BUS462 FINAL

Cluster sampling is limited to situations in which a sampling frame of population units is not readily available. Select one: True False

False

Double entry of data, requires that the data be entered twice in the same data file to prevent discrepancies. Select one: True False

False

In using percentages for reporting results it is reasonable to report percentages to two decimal places. Select one: True False

False

Precision refers to the degree to which one can feel confident that an estimate approximates the true value. Select one: True False

False

Respondents can misunderstand, guess, lose attention, suffer distractions, and fatigue. These are all examples of unintentional respondent error and they all contribute to nonsampling error. Select one: True False

False

The most important part of a written research report is the introduction. Select one: True False

False

You can "prove" that the alternative hypothesis is true if the null hypothesis is rejected. Select one: True False

False

Which of the following statements about regression/correlation analysis is FALSE? Select one: a. Correlation analysis involves the measurement of the closeness of the relationship between two or more variables. b. Regression analysis involves the derivation of an equation that relates the criterion variable to one or more predictor variables. c. Regression analysis can establish the causal relationship between two or more variables. d. The regression line minimizes the sum of the squared deviations about the line. e. It is much more common to conduct regression analyses using a computer.

c. Regression analysis can establish the causal relationship between two or more variables.

Andy was a senior in college majoring in marketing. He received a call to participate in a survey on behalf of a company that was targeting graduating seniors. At the end of the survey, Andy was asked for the name of a friend who was also a senior in marketing. This is an example of a "referral or snowball" sample. Select one: True False

True

Blunders are errors that occur during editing, coding or especially data entry. Select one: True False

True

In simple random sampling, every population unit has an equal chance of being chosen. Select one: True False

True

Optical scanning uses scanner technology to "read" responses on paper surveys and then stores these responses in a data file. Select one: True False

True

The logic of hypothesis testing is that if we assume that the hypothesized value is the population parameter, then, at the 95% level of confidence, if we took 100 separate samples, the z-value for 95 of those samples would fall between + or − 1.96. Select one: True False

True

The more confidence we want to have in the interval estimate, the larger the sample size should be. Select one: True False

True

Suppose that the relationship between sales (Y, in $000) and number of salespeople (X) is represented by the following regression equation: Y = 105.2 + 35.8X Refer to Exhibit 13.3. What will average sales be equal to when 10 salespeople are used? Select one: a. $358,000 b. $463.20 c. $358.00 d. $463,200 e. More information is needed to answer this question.

d. $463,200

Data analysis hinges on which of the following considerations about the variable(s) to be analyzed? Select one: a. Will the variable be analyzed in isolation or in relationship to one or more other variables? b. What type of analysis is required by the project sponsor? c. What level of measurement was used to measure the variable(s)? d. Both a and c. e. All of the above are considerations about the variable(s) to be analyzed.

d. Both a and c.

Which of the following are office errors? Select one: a. Not-at-homes b. Refusals c. Interviewer cheating d. Coding e. Response errors

d. Coding

Which of the following emphasizes the division of the sample into subgroups so as to learn how the dependent variable varies from subgroup to subgroup? Select one: a. Longitudinal analysis b. Coding c. Cross-sectional analysis d. Cross tabulation e. One-way tabulation

d. Cross tabulation

Which types of measurement are used to group respondents or objects into groups or categories and are thus referred to as categorical measures? Select one: a. Nominal and interval b. Ordinal and ratio c. Ratio and interval d. Nominal and ordinal e. Ordinal and interval

d. Nominal and ordinal

Interviewers can make errors in asking any type of question; however, it is a particular problem with which of the following? Select one: a. Multiple-choice questions b. Dichotomous questions c. Scale type of questions d. Open-ended questions e. Structured questions

d. Open-ended questions

For which of the following types of measures does the mean NOT provide a meaningful value? Select one: a. Ratio b. Equal-interval scales c. Interval d. Ordinal e. Continuous measures

d. Ordinal

Nonresponse error represents: Select one: a. a measure of the difference between the size of the population and the size of the sample. b. the number of sampling units not contacted on the first attempt. c. a random distribution of unanswered questions. d. a failure to obtain information from sampling units. e. a uniform distribution of uncontacted respondents.

d. a failure to obtain information from sampling units.

At a minimum, a codebook should include all of the following, EXCEPT _____. Select one: a. the results of the study. b. the variable name to be used in statistical analyses for each variable included in the data file. c. the column(s) in which each variable is located in the data file. d. a description of how each variable is coded. e. an explanation of how missing data are treated in the data file.

a. the results of the study.

Suppose you were given an example of running a chi-square test using SPSS. The output shows a "Pearson Chi-Square" value of 82.123, df = 3 and the Asymp. Sig. = 0.000. This means: Select one: a. there is a significant association. b. there is no significant association. c. the difference is associative. d. the means are not equal. e. the variances are equal.

a. there is a significant association.

A researcher investigating the consumption of sugar takes a random sample from the population and computes the mean sugar consumption. He repeats the procedure a number of times using the exact same procedure, and finds the means obtained vary from sample to sample. This is an example of: Select one: a. systematic error. b. sampling error. c. nonsampling error. d. noncoverage error. e. response error.

b. sampling error.

A good summary should NOT contain: Select one: a. background information. b. tables of data. c. conclusions. d. recommendations. e. purpose of the research.

b. tables of data.

Given a cross tabulation between years of education and income, we would compute percentages in the direction of years of education because: Select one: a. the probability that given X income you will have Y years of education makes sense. b. the probability that given X years of education you will have Y income makes sense. c. it doesn't matter which way you do it. d. Both a and b. e. None of the above.

b. the probability that given X years of education you will have Y income makes sense.

A market researcher divides the Dallas metropolitan area into blocks having roughly equal populations. He then selects a random sample of blocks and sends interviewers to each block. The interviewers are instructed to interview every eighth dwelling unit. This is ____ sampling. Select one: a. one-stage area b. two-stage area c. quota d. two-stage systematic e. stratified

b. two-stage area

A gum manufacturer wants to determine whether blue packaging or red packaging is preferred. The company performs a sales test by introducing red packages into a random sample of ten stores and blue packages are introduced in an independent, random sample of ten stores. The technique most appropriate for analyzing the data is: Select one: a. paired sample t-test for means. b. Spearman rank-order correlation analysis. c. regression analysis. d. independent samples t-test for means. e. correlation analysis.

d. independent samples t-test for means.

An observation that is very different in magnitude from the rest of the observations for a particular variable is a(n): Select one: a. error. b. blunder. c. histogram. d. outlier. e. deviant.

d. outlier.

An analyst has a set of normally distributed intervally scaled data resulting from two observations on the same sample of subjects, and he wishes to investigate if there is any difference in these two means. The appropriate statistical procedure is: Select one: a. z-test for difference in two means. b. Analysis of variance. c. Paired sample t-test. d. Chi-square goodness-of-fit test. e. Regression analysis.

c. Paired sample t-test.

When it comes to discussing the limitations of a study, the writer should: Select one: a. emphasize what could have been accomplished given a larger research budget. b. acknowledge that all studies contain error and this one is no different. c. not mention them, let the data speak for itself. d. provide a balanced account of the specific problems. e. tell an amusing anecdote relating to statistical fallibility.

d. provide a balanced account of the specific problems.

A researcher wants to study the effects of social class on consumption behavior. He establishes three different categories of social class in terms of amount of income. He then assigns each field worker a specified number of interviews with people in each income category although the interviewers are allowed to select who they interview. This is an example of: Select one: a. probability sampling. b. stratified sampling. c. systematic sampling. d. quota sampling. e. random sampling.

d. quota sampling.

To identify whether potential respondents meet eligibility requirements, an interviewer will typically use a(n): Select one: a. eligibility percentage. b. leading question. c. loaded question. d. screening question. e. alternative questionnaire.

d. screening question.

If we define our population as all households in the city of Chicago, Illinois, and we use the Chicago telephone directory from which to draw our sample units, we would likely have a: Select one: a. representative survey. b. survey containing error. c. survey with a poorly defined master list. d. survey with sample frame error. e. survey with no error.

d. survey with sample frame error.

Research evidence supports the contention that: Select one: a. the gender of respondents and interviewers does NOT influence the answers in a survey. b. black interviewers are likely to obtain more information on consumption expenditures in a predominantly white neighborhood. c. it is better to have an old interviewer interview a young respondent and vice versa so as to keep the interview from wandering off the intended topic into areas of mutual interest. d. the further the social distance between the interviewer and the respondent the greater the bias. e. background factors of interviewer and interviewee do NOT generally influence the information obtained.

d. the further the social distance between the interviewer and the respondent the greater the bias.

If a researcher were to take ten Asian countries where per capita income and automobile ownership by per capita were known, trying to find the overall picture of market size for the market could probably be done by using which of the following methods? Select one: a. Analogy method b. Latin square c. Trade audit d. Chain ratio method e. Regression analysis

e. Regression analysis

The empirical evidence suggests which of the following does NOT affect the refusal rate? Select one: a. Nature of the respondent b. Sponsor of the research c. Nature of the subject d. Circumstances surrounding the contact e. They all affect the refusal rate.

e. They all affect the refusal rate.

Which of the following has NOT been shown to be effective in decreasing the number of refusals? Select one: a. The use of incentives b. Convincing the respondent of the value of the research c. Use of experienced interviewers d. Guarantees of anonymity e. They have all been shown to be effective.

e. They have all been shown to be effective.

Sample size depends upon the: Select one: a. type of sample. b. statistic in question. c. homogeneity of the population. d. Both a and c. e. a, b, and c.

e. a, b, and c.

Samples are often used to infer something about a population rather than canvassing the population itself because they are typically: Select one: a. cheaper than complete counts. b. faster than complete counts. c. more accurate than complete counts. d. Both a and b. e. a, b, and c.

e. a, b, and c.

Which of the following is TRUE? Select one: a. Short surveys are more likely to be completed than are long surveys. b. Hand-addressed envelopes may increase response rates. c. Respondents are more likely to open an envelope that has been stamped rather than one that has been sent through a postage meter. d. Both a and b. e. a, b, and c.

e. a, b, and c.

The respondent's cooperation will NOT be encouraged by: Select one: a. convincing the respondent of the value of the research. b. choosing an appropriate interviewer. c. training the interviewer properly. d. guaranteeing that the replies will be confidential. e. asking sensitive questions.

e. asking sensitive questions.

A complete canvass of a population is called a: Select one: a. sample. b. census. c. sampling frame. d. population. e. directory.

Census

A researcher is interested in comparing the usage of bank debit cards by consumers in rural (r) and urban (u) areas. Each year for the past five years, she has surveyed 500 individuals (one-half urban, one-half rural) randomly selected from across the United States. She is specifically interested in any differences that may exist between the two groups with regard to usage. The results of the current study indicate that people in urban areas use bank debit cards 12 times per month on average (), while those in rural areas use bank cards 10 times per month on average (). Refer to Exhibit 13.2. Which of the following is the null hypothesis that the researcher should use in comparing the usage rates?

H0: U0=Ur

A statistical test to determine whether some observed pattern of frequencies corresponds to an expected pattern is called a chi-square goodness-of-fit test. Select one: True False

True

An outlier is an observation so different from the rest of the observations that the analyst chooses to treat it as a special case. Select one: True False

True

A histogram is a form of bar chart that is based on information from a frequency count. Select one: True False

True

Exhibit 12.6 120 field mice are weighed. The average weight of a mouse is 225 grams and the sample standard deviation is 15.1 grams. Refer to Exhibit 12.6. What is the 95% confidence interval for the average weight of a field mouse? (z = 1.96) Select one: a. 222 to 228 grams b. 217 to 223 grams c. 221 to 229 grams d. 240 to 245 grams e. None of the above are correct.

a. 222 to 228 grams

If you enter a shopping mall and notice a researcher handing out surveys to everyone asking their opinion about a possible increase in state sales tax rates, what type of sampling procedure is being used? Select one: a. Convenience sample b. Implied sample c. Simple random sample d. Systematic sample e. Quota sample

a. Convenience sample

Which of the following is a technique that measures the closeness of the relationship between two or more variables by considering their joint variation? Select one: a. Correlation analysis b. Analysis of variance c. Multiple regression analysis d. z-test e. F-test

a. Correlation analysis

A researcher wishes to sample from a population in which two important segments make up less than 2% of the population, but wishes to develop confidence intervals describing their behaviors. Which type of sampling is most appropriate? Select one: a. Stratified sampling b. Convenience sampling c. Systematic sampling d. Simple random sampling e. Judgment sampling

a. Stratified sampling

Which type of statistical analysis would we use to determine if female college graduates' starting salary was different from their male counterpart (assuming data is collected using the following question on the survey "What is your starting salary?" Select one: a. Test of two means. b. Test for a single mean. c. Test for a single proportion. d. Test of two proportions. e. Test of a single variance

a. Test of two means.

What three factors are needed to calculate sample size? Select one: a. Variability, precision, and confidence. b. Variability, precision, and population size. c. Precision, confidence, and population size. d. Precision, population size, and costs. e. None of the above.

a. Variability, precision, and confidence.

Increasing sample size ____ but may also ____. Select one: a. decreases sampling error, increase nonsampling error b. has no influence on sampling error, increase nonsampling error c. increases nonsampling error, increase sampling error d. increases sampling error, increase nonsampling error e. decreases nonsampling error, decrease sampling error

a. decreases sampling error, increase nonsampling error

When preparing an oral/verbal presentation, the first task of the presenter should be to: Select one: a. determine who will be in the audience. b. develop graphical presentation aids. c. decide on the organization of the presentation. d. test the sound system where the presentation will take place. e. write the verbal portion of the presentation.

a. determine who will be in the audience.

Because ____ and ____ measures are similar when it comes to analysis, many researchers refer to both types as continuous measures. Select one: a. interval, ratio b. nominal, interval c. ordinal, ratio d. nominal, ordinal e. ratio, nominal

a. interval, ratio

Definitions of unfamiliar terms used in the report should be defined in the: Select one: a. introduction. b. summary. c. body. d. conclusions. e. appendix.

a. introduction.

A sampling frame: Select one: a. is a list of population elements from which the sample will be drawn. b. is the list of population elements actually included in the sample. c. usually provides biased statistics. d. is a form of probability sampling. e. is a form of nonprobability sampling.

a. is a list of population elements from which the sample will be drawn.

Failure to include some units, or entire sections, of the defined survey population in the actual operational sampling frame represents: Select one: a. noncoverage error. b. nonresponse error. c. sampling error. d. random error. e. observation error.

a. noncoverage error.

The most difficult questions to code are: Select one: a. open-ended questions. b. dichotomous questions. c. questions using Stapel scales. d. multichotomous questions. e. questions using Likert scales.

a. open-ended questions.

In the following data set, what is the median? 12, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 6, 10, 11. Select one: a. 4.66 b. 1 c. 42 d. 6 e. 0

b. 1

Which of the following is TRUE about hypothesis testing? Select one: a. The typical goal is to reject the alternative hypothesis in favor of the null hypothesis. b. A hypothesis may be rejected but can never be accepted completely. c. Marketing research studies attempt to prove results. d. The null hypothesis is assumed to be false for the purpose of the test. e. All of the above are true about hypothesis testing.

b. A hypothesis may be rejected but can never be accepted completely.

Which of the following is FALSE? Select one: a. New sources of nonsampling error are being discovered all the time. b. A large sample is much more likely to produce a "valid" result than a small sample is. c. Total error, rather than any single type of error, is the key in a research investigation. d. Sampling error can be estimated. e. Nonsampling error is usually more troublesome than sampling error.

b. A large sample is much more likely to produce a "valid" result than a small sample is.

Which method of data collection has traditionally produced the lowest response rates? Select one: a. Personal interviews in homes b. Telephone surveys c. Mail surveys d. Personal interviews in shopping malls e. All of the above produce roughly equivalent response rates.

b. Telephone surveys

A data-entry operator was having a bad day while inputting data from your research project. He occasionally entered "9" when meaning to enter "3". This is an example of a(n) _____. Select one: a. gaffe b. blunder c. codebook error d. outlier e. nonresponse error

b. blunder

The methods, results, and limitations of the research project are presented in the _____ of the written report. Select one: a. summary b. body c. conclusion d. introduction e. appendix

b. body

In descriptive research, most of the items included in a questionnaire are likely to be _____. Select one: a. precoded. b. closed-ended. c. open-ended. d. exhaustive. e. mutually exclusive.

b. closed-ended.

The researcher told his client that the data indicated a relationship between the weight of dogs and consumption of low calorie dog biscuits. The researcher's remarks were a: Select one: a. recommendation. b. conclusion. c. hypothesis. d. research proposal. e. None of the above.

b. conclusion.

The best way to reduce nonsampling errors is to: Select one: a. increase sample size. b. improve data collection techniques. c. offer incentives to respondents. d. substitute the next house on the block for not-at-homes. e. Nonsampling errors cannot be reduced.

b. improve data collection techniques.

Snowball samples are an example of: Select one: a. convenience sampling. b. judgment sampling. c. quota sampling. d. simple random sampling. e. stratified sampling.

b. judgment sampling.

PGA conducts a study in which they use a simple random sample of 600 golfers. They examine the data from the sample and calculate that 28% of them own golf clubs made in the USA. The 28% is the: Select one: a. average handicap of these golfers. b. sample statistic. c. population mean for all golfers. d. population parameter. e. None of the above.

b. sample statistic.

Suppose that the relationship between sales (Y, in $000) and number of salespeople (X) is represented by the following regression equation: Y = 105.2 + 35.8X Refer to Exhibit 13.3. What will be the average contribution to sales of one additional salesperson? Select one: a. $35.80 b. $141,000 c. $35,800 d. $141.00 e. More information is needed to answer this question.

c. $35,800

Which of the following would NOT be an example of a situation involving univariate analysis? Select one: a. A publisher of a magazine is interested in determining what proportion of the magazine's readers is male. b. A restaurant would like to know the average income of its typical diner. c. A car dealership is particularly interested in whether or not people who own vans are more or less likely to finance auto purchases compared with people who don't own vans. d. A service provider needs to know her customer's average level of satisfaction with the services provided. e. All of the above are examples for which univariate analysis could be performed.

c. A car dealership is particularly interested in whether or not people who own vans are more or less likely to finance auto purchases compared with people who don't own vans.

Which statistical technique should you use to answer the question: "Is there a significant relationship between education level (a four-category ordinal variable) and whether or not consumers are aware that Firestone is a brand of tires?" Select one: a. Multiple regression analysis b. Pearson correlation coefficient c. Chi-square test d. Simple regression analysis e. None of the above.

c. Chi-square test

Which of the following is a probability sample? Select one: a. Quota sample b. Convenience sample c. Cluster sample d. Judgment sample e. Snowball sample

c. Cluster sample

A popular approach to measuring the strength of the relationship between two categorical variables is: Select one: a. cross tabulation. b. Pearson chi-square test of independence. c. Cramer's V. d. regression analysis. e. Kendall's coefficient of concordance.

c. Cramer's V.

If a local newspaper reporter tries to gather information about perceptions of a proposed comprehensive "senior exit exam" by interviewing officers from the university's student senate (because they are well informed about the feelings of the general student body), what type of sampling procedure is he using? Select one: a. Simple random sample b. Systematic sample c. Judgment sample d. Convenience sample e. Quota sample

c. Judgment sample

Which of the following statements concerning response incentives is FALSE? Select one: a. Monetary incentives often have the greatest influence on response rates. b. It probably isn't advisable to give more than $1 for completing a survey. c. Large amounts of money are more effective than smaller amounts of money at increasing response rates. d. A "gift" can be more psychologically motivating than "wages." e. All of the above are true.

c. Large amounts of money are more effective than smaller amounts of money at increasing response rates

Which of the following statements concerning the sample standard deviation is FALSE? Select one: a. Sample standard deviation is a measure of the variation in responses. b. Analysts reporting descriptive statistics for continuous measures should always report standard deviations along with mean values. c. Standard deviation is meaningful and appropriate only for interval- and nominal-level measures. d. An analyst must be aware of the concerns of spurious precision when reporting standard deviations. e. Outliers can have a marked effect on the calculation of a standard deviation.

c. Standard deviation is meaningful and appropriate only for interval- and nominal-level measures.

To calculate sampling error for a proportion, which of the following pieces of information is NOT needed? Select one: a. The z-score representing the desired degree of confidence. b. The number of valid cases overall for the proportion. c. The sample standard deviation. d. The relevant proportion obtained from the sample. e. All of the above are relevant and necessary pieces of information for the calculation of sampling error for a proportion.

c. The sample standard deviation.

In a mail survey, 500 questionnaires were sent out but only 200 were returned. Select one: a. This survey has random sampling error. b. This survey has a response bias. c. This survey has nonresponse error. d. This survey suffers from deliberate falsification. e. None of the above.

c. This survey has nonresponse error.

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is most applicable when there: Select one: a. are only two means being compared. b. is exactly one categorical variable to be considered. c. are more than two means being compared. d. is the potential for a causal relationship between a continuous independent variable and a categorical dependent variable. e. is a need to examine interjudge reliability.

c. are more than two means being compared.

The basics of the sampling plan used in the research project are typically presented in the _____ of the written report. Select one: a. summary b. conclusion c. body d. introduction e. appendix

c. body

The location of each variable in the data array and the way in which it was coded is contained in a: Select one: a. diary. b. random file. c. codebook. d. focus group. e. catalog.

c. codebook

Pie charts are useful for: Select one: a. illustrating time-series data. b. emphasizing dynamic relationships between two or more variables. c. depicting the relative size of portions of a total. d. illustrating trend relationships. e. depicting the relative growth in magnitude of a variable over time.

c. depicting the relative size of portions of a total.

The process of editing involves: Select one: a. categorizing the data. b. counting the number of cases that fall into the various categories. c. inspecting and correcting each questionnaire or observation form. d. developing dummy tables that suggest how each item of information will be used before data is collected. e. transforming the raw data into symbols.

c. inspecting and correcting each questionnaire or observation form.

If the correlation between two variables x and y is equal to −0.90, which of the following is TRUE? Select one: a. x and y are highly related, whereby a positive change in x is accompanied by a positive change in y. b. The two variables x and y are not related to one another. c. x and y are highly related, whereby a negative change in x is accompanied by a positive change in y. d. The coefficient of determination is equal to −0.81. e. An increase in x is accompanied by a decrease in y.

c. x and y are highly related, whereby a negative change in x is accompanied by a positive change in y.

Which of these contributes to the nonresponse bias in a telephone survey? Let 1 = no answer 2 = not at home when contacted 3 = disconnected 4 = refused to participate in the study Select one: a. 1, 2 b. 1, 2, 3 c. 3, 4 d. 2, 4 e. 1, 2, 3, 4

e. 1, 2, 3, 4

Which of the following is true regarding the standard deviation? Select one: a. It indicates the degree of variation in the values in such a way as to be translatable into a normal curve. b. One standard deviation above and below the midpoint in a normal distribution includes approximately 68% of the area underneath the curve. c. + or − 1.96 standard deviations above and below the midpoint in a normal distribution includes 95% of the area underneath the curve. d. The standard deviation can be approximated by dividing the range of the data by 6. e. All of the above are correct.

e. All of the above are correct.

A written report may be considered incomplete because : Select one: a. it is too brief. b. it includes interesting but not vital information. c. it is too long. d. it includes statistical calculations unfamiliar to the reader. e. All of the above are sources of report incompleteness.

e. All of the above are sources of report incompleteness.

Which of the following might NOT be an appropriate strategy for dealing with missing information on a questionnaire? Select one: a. Throw out the entire questionnaire. b. Overlook the missing information and code the remaining answers. c. Substitute information based on the responses of similar respondents. d. Both a and c only. e. All of the above might be appropriate.

e. All of the above might be appropriate.

Which of the following leads to response bias? Select one: a. Errors in asking questions b. Errors in recording answers c. Errors in probing when additional information is required d. Errors due to cheating e. All of the above.

e. All of the above.

Consider the regression equation Y = 5 + 16X1 + 38X2 relating annual expenditures on a particular product Y to X1 and X2, where X1 X2 − If a person belongs to lower class 0 0 − If a person belongs to middle class 1 0 − If a person belongs to upper class 0 1 Which of the following is FALSE? The equation suggests Select one: a. An upper class person could be expected on the average to spend $38 per year more than a lower class person on the product. b. A middle class person could be expected on the average to spend $16 more per year on the product than a lower class person. c. A lower class person could be expected on the average to spend $5 per year on the product. d. An upper class person could be expected on the average to spend $22 more per year on the product than a middle class person. e. An upper class person could be expected on the average to spend $38 per year on the product.

e. An upper class person could be expected on the average to spend $38 per year on the product.

When stratifying the population, the characteristics should be as: Select one: a. close in value as possible within each strata. b. far apart in value as possible between any two strata. c. far apart in value as possible within each strata. d. Both b and c. e. Both a and b.

e. Both a and b.

Convenience samples: Select one: a. take place at 7-11, Stop & Go or other convenience stores. b. are nonprobability samples. c. are typically not representative of the entire population. d. Both a and b. e. Both b and c.

e. Both b and c.