byu apush semester two final (quizzes only no self checks)
According to the ideas expressed by Andrew Carnegie in "The Gospel of Wealth," which statement is true? - The rich had great responsibilities to use their resources for society. - Successful businessmen had every right to live as they pleased. - It was the "Christian duty" of every American to become wealthy. - Only pious Americans would prosper in the industrial economy.
a
American literature and art in the late 1800s and early 1900s were characterized by which of these? They tried to show things as they were even when unpleasant. They were strongly influenced by Old World masters. They often portrayed an idealized image of rural life. They rejected the self-indulgent excesses of the Ashcan School.
a
During World War I, how did the United States government primarily finance the war? through public bond sales and new taxes through private business and banking loans through deficit spending and currency manipulation through foreign loans and the printing of new currency
a
During the 1920s, the agricultural economy of the United States experienced which of these? a significant decline in farmers' incomes demand for farm goods rising faster than production a large decrease in the area of cultivated land farmers opposing the use of hybrid plants and chemical fertilizers
a
During the 1920s, which statement was true of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters? It was one of the few unions led by African Americans. It was formed by the American Federation of Labor. It organized the Mexican-dominated occupation of railroad porters. It organized against sleeping car manufacturer A. Philip Randolph.
a
President Theodore Roosevelt did which of these in his dealings with Latin America? He quietly supported a revolution by Panama against Colombia. He backed away from the "Big Brother" policy of his predecessors. He created the Roosevelt Corollary to justify acquiring the Canal Zone. He declared war against the Dominican Republic over unpaid debts.
a
The severity of the Depression increased in 1931 when the Federal Reserve Board did which of the following? It raised interest rates. It closed all financially ailing banks. It weakened the value of the dollar. It expanded the money supply.
a
Throughout the 1920s, the U.S. economy experienced which of these? nearly uninterrupted prosperity coupled with severe inequalities no significant developments in new technologies ten straight years of continuous growth strong downturns in the automobile and construction industries
a
What did the People's Party call for in 1892? a government network of crop warehouses the purchase of surplus crops by the federal government a flat income tax for all rural businesses government subsidies of water for agricultural use
a
What happened as a result of the Great Depression? American Communists coordinated more with the Soviet Union. Extras such as comic books and radios became less popular. Movie attendance first rose and then gradually declined in the 1930s. Americans embraced nearly any idea that was new or nontraditional.
a
What happened during the election of 1920? Voters turned away from idealism and toward "normalcy." Republicans maintained their two decades of control of the White House. Communists and other radicals determined the winner. The Democratic Party distanced itself from the politics of Woodrow Wilson.
a
What was the immediate spark for hostilities in Europe in 1914? the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand in the Bosnian city of Sarajevo the sinking of the British passenger liner Lusitania by a U-boat without warning the German invasion of Poland despite warnings that such a move would mean war a struggle between European powers for control of the international diamond trade
a
What was the policy idea behind Dollar Diplomacy? to extend investments and influence of the United States in less-developed regions to create economically stable governments in less-developed nations to financially reward Latin nations that cooperated with U.S. foreign policy to reduce the deployment of troops from the United States to other nations
a
Which of the following was true before 1898? Samoa was divided into a three-part protectorate. Queen Liliuokalani welcomed American intervention. European nations did not claim many colonies. Hawaii had seen few American visitors or business representatives.
a
Which of the following was true of the Dust Bowl in the 1930s? It was a product of changing environmental conditions. It produced years of heavy rainfall and floods. It was created by the national economic collapse. It stretched from Tennessee to California.
a
Which of the following was true of the national temperance crusade? It was supported by business employers. It first began to take shape during the Progressive Era. It found its greatest support among immigrants and political machines. It was the main focus of Socialists and Wobblies.
a
Which of these was NOT a sign of the strong consumerism of the 1920s? Bruce Barton's book criticized the quantity of advertising. Thirty million cars were on the roads by the end of the decade. Over 100 million people saw movies in the year 1930. KDKA began broadcasting from Pittsburgh in 1920.
a
Which of these was NOT accurate about cities in the late 1800s and early 1900s? - Cities showed little interest in art or culture in this age of industrial growth. - Transportation allowed increasing numbers to move to suburban communities. - A "city beautiful" movement tried to impose more order on chaotic urban life. - More cities built parks to allow residents to escape urban life at times.
a
Which of these was true about transportation by 1905? - Airplanes could fly over twenty miles and carry passengers. - The internal combustion engine was invented by the Wright Brothers. - Airplane production had developed into a major industry. - Over ten million American-made automobiles crowded the roads.
a
Which statement is most accurate regarding the Selective Service Act in the United States? It was supported by President Woodrow Wilson. It was enacted during the last months of World War I. There were far fewer men who were drafted than there were men who volunteered for military service. It brought nearly 100,000 men into the army.
a
Why did Al Smith lose the 1928 presidential election? because he failed to carry the "Solid South" because of his close connections to the oil industry because he was a "dry" fundamentalist Protestant. because of a financial scandal within his campaign
a
maps: The maps above most directly support which of the following conclusions about changes in American society in the early twentieth century? Americans experienced increased opportunity for personal mobility, or travel. Railroads allowed as much personal mobility as the development of paved roads did. The number of families in the middle class remained relatively unchanged. America experienced a shift to a culture of mass consumerism.
a
maps: Which of the following socioeconomic developments in the United States during the early 1900s is most clearly suggested by the changes illustrated in the maps above? More Americans could afford to purchase consumer goods. Railroads continued to play an important role in the American economy. Businesses began to offer paid vacations as a benefit to workers. Poverty-stricken classes continued to grow in number.
a
American agriculture at the turn of the century benefited from which of these? new discoveries of silver foreign crop failures new federal crop subsidies McKinley's lower tariff rates
b
As part of his Asian diplomacy, President Theodore Roosevelt did all of these EXCEPT which one? He pressured Russia into recognizing Japan's territorial gains in the Russo-Japanese War. He generally improved relations and trade between the United States and both Japan and Russia. He sent a fleet of battleships around the world as a show of American military power. He signed a secret agreement with Japan to ensure continued American trade in Asia.
b
As president, William Howard Taft did which of the following? He angered most conservatives with his activism. He appeared conservative in certain high-profile decisions. He passed a national tariff that pleased progressives. He managed to match Roosevelt's personal dynamism.
b
Aside from Twain's reason, what was another major argument made against U.S. imperialism in the Pacific at the turn of the twentieth century? America would not be able to dominate the trade in Asia opened by new colonies. American workers would be undercut by cheap labor from the new colonies. It was only fair that the island territories be returned to their original European rulers. The United States already possessed the Pacific islands it won in the Spanish-American War.
b
By the fall of 1914, President Woodrow Wilson ________. supported the Supreme Court's rulings on the Keating-Owen Act believed his reform program had largely been accomplished was encouraged by the results of the congressional elections successfully resisted calls to nominate Louis Brandeis to the Supreme Court
b
Despite what they claimed, the political battle between Stalwarts and Half-Breeds was a contest ________. that revolved around the temperance movement that ultimately redefined national political practices within the Democratic Party between Republican traditionalists and reformers
b
During World War I, what was true regarding the new technology of warfare? It sped up the logistical supply of armies so they were rarely bogged down when advancing. It allowed the attack of the enemy without direct combat by infantry on the ground. It made casualties lighter than in the previous wars of slower-traveling bullets and shells. It caused ground forces to become obsolete due to the power of airplanes.
b
During the 1930s, what happened with southern rural blacks who moved to northern urban areas? They found their lives much easier than those of Hispanic and Asian Americans. They experienced unemployment rates around 50 percent in major cities. They could easily find domestic service jobs that no whites wanted. They were generally treated as the Scottsboro boys were.
b
During the early decades of the twentieth century, how did most Americans begin to view leisure time? - as the province solely of children and the elderly - as increasingly desirable and available - as the equivalent of laziness and indolence - as something reserved for the extremely wealthy
b
In the 1920s, the "noble experiment" referred to which of these? the Equal Rights Amendment the prohibition of alcohol laws to restrict child labor the Shepherd-Towner Act
b
In the United States during World War I, the Committee on Public Information (CPI) did which of the following? It became a haven for pacifists and conscientious objectors. It carefully controlled war information and encouraged reporters to 'self-censor' their coverage. It came to be controlled by German sympathizers who tried to soften the image of that country. It created the Sabotage Act, Sedition Act, and Espionage Act.
b
In the late nineteenth century, which statement was true of industry in the United States? It held a virtual monopoly on the new steelmaking secrets. It saw the federal government eager to assist in its growth. It saw surprisingly few technological innovations. It faced a growing shortage of factory laborers.
b
Throughout the 1920s, which of the following was true of the federal government? It isolated itself from the business community. It put business leaders in prominent government positions. It experienced a budget decrease but an increase in debt. It supported the right of workers to organize as unions.
b
What happened in the aftermath of the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist fire in New York City? Tammany Democrats attempted to thwart the New York state commission examining the fire. Pioneering labor laws and strict regulations on factory owners were passed and enforced. Politicians such as Hiram Johnson, George Norris, and William Borah led the investigation. W. E. B. DuBois condemned the owners strongly through his Niagara Movement
b
What happened in the years preceding the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment? Only a few states had given voting rights to women. NAWSA argued that women should vote as a consequence of their "separate sphere." The National Women's Party was more moderate than NAWSA. The most persuasive arguments in favor of the amendment were those of "natural rights."
b
What was the reason Theodore Roosevelt did not run for another term as president in 1908? He had lost much of his public popularity due to the Panic of 1907. In 1904, he had promised not to run for another term in office. He felt he had accomplished everything he wanted to do as president. The Twenty-Second Amendment to the Constitution prevented him from doing so.
b
Which of the following statements regarding the Spanish-American War is FALSE? The war lasted only a few months, with fewer than five hundred American battle casualties. U.S. Army soldiers were well-equipped with adequate food, weapons, and uniforms. Most Americans shared the opinion that it was a "splendid little war." More than five thousand U.S. soldiers died from disease during the war.
b
Which of these is true of the Knights of Labor? They were responsible for the violence at Haymarket Square. They were more radical in their aims than the AFL. They did not allow female, black, or unskilled workers to join. They were led in the late 1800s by Samuel Gompers.
b
Which of these thinkers is correctly matched with his thought? - Cornelius Vanderbilt thought that Social Darwinism was the only effective way to organize an economy in the long term. - Edward Bellamy thought that one large trust should be formed under the government to distribute profits more equally. - Henry George thought that there were fortunes to be made anywhere for those who had the eyes to see how it might be done. - Horatio Alger thought the national government needed to set up social welfare programs for the poor.
b
Which of these was a result of the 1912 presidential election? Theodore Roosevelt won the popular vote but lost the Electoral College. Woodrow Wilson did not win a majority of the popular vote. President William H. Taft came in last of the four major candidates. Eugene Debs offered his electoral votes to Theodore Roosevelt.
b
Which of these was true by 1915? Scientists and engineers agreed about corporate research and development. The moving assembly line was the most important change in industrial technology. Women were excluded from all industrial production by federal law. Frederick Taylor had restored some humanity to industrial production methods.
b
Which of these was true of local and state political progressive reforms? Direct primaries were done away with and nominations were increasingly handled by party caucuses. Initiatives and referendums were instituted in some states to get around machine-controlled state legislatures. Local progressives in general trusted elected officials to efficiently run governments rather than professionals. Secret ballots began to be printed and counted by political parties instead of government officials.
b
Which statement about education in the late nineteenth century is false? By 1900, most states had compulsory school attendance. Funding for public education was highest in rural areas. Educational opportunities extended to Native American tribes. The number of state universities grew, thanks to the Morrill Act.
b
Which statement is true regarding the Pullman Strike of 1894? John Peter Altgeld greatly disrupted railroad transportation in the country. The president of the United States ordered federal troops to break the strike. It ended when Eugene Debs dropped his demand that workers live in company housing. It started when George Pullman tried to break the power of the union.
b
brandeis: Which of the following best describes a major issue for the Progressive movement, as reflected in the above excerpt? government operation of major industries the growth and corruption of corporate America returning to an economy of small, local enterprises reforming abusive labor practices of industry
b
maps: What most permitted the rise of the developments illustrated by the above maps? workers' wages increasing in proportion to increases in industrial productivity and profits great industrial growth due to innovations in technology and business management decreased government regulation and taxation of industry the breaking up of national railroad monopolies into local enterprises
b
Brandeis: The above excerpt best supports which of the following viewpoints within the Progressive movement of the early nineteenth and late twentieth centuries regarding how "big business" should be regulated? Government should regulate large corporations so as to encourage "good" behavior and discipline "bad" behavior. Large corporations needed to learn to regulate themselves, or more severe government restrictions would come. Government should regulate in such a way as to encourage competition by preventing the emergence of large corporate combinations. Government should let competition work in the marketplace to bust the large corporate combinations.
c
By 1910, which of these was true of college education for American women? It did not exist in the great majority of the states. It allowed women to be schooled only by male faculty. It had significant effects on marriage. It offered no coeducational opportunities.
c
During the first two years of his presidency, Woodrow Wilson did all of the following EXCEPT which of these? He countered the money trust and the uneven economy with the Federal Reserve System. He supported the progressive Underwood-Simmons Tariff and a national income tax. He prosecuted every trust above a certain size, consistent with his New Freedom ideals. He monitored business for unfair trade practices with the Federal Trade Commission
c
During the late nineteenth century, all of the following innovations occurred in consumer goods EXCEPT which of these? - the opening of large department stores - the emergence of ready-made clothing - the formation of credit card companies - the ability to refrigerate foods artificially
c
During the progressive era, which of these was true of political interest groups? They were generally supported by party machines and bosses. They contributed to rising voter turnout. They rose to replace the declining power centers of the parties. They were attacked by progressive reformers.
c
In his 1925 novel, The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald did which of the following? glorified wealthy Americans as examples of the "success ethic" drew on deep African American traditions and heritage criticized the American obsession with material wealth ridiculed the hypocritical behavior of some people in evangelical religion
c
Upton Sinclair's 1906 novel, The Jungle, encouraged the federal government to regulate which industry? the steel industry the housing industry the railroad industry the meatpacking industry
c
What did President Woodrow Wilson do in the fall of 1915 and during 1916? He ordered American troops to go to staging camps in England. He declared that the United States was likely to enter the war within a year. He began to support a rapid increase of the nation's armed forces. He was firmly rooted within the peace faction of the Democratic Party.
c
What happened during Theodore Roosevelt's first three years as president? He was the first national champion of labor unions and the rights of workers. He made breaking up business combinations his highest priority. He desired to win the power for government to investigate corporate activities. His primary accomplishment was to overturn the Sherman Antitrust Act.
c
What happened in the aftermath of the sinking of the British passenger liner Lusitania? Great Britain stopped violating the neutral shipping rights of the United States. President Wilson prohibited Americans from traveling to Europe. Germany pledged to the United States that it would not repeat such an action. The United States declared war on Germany and Austria.
c
What happened in the election of 1896? William McKinley's "Cross of Gold" speech electrified the nation. Jacob Coxey was defeated largely due to the power of industrialists. William Jennings Bryan was the nominee of two different political parties. Marcus Hanna was the early frontrunner due to his views on the "free silver" issue.
c
What happened when President Woodrow Wilson presented the Treaty of Versailles to the Senate? Most so-called irreconcilable senators favored it in principle. He refused to appeal to the public, believing the treaty should stand on its merits alone. A majority of the American public clearly supported its ratification. He was willing to compromise on the language of the treaty but not its major points.
c
What was a distinctive characteristic of women in professional work during the Progressive Era? Women could not attain advanced degrees from American universities. The "new woman" did not approve of women having careers. Teaching provided more jobs for women than the other professions. Women's clubs provided the greatest numbers of female jobs.
c
Which of the following was true of Warren Harding as president? He proposed that the United States join the League of Nations. His administration ended with his defeat in 1924. He never abandoned the party loyalists who had brought him to success. He sought a revival of Progressive reform after World War I.
c
Which of these contains something that was NOT popular in America by the 1910s? - professional baseball, college football, early basketball - amusement parks and dime novels - daily newspapers, telephone, radio - vaudeville and silent films
c
Which of these happened in the early twentieth century? American troops had no foreign deployments until World War I. Cuba was guaranteed independence by the Platt Amendment. The brutal Philippine War continued on. The United States turned against the Open Door Policy.
c
Which of these is true about the Treaty of Paris that concluded the Spanish-American War? It required Spain to pay the United States $20 million for its military costs. It was rejected by Spain and was never formally implemented It transferred the Philippines and Puerto Rico to the United States It was quickly and easily ratified by the United States Senate.
c
Which of these is true regarding the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890? It passed because of the strong support of President Cleveland. It was strongly opposed by congressional Republicans. It was rarely enforced and was weakened by the courts. It signified that the power of trusts was ending.
c
Which of these was NOT a cause of the Spanish-American War? a desire to help Cuban independence growing American imperialism the sinking of the Lusitania yellow journalism by leading newspapers
c
Which statement is true regarding the stock market crash in October 1929? It was the biggest of the bull markets in the history of the market. There was a record low number of shares traded on "Black Tuesday." It started a long slide in stock prices over the next several years. It came after months of wild swings up and down in stock prices.
c
While progressivism has many meanings, in this period it tended to be based on what central assumption? Social Darwinism could create social order and stability. The laissez-faire philosophy should be embraced in American politics. American society was capable of improvement. Urbanization and muckrakers were harmful to the United States.
c
from Louis D. Brandeis: The above excerpt best demonstrates which of the following key Progressive beliefs about reform? Increasing the money supply of the nation through higher tariffs and inflationary policies was the key to successful economic reform. The natural laws of the marketplace would eventually bring an ordered and advanced nation. Purposeful government intervention was essential to improving and advancing the nation. Only government ownership of business that served the public, such as transportation and utilities, could bring economic fairness.
c
twain: What idea does Twain disagree with in this passage? America should limit its imperial ambitions to the Pacific. America should spread its form of democracy overseas. America should govern another unrepresented people. Other nations should look to America as a "beacon of light."
c
According to the philosophy of pragmatism, society should be guided by which of these? inherited ideals democratic tradition moral principles scientific inquiry
d
After 1929, what did American banks do in the face of the worsening global economic crisis? They charged penalties on the debts owed to them by European nations. They reduced the debts owed to them by European nations. They forgave the debts owed to them by European nations. They called in the debts owed to them by European nations.
d
All the following factors contributed to the Great Depression EXCEPT which one? a lack of diversification in the United States economy an unstable European economy partly due to World War I the unequal distribution of purchasing power the conservative investment policies of the largest banks
d
At the turn of the twentieth century, which of the following was true of the leaders of the settlement house movement? They generally opposed social workers' attempts at interference. They generally expressed moral disapproval of the behavior of immigrants. They were members of the Salvation Army and believers in the social gospel. They tried to understand and improve urban living conditions and neighborhoods.
d
By 1900, many Americans had come to blame many economic problems on which of these issues? the legacies of the Civil War high government taxes the divided political parties the existence of monopolies
d
During the 1920s, the National Woman's Party campaigned primarily for which of these? Prohibition Amendment Balanced Budget Amendment Nineteenth Amendment Equal Rights Amendment
d
In the 1890s, Florence Kelley and the National Consumers League sought to do which of these? - encourage immigrants to become greater consumers of American products - influence Americans to buy products made in their own country - protect family businesses from the competition of corporate retailers - pressure manufacturers to improve wages and working conditions for laborers
d
In the 1890s, Jacob Riis did which of the following? - He favored stopping immigration as a way to improve urban American cities. - He crusaded to expose political corruption in major American cities. - He documented the economic excesses of wealthy American industrialists. - He reported on the living conditions of the urban poor to encourage improvements.
d
In the 1920s, what did Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon succeed in doing? He served under Presidents Wilson, Harding, and Coolidge. He eliminated the entire national debt from World War I. He promoted "associationalism" as government policy. He cut taxes on corporate profits and personal incomes.
d
In the American business community at the end of the nineteenth century, which description was accurate? - Rampant competitiveness was considered desirable to most large industrialists. - Stocks and stock markets were fairly insignificant in building railroads and other corporations. - Federal reforms of corporations had ended the most predatory business practices. - One percent of corporations controlled one-third of all manufacturing.
d
In the late nineteenth century, which of the following was true of many immigrants to the United States? They were already experienced as urban-dwelling, industrial workers. They cut their links to their native countries and read English-language newspapers. They found the transition to their new country to be easier than it was for their children. They formed close-knit ethnic communities and neighborhoods within cities.
d
President Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war in April 1917 for all of these reasons EXCEPT which one? the German resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare a desire to make the world "safe for democracy" and protect rights German overtures to Mexico about seizing American land a desire to create a League of Nations to uphold international ideals
d
President Woodrow Wilson did which of the following in his dealings with Mexico? He refused to use military means to try to achieve his moralistic goals. He decided early on to support Victoriano Huerta and stuck with that decision. He supported a president who came to power by murdering his predecessor. He ordered a military expedition into Mexico to capture Pancho Villa.
d
President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points included which of these? a ban on the production of armaments an international agreement to "outlaw war" the division of postwar Germany into two countries an end to secret treaties
d
The Scopes Trial of 1925 was a legal battle most immediately concerning the conflict between which of these? nativists and immigrants blacks and whites urban and rural society creationism and evolution
d
The technological and industrial developments of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries generally affected the average American's life of that time period in which of the following ways? - There was a more equal distribution of income across the social classes. - There were fewer products available to consumers of modest means. - There was less distinction between working and leisure times. - They improved living standards and increased access to information.
d
What does an examination of American voters in the late nineteenth century reveal? Voters did not strongly identify with either the Republican or Democratic Party. Southern white males voted Republican as a matter of unquestioned faith. Veterans of the Union Army tended to vote for Democrat candidates. Voter turnout for both presidential and nonpresidential elections was very high.
d
What was the general result of the economic pressures caused by the Great Depression? They caused both the marriage and divorce rates to increase. They caused every form of popular entertainment to decline. They forced most women in service positions out of the labor force. They strengthened the idea that a woman's proper place was in the home.
d
Which argument offered by some imperialists at the time is most opposite Twain's ideal for U.S. action in the Philippines? The Filipinos would welcome American guidance and education in democratic principles. The politics of imperialism would ultimately threaten American liberties. America needed to expand its trade into the Pacific Asian region and beyond. The Filipinos were uncivilized and, therefore, inherently incapable of self-government.
d
Which of the following happened in the late 1800s and early 1900s? - Fewer immigrants came from southeastern Europe and more from northwestern Europe. - Immigration policy was as open as ever as symbolized by the Statue of Liberty. - Immigration policy had little to do with major national economic and political issues. - The Immigration Restriction League tried to filter out "undesirable" immigrants.
d
Which of the following happened in the two years following World War I? Race relations were improved as a result of the idealism of the war. The economy continued sailing along smoothly as it had during the war. A deadly riot in Chicago was ignited by unidentified anarchists. Labor unions were restless and supported many major strikes.
d
Which of the following is true of President Theodore Roosevelt as an environmental conservationist? He alienated preservationists such as John Muir and the Sierra Club. He opposed new dam construction on major rivers. Along with Gifford Pinchot, he opposed hunting on all federal lands. He added extensive areas of land to the national forest system.
d
Which of these is true regarding the Great Railroad Strike of 1877? - It was the first victory for the Knights of Labor. - The federal government refused to intervene. - It was started by Molly Maguires in the West and spread east. - It was launched in response to a wage cut.
d
Which of these is true regarding the election of 1888? The Democratic candidate was wrecked by "rum, Romanism, and rebellion." It produced a clear mandate from the voters for political reform. It was one of the few elections during this era to escape charges of corruption. It involved clear differences on the tariff issue between the major parties.
d
Which of these was the most important cultural export of the United States in the 1920s? radio programs music automobiles movies
d
Which of these was true of the Farmers' Alliances? They shunned the political system, emphasizing education and organization instead. They sought a closer working relationship with banks than the Grange movement had. They had fewer economic cooperatives than the Grange movement. They largely replaced the fading Granger societies and organizations.
d
Which statement accurately describes the theory of Social Darwinism? - It contended that ruthless corruption may be necessary in the attainment of wealth. - It argued that the new industrial economy was limiting the potential for individual wealth. - It was formulated by Charles Darwin to explain industrial economies. - It was used to justify the social consequences of industrial capitalism.
d
maps: Which of the following is most directly an effect of the changes illustrated by the maps? Railroads remained the primary means of personal transportation. Americans' cultural experiences became more distinctive according to region. Rural Americans traveled to towns less often. More suburbs began to develop on the fringes of major cities.
d
