Bone Features

Hinge Synovial

flexion and extension, movement in 1 plane, ex. elbow, Interphalangeal

Gliding Synovial

Sternoclavicular and Acromioclavicular, sliding and twisting, ex. intercarpals

Name the muscle that occupies the subscapular fossa _______

Subscapularis Muscle

Distal ends of the radius and Ulna

- A fibrous joint (structurally) - Dense CT molding bones together - Interosseous ligament is flexible for twisting - Amphiathrotic joint

Scapula

- Also called the shoulder blade - Triangular in shape - Most notable features include the spine, acromion, coracoid process and the glenoid cavity Anterior - Flat bone - Shallow depression known as a fossa which is a space for the muscle - Other shallow is the glenoid cavity where shoulder connects and is easy to dislocate because it gives us the most range of motion Posterior - spine divides it unequally Spine - a large process on the posterior of the scapula that ends laterally as the acromion Acromion - the flattened lateral portion of the spine of the scapula Coracoid process - a protruding projection on the anterior surface just inferior to the lateral aspect of the clavicle Glenoid cavity - shallow concavity that articulates with the head of the humerus The medial (vertebral) border - closest to the vertebral spine Lateral border - closest to the arm Superior border - superior edge Inferior angle - where medial and lateral borders meet inferiorly Superior angle - uppermost aspect of scapula where medial border meets superior border Subscapular fossa - anterior concavity where the subscapularis muscle attaches Supraspinous fossa - posterior concavity superior to the scapular spine, attachment site for supraspinatus muscle Infraspinous fossa - posterior concavity inferior to the scapular spine, site of infraspinatus muscle

Muscle

- Attachment points are known as the origin and insertion **Insertion always moves to origin** Origin- immovable end Insertion- moveable end

Pelvic Girdle

- Each coxal (hip) bone consists of three bones that fuse together: ilium, pubis, and ischium - The two coxal bones are joined anteriorly by the pubic symphysis (fibrocartilage) - Joined posteriorly by the sacrum forming the sacroiliac joints (Fig 8.9)

Radius

- Lies lateral to the ulna (thumb side of the forearm) - The head (disc-shaped) and neck are at the proximal end - The head articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna Radial tuberosity - medial and inferior to neck, attachment site for biceps brachii muscle Styloid process - large distal projection on lateral side of radius

Humerus

- Longest and largest bone of the free part of the upper limb - The proximal ball-shaped end articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula - The distal end articulates at the elbow with the radius and ulna - Just distal to the head is the anatomical neck - The surgical neck is where the tubular shaft begins and is a common area of fracture - About mid-shaft on the lateral aspect is a roughened area, the deltoid tuberosity where the deltoid tendon attaches Capitulum - a round knob-like process on the lateral distal humerus Trochlea - medial to the capitulum, is a spool-shaped projection on the distal humerus Coronoid fossa - anterior depression that receives the coronoid process of the ulna during forearm flexion Olecranon fossa - posterior depression that receives the olecranon of the ulna during forearm extension The medial and lateral epicondyles are bony projections to which the forearm muscles attach

Hand

- The carpus (wrist) consists of 8 small bones (carpals) - Two rows of carpal bones 2 rows (sally left the party to take cathy home) Proximal row - scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform Distal row - trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate Scaphoid - most commonly fractured Carpal tunnel - space between carpal bones and flexor retinaculum

Clavicle

- The clavicle is "S" shaped - The medial end articulates with the manubrium of the sternum forming the sternoclavicular joint - the lateral end articulates with the acromion forming the acromioclavicular joint - The clavicle is convex in shape anteriorly near the sternal junction - The clavicle is concave anteriorly on its lateral edge near the acromion - Designed to connect axial to appendicular skeleton on the sternal end which attaches to sternum which is part of - Has 2 ends Sternal end - forms joint with the sternum, pyramid shape Acromial end - flattened out, forms joint on acromial process Fractures: - A fall on an outstretched arm (F.O.O.S.H.) injury can lead to a fractured clavicle - The clavicle is weakest at the junction of the two curves - Forces are generated through the upper limb to the trunk during a fall - Therefore, most breaks occur approximately in the middle of the clavicle

Saddle Synovial

Bones both have concave and convex surfaces (movement in 2 planes). Flexion/Extension/Adduction/ Abduction/Circumduction. ex. thumb joint, trapezium and metacarpal one (Carpometacarpal)

Ulna

- The longer of the two forearm bones - Located medial to the radius Olecranon - the large, prominent proximal end, the "tip of your elbow" Coronoid process - the anterior "lip" of the proximal ulna Trochlear notch - the deep fossa that receives the trochlea of the humerus during elbow flexion Styloid process - the thin cylindrical projection on the posterior side of the ulna's head

Ulna and Radius

- The shaft of these bones are connected by an interosseus membrane - There is a proximal radioulnar joint and a distal radioulnar joint - Proximally, the head of the radius articulates with the radial notch of the ulna - Distally, the head of the ulna articulates with the ulnar notch of the radius

Synovial Joint

- most of the joints in the body - enclosed by a capsule with ends of bone covered in cartilage - most complex of all joints in the body - allows free movement, allows gliding (ankle and wrist) - 6 types - freely moveable : diarthrotic 1. gliding 2. ball and socket 3. hinge 4. pivot 5. condyloid 6. saddle

Fibrous joint

-skull - allow no movement - held together by only a ligament. Examples are where the teeth are held to their bony sockets and at both the radioulnar and tibiofibular joints.

How many phalanges in hand

14

How many metacarpals in hand

5

Metacarpals and Phalanges

5 metacarpals - numbered I-V, lateral to medial 14 phalanges - two in the thumb (pollex) and three in each of the other fingers - Each phalanx has a base, shaft, and head Joints - carpometacarpal, metacarpophalangeal, interphalangeal

How many carpels in hand

8

Condyloid Synovial

All movement except rotation, Flexion/Extension/Adduction/Abduction/Circumduction. ex. wrist, Metacarpophalangeal, Radius Carpal - radiocarpal

Classification of Joints

Based on: Degree of movement Immovable: synarthrosis Slightly moveable- amphiarthrotic Freely moveable - diarthrotic

What is in intertubercular groove?

Biceps brachii O: coracoid process of scapula (intertubercular groove) I: Radial tuberosity of Radius

Flexors

Biceps brachii O: coracoid process of scapula (intertubercular groove) I: Radial tuberosity of Radius Brachialis O: anterior shaft of humerus I: Coronoid process of ulna

Skeleton of Upper Limb

Each upper limb has 32 bones Two separate regions 1. The pectoral (shoulder) girdle (2 bones) 2. The free part (30 bones)

Ball and Socket Synovial

Flexion, Extension, Adduction, Abduction and Internal & External Rotation, movement in all planes, ex. shoulder and Glenohumeral joint,

What is the pectoral girdle?

Incomplete girdle, part of appendicular skeleton

Where does infraspinous muscle attach?

Infra goes to greater tubercle and supra goes to lesser tubercle

What comes off ribs 3 and 5 and connects to corocoid process ?

Pectoralis minor

Pivot Synovial

Rotation of one bone around another, proximal end of radioulnar, ex. top of the neck

Muscles of Scapula

Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus - on the back, Insertion point = greater tubercle Subscapularis- Insertion Point= lesser tubercle Pectoralis Minor- Insertion Point= coracoid process of scapula Biceps Brachii - Origin = coracoid process Coracobrachialis- Origin= coracoid process

Where do the most fractures occur on humerus?

Surgical Neck

Skeleton of the Lower Limb

Two separate regions 1. A single pelvic girdle (2 bones) 2. The free part (30 bones)

Adduction and Abduction

adduction (holding hand together) abduction (moving hand spread out)

Flexion and Extension

changing angles

Circumduction

circumduction (moving finger in circle without moving hand)

All metacarpals have 3 phalanges except____

thumb