Breathing 3310

Lung Capacities and Volumes

- Determined using spirometry equipment. - Reserve of tidal volume at rest allows increase in tidal volume during maximal exercise.

Structures of the respiratory system

1. Nose and Nasal Cavity 2. Mouth 3. Pharynx 4. Larynx 5. trachea 6. Bronchi and Bronchioles 7. Lungs 8. Muscles of respiration

Boyle's Law

A principle that describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature. states that the pressure (p) of a given quantity of gas varies inversely with its volume (v) at constant temperature; i.e., in equation form, pv = k, a constant.

Describe active and passive forces involved with respiration.

For expiration, there is no muscle contraction for quiet breathing; there is simply passive recoil of the lungs. But for active breathing, such as speech breathing, expiration is somewhat voluntary— we use the abdominal muscles and external intercostals.

plural linkage

Gap between visceral and parietal pleurae filled with fluid which serves to: 1. Be protective: penumothorax (collapse) only affects one lung 2. be link sustaining mostly by visceral pleura absorbing gases and fluids so that the membranes remain under suction.

Describe the forced inhalation and exhalation along with the contributing forces

Pulmonary ventilation is the act of breathing, which can be described as the ... In a gas, pressure is a force created by the movement of gas molecules that are ... Total dead space is the anatomical dead space and alveolar dead space together, ... and drop towards the abdominal cavity, helping to expand the thoracic cavity.

ratios for tidal and speech breathing

Tidal breathing is a cycle of roughly 40% inhalation and 60% exhalation, and the exhalation is passive, meaning no muscles are activated to do it. However, when breathing for speech, the cycle is roughly 10% inhalation and 90% exhalation!

muscles of the respiratory system

Various muscles of respiration aid in both inspiration and expiration, which require changes in the pressure within the thoracic cavity (Figure 27-6). The primary muscles of inspiration are the diaphragm, the upper and more lateral external intercostals, and the parasternal portion of the internal intercostal muscles

muscles of inspiration

diaphragm and external intercostals

Describe the process of inspiratory checking action

inspiratory checking action: braking activity, in which inspiratory thoracic muscles must be engaged to hold the elastic recoil forces in check to sustain phonation.

muscles of expiration

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

tidal breathing

normal breathing

Respiration

the act of respiring; inhalation and exhalation of air; breathing

Inhalation/Inspiration

the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward while the muscles between the ribs contract and pull upward

exhalation/expiration

the diaphragm relaxes, and the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, while the pressure within it increases. As a result, the lungs contract and air is forced out

speech breathing

the regulation of breathing for voice and speech production

thoracic cavity

The thoracic cage (rib cage) forms the thorax (chest) portion of the body. It consists of the 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages and the sternum (Figure 1). The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12). The thoracic cage protects the heart and lungs.

Describe each step with contributor and forces along the relaxation curve

When an action potential travels down the motor neuron, it will result in a contraction of all of the muscle fibers associated with that motor neuron. The contraction generated by a single action potential is called a muscle twitch. A single muscle twitch has three components. The latent period, or lag phase, the contraction phase, and the relaxation phase. The latent period is a short delay (1-2 msec) from the time when the action potential reaches the muscle until tension can be observed in the muscle. This is the time required for calcium to diffuse out of the SR, bind to troponin, the movement of tropomyosin off of the active sites, formation of cross bridges, and taking up any slack that may be in the muscle. The contraction phase is when the muscle is generating tension and is associated with cycling of the cross bridges, and the relaxation phase is the time for the muscle to return to its normal

age and certain disorders may affect pulmonary functioning

Your lungs mature by the time you are about 20-25 years old. After about the age of 35, it is normal for your lung function to decline gradually as you age. This can make breathing slightly more difficult as you get older. If you notice any sudden difficulties in breathing or shortness of breath, talk to your doctor right away. This could be a sign of lung disease and not the normal process of aging. There are several natural body changes that happen as you get older that may cause a decline in lung capacity. Muscles like the diaphragm can get weaker. Lung tissue that helps keep your airways open can lose elasticity, which means your airways can get a little smaller. Also your rib cage bones can change and get smaller which leaves less room for your lungs to expand.

Airflow in lungs

bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli