Bone Tissue - ch 7 Smartbook Q&A

What is the deposition of calcium salts called?

calcification

Vitamin D, also known as ______, raises the blood calcium level.

calcitriol

A calcified mass in a soft organ, such as the lungs, is called a(n)

calculus

Fatty bone marrow that no longer produces blood cells is called ___________ bone marrow.

yellow

In the human body, what percentage of calcium in the body is found in the bones?

99

Which best describes osseous tissue?

A connective tissue with a hardened matrix that makes up bone

What is osteogenesis imperfecta?

A defect in collagen deposition that renders bones exceptionally brittle

Which of the following best describes a medullary cavity?

A hollow cavity within the diaphysis of a long bone

Which describes the structure of a flat bone?

A layer of spongy bone is sandwiched between two layers of compact bone.

What often causes the loss of bone mass seen in osteoporosis in older women?

A loss of estrogen

Which of the following describes myeloid tissue?

A site of blood cell production

During fracture healing, cartilage is deposited in granulation tissue to form which of the following?

A soft callus

Which layer of tissue lines the internal surfaces of a bone?

Endosteum

In adults, what is the remnant of the epiphyseal plate called?

Epiphyseal line

Where does a long bone grow in length?

Epiphyseal plate

What is the expanded end of a long bone to which tendons and ligaments attach called?

Epiphysis

Which long bone region is circled in the figure?

Epiphysis

True or false: An athlete will have a lower bone density than a couch potato.

False An athlete places more mechanical stress on their bones which increases their bone density.

True or false: Spongy bone is primarily made up of osteons

False The matrix is indeed arranged in lamellae like those of compact bone, but there are only a few osteons. Spongy bone mainly consists of trabeculae.

True or false: A hard callus is composed of fibrocartilage.

False A hard callus is made of bone.

True or false: Osteogenic cells are stem cells in the endosteum, periosteum, and central canals that can become chondrocytes.

False - Osteogenic cells are stem cells in the endosteum, periosteum, and central canals that can become osteoblasts rather than chondrocytes.

True or false: Osteoclasts are not needed for bone remodeling.

False: Both osteoclasts and osteoblasts are need for bone remodeling.

Bones are classified as one of four types based on their shape. The bones of the cranium are examples of ________ bones.

Flat

Thin, often curved, bones are classified as what shape?

Flat

What is the function of the osteogenic layer of the periosteum?

Growth and healing

What is the name for a channel that extends longitudinally through the center of an osteon?

Haversian canal OR Central Canal

Bleeding at the site of a bone fracture results in the formation of a fracture ___________, a blood clot.

Hematoma

What is a mass of blood in the tissues called?

Hematoma

___________ cartilage is the tissue which is replaced with bone during endochondral ossification.

Hyaline

Where does bone formation occur during endochondral ossification?

Hyaline cartilage model

A 20 year old patient has suddenly broken multiple bones in just the past year, and complains of muscle weakness. Tests come back that indicate high levels of blood calcium. Of the following, which is the most likely diagnosis?

Hypersecretion of PTH

Which condition is characterized by excessive excitability of the nervous and muscular systems due to low blood calcium levels?

Hypocalcemia

Mineral deposition into bones begin when?

In fetal ossification

What does the hormone calcitonin do?

Inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts

Hydroxyapatite makes up part of which component of the bony matrix?

Inorganic Hydroxyapatite is a calcium phosphate salt and is therefore inorganic (mineral).

Partial older osteons can be found between complete newer osteons. These partial osteons are referred to as ________ lamellae.

Interstitial

Which type of bone growth occurs within cartilage and results in bone elongation?

Interstitial

An increase in the length of a long bone occurs by the process of

Interstitial Growth

In compact bone, what are the remnants of old osteons found between complete osteons called?

Interstitial lamellae

What bone shape are vertebrae classified as?

Irregular

Which hormone has a greater effect on bone growth?

estrogen

What are the thin plates forming spongy bone called?

trabeculae

Which structures found in spongy bone line up along the bone's lines of stress?

trabeculae

By dry weight, most of the matrix of bone is made of ______ matter.

inorganic

The bones of the skull form by which type of ossification?

intramembranous ossification

How does calcitriol affect blood phosphate levels?

it raises them

Bones that are longer than they are wide are classified as ______ bones.

long

Bone dissolving cells on bone surfaces are called

osteoclasts

Stem cells in developing bone that give rise to osteoblasts are called __________ cells.

osteogenic OR osteoprogenitor

During ossification, osteogenic cells deposit which unmineralized collagenous tissue?

osteoid

The study of bone is called

osteology

The action carried out by osteoclasts is ______

osteolysis

The basic structural unit of compact bone is the ______.

osteon

What is the major producer of blood cells?

red bone marrow

Bones such as the carpals that have the same length and width are classified as __________ bone

short

What bone shape are the carpal bones of the wrist?

short

Which tend to attain their full height earlier in life?

Adolescent girls

Which is a function of articular cartilage?

Allows easier joint movements

Where is red bone marrow found in the bones of a child?

Almost all bones Red bone marrow is found in almost all bones of children. In adults, it is found in the axial skeleton, pectoral and pelvic girdles and proximal heads of the humerus and femur.

Which describes a nutrient foramen?

An opening into the surface of a bone which allows the passage of blood vessels into bone tissue

Within compact bone, a central canal is found at the center of which structure?

An osteon

Osteon

An osteon is a structural unit of compact bone consisting of a central canal surrounded by concentric cylindrical lamellae of matrix.

Which type of bone growth involves the deposition of new tissue at the surface?

Appositional

Which type of bone growth occurs within mature bone and results in the bone becoming thicker?

Appositional growth

What is the hyaline cartilage found covering the ends of bones within a joint called?

Articular cartilage

What is the function of red bone marrow?

Blood cell production

What are the spaces between trabeculae in spongy bone filled with?

Bone Marrow More specifically, red marrow is found in the spongy bone of the epiphysis of a long bone, whereas yellow marrow is found in the medullary (marrow) cavity of the diaphysis

Calcitriol acts on which organs to raise blood calcium levels?

Bones, Kidneys, and Small intestines

The process in which dense regular connective tissue hardens to form bone is called

Calcification OR Mineralization OR Ossification

Which hormone inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts to lower blood calcium levels?

Calcitonin

Which hormones affect bone growth and development?

Calcitonin Parathyroid hormone Testosterone Estrogen

Which mineral is more closely regulated by the body?

Calcium

Which is part of the inorganic matter that makes up the matrix of bone?

Calcium phosphate salt

In osseous tissue, the narrow channels connecting neighboring lacunae are called

Canaliculi

In osseous tissue, the narrow channels connecting neighboring lacunae are called _____________

Canaliculi

Which of the following describes the zone of cell hypertrophy in an epiphyseal plate?

Chondrocytes in this zone are no longer dividing, but are enlarging; there is a thinning of lacunae walls.

Which of the following best describes perforating fibers?

Collagen fibers from the periosteum that firmly adhere the periosteum to the bone

By weight, the skeleton is mostly ______ bone.

Compact

Which osseous tissue is found at the surface of all bones?

Compact

During endochondral ossification, where does the primary ossification center form?

Diaphysis

What is the term for the bone tissue located between the two layers of compact bone in the skull?

Diploe

One function of the skeleton is to store calcium and phosphate to help maintain ________ balance

Electrolyte

What are the two principle forms of ossification that occur in the development of the skeletal system?

Endochondral and intramembranous

What is the hollow space in which an osteocyte resides called?

Lacuna

What are the layers of bony matrix in compact bone tissue called?

Lamellae

Lamellae

Lamellae refer to the concentric rings, which surround the central (haversian) canal.

What shape is the humerus?

Long

PTH is a hormone released by parathyroid glands in response to which of the following?

Low blood calcium levels

Wolff's law of bone states that the architecture of a bone is determined by which of the following?

Mechanical stress

What is the hollow space within the diaphysis of a long bone called?

Medullary cavity

The embryonic connective tissue which differentiates into all connective tissues is called ______________

Mesenchyme

Which of the following describes the zone of calcification in an epiphyseal plate?

Minerals are deposited between the columns of lacunae.

Which allows the passage of blood vessels into a bone?

Nutrient foramen

The protein and carbohydrate portion of bone matrix forms the ______ matter.

Organic

If you were having joint problems, which medical specialist would be most likely to help you?

Orthopedist

In which condition is there excessive osteoclast proliferation resulting in weak, deformed bones?

Osteitis deformans

Which bone cells produce the organic bone matrix?

Osteoblasts

As a flat bone is produced by intramembranous ossification, which cells are responsible for the resorption of bone tissue that carves out the spongy bone's trabeculae?

Osteoclasts

Which bone cells are responsible for bone reabsorption?

Osteoclasts

What are mature bone cells found within lacunae of compact bone called?

Osteocytes

Which condition occurs because of a defect in collagen deposition that causes bones to be exceptionally brittle?

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A degenerative bone disease characterized by a loss of bone mass and an increased risk of fracture is called

Osteoporosis

What is the most common and deadly form of bone cancer?

Osteosarcoma

What is another name for osteitis deformans?

Paget's disease

A low blood calcium level stimulates the release of which hormone?

Parathyroid hormone

Which hormone reduces the excretion of calcium by the kidneys?

Parathyroid hormone

A fracture caused by a tumor would be classified as a _____________ fracture

Pathological

Which channels run perpendicular to the central canals of osteons?

Perforating canals

What are the collagen fibers that extend from the periosteum into the bone matrix called?

Perforating fibers

Cartilage is surrounded by a fibrous layer called a(n)

Perichondrium

Which of the following surrounds cartilage?

Perichondrium

The connective tissue surrounding the external surface of a bone is called the

Periosteum

What is the term for the connective tissue sheath around the external surface of a bone?

Periosteum

In adults, which bone marrow is limited to the axial skeleton, pectoral and pelvic girdles, and proximal heads of the humerus and femur?

Red Most of the marrow in the adult turns to yellow bone marrow, but red bone marrow remains in the axial skeleton, pectoral and pelvic girdles, and the epiphyses of the humerus and femur.

In which of the following does blood cell production occur?

Red bone marrow Yellow bone marrow is fatty and occupies the medullary cavity of adult long bones.

What are two terms associated with myeloid tissue?

Red bone marrow & Hemopoietic tissue

What is the process of dissolving bone and releasing minerals into the blood called?

Resorption

In which childhood condition does a mineral deficiency result in soft bones?

Rickets

Which of the following describes the lacunae of osseous tissue?

Spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes

Which of the following is a function of yellow bone marrow?

Storage of energy Yellow bone marrow is a storage location of adipose cells, which store energy.

Osteocytes act as __________ sensors to adjust bone shape and density to adapt to stress.

Strain

Which of the following are functions of osteocytes?

Strain sensors, deposit bone, reabsorb bone

A fracture in a healthy bone caused by abnormal trauma, like a fall, is classified as a ______________ freacture

Stress

Which are functions of the skeletal system?

Support - Protection - Acid-base balance - Blood formation

Where does the calcium and phosphate used to mineralize bone come from?

The blood

In the human body, where is 99% of the calcium found? Multiple choice question.

The bones

Which of the following defines ectopic ossification?

The formation of osseous tissue in areas outside of bones

Which describes a diaphysis?

The shaft of a long bone

Which of the following best describes osteomalacia?

The softening of the bones in adults due to calcium depletion

What is the metaphysis of a long bone?

The transitional area between the diaphysis and epiphysis

What is the purpose of the canaliculi in compact bone?

To provide a passageway between the lacunae

True or false: Most fractures are treated using closed reduction

True

True or false: Compact bone comprises most of the diaphysis of a long bone.

True Spongy bone predominates in the epiphyses of long bones and compact bone in the diaphysis.

In a growth plate, which of the following describes the zone of bone deposition?

Walls between lacunae break down and chondrocytes die. Osteoblasts begin secreting bone matrix.

Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is located the closest to the marrow cavity?

Zone of bone deposition

In which zone of the epiphyseal plate are chondrocytes multiplying and aligning into longitudinal columns of flattened lacunae?

Zone of cell proliferation

Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is located the farthest from the marrow space?

Zone of reserve cartilage

Who is likely to have a greater bone density - a construction worker or an office worker?

a construction worker

The layers of bony matrix arranged around the central canal of an osteon are called ______ lamellae.

cocentric

_____________ bone is always enclosed by more durable compact bone.

compact

Bone tissue made up of parallel osteons that are tightly packed together is called ________ bone.

compact OR dense

The shaft of a long bone is called the _________

diaphysis

Central and perforating canals are lined with ______.

endosteum

The layer of connective tissue lining internal surfaces of bones is called

endosteum

Secondary ossification centers usually appear where in long bones?

epiphyses

The structure found between the epiphysis and diaphysis in a child and is a site of bone growth is the ________ plate.

growth

Another term for a central canal is a(n)_________ canal.

haversian OR osteonic

The calcium-phosphate salt that mineralizes bone tissue is called ______.

hydroxyapatite

If a patient has abnormally high blood calcium levels, they are said to have a condition called

hypercalcemia

If a patient has abnormally high blood calcium levels, they are said to have a condition called ________________

hypercalcemia

The medullary cavity is also called the ______.

marrow cavity

The transitional area between the shaft and the cartilaginous head of a developing long bone is the

metaphysis.

When surgery is needed to set a fracture, this treatment is called a(n) _______________ reduction

open

The branch of medicine dealing with bone disorders is ____________

orthopedics

The connective tissue that makes up bone is called ______ tissue

osseous

The process of bone formation is called

ossification OR osteogenesis

Osteocytes are former ______.

osteoblasts

The cells that build new bone and are located in the osteogenic layer of the periosteum are called _____.

osteoblasts

Osteoblasts secrete the hormone ______

osteocalcin

Which describes osteoid?

soft collagenous tissue similar to bone but without minerals

Bone marrow fills the spaces between trabeculae in ______ bone tissue.

spongy

The interior of flat bones is composed of ______ bone.

spongy

Trabeculae and spicules are found in ______ bone.

spongy OR cancellous

An epiphyseal line is slightly denser ______

spongy bone