Bushong Ch. 14

Memory

Main memory is the working storage of a computer. Computer memory is distinguished from storage by its function. Whereas memory is more active, storage is more archival. - Moore's law states memory capacity doubles every 18 months - Bell's law states the price per bit for memory declines at a rate of 36% / year

The fourth generation of computers

was an extension of the third generation and incorporated large-scale integration (LSI); this has now been replaced by very large-scale integration (VLSI)

UNIVAC (UNIVersal Automatic Computer)

which appeared in 1951 as the first commercially successful general-purpose, stored program electronic digital computer.

Second-generation computers

which became generally available in about 1958, were based on individually packaged transistors.

Byte

Group of eight bits; represents one character or digit. -- 2 bytes make up 1 word

A computer has two principal parts

Hardware and software

Name three operations in diagnostic imaging departments that are computerized

Image reception, image manipulation, image transfer, and image system control.

Software

tell the hardware what to do and how to store and manipulate data.

Third-generation computers

used integrated circuits (ICs), which consist of many transistors and other electronic elements fused onto a chip—a tiny piece of semiconductor material, usually silicon.

First-generation computers were

vacuum tube devices (1939-1958)

Binary Number System

0 --- 0 1 --- 1 2 --- 10 3 --- 11 4 --- 100 5 --- 101 6 --- 110 7 --- 111 8 --- 1000 9 --- 1001 10 --- 1010

List and define the several components of computer hardware

7. Input/output devices, memory chip, microprocessor.

What is the difference between a CD and a DVD?

A DVD has higher memory capacity than a CD.

Charles Babbage

Father of modern computer

The difference between analog and digital

An analog watch is mechanical and has hands that move continuously around a dial face. A digital watch contains a computer chip and indicates time with numbers (0,1,2,3,etc)

The acronyms ASCC, ENIAC, and UNIVAC stand for what titles?

Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator, Universal Automatic Computer.

List and define the four computer processing methods

Batch, on-line, time-sharing, real time.

C++

C is considered by many to be the first modern "programmer's language." It was designed, implemented, and developed by real working programmers and reflects the way they approached the job of programming.

The most common types of secondary storage devices

CDs, DVD, Blu-ray Discs, hard discs, and flash drives. Magnetic tape used to be a common storage medium for large computer systems but is now used primarily on large systems for backup and archiving of historical records, such as patient images. The "floppy disc" is also history. CDs, DVDs, and flash drives are today's common transferable storage devices.

Word

Depending on the computer configuration, two bytes usually constitute a word. In the case of a 16-bit microprocessor, a word would consist of 16 consecutive bits of information that are interpreted and shuffled about the computer as a unit.

What computer language was the first modern programmers' language?

FORTRAN

List several types of computer languages

FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL, Pascal, C, and C++

Kilobyte (kB)

One kilobyte (kB) is equal to 1024 bytes. Note that kilo is not metric in computer use. Instead, it represents 210 or 1024.

random access memory (RAM)

Random access means data can be stored or accessed at random from anywhere in main memory in approximately equal amounts of time regardless of where the data are located. The contents of RAM are temporary, and RAM capacities vary widely in different computer systems. RAM capacity usually is expressed as megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or terabytes (TB), referring to millions, billions, or trillions of characters stored.

Bit

Smallest unit of measure in computer storage capacity. -- a single binary digit, that is a 1 or 0 -- 8 bits make up 1 byte

ALU - Arithmetic/Logic Unit

Special high-speed circuitry areas called registers are found in the control unit and the ALU. Registers are contained in the processor that hold information that will be used immediately. Main memory is located outside the processor and holds material that will be used "a little bit later."

Distinguish systems software from applications programs

Systems software runs the computer, applications programs run data

Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) standard

The American College of Radiology along with the National Electrical Manufacturers Association has developed a standard method of image storage for diagnostic medical images.

CPU

The central processing unit (CPU) contains a control unit, an arithmetic unit, and sometimes memory. The control unit is a part of the central processing unit (CPU) that is directly connected with additional primary memory and various input/output devices.

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator)

The first general-purpose electronic computer was developed and contained more than 18,000 vacuum tubes that failed at an average rate of one every 7 minutes

Mark 1

The first general-purpose modern computer was developed in 1944 at Harvard University. Originally called the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC), it is now known simply this

Hardware

The hardware is everything about the computer that is visible—the physical components of the system that include the various input and output devices. Hardware usually is categorized according to which operation it performs. Operations include input processing, memory, storage, output, and communications.

Computer

The word computer refers to any general-purpose, stored-program electronic digital computer.

Transistor

an electronic switch that alternately allows or does not allow electronic signals to pass. It made possible the development of the "stored program" computer and thus the continuing explosion in computer science.

Computer Programs

are the software of the computer. It is useful to distinguish two classifications of computer programs: systems software and application programs. Systems software consists of programs that make it easy for the user to operate a computer to its best advantage. Application programs are those written in a higher level language expressly to carry out some user function. Most computer programs as we know them are application programs.

Output hardware

consists of devices that translate computer information into a form that humans can understand.

Read-only memory (ROM)

contains information supplied by the manufacturer, called firmware, that cannot be written on or erased. One ROM chip contains instructions that tell the processor what to do when the system is first turned on and the "bootstrap program" is initiated. Another ROM chip helps the processor transfer information among the screen, the printer, and other peripheral devices to ensure that all units are working correctly

What is high-level computer language?

high-level computer language is one that can run/control the computer.

Storage

is an archival form of memory

Teleradiology

is the transfer of images and patient reports to remote sites