BSC 109- Exam 3

11. Whereas the sense of taste is based on ________ (how many?) classes of taste receptors the sense of smell has over ________ (how many?) different receptors for chemicals associated with odor

5; 1,000

15. Which of the following statements correctly characterizes an action potential?

Action potentials are initiated by depolarization of the membrane to threshold.

17. The loudness (intensity) of a sound is specifically associated with the

Amplitude of the sound waves

9. The olfactory bulb is __________.

An area of the brain where olfactory receptor cells synapse with other neurons

1d. _____ are the main male hormones.

Androgens

1e. What hormone promotes water retention by the kidneys?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

36. During a brain surgery a surgeon passes an instrument through the dura mater. Which one of the following does the surgeon pass through next?

Arachnoid

22. Oligodendrocytes are similar to Schwann cells in that they

Are a type of neuroglial cell

13. In what order do the structures of the ear come into play when hearing?

Auditory canal, tympanic membrane, malleus, cochlea, cochlear nerve

33. Control of smooth muscle and internal organs is the role of the ________ division of the nervous system?

Autonomic

8c. A nerve impulse moves away from a neuron's cell body along _____________.

Axons

24. An __________ neurotransmitter causes __________ of the postsynaptic membrane.

Both excitatory; depolarization and inhibitory; hyperpolarization are correct

27. Which of the following is/are involved in focusing light?

Both lens and cornea

29. Which of the following can be corrected with corrective lenses?

Both myopia and hyperopia

16. Which of the following influence(s) the speed of an action potential?

Both the presence of a myelin sheath and the diameter of the axon

12. Axons branch into axon terminals which have ________ located at the terminal ends,

Bulbs

25. During synaptic transmission the influx of ________ causes vesicles in the axon bulb to fuse with the cell membrane, releasing ________.

Ca2+, neurotransmitter

1f. Which hormone opposes the action of parathyroid hormone?

Calcitonin

8a. A neuron's nucleus is located in its _______.

Cell body

1. The brain and spinal cord make up the __________.

Central nervous system

39. People who are intoxicated cannot coordinate their movements or walk a straight line because alcohol disrupts the normal function of which region of the brain?

Cerebellum

40. Conscious thought is associated with which one of the following?

Cerebral cortex

7. Which of the following are NOT found among the somatosensory receptors?

Chemoreceptors

41. Color blindness usually results from a decrease in the number of

Cones

28. Which of the following correctly describes the distribution of rods and cones in the retina?

Cones are more highly concentrated in the fovea centralis.

24. What is the order of the path of light through the eye?

Cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, lens, vitreous humor, retina

8b. A nerve impulse moves toward a neuron's cell body along _______.

Dendrites

35. The central nervous system is enclosed by membranes or meninges called the __________.

Dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid

1b. Which of these hormones are responsible for the "fight or flight" response to danger?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

27. True or False. Neurotransmitters always cause depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane.

False

6. True or False. The two major subdivisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system and the limbic nervous system.

False

38. The three main anatomical and functional divisions of the brain are the _________.

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

26. Convergence occurs when several presynaptic cells _______.

Form a synapse with a single postsynaptic cell

1c. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) triggers the release of _____ in response to stress.

Glucocorticoids

20. Different pitched (high- or low-toned) sounds are discriminated by the

Hair cells in specific regions of the cochlea

Which of these glands secretes releasing hormones?

Hypothalamus

32. Which one of the following activities would be facilitated by the sympathetic nervous system?

Increased blood pressure

11a. transmit impulses within the central nervous system

Interneurons

18. An action potential __________.

Is self-propagating

3. Which of the following is true of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

It includes a sensory division and a motor division.

5. Pain receptors adapt slowly or not at all because __________.

Lack of adaptation is important to survival.

38. Nearsightedness and farsightedness are caused by the ___________.

Length of eyeball

1g. Which hormone stimulates hormone production by the ovaries and testes?

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

37. Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating the heart and respiratory rates and blood pressure?

Medulla oblongata

5. Which component of the nervous system is divided into the somatic and autonomic divisions?

Motor

11c. transmit impulses away from the central nervous system

Motor neurons

13. Which one of the following cells transmits impulses away from the central nervous system to the muscles and other organs?

Motor neurons

8. Mechanoreceptors specifically designed to monitor muscle length are termed

Muscle spindles

8e. Axons insulated by a(n) _____ are able to conduct impulses faster that those not so insulated.

Myelin sheath

20. Which of the following cell types makes up the majority of cells in the nervous system?

Neuroglial cells

23. Cells that provide direct protection and physical support to neurons are

Neuroglial cells

8d. An impulse relayed along a myelinated axon "jumps" from _____ to _____.

Node of Ranvier ... Node of Ranvier

17. Graded potentials?

Occur in a local area of the membrane

6. Which of the following receptors are MOST likely to demonstrate receptor adaptation?

Olfactory receptors in the nose

23. These are like little rocks in the inner ear that shift in response to gravity or linear acceleration.

Otoliths

18. Sound is amplified by components of the middle ear when they vibrate. When one of these components the stapes, vibrates, the ________ will vibrate.

Oval window

22. Within the cochlea higher-frequency sounds are converted to electrical impulses near the _________.

Oval window

31. Which one of the following divisions of the nervous system predominates during the relaxed state?

Parasympathetic division

19. When a sound wave first arrives at the ear the wave is directed toward the auditory canal by ________

Pinna

1h. Which hormone stimulates milk production?

Prolactin

2. A more powerful stimulus will __________.

Result in both activation of more receptors and more frequent action potentials

30. The photoreceptors of the eye are __________

Rods and cones

8f. What type of cell makes up the myelin sheath of a motor neuron?

Schwann cells

37. Which one of the following parts of the eye is continuous with the cornea and forms the outer surface of the back of the eye?

Sclera

24. Which one of the following structures is used to sense rotational movement of the head and body?

Semicircular canals

4. Which one of the following provides the central nervous system with information about the outside environment?

Sensory division

10. Neurons of the PNS that transmit information to the CNS are __________.

Sensory neurons

11b. transmit impulses toward the central nervous system

Sensory neurons

3. Receptor adaptation results when __________.

Sensory neurons stop sending action potentials

9. Information coming into the central nervous system arrives via __________. while information going from the central nervous system to the muscles, glands, and organs travels via __________.

Sensory neurons; motor neurons

19. Which one of the following establishes and maintains the resting potential?

Sodium-potassium pump

39. As humans age their ability to focus on nearby objects deteriorates. This is the result of ____________.

Stiffening of the lens and loss of accommodation capability

30. If your heart rate and blood pressure increase in response to a crisis you are experiencing the immediate effects of the __________ nervous system (NS).

Sympathetic

29. Which of the following would cause an acceleration of heart rate an increase in blood pressure, and a slowing of digestive processes?

Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

8g. What part of a neuron relays signals from one neuron to another neuron or to an effector?

Synaptic Terminal

12. ________ extend out from the exposed tip of taste cells into the mouth.

Taste Hairs

28. Spinal reflex requires the participation of each of the following EXCEPT ___________.

The cerebral cortex

14. Different-pitched sounds will result in stimulation of receptors located in different regions of __________.

The cochlea

15. Which part of the ear generates impulses for sound?

The cochlea

26. Which of the following will regulate the amount of light entering the eye?

The iris

40. Conduction deafness would most likely be caused by damage to __________.

The malleus, incus, and/or stapes

31. Rhodopsin is __________.

The photopigment found in rods

4. Receptors are classified according to __________.

The type of stimulus energy they convert

2. Which of the following is characteristic of psychoactive drugs?

They alter levels of neurotransmitters.

1. What do the receptors in the skin for light touch and the receptors in the nose for smell have in common?

They both adapt very quickly

21. What do multiple sclerosis and ALS (amyotropic lateral sclerosis) have in common?

They both damage the myelin sheath, slowing action potential transmission

14. True or False. Motor neurons of the peripheral nervous system transmit impulses away from the central nervous system.

True

7. True or False. The somatic division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) controls skeletal muscles.

True

10. Olfactory receptors are located in which one of the following?

Upper part of nasal passages

32. The optic disc is the area of the eye __________.

Where the optic nerve exits the eye

33a. allow a person to taste food

chemoreceptors

16a. Sound waves moving through this area hit tympanic membrane

inner ear

33b. respond to tissue damage

mechanoreceptors

34c. detect light touch of skin

mechanoreceptors

16c. Air-filled chamber in temporal lobe containing three small bones

middle ear

34. White matter of the spinal cord contains __________ whereas gray matter contains __________.

myelinated nerves; unmyelinated cell bodies

16b. Location of the auditory nerve

outer ear

16d. Site of the vestibular canal and tympanic canal

outer ear

35d. respond to immediate extreme heat or cold

pain receptors

36e. respond to light

photoreceptor