Campbell Biology Chapter 40, Biology Chapter 32, Mastering Biology Chapter 31-33, Ch 30 mastering biology, Mastering Biology Chapter 41, Chapter 29 Homework
The animal phylum most like the protists that gave rise to the animal kingdom is _____.
Porifera
What is true of annelids?
They perform gas exchange across their skin.
Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following in common except
ovaries
Secretin stimulates the _____ to secrete _____.
pancreas ... bicarbonate
Cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates the _____ to secrete _____.
pancreas ... pancreatic enzymes
What is one function of mucus in the lumen of the stomach?
It protects the epithelium from being digested by gastric juice.
Which of these characteristics is shared by algae and seed plants?
chloroplasts. Both algae and seed plants have cells with chloroplasts.
The presence of fatty acids and amino acids in the chyme from the stomach triggers the small intestine to secrete a hormone known as _____.
cholecystokinin, or CCK
Panting by an overheated dog achieves cooling by shivering thermogenesis. torpor. evaporation. nonshivering thermogenesis. acclimatization.
evaporation.
The panting responses that are observed in overheated birds and mammals dissipates excess heat by hibernation. vasoconstriction. acclimation. countercurrent exchange. evaporation.
evaporation.
Tissues are composed of cells, and tissues functioning together make up membranes. organs. organelles. organisms. organ systems.
organs
Some species of rotifers consist solely of females. Their method of reproduction is described as _____.
parthenogenesis, females lay unfertilized eggs that develop into females
The specialized function shared by the cells that line the lungs and those that line the lumen of the gut is that both types of cells provide abundant exchange surface. have a lowered basal metabolic rate due to cooperative exchange between cells. receive their oxygen directly from inhaled air and ingested foods. have exceptionally high numbers of cellular organelles in the cytoplasm. offer greater protection due to increased membrane thickness.
provide abundant exchange surface.
Spores and seeds have basically the same function-dispersal-but are vastly different because _____.
spores are unicellular; seeds are not.
In seed plants, which of the following is part of a pollen grain and has a function most like that of the seed coat?
sporopollenin
The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to _____.
sporopollenin
In angiosperms, pollination is the transfer of pollen grain to the _____ of a flower on the same plant or another plant of the same species
stigma
A carpel is composed of _____.
stigma style ovary
The leaflike appendages of moss gametophytes may be one to two cell layers thick. Consequently, which of the following is LEAST likely to be found associated with such appendages?
stomata.
An example of a connective tissue is the cuboidal epithelium. smooth muscles. blood. skin. nerves.
blood.
Which of these was the dominant plant group at the time that dinosaurs were the dominant animals?
gymnosperms. Both gymnosperms and dinosaurs were dominant during the Mesozoic.
Angiosperms are most closely related to _____.
gymnosperms. The branching pattern of the phylogenetic tree in the activity indicates that angiosperms are most closely related to gymnosperms.
Stomata _____.
open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss.
Which of the following is radially symmetrical?
a doughnut
When you look at a pine or maple tree, the plant you see is a _____
Diploid sporophyte
Which structure allows the growing mushroom to nourish itself?
Mycelium
Fungi obtain nutrients through _____.
absorption
Animal tissues develop from embryonic germ layers. Triploblastic animals have three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) and three basic body plans related to body cavities (acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate). Select the three statements that are true. -The digestive tract of a coelomate functions as a coelom. -An acoelomate triploblast has no endoderm. -In a coelomate, the tissue lining the inner side of the body cavity arises from the same germ layer as the tissue lining the outer side of the body cavity. -In a coelomate, the tissue lining the inner side of the body cavity arises from the same germ layer as the lining of the digestive tract. -A diploblast has no mesoderm. -A pseudocoelom has the same functions as a true coelom. -In a pseudocoelomate, the tissue lining the inner side of the body cavity arises from the same germ layer as the muscles.
-In a coelomate, the tissue lining the inner side of the body cavity arises from the same germ layer as the tissue lining the outer side of the body cavity. -A diploblast has no mesoderm. -A pseudocoelom has the same functions as a true coelom.
Body structures or functions of fungi
-Mycelia are made up of small-diameter hyphae that form an interwoven mass, providing more surface area for nutrient absorption. -Some fungi secrete digestive enzymes into the environment and then absorb the digested nutrients. -Some fungi can grow as either filamentous or single-celled forms. -All fungi are heterotrophs; some species live as decomposers and others as symbionts
In pines, an embryo is a(n) _____.
an immature sporophyte
Karyogamy produces a _____.
diploid zygote
Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). 1. sporophyte 2. microspores 3. microsporangia 4. pollen cone 5. pollen nuclei
14325
Harold and Kumar are pre-med and pre-pharmacy students, respectively. They complain to their biology professor that they should not have to study about plants because plants have little relevance to their chosen professions. Which adaptations of land plants are likely to provide Harold with future patients? I) sporophyte dominance II) defenses against herbivory III) adaptations related to wind dispersal of pollen
2 and 3
Which feature of cycads distinguishes them from most other gymnosperms? 1. They have exposed ovules. 2. They have flagellated sperm. 3. They are pollinated by animals.
2 and 3
A student encounters a pondweed which appears to be a charophyte (stonewort). Which of the following features would help the student determine whether the sample comes from a charophyte or from some other type of green alga? 1. molecular structure of enzymes inside the chloroplasts 2. structure of sperm cells 3. presence of phragmoplasts 4. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes
2, 3, and 4.
Identify the features that distinguish animals from organisms in other multicellular kingdoms. -Animals are motile. -Animals are ingestive heterotrophs. -Animals have sensory organs at their anterior end.
Animals are ingestive heterotrophs.
Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is (are) true? 1. Animals are more closely related to plants than to fungi. 2. All animal clades based on body plan have been found to be incorrect. 3. Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic. 4. Animals only reproduce sexually. 5. Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates.
3 and 5
Arrange the following in the correct sequence, from earliest to most recent, in which these plant traits originated. 1. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence 2. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence 3. gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence
3 → 1 → 2
Plants evolved from green algae approximately _____ million years ago.
475. Plants evolved from green algae about 475 million years ago.
A fruit is most commonly
A mature ovary
Consider the seed shown in this figure. Select the correct description of this seed.
A seed includes contributions from three separate generations of plants.
Compare the relative abundance of Actinobacteria in the microbiome of a healthy adult's intestinal tract to that of a healthy adult's stomach. Which statement best represents the relative abundance of Actinobacteria in each?
Actinobacteria are abundant in the stomach, but rare in the intestinal tract of healthy adults.
Which statement best represents the bacterial community composition of a healthy adult's stomach?
Actinobacteria are the most abundant bacteria in the stomach of healthy adults, followed by Firmicutes, and roughly equal amounts of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria.
Which of the following statements is correct?
All animals share a common ancestor. (It is thought to have been a protist similar to a choanoflagellate.)
Select the correct statement describing feedback control in animals. An animal may be a regulator for one environmental variable but a conformer for another. Ectotherms are regulators with respect to temperature. Positive feedback loops contribute to homeostasis.
An animal may be a regulator for one environmental variable but a conformer for another.
Which choice best describes a reasonable mechanism for animal structures becoming better suited over evolutionary time to specific functions? Animals that restrict their food intake will become less abundant. Animals with inventions that curtail reproduction will become more abundant. Animals with parents that continually improve their offspring's structures will become more abundant. Animals with mutations that give rise to effective structures will become more abundant. Animals that eat the most food become the most abundant.
Animals with mutations that give rise to effective structures will become more abundant.
Cup fungi are in the phylum _____.
Ascomycota
Where does meiosis occur in a mushroom?
Basidia
The earliest ancestors of about half of all extant animal phyla can be traced back to the _____ explosion
Cambrian
The earliest ancestors of about half of all extant animal phyla can be traced back to the _____ explosion.
Cambrian
Choose the correct statement from the list below.
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase.
Which structure is not directly involved in the reproduction of at least one major group of fungi? A) Motile spores B) Asci C) Basidium D) Mycelium
D) Mycelium
Which feature of deuterostome development explains the formation of identical human twins?
Deuterostomes have indeterminate development. (indeterminate cleavage means that each cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo)
Select the correct statement describing the life cycle of angiosperms.
Double fertilization in the life cycle of seed plants results in the production of a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm nucleus.
Which of these represents the sporophyte generation of the moss life cycle?
E
Which statement about endotherms and ectotherms is correct? Ectotherms are more abundant and diverse than endotherms. Endothermy is a more successful strategy for thermoregulation than ectothermy. Ectotherms are more primitive than endotherms.
Ectotherms are more abundant and diverse than endotherms.
Which structures are haploid? Select all that apply.
Egg, Spores, Gametophyte. Spores, which are haploid, grow by mitosis to become haploid gametophytes. The gametophyte produces eggs by mitosis; eggs are also haploid.
How do endotherms and ectotherms differ? Endotherms are warm-blooded and ectotherms are cold-blooded. Endotherms are regulators and ectotherms are conformers. Endotherms and ectotherms differ in the means by which they regulate their body temperature.
Endotherms and ectotherms differ in the means by which they regulate their body temperature.
Which process is not required for an animal to obtain energy from food?
Excretion.
True or False? The liver is a component of the alimentary canal.
False
True or false? One advantage of having a tube-like digestive tract is that digestion of all compounds can take place simultaneously down the tract.
False
True or false? In most fungi, fertilization is complete after the cells fuse together
False, fertilization is a two-step process consisting of the fusion of cells and then the fusion of nuclei in the fused cells.
Which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle?
Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs.
_____ are an example of seedless vascular plants.
Ferns. Ferns are seedless vascular plants.
Locate the pie chart showing the microbiome of a healthy adult's intestinal tract. Which statement best represents the bacterial community composition of a healthy adult's intestinal tract?
Firmicutes are the most abundant bacteria in the intestinal tract of healthy adults, followed by Bacteroidetes and a small amount of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria.
Choose the correct statement from the list below.
Free fatty acid absorption occurs in the small intestine.
How do hydrogen ions (H+) and chloride ions (Cl-) get into the lumen of the stomach?
H+ is actively transported from parietal cells into the lumen, while Cl- diffuses from parietal cells into the lumen.
What event occurs first in the development of a spore into a mature mushroom?
Hyphae are produced by mitosis.
How are the bryophytes and seedless vascular plants alike?
In both groups, sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia.
Nonvascular Plants Nonvascular plants (informally called bryophytes) generally live very close to the ground, sprawling out rather than growing upward. This growth form is due to their thin body parts and lack of vascular structures that would support upward growth. Three phyla of bryophytes exist today: liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. Part A - Bryophyte structure Label the structures on this diagram of a moss. Drag the labels onto the diagram below. Not all labels will be used.
In the life cycle of bryophytes, gametophytes are the dominant stage and are generally larger than sporophytes. The sporophytes of mosses are made up of a foot, a seta, and a sporangium. The foot is embedded in the gametophyte and absorbs nutrients from it. The seta, or stalk, transports the nutrients to the sporangium, which produces spores. Rhizoids, which resemble the roots of vascular plants, anchor the gametophytes to a substrate. Rhizoids are not vascular structures.
Which of these statements is true about the gametophyte tissue that surrounds the pine embryo?
It functions as A HAPLOID food reserve.
Which of the following lines of evidence would best support your assertion that a particular plant is an angiosperm?
It lacks gametangia.
A graduate student finds an organism in a pond and thinks it is a freshwater sponge. A postdoctoral student thinks it looks more like an aquatic fungus. How can they decide whether it is an animal or a fungus?
Look for cell walls under a microscope. (Fungal cells have walls, and animal cells do not)
Gymnosperms were most abundant during the _____.
Mesozoic
The sperm produced by mosses require _____ to reach an archegonium.
Moisture. Moss sperm swim to archegonia.
All animals can trace their lineage to a common ancestor that lived in the _____.
Neoproterozoic era
Of the four haploid cells produced by a pine cone's megasporocyte (megaspore mother cell), _____ survive(s).
ONE
What is the key difference between a coelom and a pseudocoelom?
Only a coelom is fully lined with mesoderm tissue
What is the key difference between a coelom and a pseudocoelom?
Only a coelom is fully lined with mesoderm tissue.
Which of the following is an example of positive feedback in the lumen of the stomach?
Pepsin digests molecules of pepsinogen, producing more pepsin.
Select the correct statement about the life cycle of a fern.
Plant gametophytes are haploid multicellular bodies. Plant gametophytes vary in size, but they are haploid and multicellular in all plant life cycles. Look for plant gametophytes in the basic sexual life cycle of plants and in the life cycles of nonvascular and seedless vascular plants.
What term describes the fusion of cytoplasm from two individuals?
Plasmogamy
Choose the correct statement from the list below.
Proteins that are consumed in the diet are absorbed as individual amino acids following digestion.
Which structure is not part of the alimentary canal?
Salivary glands.
The closest algal relatives of land plants are _____.
charophytes. These green algae and plants share many homologous features.
Two graphs. One showing the relationship of basal metabolic rate to body size for various mammals. The other showing the relationship of BMR per kilogram of body mass to body size. Look at the graphs and choose the correct statement describing the relationship between BMR (basal metabolic rate) and body mass of mammals. (Look carefully at the quantity being displayed on the y-axis of each figure.) Large mammals have lower basal metabolic rates than small mammals. BMR is roughly proportional to body mass squared. Small mammals have lower BMR, but use more calories per kilogram than large mammals.
Small mammals have lower BMR, but use more calories per kilogram than large mammals.
Select the correct statement contrasting gametophytes and sporophytes.
Sporophytes are diploid, whereas gametophytes are haploid. Look at the basic sexual life cycle of plants and the life cycles of nonvascular and seedless vascular plants.
Which of these facts provides the best support for the hypothesis that plants evolved from green algae?
The chloroplasts of plants and green algae all have both chlorophyll a and b. Of the three choices, this statement does provide the best support for the hypothesis that plants evolved from green algae. In addition to green algae and plants, euglenids and a few dinoflagellates have chlorophyll a and b. The very best evidence for the hypothesis is the derived traits shared by charophytes (a taxon of green algae) and plants.
Which of the following is a correct statement about an organism and its environment? The interstitial fluid is the exchange medium between body cells and the circulatory system in vertebrate animals. Animals isolated from their environments live longer than those exchanging matter with the environment. An animal is a closed system that is separate and distinct from its environment. The gastrovascular cavity provides the nutrient exchange surface in mammals. None of the choices is correct.
The interstitial fluid is the exchange medium between body cells and the circulatory system in vertebrate animals.
Select the correct statement about the evolution of animals.
The oldest generally accepted fossils of large animals range in age from 565 to 550 million years old.
A researcher added a mixture of animal proteins to a physiological buffer solution (pH 7.4) in a test tube incubated at 37°C. The researcher then added purified pepsin to the mixture, but even after several hours, the proteins were not digested. Which of the following would explain this result?
The pH was too high.
Which statement is true for all sexually reproducing plants and animals?
The process of meiosis produces haploid cells. The products of meiosis contain one complete set of chromosomes.
Tunas, sharks, penguins, and dolphins all have a basic fusiform shape, tapered at both ends. What explains this similarity in shape? The similarity is due to convergent evolution, because all these animals share similar environmental challenges. The similarity is due to homology, based on shared ancestry. All fast-swimming aquatic vertebrates have this shape.
The similarity is due to convergent evolution, because all these animals share similar environmental challenges.
Which of the following is characteristic of the phylum Platyhelminthes (also called flatworms)?
They are dorsoventrally flattened
Most moss gametophytes do not have a cuticle and are 1-2 cells thick. What does this imply about moss gametophytes and their structure?
They can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atmosphere.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all animals?
They have tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as the Bryophytes. Besides not having vascular tissue, what do they all have in common?
They require water for reproduction.
The epithelium that lines the stomach has many deep infoldings, or pits. In what way do these pits function as glands?
They secrete gastric juice into the main chamber of the stomach.
Which of the following primarily involves heat transfer by convection? You sweat profusely as you mow the lawn on a hot summer day. As you lie on the sand, you can feel the sun's warm rays on your skin. The water in the lake is so cold that your legs become numb. You roll down the car window to allow the cool breeze to blow through. After sunset, you can feel heat from the warm pavement.
You roll down the car window to allow the cool breeze to blow through.
In a physiological system operating with positive feedback, _____. the range of acceptable values for a given parameter will be narrower than if the system were regulated by negative feedback a stimulus will initiate a response that returns the system to near its initial parameters a stimulus will prevent a small change from becoming too large only an effector and control center are necessary to complete the control system a change in a variable will amplify rather than reverse the change
a change in a variable will amplify rather than reverse the change
Retaining the zygote on the living gametophyte of land plants _____.
allows it to be nourished by the parent plant.
Which of the following is not a characteristic that distinguishes gymnosperms and angiosperms from other plants?
alternation of generations
Multicellular organisms must keep their cells awash in an "internal pond" because their cells need to be protected from dissolved nitrogen gas in the blood. their membranes will crystallize if not in contact with interstitial fluid. this prevents the loss of water due to osmosis. an aqueous medium is needed for the cellular exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes. terrestrial organisms have not adapted to life in dry environments.
an aqueous medium is needed for the cellular exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes.
An example of effectors' roles in homeostatic responses is observable when an increase in body temperature results from exercise. an increase in body temperature results from involuntary shivering. a decrease in body temperature results from shock. the rising sun causes an increase in body temperature in a stationary animal. an increase in body temperature results from fever.
an increase in body temperature results from involuntary shivering.
A marine biologist dredges up a small animal from the bottom of the ocean. It is uniformly segmented, with short, stiff appendages and soft, flexible skin. It has a complete digestive system and a closed circulatory system, plus multiple true coeloms. Based on this, you determine that the animal must be a(n) _____.
annelid
A stamen consists of _____.
anther and filament
In moss, _____ produce sperm.
antheridia. Moss antheridia, found on the tops of male gametophytes, produce sperm.
In pines, the female gametophyte contains _____, each of which contains a(n) _____.
archegonia ... egg
Most land-dwelling invertebrates and all of the amphibians become more active when environmental temperatures drop below 15°C. alter their metabolic rates to maintain a constant body temperature of 37°C. are endotherms but become thermoconformers only when they are in water. are ectothermic organisms with variable body temperatures. have a net loss of heat across a moist body surface, even in direct sun.
are ectothermic organisms with variable body temperatures.
All seed plants _____.
are heterosporus
The thermoregulatory response of an overheated dog in a very hot environment is impaired if the response causes body temperature to increase to match the environmental temperature. a behavioral response that takes the dog to a cooler location. blood vessels near the skin to vasoconstrict. evaporative heat loss to increase. metabolic heat production to decrease.
body temperature to increase to match the environmental temperature.
Standard metabolic rate (SMR) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) are used to compare metabolic rate between hibernating and nonhibernating states. both measured across a wide range of temperatures for a given species. used differently: SMR is measured during exercise, whereas BMR is measured at rest. both measured in animals in a resting and fasting state. both standard measurements of fat metabolism in mammals.
both measured in animals in a resting and fasting state.
The living plants that are most similar to the first plants to bear gametangia are the _____.
bryophytes. Bryophytes, such as mosses, are the extant plants that are most similar to the first plants to bear gametangia.
Different types of food are eaten by various groups of animals, but it is usually true that _____.
cellulose digestion in ruminant mammals occurs before the ingested foods reach the small intestine
This is an image of a(n) _____.
charophycean. Charophyceans are the green algae most closely related to plants.
When the temperature of the outside air exceeds their internal body temperature, jackrabbits living in hot, arid lands will increase motor movements to find a sunny area to maximize heat transfer into their bodies. begin involuntary shivering of their skeletal muscles in order to generate more metabolic heat. constrict the blood vessels in their large ears to reduce transfer of external heat to the blood in their ears. increase pigmentation in their ears, darkening them to maximize their capacity to take up heat. dilate the blood vessels in their large ears to transfer more body heat to the environment.
constrict the blood vessels in their large ears to reduce transfer of external heat to the blood in their ears.
Conifers and pines both have needlelike leaves, with the adaptive advantage of _____.
decreased surface area, reducing water loss
Which of these is unique to flowering plants?
double fertilization
All animals, whether large or small, have each living cell in contact with an aqueous medium. an external body surface that is dry. the ability to enter dormancy when resources become scarce. a basic body plan that resembles a two-layered sac. a body surface covered with hair to keep them warm.
each living cell in contact with an aqueous medium.
If you gently twist your earlobe, it does not remain distorted because it contains loose connective tissue. adipose tissue. elastic fibers. collagenous fibers. reticular fibers.
elastic fibers.
Bats and hummingbirds are examples of _____. ectotherms that are also poikilotherms ectotherms that are also homeotherms endotherms that are also ectotherms endotherms that are also homeotherms endotherms that are also poikilotherms
endotherms that are also poikilotherms
Negative feedback is a method of homeostatic control that _____. increases the speed and rapidity of negative responses to environmental stimuli ensures that conditions in an organism do not vary too much above or below their set points operates independently of most signaling mechanisms produces a response by lowering the set point of an organism's metabolism promotes decreases in metabolic rate rather than increases
ensures that conditions in an organism do not vary too much above or below their set points
Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with neural tissue. adipose tissue. connective tissue. epithelial tissue. smooth muscle cells.
epithelial tissue.
Humans can lose, but cannot gain, heat through the process of evaporation. convection. metabolism. conduction. radiation.
evaporation.
In pine, the embryo develops within the _____.
female gametophyte
In gymnosperms megaspores develop into _____ .
female gametophytes
Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the integument of a pine seed?
female sporophyte
In terms of alternation of generations, the internal parts of the pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to a _____.
fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia
Choose the list that correctly ranks metabolic rates per gram of body mass, from lowest to highest. fish, dog, mouse human, rabbit, snake gazelle, lion, elephant hummingbird, dog, mouse human, cat, mouse, salamander
fish, dog, mouse
Which of the following animals does NOT have a body cavity?
flatworm
Angiosperms are different from all other plants because only they have _____.
flowers
Which of the following is a characteristic of cnidarians?
gastrovascular cavity
The nourishment, insulation, and support for neurons is the result of activity by the adipose tissue. smooth muscles. intercalated disks. endocrine system. glial cells.
glial cells.
The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably _____.
green algae.
An example of an organism that has only behavioral controls over its body temperature is the penguin. gray wolf. house sparrow. green frog. bluefin tuna.
green frog.
About 450 million years ago, the terrestrial landscape on Earth would have _____.
had non-vascular green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock.
Fungi produce _____ spores.
haploid
In the pine, microsporangia form _____ microspores by _____.
haploid ... meiosis
In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis?
haploid spores
An important trend in animal evolution was cephalization. An animal is said to show cephalization when it _____.
has an aggregation of sensory neurons at the anterior end
The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment is termed balanced equilibrium. estivation. physiological chance. homeostasis. static equilibrium.
homeostasis.
During embryological development, the anus forms before the mouth in _____.
humans (During gastrulation, the developing digestive tube of the embryo initially has a single opening, the blastopore. After the archenteron develops, a second opening forms at the opposite end of the gastrula. The mouth of many protostomes develops from the first opening, whereas in deuterostomes the mouth is derived from the second opening.)
The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the hypothalamus. liver. medulla oblongata. subcutaneous layer of the skin. thyroid gland.
hypothalamus.
According to the fossil record, plants colonized terrestrial habitats _____.
in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil.
To increase the effectiveness of exchange surfaces lining the lungs and the intestines, evolutionary pressures have increased the thickness of the membranes in these linings. decreased the metabolic rate of the cells in these linings. increased the exchange surface area with folds and branches. increased the number of cell layers in these linings. increased the volume of the cells in these linings.
increased the exchange surface area with folds and branches.
Choose the list that presents the four stages of food processing in the order in which they naturally occur.
ingestion → digestion → absorption → elimination
Many mammals have skins and mucous membranes that are sensitive to phenolic secretions of plants like poison oak (Rhus). These secondary compounds are primarily adaptations that _____.
inhibit herbivory
In a survivably cold environment, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm because the ectotherm expends more energy per kg of body mass than does the endotherm. invests little energy in temperature regulation. has greater insulation on its body surface. metabolizes its stored energy more readily than can the endotherm. maintains a higher basal metabolic rate.
invests little energy in temperature regulation.
Seasonal changes in snake activity are due to the fact that the snake is more active in summer because that is the period for mating. is less active in winter because the food supply is decreased. is less active in winter because it does not need to avoid predators. is more active in summer as a result of being disturbed by other animals. is more active in summer because it can gain body heat by conduction.
is more active in summer because it can gain body heat by conduction.
Imagine that you are a biologist who is attempting to get an accurate measure of an animal's basal metabolic rate. The best time to measure the metabolic rate is when the animal is resting and has not eaten its first meal of the day. has just completed 30 minutes of vigorous exercise. has recently eaten a sugar-free meal. is resting and has just completed its first meal of the day. has not consumed any water for at least 48 hours.
is resting and has not eaten its first meal of the day.
Most bryophytes, such as mosses, differ from all other plants in that they _____.
lack true leaves and roots. The bryophytes generally lack true leaves and roots, which all other plants have.
What evolutionary development allowed plants to grow tall?
lignified vascular tissue. The polymer lignin strengthens the xylem and phloem, giving the plant more support and allowing it to grow taller.
Bile is produced by the _____ and stored by the _____ until it is secreted into the small intestine.
liver ... gall bladder
Ectoprocts and brachiopods are collectively referred to as _____.
lophophorates
An exchange surface in direct contact with the external environment is found in the heart. brain. skeletal muscles. liver. lungs.
lungs.
Homeostasis is the _____. maintenance of a relatively constant and optimal internal environment correlation of structure and function cooperation of body parts to form tissues, organs, and systems exchange of materials with the surrounding environment idea that all vertebrates are built in a similar way
maintenance of a relatively constant and optimal internal environment
Which of the following sex and generation combinations directly produces the pollen tube of angiosperms?
male gametophyte
What are the products of meiosis in the life cycle of a seed plant?
megaspores and microspores
Basidia produce spores by a process known as _____.
meiosis
In pine trees, pollen grains get to the ovule via the _____.
micropyle
The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division does the generative cell undergo to produce these sperm cells?
mitosis
In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by _____.
mitosis ... mitosis. In both, gametes are produced by haploid gametophytes.
Stamens, sepals, petals, carpels, and pinecone scales are all _____.
modified leaves
Consider the characteristics of moss and fern life cycles. Which of the following sets of statements is true?
n mosses, the gametophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle; in ferns, the sporophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle. In both mosses and ferns, moisture is required for sperm to reach the egg. The gametophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle in mosses; the sporophyte develops on the body of a gametophyte, where it lives for a briefer time than the gametophyte's life span. In ferns, the sporophyte is dominant; the gametophyte is tiny and short-lived. Both mosses and ferns have swimming sperm that require moisture to reach an egg.
The four major categories of tissues are _____. simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, and stratified squamous blood, nervous, connective, and muscle muscle, epithelial, bone, and cartilage nervous, epithelial, connective, and muscle bone, muscle, blood, and adipose
nervous, epithelial, connective, and muscle
Planarians lack dedicated respiratory and circulatory systems because _____.
none of their cells are far removed from the gastrovascular cavity or from the external environment
Unlike most angiosperms, grasses are pollinated by wind. As a consequence, some unnecessary parts of grass flowers have almost disappeared. Which of the following parts would you expect to be most reduced in a grass flower
petals
In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed-producing plants?
pollen
The adaptation that made possible the colonization of dry land environments by seed plants is most likely the result of the evolution of _____.
pollen
The male gametophytes of flowering plants are also referred to as _____
pollen grains
The major difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms comes from the _____.
presence or absence of a protective covering over the ovule
Gastrulation is the process that directly forms the _____.
primary germ layers
The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always _____.
produces spores. The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always produces spores.
To prepare flight muscles for use on a cool morning, hawkmoths decrease their standard metabolic rate. walk to shaded areas to avoid direct sunlight. reduce the metabolic rate of the muscles to rest them before flight. relax the muscles completely until after they launch themselves into the air. rapidly contract and relax these muscles to generate metabolic warmth.
rapidly contract and relax these muscles to generate metabolic warmth.
A countercurrent heat exchanger enables an animal to _____. reduce the loss of body heat to the environment increase heat loss by evaporation absorb heat from the environment slow metabolism when food is not available produce more heat when needed
reduce the loss of body heat to the environment
The lower esophageal sphincter surrounds the upper opening into the stomach. If this sphincter failed to properly constrict, there might be a problem with _____.
regurgitation of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus, commonly called "heartburn"
Connective tissues typically have a supporting material such as chondroitin sulfate. the ability to transmit electrochemical impulses. the ability to shorten upon stimulation. relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix. many densely packed cells with direct connections between the membranes of adjacent cells.
relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix.
An example of an ectothermic organism that has few or no behavioral options when it comes to its ability to adjust its body temperature is a bluefin tuna, a predatory fish. sea star, a marine invertebrate. honeybee in a hive. terrestrial lizard. hummingbird.
sea star, a marine invertebrate.
The acidity of the stomach contents triggers the small intestine to secrete a hormone known as _____.
secretin
In flowering plants the integuments of the ovule develop into a(n) _____.
seed coat
Stratified cuboidal epithelium is composed of a tight layer of square cells attached to a basement membrane. several layers of boxlike cells. an irregularly arranged layer of pillarlike cells. a hierarchical arrangement of flat cells. a layer of ciliated, mucus-secreting cells.
several layers of boxlike cells.
A female Burmese python incubating her eggs can warm them using torpor. nonshivering thermogenesis. evaporative cooling. shivering thermogenesis. acclimatization.
shivering thermogenesis.
A moth preparing for flight on a cold morning warms its flight muscles via nonshivering thermogenesis. torpor. evaporative cooling. shivering thermogenesis. acclimatization.
shivering thermogenesis.
Of the following choices, the epithelium with the shortest diffusion distance is simple squamous epithelium. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. simple cuboidal epithelium. simple columnar epithelium. stratified squamous epithelium.
simple squamous epithelium.
Which of the following traits was most important in enabling the first plants to move onto land?
the development of sporopollenin to prevent the desiccation of zygotes. Without sporopollenin, plant reproduction on land would have been much more difficult. This was one of the first problems that had to be solved in order for plants to take advantage of the habitats available on land.
Coordinating body functions via chemical signals is accomplished by the immune and lymphatic systems. the respiratory system. the endocrine system. the excretory system. the integumentary system.
the endocrine system.
An example of a properly functioning homeostatic control system is seen when the blood pressure increases in response to an increase in blood volume. a blood cell shrinks when placed in a solution of salt and water. the kidneys excrete salt into the urine when dietary salt levels rise. the core body temperature of a runner rises gradually from 37°C to 45°C. the level of glucose in the blood is abnormally high whether or not a meal has been eaten.
the kidneys excrete salt into the urine when dietary salt levels rise.
Positive feedback differs from negative feedback in that the positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite to it. positive feedback systems have control centers that are lacking in negative feedback systems. the effector's response increases some parameter (such as body temperature), whereas in negative feedback it can only decrease the parameter. positive feedback systems have only effectors, whereas negative feedback systems have only receptors. positive feedback benefits the organism, whereas negative feedback is detrimental.
the positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite to it.
Which of the following is not evidence that charophytes are the closest algal relatives of plants?
the presence of chloroplasts.
Most types of communication between cells utilize the movement of the cells. a direct electrical connection between the cells. the release of chemical signals by the cell sending the message. the exchange of cytosol between the cells. the exchange of DNA between the cells.
the release of chemical signals by the cell sending the message.
Interstitial fluid is the route for the exchange of materials between blood and body cells. identical to the composition of blood. the fluid inside the gastrovascular cavity of Hydra. found only in the lumen of the small intestine. the internal environment inside animal cells.
the route for the exchange of materials between blood and body cells.
Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming, because the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution to the need to reduce drag while swimming. this is the only shape that will allow them to maintain a constant body temperature in water. flying, pregnancy, and gill-breathing all require similar adaptations in form. all share a common ancestor at some point in the past. all of their bodies have been compressed since birth by intensive underwater pressures.
the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution to the need to reduce drag while swimming.
The absorptive epithelia in the gut are considered "polarized" because thick and thin filaments are present. the structures on the apical surface are different than those on the basal surface. they must fire action potentials to absorb most nutrients. they pump wastes into the lumen while pumping nutrients toward the blood. the colors seen on the top and bottom of the cells are different.
the structures on the apical surface are different than those on the basal surface.
Examine the figure above. Near a goose's abdomen, the countercurrent arrangement of the arterial and venous blood vessels causes the temperature at the abdomen to be less than the temperature at the feet. the loss of the maximum possible amount of heat to the environment. the venous blood to be as cold near the abdomen as it is near the feet. the blood in the feet to be as warm as the blood in the abdomen. the temperature difference between the contents of the two sets of vessels to be minimized.
the temperature difference between the contents of the two sets of vessels to be minimized.
Metabolic rate is _____. the total amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time directly proportional to body size typically higher in an ectothermic animal than in an endothermic one the amount of heat gained by an animal in a unit of time determined when the organism is vigorously exercising after consuming a fatty meal
the total amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time
Which of these is a major trend in land plant evolution?
the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle
The thin horizontal arrows in the figure above show that the warmer arterial blood transfers heat to the cooler venous blood. the goose's legs get progressively warmer as the blood moves away from the abdomen to the feet. the arterial blood is always cooler in the abdomen, compared to the temperature of the venous blood in the feet of the goose. the warmer arterial blood can bypass the legs as needed, when the legs are too cold to function well. the warmer venous blood transfers heat to the cooler arterial blood.
the warmer arterial blood transfers heat to the cooler venous blood.
As body size increases in animals, there is a decrease in the surface-to-volume ratio. there is greater variability in metabolic rate. migration to tropical areas becomes necessary for thermoregulation. it becomes more difficult to conserve body warmth in cold environments. reproduction becomes limited to terrestrial environments.
there is a decrease in the surface-to-volume ratio.
The specialized structures of complex animals have evolved because the development of the specialized structures in an animal is influenced by the animal's ability to learn. the most complex animals are the ones with the most ancient evolutionary origin. they permit adjustments to a wide range of environmental changes. the simplest animals are those with the most recent appearance among the biota. the environment imposes identical problems regardless of where the animals are found.
they permit adjustments to a wide range of environmental changes.
If thermoregulation is considered to be a secondary function of the large ears of jackrabbits, then the primary function of the ears is to protect offspring from bright sunlight by the positioning of the ears to cast the maximum shadows. to protect against pathogens by having a thick, waxy surface on the ears. to optimize nutrient intake through the thin, permeable surfaces on the ears. to detect predators by using the large size and flexible positioning of the external ears to channel sound waves into the ear canal. to alter the rate of gas exchange, based on the adjustable radius of the ears' blood vessels.
to detect predators by using the large size and flexible positioning of the external ears to channel sound waves into the ear canal.
Hibernation and estivation during seasons of environmental stress are both examples of torpor. acclimatization. evaporative cooling. shivering thermogenesis. nonshivering thermogenesis.
torpor.
The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of
true tissues
Among humans, increased interest in food intake normally occurs _____.
via chemical signals released when the stomach is empty
What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land?
waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves.
Where in an angiosperm would you find a megasporangium?
within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower
Triploblasts have tissues derived from three embryonic germ layers: endoderm inside, ectoderm outside, and mesoderm in the middle. What are the three basic body plans of triploblasts relate to the presence or absence of a body cavity?
•No body cavity: acoelomate •Body cavity lined on the inner side by endoderm-derived tissue and on the outer side by mesoderm-derived tissue: pseudocoelomate •Body cavity lined entirely by mesoderm-derived tissue: coelomate