C366- Elementary Reading and Literacy Methods NOTES

Digraphs such as "sh" make ___________ sounds?

1

The word eight has how many phonemes?

2

How many syllables do you hear in the word submerges?

3

Which definition most accurately describes the gradual release of responsibility?

A teaching approach which incorporates scaffolding so that responsibility for the content is gradually shifted from teacher to studnet

A pre-reading activity in which students respond to a series of statements about a topic about which they will soon read. It builds curiosity about a topic and helps to establish a purpose for reading

Anticipation Guide

Which theorist hypothesized that children are born with a language acquisition device?

Chomsky

All of the following are conditions that foster constructivism EXCEPT?

Direct instruction

A kindergarten student is looking at a picture book and practicing moving their finger left to right on the page. She can identify some of the letters and sounds in the words, but is not yet able to decode them. She enjoys using the pictures to help her understand the story. At what stage of reading development is this student?

Emergent

In a 5th grade classroom, the teacher incorporates a cognitive-constructivist approach to reading. His students are reading a novel and working on using inferencing skills to create a stronger connection to the text. How would this teacher most likely encourage his students to engage with the text?

Encouraging students to find meaning in the text by using their own background experiences to understand and infer information about events and relationships in the story

In a 2nd grade classroom, the teacher is working with a small group focused on automaticity and fluency in reading. What type of texts are the teacher most likely to choose for this group?

Frequently read text and/or text that is at or slightly below their reading level

A tool that allows a reader to focus on the relationship between concepts in a text

Graphic Organizer

In a 3rd grade classroom, the teacher is providing reading comprehension instruction that aligns with sociocultural theory by doing which of the following?

Having her students work in groups of four to discuss their perspectives on the characters, relationships, and events in a story and work together to determine the overall theme of the book based on those details

Which child has an understanding of print awareness?

Mary, a pre-school student who, after scribbling on a piece of paper, proudly proclaims that what she has written says, "I love my dog!" Timmy, a kindergarten student who points to the written representation of his name and states, "That's my name!", but is unable to actually read that it says "Timmy" Lauren, a first grade student who is able to count the number of words on a page

Which of the following teachers is using discovery learning?

Ms. Lee likes to begin her science lessons with a problem for the students to solve on their own

According to which theorist is symbolic thought a precondition for language acquisition?

Piaget

A 3rd grade teacher introduces an activity where the students will be writing a narrative text about a personal experience where they helped someone. She puts the students in groups of four and asks them to brainstorm ideas for their writing with their peers. This activity demonstrates what stage of the writing process?

Prewriting stage

What is the relationship between spoken and written language?

Print is used to represent the words we speak

A 4th grade teacher is working on developing the metacognitive skills of his students in order to develop stronger reading comprehension sills. In order to do this, he does which of the following?

Teaches students multiple strategies that they can use to comprehend text such as re-reading, note-taking during reading, asking before, during, and after reading questions, and creating graphic organizers related to their text

Comprehension strategy in which students collaborate with a partner to discuss a topic, answer a question, or share ideas?

Think-Pair-Share

A teacher who is demonstrating cognitive modeling does which of the following?

Uses a "think-aloud" approach to model their mental processes as he or she performs a task that the students will need to perform

According to which theorist do thought and language originate independently, but later merge? Which theorist places the most importance on social interaction in the development of language?

Vygotsky

What is the relationship between oral language and vocabulary development?

When children are regularly exposed to oral language through family conversations, singing songs, clarifying questions, and read alouds, they gain a broader vocabulary knowledge through these experiences

An example of phonemic awareness is?

a child categorizing pictures that begin with the same sound

An example of print awareness can be seen in which of the following?

a child points to a McDonald's billboard and yells, "Mommy i want a happy meal"

Which of the following is an example of phoneme segmentation?

a child telling his teacher there are four sounds in truck /t/ /r/ /u/ /ck/

Phonological awareness is?

a person's ability to hear sound structures of speech a person's ability to manipulate sound structures of speech a print-free skill set

Phonemic awareness is?

a strong predictor of future reading success a sub skill of phonological awareness a foundational reading skill

Fluent readers read text?

accurately quickly with expression

Phonics instruction is effective for which of the following groups of children?

all beginning readers

Children who begin school without print awareness?

are at risks for reading difficulty

Print awareness typically, but not always, begins to develop?

before children begin school

All of the following are recommended heuristics EXCEPT?

begin with complex problems

Which theory of language development suggests that children learn appropriate sounds and words in reaction to their parents' reinforcement?

behaviorist

Activities that help children become aware of print include?

being read to by adults playing with magnetic letters pretend reading

How many speech sounds are there in the English Language?

between 42 and 44

Regardless of culture, children begin to learn language around the same time all over the world. At about what age is this?

between 8 and 28 months

The teaching method in which at least two languages are used in basic subject areas is?

bilingual education

Phonemic awareness activities include?

blending sounds together to make a word identifying words that begin with the same letter breaking a word into individual sounds

Phonics instruction has an impact on a child's?

both reading and writing ability

How are phonemes represented in writing to differentiate them from actual words?

by placing the letters between slashes /b/

Phonemic awareness?

can be assessed by teachers is a necessary component of reading can be introduced to students as a game

Print awareness tasks?

can be given by the classroom teacher can help students to develop print awareness are related to children's later success in reading

Pretending to write a shopping list?

can help a child develop print awareness

Which of the following is an approach used for phonics instruction?

children learning the letters or letter combinations that represent sounds children using word parts or families to identify unknown words children learning to segment words into sounds and writing letters for these sounds

Which of the following is NOT true about comprehension?

comprehensive depends only on the reader's decoding knowledge and skills

Children's first words most commonly refer to what?

concrete objects

According to which theory of language development is language constructed within a particular sociocultural context, depending on cognitive and environmental factors?

contextual

Children with print awareness are able to?

count the number of words in a sentence distinguish between a word and a letter on a page recognize the logo for McDonald's on a billboard

Print awareness?

develops through child/adult interaction with various forms of print

The recognition that children who pretend they are reading and writing understand a great deal about literacy is characteristic of what approach to literacy?

emergent literacy

Effective phonics instruction may improve?

fluency word recognition spelling

Children who are able to use their knowledge of mathematics to understand astronomy are using?

general transfer

The written letter A is a?

grapheme

Phoneme blending is?

harder than onset and rime

The task of determining how to improve motivation in students is an example of a?

ill-structured problem

Phonics instruction is most effective when it is taught?

in primary grades

Phonics programs are effective when they?

include a carefully selected set of letter-sound relationships organized into a logical sequence include a set of precise directions for teaching these relationships include lots of opportunities for children to apply learning to reading and writing

Inverted spelling?

increases children's fluency

Children's performance on print awareness tasks?

is a reliable predictor of future reading achievement

Print awareness is an understanding that print?

is different from pictures on a page carries meaning has practical uses

Phonics instruction?

is one component of a reading program should be taught because it teaches a system for remembering how to read words

One limitation of constructivism is that?

it tends to be more time consuming for teachers and students

Phonics instruction is most effective when it begins in?

kindergarten or first grade

Which of the following is NOT an example of print awareness?

knowing that print is easier than cursive handwriting for most children a child indicates that he can sing the alphabet song

Activities that help promote print awareness in children include?

labeling objects in a classroom reading aloud to students pointing out punctuation marks at the end of sentences

_________ does NOT encourage development of print awareness?

leading the song, Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star

Which of the following does NOT play a significant role in the child's learning of language?

limitation of adult speech

Which of the following types of transfer lead to the automatic application of a learned skill?

low-road transfer

Brenda's mother speaks French and German. Her father speaks English and French. Brenda speaks all three. However, she often mixes the languages together as she speaks. What phenomenon is Brenda exhibiting?

mixed speech

There are ________ sounds in the English language?

more than 40

A situation in which one's prior learning interferes with subsequent learning is called?

negative transfer

Cognitive constructivism is the construstion of knowledge through?

one's personal, individual experiences

The ability to hear, identify, and manipulate discrete, individual sounds in words is called________?

phonemic awareness

Which of the following is a component of a reading program?

phonemic awareness instruction phonics instruction print awareness instruction

Teaching students that the letters ph represent the /f/ sound is an example of what type of instruction

phonics

A teacher who is explaining how to place a set of words into categories based on their spelling patterns is engaged in?

phonics instruciton

Which of the following is a true statement?

phonics involves looking at the relationship between letters and sounds in written form

Phonemic awareness is one part of ________________, which includes activities on phonemes, rhymes, syllables, and more?

phonological awareness

The ability to hear, identify, and manipulate the onsets and rimes in words is called _______?

phonological awareness

A child who writes from top to bottom and from left to right possesses?

print awareness

Which of the following is an example of print awareness?

print is read from left to right

Effective phonics programs provide students with opportunities to practice applying their knowledge about phonics as they?

read write blend sounds to form words

The literacy approach that emphasized a set of skills children needed to master before beginning formal reading instruction is known as what?

reading readiness

A Strategy in which students take on an instructional role in a small group where they take on role such as questioning, clarifying, predicting, or summarizing?

reciprocal teaching

Print awareness is?

recognizing written language and understanding how it's used understanding the function of print and how it is organized on a page

Piaget has been criticized for understanding what factor in language development?

social interaction

The onset sounds is the?

sounds before the vowel in a syllable

The definition of phoneme is, "the smallest part of _________ language"?

spoken

English is Greg's native language. In fifth grade, his family moves to another country, where Spanish is spoken. He learns Spanish, becoming fluent. What phenomenon is Greg exhibiting?

successive bilingualism

Phonological awareness activities include__________?

syllable blending

Which is an example of systematic phonics instruction?

teaching a set of letter sound relationships in a clearly defined sequence

Metalinguistic awareness is?

the ability to think and talk about language

Phonics instruction teaches?

the relationship between letter and sounds in written form

The alphabetic principle is understanding?

the relationship between letters and spoken words

Phonics instruction is important because it helps students to?

understand the relationship between letters and sounds recognize unfamiliar words improve reading comprehension

The best way to teach letter-sound relationships is to?

use an "I do", "We do", "You do" teaching method provide ample practice to all students continue to practice one set of skills until all students achieve mastery

When teaching phonological awareness, teachers should?

use multisensory activities teach each skill to mastery start with the simplest skills and build to harder skills

Which of the following would NOT help create phonemic awareness during preschool?

using songs, finger plays, and stories with rhyming words

Solving an addition problem is an example of a?

well-structured problem

Which of the following has research shown would NOT be beneficial to a child's second language acquisition?

youth--the younger the child, the easier for him to learn a second language