BSC2011L final (FSU)

What types of genes are typically activated during determination?

regulatory genes

Why is it important to use individuals from pure breeding lines to start crosses?

to ensure they are homozygous

You are studying the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase in a population of Drosophila. The allele frequency of the fast allele is 0.3 and the allele frequency of the slow allele is 0.7. Assuming the population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes in the population?

0.42

what is the variance formula? The variance for a sample with values 2,2,2,6,6, and 6 is ___.

4.8

If a sample of 36 measurements has a variance of 25, what is the standard error?

5/6

If you were to do a χ2 test on the data, what would the expected value be for the individuals with white fur and blue eyes?

9.375

The control of transcription of DNA and translocation of mRNA is most accurately described as ___.

control of gene expression

A succulent plant is grown in a low light situation so that it is very tall. pale, and has few leaves compared to its siblings grown in full sun. Is this an evolutionary change or not, and why?

No, because it is an environmental change. no genetic or phenotypic changes

The arrow on the diagram is pointing to ____.

a node

The production of a new structure, following the removal of an existing structure, in an adult animal is known as ___.

regeneration

What is the expected phenotypic ratio in the F2 assuming independent assortment?

9:3:3:1

In the diagram attached, which pair of species are sister taxa?

B and C

The allele for white hair in mice is autosomal recessive (b), while the allele for black hair is autosomal dominant (B). A white, female mouse mates with a black, male mouse. If the offspring are half black and half white, what are the possible genotypes for the black, male mouse?

Bb or BB, heterozygous or homozygous dominant

Which evolutionary force is most powerful in small populations?

Genetic Drift

What is the difference between an allele and a gene (locus)?

an allele is an alternate form of a gene

Bird wings and bat wings are ____.

analogous and homologous

Bird wings and insect wings are ____.

analogous structures

Based on what you know, what kind of cross is being done here?

autosomal dihybrid cross

The value (sum of all measurements/total number of measurements) for a sample is known as the ___.

average or mean

the allele for white hair in mice is autosomal recessive (b), while the allele for black hair is autosomal dominant (B). A white, female mouse mates with a black, male mouse. What are the possible genotypes for the white, female mouse?

bb, homozygous recessive

The rest of the questions are based on the following scenario: You have guinea pigs from two pure breeding lines. One line has black fur and red eyes and the other line has white fur and blue eyes. When you cross them, all the F1 guinea pigs have black fur and blue eyes. When you cross the F1s to one another, you get a total of 50 F2 offspring. There are 31 with black fur and red eyes, 15 with white fur and blue eyes, 2 with white fur and red eyes, and 2 with black fur and blue eyes. There are approximately equal numbers of males and females in each phenotypic category. Which alleles are dominant?

blue eyes and black fur

What type of data is analyzed using a chi-squared ( χ2 ) test?

categorical data

The study of species diversity and the role of interactions among species in influencing diversity is known as ___.

community ecology

A cell in the nervous system of a late stage fetus is ___.

determined and differentiated

A cell in an embryo that still resembles the original cells of that embryo but will eventually form the spinal cord is ___.

determined only

The use of DNA sequences to estimate phylogenies is based on the idea that DNA sequences in different taxa can be ___.

homologous

The proposal that singing rate depends on temperature is the ___.

hypothesis

Insect herbivores differ from mammalian herbivores in which of the following ways?

insects tend to be more specialized in the plants they eat

An insect that is holometabolous is distinguished by which of the following?

it has a pupal stage

A measurement that is highly precise has which of the following characteristics?

it is highly repeatable; can happen many times over and over (does not matter if correct value)

A measurement that is highly accurate has which of the following characteristics?

it is very close to the expected value

Two flies that are both homozygous for the fast allele of alcohol dehydrogenase are mated (neither has mated previously). They have many homozygous fast offspring and one offspring that is a heterozygote. What evolutionary force is responsible for this result?

mutation, it is impossible for two homozygous animals to make a heterozygote

A large sample of flies from the population in question 2 is moved to a new habitat. There are no flies existing there. There is a lot more fermenting fruit (and thus alcohol) in this environment compared to the original environment. Over 10 generations, the frequency of the fast allele increases from 0.3 to 0.6. What evolutionary force is responsible for this result?

natural selection; changes in allele frequency over time due to changes in environment

Why is the use of non-coding DNA such as introns not practical for phylogenetic studies involving distantly related species?

non-coding DNA evolved too rapidly to be useful over long time scales

The taxon used to 'root' a phylogenetic tree is known as the ____.

outgroup

What is the combination of DNA data and parsimony so powerful?

parsimony maps the evolution of each base in the sequence so there are a huge number of characters

A species interaction in which on species benefits and another species does worse than it would if it was alone is known as ___.

predation

Organisms that feed upon plants are known as ___.

primary consumers

Which of the following is NOT the cause of problems when using morphological characteristics to construct a phylogeny?

slow gradual change in traits over time

What does the law of segregation state?

that only one allele from each locus is present in a gamete

If you do a t-test and you get p<0.04, what does the value mean?

that value means your data is statistically significantly different from each other and you can reject the null hypothesis the probability that the two populations have the same mean is less than 4%

If a sample of 36 measurements has a variance of 25, what is the standard deviation?

the SD would be 5, because the SD is the square root of the variance

A scientist wants to test the idea that temperature affects the rate at which crickets 'sing' (technically called stridulation). She places crickets in different temperatures and records the singing rate. The singing rate is the ___

the dependent variable

the exposure to different temperatures is the___

the independent variable

The concept of parsimony (in the study of phylogenies) refers to what?

the phylogeny with the least amount of branches is usually correct