Botany Exam 3

List one benefit that seeds offer.

1) protection of embryo 2) enhanced dispersal ability 3) dormancy phase 4) dependency on liquid water at the time of reproduction is broken

Eudicots have at least ______ species, and monocots have at least _____ species, thus making them two of the largest classes of angiosperms.

200,000 and 90,000 respectively

Which of the following gymnosperm phyla contains Welwitschia mirabilis? A: Gnetophyta B: Cycadophyta C: Ginkgophyta D: Coniferophyta

A

When does most plant development occur?

After embryogenesis, through the activity of the meristems.

What is the difference between primary and secondary growth?

All plants undergo primary growth which is the lengthening of the plant. Not all plants go through secondary growth, which causes the stems and roots to thicken

What is similar between angiosperm fertilization and mammalian fertilization?

Both consist of eggs in an ovary being fertilized by sperm.

How long ago did seed plants appear on Earth? A) 250 million BP B) 375 million BP C) 425 million BP D) 500 million BP

C) 425

Gymnosperms are more efficient at moving water than angiosperms. TF

False

What are the three primary meristems and their primary tissues?

One of the primary meristems is the protoderm with the primary tissue the epidermis. The ground meristem is another primary meristem with the ground tissues as its primary tissues. The third primary meristem is the procambium with the primary xylem and primary phloem as its primary tissues.

What will the two sperm fuse with during the double fertilization process and what will be produced?

One of them will fuse with the egg while the other with the two polar nuclei producing the diploid zygote and the triploid endosperm.

What is A flower and its principle parts?

There are many different types of flowers, however they all have four basic parts; the petals, the sepals, the carpel and the stamen.

True or False-Bryophytes are the dominant plants on rocky slopes above timberlines in the mountains.

True

True or False-Flowers that have all four floral whorls are called complete flowers.

True

True or False: In gymnosperms, the ovule is exposed at the time of pollination?

True

What are most flowering plants classified as?

angiosperms

About how many species of ferns are there? a) 9,000 b) 11,000 c) 13,000 d) 15,000

b) 11,000

What includes liverwarts and mosses?

bryophytes

What are the four types of gymnosperms? a. conifers b. ginkgo c. cycads d. all the above

d.

What category are pine trees in?

gymnosperms

What is a sporophylls?

A modified leave or leaf like organ that bear the spore-producing sporangia

T/F: Liverworts get their name from the shape of the outline of the gametophyte in some genera.

True

T/F: Terrestrial ferns tend to be homosporous and aquatic ferns tend to be heterosporous

True

True or False: Ferns are the most abundant group of seedless vascular plants and have approximately 11,000 species.

True

True or False: The three primary meristems are the protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium.

True

True or false the sporophyte is the dominant phase of the Fern life cycle?

True

True/False Question: The phylum Anthophyta is the largest phylum of photosynthetic organisms.

True

True/False: In most modern seed plant, an embryo develops within the seed before dispersal.

True

What are the three most important external factors that allow a seed to germinate?

Water, Oxygen, and Temperature

Gymnosperms have adapted to be able to pollenate without the need for _________.

water

Bryophytes lack vascular tissues called ____ and ____.

xylem, phloem

True or false Gymnosperms are a type of land plant.

true

True or false Sclereids are found in pears.

true

The general bryophyte life cycle is usually described using the two-word phrase ________ _________. A.) sporic meiosis C.) binary fission B.) cell division D.) cellular regeneration

A) sporic meiosis

The oldest fossils of vascular plants belong to the Phylum... A.) Rhyniophyta B.) Monilophyta C.) Lycopodiophyta D.) Trimerophytophyta

A.) Rhyniophyta

What is the difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms?

Angiosperms are known as flowering plants, and have seeds enclosed within an ovary. Gymnosperms have no flowers or fruits, and have unenclosed seeds on the surface of scales or leafs.

The term moss is often used to refer to a wide host of organisms such as lichen, reindeer "mosses", scale "mosses, club and Spanish "mosses" and Irish and sea "mosses" even though these are not true mosses, True mosses are mostly members of _______. A). Class Andreaeidae B). Class Bryidae C). Phylum Anthocerotophyta D). Phylum Tardigrada

B

What is the principle food conducting tissue in vascular plants? A: Xylem B: Phloem C: Collenchyma tissue D: Sclerenchyma tissue

B

Which group of species is not considered to be Gymnosperms? A.) Conifers B.) Monocots C.) Ginkgos D.) Cycads

B) Monocots

Which of these is a part of the outer whorl of a flower? A) Petals B) Sepals C) Carpels D) Stamens

B) Sepals

Which of these is part of the primary phloem? A) Tracheids B) Sieve Tube Elements C) Parenchyma D) Vessel Elements

B) Sieve tube elements

Angiosperms have a unique, complex fertilization mechanism usually referred to as _________ ______________. A.) cross pollination C.) horizontal transfer B.) double fertilization D.) gene sharing

B) double fertilization

The dominant form or stage of the lifecycle for a seedless vascular plant (fern) is called a _______ and contain(s) _______. A. Liverwort; 1 set of chromosomes B. Sporophyte; 2 sets of chromosomes C. Gametophyte; 1 set of chromosomes D. Gametophore; 1 set of chromosomes

B. Sporophyte; 2 sets of chromosomes

What are bryophytes, and what are their distinguishing features?

Bryophytes are nonvascular plants. The group includes mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Members of the group lack, the xylem and phloem that are present in vascular plants.

Which phyla of gymnosperms are most numerous, widespread, and ecologically important? A). Phylum Cycadophyta B). Phylum Ginkgophyta C). Phylum Coniferophyta D). Phylum Gnetophyta

C Phylum Coniferophyta

Which of these is NOT something seeds offer? A) protection of embryo B) enhanced dispersal ability C) dependency on water D) dormancy phase

C) dependency on water

In flowering plants, the second fertilization is to provide _____ for the new embryo/developing zygote. A. shelter B. water C. Food D. CO2

C. food

Which of the following list the three tissue systems of a plant?? A). Ground tissue system, Fundamental tissue system, Dermal tissue system. B). Photosynthetic tissue system, Ground tissue system, Vascular tissue system. C). Fundamental tissue system, Vascular tissue system, Photosynthetic tissue system. D). Dermal tissue system, Ground tissue system, Vascular tissue system.

D

____________ are referred to generally as club mosses, but they are not closely related to the true bryophyte mosses. A.) cyanobacteria C.) gymnosperms B.) monilophytes D.) lycophytes

D

Which is not an adaption made by the pine family for dry habitats? A) Needle like leaves B) Thick cuticle C) Hypodermis, endodermis D) CAM photosynthesis

D) CAM photosynthesis

Which of the following is not an example of a seedless vascular plant? A) Club Mosses B) Horsetails C) Whisk Ferns D) Pine Trees

D) Pine trees

1. Which of these is considered a bryophyte? A) Liverworts B) Mosses C) Hornworts D) All of the above

D) all of the above

The dominant form or stage of the lifecycle for Bryophytes is called a _______ and contain(s) _______. A. Liverwort; 1 set of chromosomes B. Sporophyte; 2 sets of chromosomes C. Gametophore; 1 set of chromosomes D. Gametophyte; 1 set of chromosomes

D. Gametophyte; 1 set of chromosomes

list and give a description of the 3 tissues systems associated with the primary growth of Angiosperms

Dermal: epidermal tissues Ground: Ground tissues Vascular: Vascular tissues

Which of the following is an issue with plants living in a terrestrial environment? A. Water (life and reproduction) B. Support C. Transport D. Protection of reproductive structures E. All of the above

E

What kind of growth is defined as the growth that occurs relatively close to the tips of roots and stems? Secondary growth Primary growth Body growth Base growth

Primary Growth

What are the two types of sporangia within ferns?

Eusporanginate and leptosporanginate

T/F. Bryophtyes have true roots and stems.

False

True or False: Angiosperm wood is soft while gymnosperm wood is hard because of vessel elements.

False

True/False Question: All Gymnosperms are conifers.

False

True or False: A sunflower is an example of a monocot.

False-a sunflower is an example of a eudicot

T/F if false correct the statement: Gymnosperms are vascular, but do not have seeds.

False: Gymnosperms are vascular and DO have seeds.

What is double fertilization on Angiosperm? Explain

Flowering plants, angiosperm undergoes two fertilization events called double fertilization where it forms diploid zygote and triploid endosperm. One of the two sperm cells fertilizes the egg cell that produces diploid zygote and forms embryo. At the same time, the other sperm cell fuses with the central nuclei that forms triploid cell called endosperm which is the nutrient supply for developing embryo.

Name at least three habitats that bryophytes can be found in.

Forests, deserts, and arctic habitats.

Is Gymnosperm fertilization less or more dependent upon liquid water comparison to Angiosperms and Bryophytes?

Gymnosperm fertilization is more dependent on liquid water than that of Angiosperms, and less dependent than that of Bryophytes

______ plants produce a singular form of spores from a single kind of sporangia whereas ________ plants produce two types of spores in separate kinds of sporangia.

Homosporous and Heterosporous

Explain how ferns life cycle is different from other land plants.

The gametophyte and sporophyte phases are free living in ferns life cycle

Which is not a characteristic of bryophytes? Asexual reproduction Lack of growth and no fragmentation of thallus Presence of gemmac None of the above

Lack of growth and no fragmentation of thallus

What is difference between primary and secondary growth? Which plant undergoes secondary growth?

Lengthening the plants on apical meristem, on shoot and root is primary growth. Secondary growth is the increase in thickness on plants which makes them more durable over time. Some dicot plant undergoes secondary growth.

What is the main difference between angiosperm fertilization and mammalian fertilization?

Mammalian fertilization is single fertilization, and angiosperms use double fertilization.

A type of leaf that has one single unbranched vein is a microphyll or a megaphyll?

Microphyll

What are the fundamental types of leaves and how are they different?

Micryphylls and megaphylls. Microphylls are relatively small and have only a single strand of vascular tissue. Megaphylls are larger than microhpylls and have a complex system of branching veins.

List 3 characteristics of Bryophytes

Non-Vascular, Thallus body, long life span, require water to reproduce sexually, or capable of asexual and sexual.

Which is true about Bryophytes? Vascular and seed plant Non-vascular and seed plant Vascular and seedless plant Non-vascular and seedless plant

Non-vascular and seedless

What is the female reproductive structure in angiosperms? Petal Stamen Pistil Pollen

Pistil

T/F: In terms of nutrition, almost all angiosperms are free living.

True

What is primary growth and where does it occur?

Primary growth involves the lengthening (extension) of the plant body and formation of primary tissues. Primary growth occurs at the apical meristems, which are located on the top of the plant (shoot apical meristem) and the bottom of the plant (root apical meristem).

What is the difference between primary growth and primary plant body?

Primary growth is the extension of the plant body and formation of the primary tissues, and the primary plant body is the part of the plant that is composed of those tissues.

What is the name of the underground stems commonly found in ferns? Parenchymas Sporangium Azollas Rhizoids

Rhizoids

The ringed pattern found in many different types of plants is the result of what type of growth?

Secondary growth

How do ferns and other seedless vascular plants reproduce? How is that difference from other plants?

Seedless vascular plants, such as ferns, reproduce through haploid unicellular spores underneath the leaves. This is different from other plants because most other plants reproduce through seeds.

What is a quick way to identify ferns if it is difficult to distinguish from others? Hint, it is distinct physical characteristic involved in reproduction

Should consist of explaining there are small pouches on the back of the leaves full of spores

Describe the structural modifications related to water absorption in Sphagnum. Why is Sphagnum of such great ecological importance?

Sphagnum leaves contain large, dead cells that are perforated so that they readily become filled with water. Sphagnum is ecologically important because the peat they form constitutes large amounts of stored organic carbon that is not readily decayed to carbon dioxide by microorganisms. Ecologists are concerned that global warming brought about by increasing amounts of carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere, due in large to human activities, might result in oxidation of peatland carbon. This could further increase carbon dioxide levels and global warming.

Name three common examples of gymnosperms and briefly explain why the welwitschia is an oddity among gymnosperms. (What trait(s) does welwitschia have that are unlike most common gymnosperms?)

Spruces, pines, and cedars are all common examples of gymnosperms. Welwitschia are considered oddities among gymnosperms due to their male reproductive structures, water movement systems, and mode of pollination that more closely resemble that of angiosperms.

Explain the four major steps needed for stomatal opening.

Step one involves the movement of K+ ions into vacuoles. In the second step, water moves into the vacuoles following the K+ ions. After this, our third step occurs where the guard cell expands which allows our fourth step to occur which is the opening of the stomata.

What is the defining feature of angiosperms?

The defining feature of angiosperms is the carpel, which is a modified leaf that is rolled into a tube. Unlike gymnosperms, the ovules are enclosed within the carpal at time of pollination in angiosperms. The ovary in angiosperms, located at the base of the carpel, is what eventually becomes the fruit.

Why is polarity important in embryonic development of plants

The division of the zygote the apical basal polarity is the reason the embryo is established

WHAT IS A SEED AND WHY IS THE EVOLUTION OF SEED SO. IMPORTANT

The evolution of seeds allowed plants to reproduce independently of water; pollen allows them to disperse their gametes great distances.

In regard to a typical eudicot embryo, what is the hypocotyl? What does the hypocotyl initially look like?

The hypocotyl is an organ that elongates the apical meristem in order to bring the meristem into full sunlight. The hypocotyl initially looks like the stem of the plant, but the apical meristem is the true stem.

What characteristics of bryophytes distinguish them from charophytes?

The presence of male and female gametangia (Antheridia and archegonia) Retention of both the zygote and the developing multicellular embryo, or young sporophyte, within the archegonium or the female gametophyte. The presence of a multicellular diploid sporophyte. Multicellular sporangia consisting of a sterile jacket layer and internal spore producing tissue. Meiospores with walls containing sporopolenin.

The seedless vascular plants are all vascular plants. What does this mean? What do Pteridophytes have that Bryophytes did not?

The seedless vascular plants are all vascular plants. This means they have tissues like xylem and phloem. These are the tissues through which water, minerals and nutrients can transfer throughout the plants. Moreover, bryophytes do not have true leaves, stems, and roots while ferns have true leaves, stems and roots. This allows these plants to live in broad range of environments while Bryophytes do not have the same features lacking in a diverse environment.

How might Gymnosperm be important in everyday life?

They are important for furniture, paper production, and resin. Similarly, they can be used to prepare soap, perfumes, nail polish and glue.

What does it mean for the gametophytes to be bisexual?

They contain both the antherida and archegonia, the male and female reproductive organs.

What is xylem's primary purpose?

Transport water and minerals.

(True/False) Unlike Bryophytes Gymnosperms are Sporophyte dominant.

True

Angiosperms have evolved specialized tissues, phloem and xylem, that transports nutrients and water to all areas of the plant body. (T/F)

True

Bryophytes engage in asexual reproduction. (T/F)

True

Mosses can go without water for a while. T or F

True

T or F Vascular tissues are the main contribution to the success of vascular plants on land.

True

T/F. Angiosperms and gymnosperms internal anatomy is almost identical.

True

T/F. Morphogenesis is the shaping of an organism by embryological processes of differentiation of cells, tissues, and organs and the development of organ systems.

True

T/F: All seeded plants are heterosporous

True

How does the annulus aid in spore dispersal?

When the sporangium starts to dry out, the annulus starts to contract, causing a tear in the middle. As the annulus suddenly opens and snaps back to its original position, the spores are released in a catapult-like action.

Compare and contrast angiosperms and gymnosperms, and give an example of each.

a. Angiosperms: flowering plants. Yield a seed enclosed in an ovary, which is often a fruit. Examples include the apple tree. b. Gymnosperms: plants that yield "naked" leaves, often in the form of cones, and do not flower. Examples include the pine tree. c. Both: both types produce seeds as part of the reproductive process. Both are examples of vascular plants.

In terms of structure and method of development how do eusporangiate differ from leptosporangiate?

a. Eusporangiate- develop from a group of initial cells, multilayered, large, produce large number of spores, short stalk b. Leptosporangiate- develop from a single initial cell, single layered, small, produce minimal spores, long stalk

What is the name of the cups that form on liverworts? a. Gametophyte b. Gemma cups

a. Sporophyte b. bryophyte

Angiosperms are a/n ________ addition in geologic time. a. recent b. past c. relative d. none of the above

a. recent

What are the major characteristics that isolate bryophytes from other plants? a. the absence of true roots, stems, and leaves b. the presence of true leaves and stems c. the absence of true roots and leaves d. none of the above

a. the absence of true roots, stems, and leaves

Angiosperms have which of the following? Seeds Vascular System Flowers All of the above

all of the above

Bryophytes lack which of the following? Seeds Vascular Systems Flowers All of the above

all of the above

Ferns lack which of the following? Seeds Fruit Flowers All of the above

all of the above

The dominant form or stage of the lifecycle for a Angiosperm is called a _______ and contain(s) _______. A. Megasporangium; 1 set of chromosomes B. Sporophytes; 2 sets of chromosomes C. Gametophytes; 1 set of chromosomes D. Endospore; 1 set of chromosomes

b.

Choose the option that organizes the three clades of bryophytes from most to least common: a. Liverworts, mosses, hornworts b. Hornworts, mosses, liverworts c. Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

c. Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

What are the 4 whorls of a complete flower? a. calyx, ovule, corolla, perianth b. receptacle, petal, anther, calyx c. calyx, corolla, androecium, gynoecium d. stigma, style, stamen, carpel

c. calyx, corolla, androecium, gynoecium

What attaches the gametophytes of thalloid and bryophytes to the soil? a. antheridia b. plasmodesmata c. rhizoids d. gametothylazoid

c. rhizoids

Sunflowers and apple trees are examples of _____________, which all produce pollen with three pores.

trycolpates or eudicots

Which of the following is not a basic arrangement of primary vascular tissues and associated ground tissues? a. the protostele b. the siphonostele c. the eustele d. all of the above

d

Which is false about microspores? a. male gametophyte b. greater in numbers c. lower energy input d. higher energy input

d. higher energy input

The most abundant group of seedless vascular plants are the monilophytes, also known as __________.

ferns

During double fertilization, angiosperms produce an _______ and an ________

embryo and endosperm

What are the three main cell types found in the plant epidermis?

epidermal cells, guard cells, and trichomes

Ferns are seedless nonvascular plants True/False

false

Monoaperturate pollen in Angiosperms is a derived(later or less primitve) trait in comparison to triaperturate pollen. (True) (False)

false

True or False Parenchyma cells are solely responsible for water movement.

false

The defining characteristic for gymnosperms is that the _____ is exposed at the time of pollination.

ovule

In angiosperms, the ovule develops into the _________ and the ovary develops into the _________.

seed, fruit

Symmetry in flower structure comes in two main forms, regular or actinomorphic flowers display ______ symmetry whereas irregular or zygomorphic flowers display ______ symmetry.

radial and bilateral

Give two differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms.

reproductive structures: gymnosperms are cones, angiosperms are flowers. In angiosperms, seeds eventually form fruit. Gymnosperms do not have this.

True secondary growth is found in Dicots due to what kind of vasculature being present?

ringed vasculature

True or False: The dominant phase in the bryophytes life cycle is the gametophyte phase.

true