cancer quizzes

What's the estimated min. cost of making a single cancer drug from pre-discovery to FDA approval

$5 billion

According to statistics how many women will develop cancer at some point in their life?

1/3

What percent of scientific studies are reproducible?

10-30%

Avg. amount of time to develop cancer drug from pre-discovery to FDA approval

12 years

Metastasis is associated with which stage

4

How much has survival rate of late-stage cancer increased in 40 years?

7%

T/F?Genes that inhibit cell division and are always "off" in cancer are known as oncogenes:

False

T/F?Only malignant neoplasms can cause death

False

T/F?Somatic mutations can be both acquired and inherited.

False

T/F?The larger the organism and the longer it lives, means greater likelihood of developing and dying of cancer

False

t/f? The life expectancy of the US is proportionate to the amount of money spent on healthcare.

False

T/F? All causal factors are also risk factors for cancer

True

t/f? Carcinogenesis is the process by which a normal cell becomes cancerous:

True

Changes in tumor-suppressor gene expression without mutating or altering the DNA sequence in referred to as ______________. a.Epigenetic silencing b.Metabolic reprogramming c.Driver gene competition d. Gene amplification

a. epigenetic silencing

T/F? Cancer cells arise from normal cells and utilize normal processes in abnormal ways:

true

T/F? Cancer survival rate are different depending on location of tumor

true

T/F? Cancer treatments can also cause cancer themselves.

true

T/F?Both malignant and benign neoplasms can cause death:

true

T/F?Genomic instability gives rise to all of the other hallmarks of cancer:

true

T/F?The leading cause of death in a cancer patient is metastasis

true

Gain of function mutations in cancer cells impact which class of gene? a.Tumor suppressor genes b. Oncogenes c. Both d. Neither

B oncogenes

What cancers can be prevented by vaccination?

Cervical, liver, head and neck cancer

T/F? Compared to oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes are more easily targeted by drugs.

FALSE

T/F? Grade can be determined using radiological imaging

FALSE

T/F? If 1 cancer cell responds to rx, more of the other cells in tumor will respond

FALSE

T/F? Immunotherapeutic has benefit of being cheap

FALSE

T/F? Immunotherapy is a hot topic b/c 100% response rate

FALSE

T/F?It's impossible to over treat a cancer patient

FALSE

T/F? All carcinogens directly cause DNA damage

False

T/F? All forms of imaging require radiation to patient

False

T/F? All risk factors are also causal factors for cancer.

False

T/F? All tumors are cancerous

False

T/F? Animal models of cancer used by researchers accurately represent the human disease.

False

T/F? Both benign and malignant tumors can metastasize

False

T/F? Carcinogenesis is the process by which cancer cells spread through the body

False

T/F? Dysplastic cells are precursors to cancer

False

T/F? For most cancers there are effective screening tests

False

T/F? Genes that drive cell division and are always on or gain function in cancer are referred to as tumor suppressor genes:

False

T/F? Immunotherapies are unique b/c they only impact tumor cells

False

T/F? Immunotherapy is a potent anti-cancer strategy b/c all solid tumors are highly immunogenic

False

T/F? Most cancers start as benign neoplasms

False

T/F? Patient symptoms are the sure-fire way & gold standard for determining cancer diagnosis

False

T/F? Smoking only causes lung cancer.

False

T/F? The average life expectancy of people in the United States is ranked in the top five out of all developed countries

False

T/F? The design of traditional randomized clinical trial can change at any time during the trial to reflect updated scientific understanding or availability of new therapies

False

T/F? The economic status of an individual does not impact their life expectancy

False

T/F? The three steps of carcinoma formation include initiation, progression and metastasis:

False

Which of the following are types of systemic therapy?

Hormone therapy, targeted radiotherapy, cytotoxic chemotherapy, epigenetic modifying agents, targeted monoclonal antibodies and immune checkpoint inhibitors. NOT SURGERY.

What is NOT ionizing radiation?

MRI

The term used to describe the factors that are related to the likelihood of response to a specific therapy is

Predictive factor

T/F? Cancer incidence and mortality vary by both national and international geographic location.

TRUE

T/F? Mutational burden of cancer is predictive of response to immunotherapy

TRUE

T/F? Stage has the most influence on outcome

TRUE

T/F? Systemic therapy is first in line rx of metastatic cancer

TRUE

T/F? The greater the cell differentiation, the lower the tumor grade

TRUE

Which of the following therapies have NO side effects?

They all have side effects

T/F? A certain rx can drive tumor cells to be resistant to that rx

True

T/F? A high tumor grade= worse prognosis

True

T/F? All cancers have the common feature: loss of growth control:

True

T/F? At a minimum, half of cancer drugs fail during development

True

T/F? Cancer adapts using basic principles of Darwinian evolution

True

T/F? Cancer will undergo high rates of glycolysis and produce large amounts of lactic acid regardless of oxygen availability.

True

T/F? Definitive diagnosis typically required examination of cells directly

True

T/F? Germline mutations can be passed from parent to offspring

True

T/F? Histopathological or cytopathological assessment of cancer is required before implementing therapy

True

T/F? Not all tumors are cancer:

True

T/F? Prognosis is estimation of outcome for patient

True

T/F? Tumor angiogenesis can impair the effectiveness of systemic therapy

True

T/F?Metastasis is the process by which cancer cells can spread throughout the body and form a secondary tumor(s):

True

T/F?Over 90% of cancers can be attributed to non-inherited factors

True

T/F?The fundamental cause of cancer is gene mutation

True

T/F?There are over 200 types of cancer:

True

Telomere length can be maintained by all of the following cell types, EXCEPT: a.Gatekeepers and caretakers b.Transcription factor and kinases c.Growth factor receptor genes d.Driver and passenger genes

a. gatekeepers and caretakers

When can tumor calls become rx resistant?

before and after treatment

p53 is a commonly altered ___________ in many cancers? a.Caretaker gene b.Proto-oncogene c. Tumor suppressor gene d.oncogene

c. tumor suppressor gene

Which factor is NOT considered regulatory criteria for FDA approval?

cost effectiveness

Which of the following molecular changes allow cancer cells to avoid cell death? a.Increased telomerase expression b.Loss of function of p53 c. Decreased expression of caspases d.All of the above

d. all of the above

What are two main categories of tumor suppressor genes that can be altered in cancer? a.Transcription factor and kinases b.Growth factor and growth factor receptor genes c.Driver and passenger genes d.Gatekeepers and caretakers

d. gatekeepers and caretakers

The characteristic of cancer cells that enables the other hallmarks of cancer is _________________________ . a.Sustaining proliferative signaling b.Enabling replicative immortality c.Angiogenesis d. Genomic instability

d. genomic instability

The first form of cancer therapy discovered, that is still in use today, was ___________ ? a.Chemotherapy b.Immunotherapy c.Radiation d.Surgery

d. surgery

t/f? All cancer rx is given with intent to cure

false

t/f? Lower tumor stage at diagnosis, lower survival rate

false

T/F? Only a few cancer rx are without side effects

none are without side effects

T/F?Most cancers come from dysplasias:

tRUE