Brain and Behavior Exam 1: Chapters 1-3
_____ are additional sensory areas.
"Association areas"
The endoplasmic reticulum is:
A network of thin tubes that transport newly synthesized proteins.
Charles Sherrington would most likely agree that:
A repeated stimulus in a short period of time has a cumulative effect.
What needs to happen for sodium channels to open?
Add a solution that will depolarize the membrane.
Why is a genetic explanation for altruism problematic?
Altruistic behaviors rarely benefit the individual performing them.
Autoreceptors monitor the:
Amount of neurotransmitters released.
An efferent axon carries information _____ from a structure, while afferent axons carry info _____ a structure.
Away; toward
Target cells send out branches for _____ to follow.
Axons
Enzymes serve as:
Biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the body
The _____ contains the medulla, pons, midbrain, and certain central structures of the forebrain.
Brain stem
Brain activation results from _____.
Brief and mild magnetic stimulation
Neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron when the action potential reaches the terminal and opens _____ channels.
Calcium
In order to produce an IPSP, there needs to be an increased permeability for _____.
Chloride
The _____ produces cerebral spinal fluid, while the _____ reabsorbs it.
Choroid plexus; subarachnoid space
When the membrane is at rest, the sodium pump is _____ and the potassium pump is _____.
Completely closed; almost completely closed.
The telencephalon is the _____ and the diencephalon is the _____.
Cortex; subcortical regions
Activated autoreceptors:
Decrease the neurotransmitter release.
To measure temporal summation in single cells, researchers record:
Depolarization in the postsynaptic neuron
An EPSP is to _____ as an IPSP is to _____.
Depolarization; hyperpolarization
A primary method for the disposal of neurotransmitters is _____.
Diffusion
True or False? A neuron will release a greater number of neurotransmitters than what it will respond to with its ow receptors.
False
True or false? Myelination of the brain and spinal cord is complete by the time of birth.
False
The thalamus is a part of the _____
Forebrain
The prefrontal cortex and the precentral gyrus are both in the _____.
Frontal lobe
_____ is the main source of nutrition for vertebrate neurons, which is metabolized by _____
Glucose; thiamine
Most of the brain's excitatory ionotropic synapses use the neurotransmitter _____.
Glutamate
Radial glia:
Guide the migration of neurons during embryonic development.
The _____ holds the medulla, pons, and cerebellum.
Hindbrain
The limbic system consists of the:
Hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus, and olfactory bulb.
The concentration gradient moves sodium _____ the cell, and the electrical gradient tends to move it _____ the cell.
Into; into
The inferior and superior colliculi as well as the Substantia Nigra belong to the _____.
Midbrain
In addition to influencing other neurons, _____ increases blood flow to a specific area of the brain.
Nitric oxide (a gas)
The sympathetic nervous system releases _____, while the parasympathetic nervous system releases _____
Norepinephrine; acetylcholine
The Ventral Tegmental Area releases dopamine onto the _____, while the Substantia Nigra releases it onto the
Nucleus accumbens; basal ganglia
The All-or-None-Law states:
Once an action potential reaches threshold, the amplitude and velocity will be the same each time.
Action potential causes the release of neurotransmitters by ____.
Opening calcium pores in the membrane
The concentration gradient moves potassium ____ of the cell, and the electrical gradient moves it ____ the cell.
Out; into
The somatosensory cortex, motor cortex, and the postcentral gyrus are all in the _____.
Parietal lobe
Neurons that convey messages to muscles and glands are a part of the _____.
Peripheral nervous system
PKU prevents _____ from being metabolized, which can accumulate in the brain causing damage.
Phenylalanine
The membrane of a neuron is composed of _____ with _____ embedded in them.
Phospholipids; proteins
Whether or not a neurotransmitter is excitatory depends on the response of the ____.
Postsynaptic receptor
The _____ is important for working memory.
Prefrontal cortex
Vesicles are located in the _____.
Presynaptic terminals.
What provides the building blocks for synthesizing nearly all neurotransmitters?
Proteins found in the diet.
Which category of chemicals includes adenosine and several of its derivatives?
Purines
The somatic nervous system carries signals from the _____, and is part of the _____.
Senses; peripheral nervous system
Entering dorsal roots carry _____ information, while exiting ventral roots carry _____ information according to the _____ Law.
Sensory; motor; Bell Magendie
The amino acid tryptophan is the precursor to which neurotransmitter?
Serotonin
_____ controls "fight or flight," while _____ controls non-emergency responses.
Sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system
A cortical cell originally responded to stimulation of the middle finger. After amputation of that finger, it begins responding to the second and fourth fingers. Which action most likely accounts for this?
Synaptic reorganization
Speech and language processes occur in the _____.
Temporal lobe
Suppose that adopted children are more similar to their biological parents than their adoptive parents in their preferences for a flavor of ice cream. Which statement is true in this circumstance?
The heritability of this trait is high.
Acetylcholine is the only neurotransmitter released by _____.
The parasympathetic nervous system's postganglionic axons.
Which gland affects the secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland, adrenal gland, ovaries, or testes?
The pituitary gland
Temporal summation is to _____ as spatial summation is to _____.
Time; location
True or false? Genes become more prevalent in a population if they contribute to reproductive success.
True
The sodium channel closes _____
after the neuron reaches threshold.
At later stages of the neuron's development, neurotrophins ____.
increase the branching of axons
In development, neurotrophins ____. During adulthood, they ____.
preserve neurons; increase neuronal branching
Each target cell causes:
the growth of a neuron and its axon
Glia releasing chemicals that inhibit axon growth can be an impediment to _____.
the regeneration of axons in the mammalian central nervous system
Early in development, the nervous system begins as a ____.
tube surrounding a fluid-filled cavity