrium
Which is NOT a kidney filtration barrier?
juxtaglomerular apparatus
The maximum oxygen-carrying capacity of 1 L of whole blood in a normal person is ___ the maximum oxygen-carrying capacity in a person with anemia.
less than
Compared to the systemic circulation, the pulmonary circulation has a ____.
lower resistance
In an epithelium, the apical membrane is the membrane that faces the ________.
lumen
Which of the following is likely to cause edema?
lymphatic system failure
Paracrine feedback from the ________ in the distal tubule to the granular cells stimulates the release of ________.
macula densa, renin
Which organelles would you expect to be especially numerous in skeletal muscle cells that utilize oxygen to generate a great deal of energy in the form of ATP?
mitochondria
Ventilation refers to to the ____.
movement of air into and out of the lungs.
The receptor found on most parasympathetic target cells is ______________.
muscarinic cholinergic
The receptor in the synapse between pre- and post-ganglionic autonomic neurons is _____________.
nicotinic cholinergic
The action potential of a cardiac contractile cell is _______ to that of a skeletal muscle cell.
not identical
The hormone that regulates water reabsorption by the kidneys
only increases water permeability in the collecting duct portions of the kidney tubules
Atropine causes the pupil of the eye to dilate by blocking the effect of muscarinic receptors. This means atropine is a(n) _____.
parasympathetic blocking agent.
The heart is encased in a membranous sac called the _____.
pericardium
The most potent stimulus for vasopressin release is ____.
plasma osmolarity
Flow is proportional to _____.
pressure gradient
The adrenal medulla may be considered a modified sympathetic ganglion, but the post-synaptic cells of the adrenal medulla _____________.
primarily release epinephrine, rather than norepinephrine
During ventricular contraction, which two valves of the heart open?
pulmonary and aortic
A sudden elevation in aortic blood pressure ____.
reduces stroke volume
Functions of the kidneys include all but one of the following. Identify the exception.
regulation of blood protein levels
An actively contracting muscle will cause local temperature to rise and will produce acidic molecules. Warmth and lower pH cause the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve to shift ______ reflecting that hemoglobin releases ______ oxygen.
right, more
To increase the amount of neurotransmitter released onto a postsynaptic cell, the presynaptic cell would have to
send action potentials with higher frequency.
Which of the following is NOT an effector controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
skeletal muscle
The targets of the autonomic nervous system include _________.
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and some endocrine glands
Extracellular fluid osmolarity is largely determined by ________ concentration.
sodium
The hormone vasopressin _____.
stimulates the kidneys to conserve water
You find a neuron that is secreting acetylcholine onto a muscarinic receptor on its target cell. When you trace the axon back to the spinal cord, you see that is part of the nerve coming from the lumbar region. Based on its anatomy, you should classify this neuron as _______________.
sympathetic (sweat nerve)
The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for intense levels of activity and stress is the ______________.
sympathetic division
Cells that respond to signals are usually called ______
targets.
During the isovolumic phase of ventricular systole, ______
the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed.
Most body water is located in _____
the cells (intracellular)
The adrenal medulla is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion, because ___________________.
the cells release (primarily) epinephrine directly into the blood
Afterload is best defined as _________
the systemic resistance from the arteries on the heart
If the connection between the AV node and bundle of His becomes blocked,
the ventricles will beat more slowly.
Cells of the sinoatrial (SA) node of the heart act as pacemakers because______.
they depolarize autonomously due to a "funny" channel
The same neurotransmitter may produce different effects on neurons primarily because of differences in the ____________.
type of receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
The same neurotransmitter may produce different effects on neurons because of differences in the _____
type of receptors on the postsynaptic membranes of neurons.
After drinking a large volume of water, compensation is primarily achieved by a decrease in the level of the hormone ________.
vasopressin
Which of the following is NOT a function of the limbic system?
voluntary movement
Passive transport moves a substance ______ the concentration gradient and _______ energy to do work.
with, does not require
