brain and behavior (chapter 15)

Which of the following is correct about the word "unbreakable"?

Able is a morpheme

Disturbance in reading is called

Alexia

In most split-brain patients, words presented to the left visual field

cannot be repeated verbally

According to some studies, stroke patients given _______ therapy can show about a 75% return of normal use of a paralyzed arm within a relatively short period of time.

constraint-induced movement

Under which circumstance would a doctor request that a patient undergo a Wada test?

if a patient may need to undergo neurosurgery

Astereognosis is the

inability to identify objects by touch or manipulation.

Which statement about the evolution of languages is most accurate?

languages are being lost or absorbed as a result of increasing globalization

Hemispheric specialization is also known as

lateralization

Nonverbal visual stimuli, such as faces or shapes, are recognized more accurately if they are presented to the

left visual field

PET scans of brain activation during progressively more complex language processing tasks showed _______ in Broca's area as compared to activation during simple word repetition or reading aloud.

marked activation

_______ is an anatomical abnormality of developmental dyslexia that is associated with excessive cortical folding in areas such as the temporoparietal junction.

micropolygyria

________ is an anatomical abnormality of developmental dyslexia that is associated with excessive cortical folding in areas such as the temporoparietal junction

micropolygyria

Aphasic patients may produce nonsensical or meaningless words called

neologisms

The sounds that make up a language are called _______, and the system of rules for producing sentences is called _______.

phonemes; grammar

A prominent structural asymmetry in the brains of typical humans is apparent in the _______, which is located on the superior surface of the _______ lobe.

planum temporale; temporal

Birdsong is similar to human speech in that

proper expression of the FOXP2 gene appears to be crucial.

Bilateral damage to the fusiform gyrus results in

prosopagnosia

People with conduction aphasia are unable to

repeat words or sentences

The goal of constraint-induced movement therapy is to encourage stroke patients to use the afflicted arm by _______ the unaffected arm.

restraining

Which feature of birdsong suggests it is analogous to human speech?

some birds require early exposure to species-typical birdsong in order to develop their characteristic song

In nonhuman primates, the brain regions in which electrical stimulation elicits vocalizations seem to be those involved in

strongly emotional behaviors, such as defense, attack, feeding, and sex behaviors

Mirror therapy has been shown to be useful for rehabilitation after brain injury as it

tricks the brain into thinking they are moving the paralyzed arm

In patients with aphasia following a stroke, the greatest amount of language recovery is likely to be achieved _______ after the episode of brain damage.

within 3 months

Children show evidence of sensitivity to the "rules" of language by the age of _______ months.

7

A large frontal lesion in the left hemisphere can produce _______ aphasia.

Broca's

Patients with _______ are likely to have right-sided weakness or partial paralysis; those with _______ are likely to experience right-sided numbness.

Broca's aphasia; Wernicke's aphasia

Which statement about childhood aphasia true?

Language abilities impaired by childhood brain injury are usually restored by adulthood.

In ERP studies of normal subjects, it has been found that a grammatically correct sentence containing a word whose meaning does not fit into the sentence provokes a(n) _______ wave from _______ cortex.

N400; temporoparietal

A patient speaks in a fluent manner, although her speech contains many paraphasias that make it unintelligible. She also demonstrates poor comprehension of verbal material. This patient is most likely suffering from _______ aphasia.

Wernicke's

The relationship between the direction of the whorl of hair on the top of the head and handedness supports the idea that

a single gene has a major influence on asymmetry throughout the body

A 45-year old individual that played football all his life is showing signs of confusion and memory loss. If you were to examine his brain, what would you expect to find?

abnormal expression of tau

In the Wada test, a short-acting _______ is injected into the carotid artery first on one side of the brain, then on the other.

anesthetic

Damage to the _______, which transmits information between Wernicke's area and Broca's area leads to _______ aphasia.

arcuate fasciculus; conduction

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) findings

are inconsistent with the connectionist model of aphasia.

Because apes seem able to learn a version of American Sign Language (ASL), some researchers have concluded that they are able to acquire language. Those who disagree, however, offer which criticism of this conclusion?

chimpanzees may only be imitating the gestures of trainers

In boxers, the devastating effects of repeated blows to the head are evident in the development of a progressive cognitive impairment called

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Which of the following best describes the Wernicke-Geschwind model of aphasia?

connectionist

The human brain shows a clear ______, during which exposure and practice with language must occur in order for language skills to develop normally

critical period

The human brain shows a clear _______, during which exposure and practice with language must occur in order for language skills to develop normally.

critical period

Unusual groupings of cells in the outer layers of the cerebral cortex have been seen in postmortem studies of

dyslexia

Which region of cortex is crucial for face recognition?

fusiform gyrus

If conscious subjects receive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of anterior portions of Broca's area, they

have difficulty understanding the meanings of words

In infants, the left planum temporale is larger than the right, suggesting that

humans have an inborn neural mechanism for language

Which symptom would not be a likely result of extensive damage to the right fusiform gyrus?

impairment in recognizing the voices of coworkers

In general, brain injury suffered _______ has less severe consequences than brain injury suffered _______.

in childhood; in adulthood

Studies using fMRI show that in addition to face recognition, the fusiform region is also activated when identifying

individual members of other categories, such as birds or cars, especially if the viewer has relevant expertise in those categories

TMS brain mapping has shown that _______ regions of Broca's area are important for _______ processing.

posterior; phonological

All the following may aid in stabilization and reorganization after brain damage except

reverse transcription

A left-ear advantage for verbal sounds can be observed in up to 50% of

right-handed individuals

The _______ hemisphere plays a major role in the perception of music. The _______ hemisphere plays a major role in prosody

right; right

Anna has been diagnosed with deep dyslexia. The most obvious symptom she has is

she interprets a word when reading not as the word on the page but as a semantically related word

In monkeys, stimulation of the _______, but not of the _______, results in vocalizations.

subcortical regions; cortex

A native English-speaking person with _______ dyslexia would have great difficulty reading the title The Tough Coughs as He Ploughs the Dough.

surface

Early studies using electrodes to stimulate discrete areas of cortex, thereby disrupting neural function, found

that electrical stimulation interfered with language abilities

Split-brain individuals are those who have undergone surgery to _______ as a treatment for _______.

the corpus callosum; epilepsy

Wernicke's aphasia is usually associated with lesions of

the left posterior temporal region

Speech mechanisms may have evolved from more ancient systems controlling gestures of the face and hands, in agreement with

the motor theory of language

Consistent with the motor theory of speech perception, deaf people who use American Sign Language use _______ language-related regions of the left hemisphere as hearing people who use spoken language do.

the same

Which statement best illustrates the motor theory of language?

when we listen to speech, we process the speech sounds using the same neural systems that we use to make those sounds