BUS 247 ch 13

In the context of reinforcement theory, which of the following statements is true of ratio schedules? a. They are less resistant to extinction than continuous schedules. b. They result in higher levels of behavior than do interval schedules. c. They result in higher productivity than do interval schedules. d. They involve a shorter amount of learning time than continuous schedules.

b

Thomas, the manager of an automobile showroom, announces a new scheme wherein the company offers an all-expense-paid trip to the salesperson who sells the most number of cars in the next quarter. This inspires Thomas's subordinates to work harder and improve their performance. In this scenario, Thomas is using a(n) _____ technique. a. intrinsic motivation b. counterconditioning c. countertransference d. positive reinforcement

d?

Extrinsic motivation is the motivation to do work because it is interesting, engaging, or possibly challenging rather than because someone is rewarding us to do the work.

false

In expectancy theory, instrumentality is a person's perception of the probability that an increase in effort will result in an increase in performance.

false

In the context of equity theory, underpayment inequity is a situation in which an employee's input-outcome ratio is more favorable than that of a comparison person.

false

In the context of reinforcement theory, the term outcome refers to the behavior that we exhibit in reaction to a stimulus.

false

Intrinsic motivation requires an external agent to administer a reward that is separate from the actual task or job being performed

false

Explain expectancy theory.

Expectancy theory - a complex process theory of motivation that casts the employee in the role of decision maker of deciding whether or not to exert effort depending on the outcomes they're anticipating based on calculations concerning expectancies, instrumentalities, valences, and the links among the three components

When underpayment inequity is perceived, an employee will most likely: a. reduce his or her inputs. b. decrease his or her outcomes. c. feel that any effort will be fairly rewarded. d. exert effort at work.

a

Which of the following factors is associated with high levels of intrinsic motivation at work? a. A sense of self-determination b. Fear of punishment c. A promotion d. Monetary reinforcement

a

What is reinforcement theory?

a process that proposes that all behavior is a function of its consequences. The stimulus cues the behavior, which is followed by the response aka the behavior we exhibit in reaction to the stimulus, which leads to the outcomes aka the consequences that follow the response. Te response a person makes can be altered by positive/negative reinforcement.

In the context of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, _____ include anything involving a safe environment, and they are satisfied by things such as an insurance or a pension. a. physiological needs b. security needs c. esteem needs d. social needs

b

In the context of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, who among the following individuals exhibits security needs? a. Denver, who cherishes having meaningful interactions and healthy relationships with his co-workers b. Ali, who expects his organization to provide him a pension plan to help him after his retirement c. Tara, who expects her organization to provide her with basic amenities such as potable drinking water d. Samantha, who wants to maintain a positive view of herself by improving her performance

b

In the context of goal theory, which of the following is required for goals to be effective? a. Employees must not be involved in the goal-setting process. b. Employees must accept goals as their own. c. Goals should not be difficult and specific. d. Goals should be impossible in nature.

b

In the context of need-based theories of motivation, _____ involves three rather than two levels of needs, and also allows for someone to regress from a higher-level need to a lower-level need. a. VIE theory b. ERG theory c. equity theory d. reinforcement theory

b

In the context of reinforcement theory, _____ are schedules in which the amount of time that must pass before a reward is given can change from one reward period to another. a. fixed interval schedules b. variable interval schedules c. fixed ratio schedules d. variable ratio schedules

b

Which of the following statements is true in the context of goal theory? a. Goal theory suggests that all goals are created equal. b. Difficult goals are preferable to easy goals. c. Goal theory suggests that employees are most motivated by vague and unspecific goals. d. Impossible goals are the most effective in motivating employees.

b

While watching television, Jason comes across an advertisement on a new soft drink brand. This advertisement reminds him that he is thirsty and wants to buy a beverage. In the context of reinforcement theory, the advertisement serves as a(n) _____. a. orienting reflex b. stimulus c. heuristic d. cognitive map

b

In the context of need-based theories of motivation, _____ identifies motivators and hygiene factors as two sets of conditions at work that can satisfy needs. a. social learning theory b. expectancy theory c. dual factor theory d. equity theory

c

In the context of reinforcement theory, _____ are schedules in which the number of times a behavior must occur before it is rewarded remains constant over time. a. fixed interval schedules b. variable interval schedules c. fixed ratio schedules d. variable ratio schedules

c

Punishment and positive reinforcement work best when: a. intrinsic motivation is used. b. extinction is used. c. there is a strong link between behavior and consequences. d. a behavior is followed by no consequences.

c

_____ is a person's perception of the probability that an increase in effort will result in an increase in performance. a. Valence b. Instrumentality c. Expectancy d. Dissonance

c

In the context of agency theory, identify a true statement about agents. a. They always behave in ways that are consistent with the goals of the owners. b. They have less information about the day-to-day business than do principals. c. They are less likely than principals to focus on a short time horizon. d. They are less likely than principals to take risks when they make decisions.

d

In the context of agency theory, which of the following is a difference between agents and principals? a. Agents are the owners of a business, whereas principals are the managers of a business. b. Agents take risks when they make decisions, whereas principals do not take risks. c. Agents are less likely than principals to focus on a short time horizon. d. Agents often have more information about the day-to-day business than do principals.

d

Which of the following statements is true of dual factor theory? a. It focuses on how a person becomes motivated to perform in a certain way. b. It is a process theory of motivation. c. The research on dual factor theory provides concrete empirical support for the model. d. The "motivator" side of dual factor theory provides the basis for much of the work that has been done in the area of job enrichment.

d

_____ is the combination of positive reinforcement with either punishment or extinction. a. Intrinsic motivation b. Overregularization c. Overextension d. Behavior modification

d

_____ is the process of generating new and useful ideas concerning new products, services, manufacturing methods, and administrative processes. a. Valence b. Dissonance c. Instrumentality d. Creativity

d

Partial reinforcement cannot be applied to punishment.

false

Goal theory suggests that goals that are difficult and yet specific and concrete will motivate employees the best.

true

Intrinsic motivation is a factor that has been linked to creativity at work.

true

It is critical that an organization maintain a climate of openness and make an employee feel comfortable to suggest even a "useless" idea

true

Identify a true statement about motivation. a. Motivation at work is a critical determinant of what will occur on the job. b. Most theories of motivation are concerned primarily with intrinsic motivation. c. Intrinsic motivation increases when extrinsic rewards are introduced. d. Any level of performance on any task is solely a function of motivation.

a

In the context of equity theory, an employee would be said to perceive underpayment inequity if his or her input-outcome ratio: a. is less favorable than that of a comparison person. b. exceeds his or her expectation. c. is equal to that of a comparison person. d. meets his or her expectation.

a

According to Maslow's theory, _____ are the specific needs that are capable of motivating behavior at any given point in time. a. comparative needs b. prepotent needs c. normative needs d. anticipated needs

b

Berta, a kindergarten teacher, ignores her students' bad conduct and rewards them when they are obedient. As a result, they always listen to her and do as she says. In this scenario, Berta is using a(n) _____ technique. a. intrinsic motivation b. systematic desensitization c. free association d. behavior modification

d

Don, a sales clerk, believes that if he satisfies his customers' needs based on the methods covered in his company's sales training seminar, his incentives would increase. In the context of VIE theory, Don's belief illustrates _____. a. dissonance b. valence c. autonomy d. instrumentality

d

Identify a true statement about expectancy theory. a. It is a need-based theory of motivation. b. It is a simple theory from a cognitive perspective. c. It deals with the actual relationships between components in the model. d. It is used to estimate the force operating on an employee to increase her or his effort.

d

Agents are more likely than principals to take risks when they make decisions.

false

A _____ reinforces behavior as a function of how many times it occurs. a. fixed interval schedule b. variable interval schedule c. continuous schedule d. ratio schedule

d

In the context of goal theory, who among the following managers is likely to motivate his employees the best? a. Pedro, who sets difficult and specific goals b. Samuel, who sets easy goals c. Ali, who sets vague and unspecific goals d. Shiv, who sets impossible goals

a

In the context of reinforcement theory, _____ are schedules in which the amount of time that must pass before a reward is given is constant over time. a. fixed interval schedules b. variable interval schedules c. fixed ratio schedules d. variable ratio schedules

a

In the context of reinforcement theory, _____ refers to the situation in which a behavior is followed by no consequences and eventually disappears. a. extinction b. generalization c. discrimination d. regularization

a

In the context of reinforcement theory, who among the following writers has his or her work behavior reinforced using a fixed interval schedule? a. Walda, who is paid $100 every week irrespective of the number of articles she writes b. Zaiba, who is paid $30 for every five articles she writes c. Ben, for whom the duration between each payment varies depending on the project d. Ravi, for whom the number of articles to be completed in order to receive a payment varies depending on the project

a

Process theories of motivation: a. focus on how people become motivated and what they are motivated to do. b. focus on what motivates a person. c. explain all aspects of motivation. d. suggest that methods such as reinforcement and punishment cannot be used to motivate people.

a

The assembly line workers of Autowon Inc. petitioned the top management to provide basic amenities such as access to potable water and a clean working environment. In the context of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, this scenario illustrates the workers' _____. a. physiological needs b. security needs c. social needs d. esteem needs

a

_____ is a process theory, usually associated with B. F. Skinner, that proposes that all behavior is a function of its consequences. a. Reinforcement theory b. ERG theory c. VIE theory d. Dual factor theory

a

_____, a process theory developed by J. Stacey Adams, is concerned with a person's perceived inputs to a (work) setting and the outcomes received from that setting. a. Equity theory b. Dual factor theory c. Social learning theory d. Goal theory

a

_____ is a process theory of motivation that suggests that organizations can best influence performance by establishing clear links between increased performance and rewards. a. Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory b. Expectancy theory c. ERG theory d. Herzberg's dual factor theory

b?

Equity theory is useful to human resource managers because it: a. relies on intrinsic motivation rather than on extrinsic motivation. b. ensures that everyone shares equally in any outcomes regardless of their contributions. c. makes it clear that any rewards associated with effort or performance will be evaluated. d. focuses on what motivates a person, rather than on how that motivation occurs.

c

In the context of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following best describes a self-actualization need? a. It is a person's need for food or water. b. It is the need to have a safe and secure environment. c. It is the need to reach one's personal potential. d. It is the need to have a positive view of oneself.

c

In the context of VIE theory, _____ refers to how attractive or unattractive an outcome is for a person. a. expectancy b. instrumentality c. valence d. dissonance

c

In the context of agency theory, agents are more likely than principals to focus on: a. a long time horizon because they always work for a firm in the long run. b. a long time horizon because they have less information about the day-to-day business than do principals. c. a short time horizon because it is usually easier to affect firm performance in the short run. d. a short time horizon because it is easy for principals to monitor all the decisions made by the agents.

c

In the context of reinforcement theory, which of the following statements is true of fixed ratio schedules? a. They result in the lowest productivity. b. They are the least resistant to extinction. c. They produce less consistent levels of behavior than do variable ratio schedules. d. They result in lower levels of behavior than do fixed interval schedules.

c

In the context of reinforcement theory, which of the following statements is true of variable ratio schedules? a. They involve the shortest amount of learning time. b. They are the least resistant to extinction. c. They result in the highest productivity. d. They result in the lowest levels of behavior.

c

Which of the following statements is true in the context of ERG theory? a. Clayton Alderfer suggested that people always march neatly up a hierarchy. b. ERG theory suggests that everyone is motivated by the same set of requirements at any one time. c. Clayton Alderfer allowed for multiple levels of needs being prepotent. d. ERG theory is concerned with how a person becomes motivated to perform in a certain way.

c

Which of the following statements is true of equity theory? a. It is a need-based theory of motivation. b. It suggests that everyone calculates the ratio of inputs to outcomes. c. It focuses on what motivates a person, rather than on how that motivation occurs. d. It suggests that everyone shares equally in any outcomes regardless of their contributions.

c

Explain creative behavior.

creative behavior - doing things at work that are innovative and provide some value for the organization

Identify a true statement about goal theory. a. It posits that employees are most motivated by vague and unspecific goals. b. It posits that impossible goals are the most effective in motivating employees. c. It suggests that easy goals are preferable to difficult goals. d. It suggests that not all goals are created equal.

d

In Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, _____ include the need to have a positive view of oneself. a. physiological needs b. security needs c. social needs d. esteem needs

d

In the context of process theories of motivation, _____ is a fairly complex process theory of motivation that casts the employee in the role of decision maker. a. social learning theory b. dual factor theory c. ERG theory d. VIE theory

d

In the context of reinforcement theory, _____ are schedules in which the number of times a behavior must occur before it is rewarded changes over time. a. fixed interval schedules b. variable interval schedules c. fixed ratio schedules d. variable ratio schedules

d

The name _____, and some of its basic principles, is derived from the fact that, in most modern organizations, the individuals who own a firm do not actually run it on a daily basis. a. VIE theory b. expectancy theory c. ERG theory d. agency theory

d

Which of the following statements is true of expectancy theory? a. It is a need-based theory of motivation. b. It is a simple theory from a cognitive perspective. c. It deals with the actual relationships between the components in the model. d. It is concerned with three components and the links among them.

d

Explain Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

hierarchy of needs - specifies five levels of needs that are capable of motivating behavior at any given time: physiological, security, social, esteem, and self actualization. Maslow believed the hierarchy to be linear

In the context of reinforcement theory, differentiate between interval schedules and ratio schedules.

interval schedules - partial reinforcement schedules in which behavior is reinforced as a function of the passage of time ratio schedules - partial reinforcement schedules in which behavior is reinforced as a function of how many times the behavior occurs