Campbell Chpt 8-13
The drug cytochalasin B blocks the function of actin. Which of the following aspects of the animal cell cycle would be most disrupted by cytochalasin B? cell elongation during anaphase spindle formation spindle attachment to kinetochores cleavage furrow formation and cytokinesis
cleavage furrow formation and cytokinesis
Which of the following statements correctly describes a karyotype? It reveals the appearance of an organism. It is a display of all of the cell types in an organism. It is a display of a cell's mitotic stages. It is an organized image of a cell's chromosomes.
It is an organized image of a cell's chromosomes.
Which of the following terms most precisely identifies the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones? metabolism anabolism (anabolic pathways) dehydration catabolism (catabolic pathways)
catabolism (catabolic pathways)
In a plant, which of the following reactions produces molecular oxygen (O2)? the light reactions alone the light reactions and the Calvin cycle neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle the Calvin cycle alone
the light reactions alone
In a diploid cell with four chromosome pairs (2n = 8), how many centromeres will be found in a nucleus at G2 of the cell division cycle? 32 8 4 16
16
Disruption of the active site of an enzyme would most likely result in which of the following? An increase in the rate of the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme. A decreased ability of the enzyme to bind substrates. A decreased ability of the enzyme to bind products. A decreased ability of the enzyme to bind allosteric regulators.
A decreased ability of the enzyme to bind substrates.
Which of the following statements describes an example of alternation of generations? A grandparent and grandchild each have dark hair, but the parent has blond hair. A diploid plant (sporophyte) produces a spore by meiosis that gives rise to a multicellular, haploid pollen grain (gametophyte). A haploid plant produces gametes by meiosis and the gametes fuse to produce a new plant. A diploid animal produces gametes by meiosis, and the gametes undergo fertilization to produce a diploid zygote.
A diploid plant (sporophyte) produces a spore by meiosis that gives rise to a multicellular, haploid pollen grain (gametophyte).
What are the products of linear electron flow in the light reactions of photosynthesis? heat and fluorescence ADP and NADP+ ATP and NADPH ATP and P70
ATP and NADPH
Which of the following statements best summarizes the metabolic results of photorespiration? ATP is hydrolyzed, carbon dioxide is produced, and oxygen is consumed.ATP is hydrolyzed, oxygen is produced, and carbon dioxide is consumed. ATP is produced, oxygen and carbon dioxide are consumed. ATP and oxygen are produced and carbon dioxide is consumed.
ATP is hydrolyzed, carbon dioxide is produced, and oxygen is consumed.
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between autotrophs and heterotrophs? Heterotrophs produce their organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules, whereas autotrophs obtain their organic molecules from compounds produced by other organisms. Both autotrophs and heterotrophs produce some of their organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules. Heterotrophs are considered the producers of the biosphere, whereas autotrophs are consumers. Autotrophs produce their organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules, whereas heterotrophs obtain their organic molecules from compounds produced by other organisms.
Autotrophs produce their organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules, whereas heterotrophs obtain their organic molecules from compounds produced by other organisms.
Which of the following statements is a correct distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs? Only heterotrophs require chemical compounds from the environment. Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic. Cellular respiration is unique to heterotrophs. Only heterotrophs have mitochondria.
Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic.
Which of the following statements best describes induced fit? The conformation of the active site is determined by the tertiary or quaternary structure of the enzyme. Binding of substrate to the active site changes the shape of the active site of an enzyme. Substrate binds to an allosteric site rather than to the active site of an enzyme. Binding of an activator molecule changes the shape of the active site of an enzyme.
Binding of substrate to the active site changes the shape of the active site of an enzyme.
Which of the following statements best explains why photosynthesis using C4 or CAM systems may be described as a metabolic compromise? The CAM pathway allows more CO2 into the plant but also increases the rate of water loss. Both pathways increase the rate of photosynthesis but also increase the rate of water loss. The C4 pathway decreases water loss but also increases the rate of photorespiration. Both pathways minimize photorespiration but also expend more ATP in the process of carbon fixation.
Both pathways minimize photorespiration but also expend more ATP in the process of carbon fixation.
Which of the following metabolic processes can occur without a net influx of energy from some other process? Amino acids → Protein ADP + i + → ATP + H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
Cells from advanced malignant tumors often have very abnormal chromosomes and an abnormal number of chromosomes. Which of the following best explains the association between malignant tumors and chromosomal abnormalities? Transformation introduces new chromosomes into cells. Cancer cells are no longer anchorage-dependent. Cell cycle checkpoints are not in place to stop cells with chromosome abnormalities. Cancer cells are no longer density-dependent.
Cell cycle checkpoints are not in place to stop cells with chromosome abnormalities.
Certain unicellular eukaryotes, including diatoms and some yeasts, have mechanisms of nuclear division that resemble intermediate steps in the evolution of mitosis. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of nuclear division in these organisms? Chromosomes are segregated by a mitotic spindle, but the nuclear envelope remains intact during division. Chromosomes are segregated by attachment to the plasma membrane. They have circular chromosomes that are segregated by a mitotic spindle. They reproduce by binary fission in their early stages of development and by mitosis when they are mature.
Chromosomes are segregated by a mitotic spindle, but the nuclear envelope remains intact during division.
Certain unicellular eukaryotes, including diatoms and some yeasts, have mechanisms of nuclear division that resemble intermediate steps in the evolution of mitosis. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of nuclear division in these organisms? Chromosomes are segregated by attachment to the plasma membrane. They have circular chromosomes that are segregated by a mitotic spindle. They reproduce by binary fission in their early stages of development and by mitosis when they are mature. Chromosomes are segregated by a mitotic spindle, but the nuclear envelope remains intact during division.
Chromosomes are segregated by a mitotic spindle, but the nuclear envelope remains intact during division.
Which of the following statements describes one characteristic of each chromosome in a cell during the entire process of meiosis I? Each chromosome consists of a single strand of DNA. Each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids joined by a centromere. Each chromosome is paired with a homologous chromosome. Each chromosome is joined with its homologous pair to form a synaptonemal complex.
Each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids joined by a centromere.
Which of the following statements is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n = 16? A gamete from this species has four chromosomes. Each diploid cell has eight homologous pairs of chromosomes. The species has 16 sets of chromosomes per cell. The species is diploid and has 32 chromosomes per cell.
Each diploid cell has eight homologous pairs of chromosomes.
Which of the following statements best describes the first law of thermodynamics? Energy cannot be transferred or transformed. The entropy of the universe is decreasing. Energy cannot be created or destroyed. The entropy of the universe is constant.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Which of the following statements best describes enzyme function? Enzyme function is independent of physical and chemical environmental factors such as pH and temperature. Enzyme function is generally increased if the 3-D structure or conformation of an enzyme is altered. Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering activation energy barriers. Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions by stimulating ATP hydrolysis.
Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering activation energy barriers.
Cell A has half as much DNA as cells B, C, and D in a mitotically active tissue. Cell A is most likely in ________. metaphase G2 G1 prophase
G1
The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the ________. H+ concentration gradient across the membrane holding ATPsynthase oxidation of glucose and other organic compounds flow of electrons down the electron transport chain transfer of phosphate to ADP
H+ concentration gradient across the membrane holding ATP synthase
Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons in photosynthesis? NADPH → O2 → CO2 H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle NADPH → electron transport chain → O2 NADPH → chlorophyll → Calvin cycle
H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle
Which of the following events happens at the conclusion of meiosis I? Sister chromatids are separated. Homologous chromosomes of a pair are separated from each other. Four daughter cells are formed. The chromosome number per cell remains the same.
Homologous chromosomes of a pair are separated from each other.
Which of the following statements about reproduction is correct? Asexual reproduction produces only haploid offspring. In sexual reproduction, individuals transmit half of their nuclear genes to each of their offspring. In asexual reproduction, offspring are produced by fertilization without meiosis. Asexual reproduction, but not sexual reproduction, is characteristic of only plants and fungi.
In asexual reproduction, offspring are produced by fertilization without meiosis.
Which of the following observations would be the best indicator that an organism lacks photosystem II? a)It produces CO2 in the light. b)It produces glucose in the light and dark. c)It does not produce O2 in the light. d) It does not produce CO2 in the dark.
It does not produce O2 in the light.
A cell has completed meiosis I and the first cytokinesis, and is just beginning meiosis II. Which of the following statements describes its genetic contents? It has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began meiosis. It has one-fourth the DNA and one-half the chromosomes as the cell that began meiosis. It is genetically identical to the other cells produced by this cytokinesis. It has twice the DNA of the cell that began meiosis.
It has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began meiosis.
When chemical, transport, or mechanical work is performed by an organism, what happens to the heat that is generated? It is lost to the environment. It is used to power yet more cellular work. It is used to generate ADP from nucleotide precursors. It is captured to store energy as more ATP.
It is lost to the environment.
Which of the following characteristics would be most important for a chemotherapeutic drug designed to treat cancer cells? It does not interfere with metabolically active cells. It specifically inhibits cells entering G0. It specifically inhibits the cell division cycle in rapidly dividing cells. It is safe enough to prevent all apoptosis.
It specifically inhibits the cell division cycle in rapidly dividing cells.
In the citric acid cycle, succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of succinate to fumarate. This reaction is inhibited by malonate, which resembles succinate but cannot be acted upon by succinate dehydrogenase. Increasing the ratio of succinate molecules to those of malonate in the reaction reduces the inhibitory effect of malonate. What role does malonate play with respect to succinate dehydrogenase? Malonate is an allosteric regulator. Malonate is a competitive inhibitor. Malonate blocks the binding of fumarate. Malonate is a noncompetitive inhibitor.
Malonate is a competitive inhibitor.
Which of the following statements best describes metabolism in its entirety in all organisms? Metabolism uses all of an organism's resources. Metabolism consists of all the energy transformation reactions in an organism. Metabolism depends on a constant supply of energy from food. Metabolism manages the increase of entropy in an organism
Metabolism consists of all the energy transformation reactions in an organism.
Which of the following products result from the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA? NAD+, ATP and CO2 FADH2 and CO2 NADH and CO2 O2 and ATP
NADH and CO2
In autumn, chlorophyll is degraded in the leaves of deciduous trees. Which of the following statements best explains the change in color from green to shades of yellow, orange, or red? Sugars from sap fill the leaves prior to winter. In the absence of photosynthesis, the leaves produce energy exclusively by aerobic cellular respiration. Degraded chlorophyll appears yellow, orange, or red. Other pigments such as carotenoids remain in the leaves after the chlorophyll is degraded.
Other pigments such as carotenoids remain in the leaves after the chlorophyll is degraded.
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration? Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules; cellular respiration releases energy from complex organic molecules. Cellular respiration runs the biochemical pathways of photosynthesis in reverse. Photosynthesis occurs only in plants; cellular respiration occurs only in animals. Photosynthesis is catabolic; cellular respiration is anabolic.
Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules; cellular respiration releases energy from complex organic molecules.
Which of the following statements best describes how cytokinesis differs between plant and animal cells? Cytokinesis occurs between metaphase and anaphase in plant cells; it occurs after anaphase in animal cells. The contractile filaments found in plant cells are structures composed of carbohydrates; the cleavage furrow in animal cells is composed of contractile proteins. Plant cells deposit vesicles containing cell wall building blocks on the metaphase plate; animal cells form a cleavage furrow. The structural proteins of plant cells separate the two cells; in animal cells, a cell membrane separates the two daughter cells.
Plant cells deposit vesicles containing cell wall building blocks on the metaphase plate; animal cells form a cleavage furrow.
How does natural selection apply to sexual reproduction as opposed to asexual reproduction? Sexual reproduction utilizes far less energy than asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction results in more new mutations, some of which will be better adapted. Sexual reproduction results in new gene combinations, some of which will have increased reproductive fitness. Sexual reproduction allows more offspring to be produced increasing odds of survival.
Sexual reproduction results in new gene combinations, some of which will have increased reproductive fitness.
Which of the following statements describes a major difference between mitosis and meiosis I in a diploid organism? Only meiosis I results in daughter cells that contain identical genetic information. Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while homologous pairs of chromosomes separate in meiosis II. Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while homologous pairs of chromosomes separate in meiosis I. DNA replication takes place prior to mitosis, but not before meiosis I.
Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while homologous pairs of chromosomes separate in meiosis I.
Which of the following statements best describes how addition of a catalyst will affect a chemical reaction? The catalyzed reaction will consume all of the catalyst. The catalyzed reaction will have a lower ∆G than the uncatalyzed reaction. The catalyzed reaction will have the same ∆G as the uncatalyzed reaction. The catalyzed reaction will have a higher ∆G than the uncatalyzed reaction.
The catalyzed reaction will have the same ∆G as the uncatalyzed reaction.
Which of the following statements describes the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell after telophase of meiosis I? The cells are haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid. The cells are diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids. The cells are haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids. The cells are diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid.
The cells are haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids.
Which of the following statements best describes what happens to MPF during mitosis? The Cdk component of MPF is degraded. It is phosphorylated by a Cdk, which inactivates it. The cyclin component of MPF is degraded. It is completely degraded.
The cyclin component of MPF is degraded.
Which of the following describes the function of the pigment molecules in a light-harvesting complex in the thylakoid membranes? They absorb and transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll. They synthesize ATP from ADP and i. They transfer electrons to NADP+. They split water and release oxygen from the reaction-center chlorophyll.
They absorb and transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll.
Which of the following describes the function of the pigment molecules in a light-harvesting complex in the thylakoid membranes? They synthesize ATP from ADP and i. They split water and release oxygen from the reaction-center chlorophyll. They absorb and transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll. They transfer electrons to NADP+.
They absorb and transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll.
Which of the following statements best describes catabolic pathways? They are exergonic and provide energy that can be used to produce ATP from ADP and i. They require energy from ATP hydrolysis to break down polymers into monomers. They are endergonic and release energy that can be used for cellular work. They combine small molecules into larger, more energy-rich molecules.
They are exergonic and provide energy that can be used to produce ATP from ADP and i.
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the wavelength of light and the quantity of energy per photon? They are separate phenomena. They are logarithmically related. They have a direct, linear relationship. They are inversely related.
They are inversely related.
Which of the following statements best describes homologous chromosomes? They align on the metaphase plate in meiosis II. They carry the same alleles. They were inherited from the same parent. They carry information for the same traits.
They carry information for the same traits.
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of anabolic pathways? They are usually spontaneous chemical reactions. They release energy by degrading polymers to monomers. They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers. They decrease the entropy of the organism and its environment.
They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers.
Which of the following statements best explains the ability of CAM plants to synthesize sugars in the daytime while keeping their stomata closed to reduce water loss? They fix CO2 into sugars in the bundle-sheath cells. They fix CO2 into organic acids during the night. They use photosystem I and photosystem II at night. They fix CO2 into pyruvate in the mesophyll cells.
They fix CO2 into organic acids during the night.
Which of the following statements best explains how neurons and some other specialized cells divide infrequently? They no longer produce MPF. They have entered into G0. They no longer have active nuclei. They can no longer degrade cyclins.
They have entered into G0.
Which of the following statements describes a primary benefit of having photosystem reaction centers composed of several structurally different pigments? This arrangement enables the plant to absorb more photons from light energy, all of which are at the same wavelength. This arrangement enables the reaction center to excite electrons to a higher energy level. Excited electrons must pass through several pigments before they can be transferred to electron acceptors of the electron transport chain. This arrangement enables the plant to absorb light energy of a variety of wavelengths.
This arrangement enables the plant to absorb light energy of a variety of wavelengths.
Which of the following statements best describes a cleavage furrow? a ring of vesicles forming a cell plate a groove in the plasma membrane between daughter nuclei the separation of divided prokaryotes the space that is created between two chromatids during anaphase
a groove in the plasma membrane between daughter nuclei
On a spaceship designed to support a multiyear voyage to the outer planets of the solar system, plants will be grown to provide oxygen and to recycle carbon dioxide. Because the spaceship will be so far from the sun, an artificial light source will be needed to support photosynthesis. Which of the following wavelengths of light should be used to maximize plant growth? green light a mixture of blue and red light ultraviolet light a mixture of yellow and orange light
a mixture of blue and red light
Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate beginning to develop across the middle of a cell and nuclei forming on either side of the cell plate. This cell is most likely ________. a plant cell in metaphase of mitosis an animal cell in anaphase of mitosis an animal cell in the process of cytokinesis a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis
a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis
What is the name of the barrier that must be overcome before products are formed in a spontaneous reaction? entropy activation energy free energy the equilibrium point
activation energy
Which of the following statements describes a characteristic feature of metaphase? separation of the centromeres alignment of chromosomes on the equator of the cell cytokinesis separation of sister chromatids
alignment of chromosomes on the equator of the cell
In a human karyotype, chromosomes are arranged in 23 pairs. If one of the autosomal pairs is examined, which of the following characteristics will the two chromosomes of the pair have in common? alleles and centromere position length and DNA sequence X-like shape and alignment on the metaphase plate loci and staining pattern
alleles and centromere position
Which of the following molecules is most similar in structure to ATP? an RNA nucleotide a DNA nucleotide an amino acid with three phosphate groups attached a pentose sugar
an RNA nucleotide
In which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids become daughter chromosomes? metaphase telophase anaphase prophase
anaphase
During which of the following phases of meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate? mitosis anaphase I anaphase II prophase I
anaphase I
During which of the following phases of meiosis do centromeres split and sister chromatids migrate to opposite poles of the cell? telophase I anaphase I telophase II anaphase II
anaphase II
Zinc is an essential trace element for most organisms. Zinc is required in the active site of the enzyme carboxypeptidase where it most likely functions in which of the following ways? as an allosteric activator of the enzyme as a cofactor necessary for enzyme activity as a noncompetitive inhibitor of the enzyme as a coenzyme derived from a vitamin
as a cofactor necessary for enzyme activity
How does a noncompetitive inhibitor decrease the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction? by increasing the activation energy of the reaction by binding to an allosteric site, thus changing the shape of the active site of the enzyme by decreasing the free-energy change of the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme by binding to the active site of the enzyme, thus preventing binding of the normal substrate
by binding to an allosteric site, thus changing the shape of the active site of the enzyme
A change of a single amino acid at a position distant from the active site of an enzyme can alter the substrate specificity by changing the ________. by changing the 3-D shape of the enzyme by changing the stability the enzyme by changing the binding site for a competitive inhibitor by changing the intracellular location of the enzyme
by changing the 3-D shape of the enzyme
Which of the following occurs during the Calvin cycle? generation of CO2 carbon fixation reduction of NADP+ release of oxygen
carbon fixation
What is the name of the microtubule-organizing center found in animal cells as an identifiable structure present during all phases of the cell cycle? centromere centriole centrosome kinetochore
centrosome
Penicillin is an antibiotic that kills bacteria by binding to the active site of an enzyme involved in synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. Which of the following phenomena best describes the mechanism of action of penicillin? competitive inhibition noncompetitive inhibition allosteric regulation feedback inhibition
competitive inhibition
One difference between cancer cells and normal cells is that cancer cells ________. continue to divide even when they are tightly packed together are unable to synthesize DNA cannot function properly because they are affected by density-dependent inhibition are arrested at the S phase of the cell cycle
continue to divide even when they are tightly packed together
During which of the following processes do sister chromatids separate from each other? during both mitosis and meiosis II during meiosis I only during meiosis II only during both mitosis and meiosis I
during both mitosis and meiosis II
Which of the following terms best describes a chemical reaction for which ΔG is positive? endergonic exergonic enthalpic spontaneous
endergonic
Choose the pair of terms that correctly completes this sentence: Catabolism is to anabolism as ________ is to ________. free energy; entropy exergonic; spontaneous work; energy exergonic; endergonic
exergonic; endergonic
Which of the terms below best describes a regulatory mechanism in which the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme that catalyzes an early step in the pathway? feedback inhibition allosteric inhibition metabolic inhibition cooperative inhibition
feedback inhibition
Many diploid organisms produce haploid gametes for reproduction. Which of the following best describes how the diploid number of chromosomes is restored in the offspring of these organisms? synapsis during prophase of meiosis I creates random combinations of alleles fertilization combines chromosomes from each parent into resulting zygote independent assortment in meiosis allows random combinations of chromosomes DNA replication creates homologous chromosomes
fertilization combines chromosomes from each parent into resulting zygote
Which of the following processes best describes the mechanism of gamete production in plants? sporophytes produce gametes by mitosis gametophytes produce gametes by meiosis gametophytes produce gametes by mitosis sporophytes produce gametes by meiosis
gametophytes produce gametes by mitosis
Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule? reduction of pyruvate to lactate the citric acid cycle the electron transport chain glycolysis
glycolysis
When a filament of algae is illuminated with light that is passed through a prism, different segments of algae are exposed to different wavelengths of light. When aerobic bacteria are present, they congregate in highest concentrations in the areas illuminated by the red and blue light. Which of the following statements provides the best explanation for the bacteria congregation in these areas? Bacteria congregate in areas with relatively low rates of photosynthesis. Bacteria are attracted to red and blue light. Red and blue light increase the temperature in these areas. The highest concentrations of oxygen are available in these areas.
he highest concentrations of oxygen are available in these areas.
Which of the following pairs of processes make the greatest contribution to genetic diversity between generations of a diploid insect? alternation of generations and crossing over gametophyte fusion and mitotic division independent assortment and random fertilization random fertilization and cytokinesis
independent assortment and random fertilization
A research team used a culture of lymphocytes with radioactively labeled T nucleotides to study the cell cycle. They found that the lymphocytes incorporated the labeled nucleotide at a significantly higher rate after a pathogen was introduced into the culture. Which of the following conclusions is most consistent with the results? Infection causes lymphocyte cultures to skip some parts of the cell cycle. Infection causes lymphocytes to increase in size. Infection causes lymphocytes to divide more rapidly. The pathogen consumed radio labeled nucleotides.
infection causes lymphocytes to divide more rapidly.
The two homologs of a pair move toward opposite poles of dividing cell during ________. meiosis I meiosis II fertilization mitosis
meiosis I
Asexual reproduction occurs during which of the following processes? fertilization mitosis the exchange of chromosomes between organisms of different species meiosi
mitosis
During which of the following processes does independent assortment of chromosomes occur? in meiosis II only in mitosis and meiosis I in mitosis and meiosis II in meiosis I only
n meiosis I only
Which of the following cellular events occur in the G1 phase of the cell division cycle? DNA replication the beginning of mitosis break down of the nuclear membrane normal growth and cell function
normal growth and cell function
The mechanism of photophosphorylation is most similar to which of the following processes? reduction of NADP+ oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis the Calvin cycle
oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration
In which of the following organisms did the process of photosynthesis most likely originate? ungi prokaryotes unicellular aquatic eukaryotes land plants
prokaryotes
At which phase of the cell cycle do centrioles begin to move apart in animal cells? prophase telophase anaphase metaphase
prophase
Which of the following processes is directly associated with photosystem I? passing electrons to NADP+ receiving electrons from the thylakoid membrane electron transport chain extracting hydrogen electrons from the splitting of water generating molecular oxygen
receiving electrons from the thylakoid membrane electron transport chain
Which of the following processes occurs in the Calvin cycle? reduction of NADPH release of oxygen production of ATP reduction of CO2
reduction of CO2
Which of the following events would be most likely to produce cells with several nuclei? repeated mitosis without cytokinesis repeated mitosis with simultaneous cytokinesis multiple S phases without mitosis repeated cytokinesis without mitosis
repeated mitosis without cytokinesis
Which of the following events occurs during interphase of the cell cycle? condensation of the chromosomes spindle formation separation of the spindle poles replication of the DNA
replication of the DNA
Which of the following occurs during S phase? replication of the DNA spindle formation separation of sister chromatids condensation of the chromosomes
replication of the DNA
The mitotic spindle plays a critical role in which of the following processes? triggering condensation of chromosomes splitting of the cell (cytokinesis) following mitosis dissolving the nuclear membrane separation of sister chromatids
separation of sister chromatids
Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that ________. the daughter cells are diploid DNA replicates before the division sister chromatids separate during anaphase homologous chromosomes synapse
sister chromatids separate during anaphase
A human cell containing 22 autosomes and a Y chromosome is ________. an egg a zygote a somatic cell of a male a sperm
sperm
The oxygen released by photosynthesis is produced by which of the following processes? the electron transfer system of photosystem II splitting water molecules chemiosmosis the electron transfer system of photosystem I
splitting water molecules
Which of the following processes occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis? alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate condensation of chromosomes chromosome replication synapsis of chromosomes
synapsis of chromosomes
What is the name of the region on duplicated chromosomes where the sister chromatids are most closely attached to each other? the centromere the chromatin the cohesin the centrosome
the centromere
Which of the following phrases defines the term genome? The complete set of a species expressed traits the complete set of an organism's polypeptides the complete set of a species' polypeptides the complete set of an organism's genes and other DNA sequences
the complete set of an organism's genes and other DNA sequences
Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of which of the following processes? the random distribution of the sister chromatids to the two daughter cells during anaphase II the random combinations of eggs and sperm during fertilization the diverse combination of alleles that may be found within any given chromosome the random way each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I
the random way each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I
Some bacteria are metabolically active in hot springs because ________. their enzymes are completely insensitive to temperature they are able to maintain a lower internal temperature high temperatures make catalysis unnecessary their enzymes have high optimal temperatures
their enzymes have high optimal temperatures
The mathematical expression for the change in free energy of a system is ΔG = ΔH - TΔS. Which of the following statements best describes a term in this equation? T is the temperature in degrees Celsius. ΔG is the change in free energy. ΔH is the change in entropy, the energy available to do work. ΔS is the change in enthalpy, a measure of randomness.
ΔG is the change in free energy.
