BUS 201 Chapter 9

job sharing

A scheduling option that allows two individuals to split the tasks, responsibilities, and work hours of one 40-hour-per-week job.

Scientific Management

A system of industrial management created and promoted in the early twentieth century by Frederick W. Taylor, emphasizing stopwatch efficiency to improve factory performance. The system gained immense popularity across the United States and Europe.

Theory Z

A theory developed by William Ouchi that combines North American and Japanese business practices by emphasizing long-term employment, slow career development, moderate specialization, group decision making, individual responsibility, relatively informal control over the employee, and concern for workers.

Equity Theory

A theory of motivation that focuses on people's perceptions of the fairness of their work outcomes relative to their work inputs.

Theory X

Theory based on a pessimistic view of human nature and that the average person does not enjoy working

Theory Y

Theory based on optimistic view of human nature, assumes average person wants to work

Goal Setting Theory

a theory of motivation based on the premise that an individual's intention to work toward a goal is a primary source of motivation

Reinforcement Theory

a theory of motivation that holds that people do things because they know that certain consequences will follow

hygiene factors

extrinsic elements of the work environment that do not serve as a source of employee satisfaction or motivation

job enlargement

the horizontal expansion of a job by increasing job scope

Hawthorne effect

the phenomenon that employees perform better when they feel singled out for attention or feel that management is concerned about their welfare

job rotation

the shifting of workers from one job to another; also called cross-training

job enrichment

the vertical expansion of jobs, which increases the degree to which the worker controls the planning, execution, and evaluation of the work

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

theory of motivation developed by Abraham Maslow; holds that humans have five levels of needs and act to satisfy their unmet needs. At the base of the hierarchy are fundamental physiological needs, followed in order by safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization needs

Expectancy Theory

theory of motivation holding that people are motivated to work toward rewards that they want and that they believe they have a reasonable chance of obtaining