Candide long packet
8-5 What caused Cunegonde to reject Optimism?
"Pan most cruelly deceived me when he said that everything in the world is for the best" ; death, rape, tortue, and the executions
3-1 The first paragraph contrasts the glory and spectacle of marching armies with the realistic result of armed conflict. Through what phrases doe Voltaire remind the reader of the absurdity of philosophical optimism in the context of war?
"cannons laid flat about 6000 men on each side", by inserting these phrases into descriptions of war, Voltaire is mocking philosophical optimism and emphasizing its absurdity. Talks about the idea that every action/effect has its cause or "sufficient reason"
22-3 During supper at the Marchiness's house, what question does Candide ask the scholar + his response?
"do you believe in opitimism?" "I know nothing at all, no one knows their purpose in life"
17-2 Some critics say that Voltaire is setting El Dorado up as an "ideal" country. How might critics arrive at this conclusion? Find the quote that provides the answer.
"for there absolutely must be one such place", would suggest that El Dorado is the ideal country. No lust for money and jewels. the name is "golden City".
5-2 What does Pangloss say to stop Candide from saving JAmes
"the bay of Lisbon had been made on purpose for the anabaptist to be drowned" DETERMINISM
25-3 Candide and Martins assessment on Pococurante?
"you will agree that this is the happiest of morals, for he is above everything he posses" ignoring how unsatisfied he was w/ everything "do you not see how he is disgusted by all he posses" Martin points out what Candide doesn't see
17-1 Candide and Cacambo are astonished by the kindness, politeness, and generosity of the people in El Dorado. In the last paragraph, what do Candide and Cacambo conclude about human nature? What do they conclude about the country of El Dorado? What does Candide conclude about Westphalia?
-The nature of the people of El Dorado is "so diff from ours" -probs the only country where all is well
9-1 Briefly summarize the dramatic events that take place in this chapter. What aspects of the adventure-romance novel are parodied here?
A Jew and Candide fight for love, Candide kills the inquisitor, they escape punishment
20-3 What suddenly happens that appears to support Martin's view?
A battle between two ships occurs, and end in one ship being sunk by the other, leaving no surviving crew members.
1-4 The narrator expands upon Pangloss's major philosophical belief that this world is the best of all possible worlds and that all things have been created for a reason: "...things cannot be otherwise than as they are; for all being created for an end, all is necessarily for the best end". List a few examples that Pangloss uses to support this principle. What is silly and/or illogical about many of his exmaples?
A nose is formed to bear spectacles, and therefore we have glasses; legs are made for stockings, and therefore we have stockings. It's narrow-minded thinking and too simple; everything is complex and things can have multiple purposes
6-5 What upsets Candide the most about what has happened, and what important question does this raise in his mind?
After being whipped, he is most upset about the loss of Dr. Pangloss, Cunegonde, and the Anabaptist. In his mind, he thinks "If this is the best of all possible worlds, what are the others like?". Candide isn't doubting optimism; it is more that Voltaire is using the character's innocence as a vehicle to satirize everything Voltaire feels is wrong in society.
11-5 What makes the last sentence in this chapter so absurd?
Amidst all of this carnage, the man lying on top of the old woman says that it is a misfortune it is to be an eunuch at this time, meaning that he wishes he could never have sex with her. The contrast is grotesque.
6-1 As the chapter begins, the narrator says that the sages of Lisbon "could think of no means more effectual to prevent utter ruin than to give the people a beautiful auto-da-fe." Considering its context within the paragraph, what do you think an auto-da-fe is?
An auto-da-fe is a public place where people are punished by a slow fire. It is a way to punish sinners and heretics. The religious scholars determined the auto-da-fe is the best way to prevent further earthquakes; an act of faith
12-5 Consider the old woman's philosophizing about loving life despite the pain and suffering that comes with it. In your opinion, how does Voltaire want or expect her thoughts to be interpreted?
Answers vary. Example: bc the old woman has an unconditional love for life and chooses against the option of suicide, Voltaire may be affirming a positive life drive. In other words, he may be saying that althought life has suffering, human being have an instinct to survive. As the old woman maintains, surviving in life of pain seems absurd but it is really jst a basic impulse that can't be denied.
6-3 The charges against Pangloss reflect one of Voltaire's criticisms of the Catholic Church. Specifically, what is Voltaire criticizing?
As Voltaire sees it, the Church doesn't want anyone to think freely or to question anything it says.
28-3 What did they fight about in the galley's and what did the fight always result in?
Baron believed he suffered more and Pangloss believed he was more innocent. They would both get whipped and it's ironic bc it only caused further suffering
15-1 As the chapter begins, the young Baron gives an account of the day the castle was invaded. According to the Baron, how did he survive that day and how did he come to be in Paraguay? What concept is demonstrated in the young Baron's story?
Believed to be dead, he was transported to a Jesuit chapel for burial and woke up after having holy water splashed on him. He then became a Jesuit sent to work for the colonial government of the JEsuits in Paraguay. This is resurrection, a major theme. Scholars believe this is used bc Voltaire thinks people are not capable of change or growth. Even after near death, characters philosophies stay the same. Also seen in Pangloss.
19-4 How does Candide hope to see Cunegonde again?
By sending Cacambo (the one who didn't killl the inquisitor) with some money, Candide entrusts him with the task of finding Cunegonde and the old woman, then to rendezvous in Venice.
14-1 What is Cacambo's role in the narrative? What kind of person is he?
Cacambo is an advisor to Candide. Wordly wise, but unlike the woman who has no understanding of her situations, he is rooted in the reality of th world. He expresses no agreement with the philosophical viewpoints expressed in the book. He is also very loyal to Candide. "He loved his master, bc his master was a very good man."
26-2 What news does the returning Cacambo give Cacambo give Candide about Cunegonde?
Cacambo reveals that she is in Constantinople now called Istanbul. They plan to set out after supper to retrieve her.
14-2 Near the beginning of the chapter, Candide asks Cacambo where they are going and what they will do. What is Cacambo's plan for himself and Candide in the beginning of the chapter?
Cacambo suggest that he and Candide fight for the Jesuits against SPain, He promises that Candide will make a "prodigious fortune" in doing so. He adds "If we cannot find our account in one world we shall in another".
27-1 What additional news does Candide receive about Cunegonde's appearance, and what is his response?
Cacambo tells Candide that Cunegonde "has lost her beauty and has become horribly ugly." Although Cunegonde has grown ugly, Candide says he will continue to love her because he is a "man of honor and it is his duty to remain faithful to her.
24-1 what 2 predictions does Martin make?
Cacambo will run off w/ money and never return + $$ gave to Paquette and friar will make them unhappy
21-2 The final argument is left unresolved, just as those discussed in the previous days have been. Summarize both points of views in the last argument.
Candide asks if man is corrupt and evil, based on his past experiences. Despite his bias, he still believes in optimism and free will. Martin responds by asking Candide if he believes that hawks have always eaten pigeons. Since hawks have always had the same character, why should men change theirs?
15-4 What does Candide see as the only solution to the problem caused by his quick temper? What is Cacambo's solutions? Characterize the difference.
Candide chooses to stay and fight while Cacambo wants to escape. He dresses Candide in Jesuit attire and takes him away on horseback.
22-2 How does Voltaire employ understatement effective;y in the card game?
Candide doesn't knwo he's being cheated and Voltaire mocks his innocence. He lost 50,000 francs which doesn't bother him
2-4 What happens to Candide at the end of the chapter? Why does the king of the Bulgarians pardon him?
Candide gets captured by the Bulgarians and has to run in agony asking someone to shoot him. Before that happens the king of the Bulgarians recognizes him and pardons him because of his ignorance.
16-3 Compare Candide's two references to Pangloss and "pure nature". How does Candide's attitude change throughout the chapter?
Candide had renounced optimism before, and had believed that the natives' intent was malicious. Later however, when he's treated with kindness, he believes that Pangloss' suggestion of pure nature was correct.
30-1 In the second paragraph, the narrator says that it would be natural to imagine that Candide and the others should be happy on the farm, away from the pain and suffering of the world outside. However, this is not the case at all. Briefly explain why everyone is still unhappy, according to the narrator.
Candide is unhappy because he's been taxed so much and only has his farm. Cunegonde is ugly, Cacambo is tired of working in the garden, Pangloss is not famous and working in a prestigious German university, and Martin is still pessimistic.
17-3 After reading the last line, however, how can one argues that Voltaire is not setting El Dorado up as an ideal country but is, instead, satirizing those who believe in such utopias?
Candide still agress with Pangloss and his best-possible-world theory, but believs it is El Dorado and not Westphalia. God create done world and that world is perfect. Candide mistakenly belives thee are more than one world.
20-1 Although Candide renounced optimism in the previous chapter, he finds himself slipping back into that philosophy in this chapter. What causes him to do so?
Candide still remains optimistic in hopes to be reunited with Cunegonde. Despite losing a large portion of his riches, he does not let that phase him.
16-1 As the Chapter begins, Candide kills two monkeys that he believes are harming some young women. After his action, how does he view the killing of the monkeys?
Candide views the killing of the monkeys as a good deed. He rationalizes that after killing the Baron and Inquisitor, saving the girls from the monkeys was enough to clear him of his sins
2-3 This chapter satirizes the philosophical question of free will. How does Voltaire present the question of free will in the lengthy paragraph near the end of the chapter? Summarize what happens to Candide here, and assess whether he really is able to make a free choice.
Candide's given a choice of being shot in the head or running a gauntlet. He chooses neither because of free will but they force him to choose one or the other. Even with free will we don't have a choice and ppl will exert their own will upon us by force.
1-1 List and briefly identify the major characters in this chapter.
Candide- son of the Baron's sister; protagonist Cunegonde- daughter of Baron's wife, love interest; pretty, sexually curious Baron of Thunder-ten-Tronckh: lord in westphalia, snobbish, wealthiest/most powerful Pangloss: philosopher/tutor of the family, professor of metaphyscio...theology
10-4 Candide has given up hope that Europe is the best of all possible world, but he is optimistic that the New World May be so. What is Cunegonde's response to this?
Cunegonde is skeptical, unable to believe that the New world will be any different. She says that her soul is still filled with terror as a result of all that she has witnessed and experiences. To Candide's hopeful declarations, she responds, "God grant it... but I have been so horribly unhappy... that my heart is almost clsed to hope"
8-4 How is Cunegonde not seen as insensitive after her words about seeing Candide at the auto da fe?
Even with a "good seat" she was horrified by what happened and frightened when she saw Pan and Can
15-2 At one point during his story, the young Baron talks about Father Didrie, one of the superiors of the Jesuit church. He says, "You know, my dear Candide, I was very pretty; but I grew much prettier, and the reverend Father Didrie... conceived the tenderest friendship for me..." What might Voltaire be implying with this line?
Example answer: some believe Voltaire is implying that Father didrie has an unusal attraction for the young Baron. The fact that in later editions the author changes the name from Didrie to Croust, a personal enemy of Voltaire's, supports this belief. Religious hypocisy seen here.
23-2 What horrible event do they witness in Portsmouth and the reason?
Execution, an admiral was killed for not doing enough in battle and to encourage others to work more (this was real)
13-2 After the Governor declares his love for Cunegonde and asks her to marry him, what is her response? What is humorous about her response?
Given her professed love for Candide, it is surprising and perhaps humorous when Cunegonde asks for only 15 minutes to consider the Governor's offer. "She asked a quarter of an hour to consider of it, to consult the old woman and to take her resoltuion". The scene also emphasizes Cunegonde's pragmatic character and Voltaire's apparent cynicism about romantic ideals.
22-4 How does Candide become unfaithful and how is the abbe involved?
He allows himself to be seduced and the abbe receives a cut of the wealth from the encounter, and he plans to milk Candide of his money since they're acquainted
2-2 How is Candide easily tricked?
He believes Pangloss's optimism and trusts the two men, one says "men are only born to assist one another" which Candide agrees to, he's very gullible, he gets beat up later proving himself wrong
4-2 What does Pangloss say is the cause of his illness? VS actual cause?
He blames love but it was really venereal disease that resulted from a long chain of people. Friars and priest who are considered respectable who commit sexual acts often.
4-6 What is James's opinion of Pangloss's philosophy? How do their views differ?
He disagrees; humans corrupted the world and embraced evil and caused destruction using free will, he also has the best grasp on reality.
3-5 What is hypocritical about the orator's behavior? How does Voltaire use the characters of the orastor and his wife to satirize certain religious people?
He gives a sermon about charity but will not commit the act himself. It satirizes the hypocrisy and intolerance of religious people.
2-1 What happens to the innocent Candide in this chapter?
He is tricked through flattery (and food), into joining the Bulgarian army
15-3 Why does Candide kill the young Baron?
He mistreats and insults Candide, he says "Insolent!... would you have the imprudence to marry my sister who has 72 quarterings" The Baron then strikes Candide across the face with ihs sword, Canidde stabs him.
19-5 Although he is now a wiser, more worldly man, how is Candide cheated once again?
He overpays Captain Vanderdendur, who further deduces that Candide is a rich man. Vanderdendur takes advantage of him, and successfully steals the majority of Candide's fortune.
12-2
He promises to take her to italy, but instead of doing so, he brings her to Algeris and sells her to the ruler there. Throughout the old woman's story, Voltaire once again highlights the mistreatment and sexual exploitation of women, a major motif in the novel.
29-2 What's the change in Candide when Baron refuses his marriage offer?
He restrains rage and demonstrates self control showing offense after all he did to help the Baron. He's not letting the Baron get the best of him
30-3 How does Pangloss respond to the old woman's question? How has his view changed in the regard to optimism?
He said that he always suffered a lot; He asserted optimism but does not believe in it.
4-7 How does Pangloss respond to James's assertions?
He says misfortunes are indispensible; private misfortunes make the general good.
3-7 How does Candide feel about Pangloss's philosophical teachings by the end of the chapter? Explain his reasoning.
He still believes, especially bc of James taking him in after the inhumanity of the orator and his wife.
3-6 How does James treat Candide? Why does he treat him this way?
He takes him home and cares for him, giving food and money. Candide was treated so poorly and he was never christened.
16-4 Candide tells CAcambo to convince the Oreillion Indians that it is "un-Christian" to eat and cook men. But what arguement does Cacambo make to change the natives' intent?
He tells them that he had killed a Jesuit, an enemy of theirs.
9-2 With the line, "the following is what passed in the soul of Candide, and how he reasoned," the narrator explains why Candide decides to kill the Inquisitor. According to the narrator, what are Candide's reasons?
He would've been burned, there was no time to hesitate
7-2 Summarize Candide's and Cunegonde's reunion? Why is he surprised to see her?
Held hands, cried, fainted, asked questions; also he thought she was dead.
9-3 When Cunegonde asks how her gentle Candide is able to kill two men, what is his response? Does this mark a change in him?
His response was that when one is jealous and whipped by the Inquisitor, one stops at nothing. Because of jealousy and revenge, Candide kills without hesitation. This seems to be his most practical response so far, but it remains to be seen if or how much he has changed.
30-8 What is the secret of life that Candide learns from the old man at his farm? What phrase does Candide use to encapsulate this philosophy?
Honest work keeps away evil. Practical action provides greatest satisfaction in life.
4-4 How does Pangloss argue that the spread of a sexually trasmitted disease has happened for the best of worlds?
If STD's weren't spread by Columbus we wouldn't have chocolate or cochineal; it's for progress. "it was a thing unavoidable"
11-1 How does Voltaire emphasize the theme of religious hypocrisy in this chapter. Supply at least two examples from the text.
In the 1st paragraph, the old woman reveals that she is the daughter of a pope. All catholic clergymen take a vow of celibacy, yet the Pope demonstrates religious hypocrisy. After the old woman describes the gruesome acts of the Moorish soldiers, she says "and yet they never missed the 5 prayers a day ordained by Mahomet." With the woman's observation, Voltaire exposes the absurd contradiction of the Moorish soldiers' behavior, juztaposing religious ritual with utter savagery.
9-4 What happens to the two dead bodies when the authorities arrive? Why do you think they are treated so differently?
Inquisitor was buried and Jew tossed out. In life, they treated each other as equals, but in death, they are opposites.
29-3 Does the Baron's reaction to the proposal make any sense?
It is absurd. It makes sense only as it adds to Voltaire's condemnation of the feelings of the ruling class that it is superior to all members of society and owes them nothing
18-4 Old mans response to Cacambo asking about why there is no monk to govern, teach, and burn others?
It'd be foolish to have such monks; the common reply by the old man is a standard technique of satire
19-2 What do Dutch fetiches say about people? How do their words contradict their actions?
It's impossible to treat one's relatives in a more barbarous manner; their words imply equailty but that's not the case
12-7 The old woman's tragic story, recounted over the past two chapters, emphasizes several of the novel's major concepts and/or themes. Identify as many as you can.
Major themes in Woman's story: -religious hypocrisy -brutality of war -inevitability of human suffering -suffering of women -importance of coincidence -primal urge to survive -absurdity of optimistic philosophy
12-1 Surprisingly, the eunuch turns out to be someone from the old woman's past. How do she and the eunuch know one another?
Many years ago, when the old woman was just a child, the eunuch has been the chapel musician to the told woman's mother. The unuch had even helped raise her until she was 6 years old.
20-2 What does Candide's new advisor, Martin the Manichean, believe? How does he arrive at this belief?
Martin believes that the world is cruel/corrupt, that God had abandoned the Earth. There's too much destruction, violence, greed, envy, etc.
20-5 Does it appears that Martin represents Voltaire's own view of the world?
Martin represents some aspects of Voltaire, but it is unlikely that Martin's views directly represents Voltaire's.
1-3 Voltaire invents a word to describe the subject of Pangloss's instruction. Identify this word. How does Voltaire use it to satirize Pangloss and other philosophers like him?
Metaphysico-theologico-cosmolo-nigology (science of cause and effect aka Optimism); nigology means stupidity, Voltaire calling his beliefs stupid and absurd like most enlightenment philosophers at the time.
3-2 Voltaire bases the war btwn the Bulgarians and the Abres on the 7 years war, a conflict btwn Prussia and France, which took place while writing the novel. Bulgarians rep Prussians and Abres the French. What point is Voltaire making when he shows the Abarian heroes behaving as badly as the Bulgarian ones?
No one side is better than the other during war, it's not justifiable. War is evil.
14-3 How does Voltaire use sarcasm in Cacambo's description of the Jesuit govt in Paraguay?
OF the Jesuit Government, Cacambo tells Candide "It is an amiable government... the fathers possess all, and the people nothing; it is a masterpiece of reason and justice".
20-4 Even after witnessing the sinking of the ship, Candide maintains that there is still some good in the world. What two things bring him to this conclusion? What is Martin's response?
One of Candide's sheep is spotted swimming from the sunken ship, and brings Candide to joy. He learns that the sunken ship belonged to the captain who stole Candide's fortune, and views this as justice. Martin intervenes and asks what did it cost, and why must hundreds of innocent people also drown.
27-3 Who are the 2 men from the galley? How did they get there?
Pangloss and Baron; Voltaire creates suspense when it comes to the truth by drawing out the mystery.
5-5 What happens when the very ill Candide begs Pangloss for oil and wine? What is Voltaire's point in this scene?
Pangloss ignores Candide's request and rambles on about the causes and the ultimate purpose of the earthquake. He continues to talk until Candide faints. Only then does Pangloss stop philosophizing and get his friend some water. This illustrates Pangloss's self-absorbed personality and how is he is completely out of touch with the real needs of others.
6-2 Give a brief summary of what occurs at the auto-da-fe. What are Candide and Pangloss charged with? What happens to them?
Pangloss is charged with talking against the University of Coimbra/the man in the black (from chapter 5) and for his heresy. Candide is charged for having listened with approval. The prisoners are brought before the Inquisition, where they are forced to march in procession while listening to a sermon. Pangloss is hanged, Candide is whipped, and the other 3 prisoners are burned alive.
27-4 How do their reaction show that neither the Baron nor Pangloss changed?
Pangloss is dramatic and very optimisitc, while the Baron gives a simple nod in thanks; snob
5-7 What is your opinion of Pangloss at this point in the story? If you were Candide, would you continue to travel with him? Give reasons for your opinion.
Pangloss is lazy and is blaming/relying on the fact that everything that happens is on deterministic fate. I wouldn't travel with him further because I don't think he would make an effort to protect me and once again see everything how it is through the "best possible world".
24-2 Who does the woman with the Friar end up being and her story
Pangloss's mistress Paquette; she became a doctors mistress, doctor kiled his wife, Paquette went to jail, released, a judge's mistress, was replaced, resorted to prostitution, and was abused, insulte and robbed
30-4 Who arrives at the farm one day, confirming Martin's prediction from Chapter 24? What theme does Voltaire emphasize here?
Paquette and Friar. Money cannot make people happy.
26-3 What fact of life do the 6 deposed kings represent?
People are subject to fail, even aristocrats can lose power. No person has inborn rights to wield power over others
30-2 One day, the old woman asks, "which is worse... to go through all the miseries we have undergone, or to stay here and have nothing to do?" What is Candide's response to her question? What is Martin's response? What do you think Voltaire is suggesting here?
People who live in disgust are not happy, Voltaire is trying to say everyone has their own reasons to be unhappy.
30-10 Consider the conclusion of Candide. Do you see it as optimistic, pessimistic, or neutral? Why?
Pessimistic. Everyone is unhappy for their own reasons. There is a solution but not the best one. They don't save the world but escape it's horrors
30-6 Why does the Dervish slam the door in Pangloss's face?
Philosophy is not worth debating.
30-7 In slamming the door, what point is Voltaire making about philosophy?
Philosophy is not worth debating.
25-1 Describe Signor Pococurante. What are the major characteristics of his personality?
Pococurante is a rich man who has just about everything a person could need or want, however, he is unhappy. Nothing pleases him-not women, music, his beautiful palace and gardens, nor great works of art or literature Surrounded by wonderful things but unable to appreciate them, perhaps because he simply has too much.
8-1 Summarize Cunegonde's story
Raped by Bulgarian soldier, she was taken as prisoner of war, sold to a jew, and then another; yet resisted it all
30-5 When Pangloss questions the wise Dervish about the horrible evil in the world, how does the Dervish respond?
Responds that evil is the way of the world and that there is no sense in trying to account for it. Mice on ship analogy
19-3 what news about Cunegonde depresses Candide
She is the Spaniards lords favorite mistress
8-6 How is Cunegonde seen as thoughtful and practical?
She paid the old woman and suggested to eat with Candide
1-7 Briefly summarize what Cunegonde sees one day as she is walking in the woods near the castle. How does Voltaire again satirize Pangloss as a teacher in this passage?
She saw Pangloss giving lessons in experimental natural philosophy to his mother's chambermaid. His teaching were fake tho bc it was just sex. Voltaire uses humor, sarcasm, and innuendos to satirize Pangloss's teachings.
5-1 What dramtic incident occurs as the chapter begins? What happens to JAmes and irony?
Storm caused shipwreck, James was killed by a sailor who he was trying to help.
12-4 In the last two paragraphs, the old woman reflects on suicide. What does she say about it? According to her, what "ridiculous foible" is perhaps one of humanity's "most fatal characteristics"?
THe old woman, whose life has been filled with misery and tragedy tells her listeners "A hundred times I was upon the point of killing myself; but I still loved life". She says love of life is one of life's "most fatal characteristics". This is a paradox and she maintains that it is irrational for people to want to continue living when life is full of suffering.
4-5 How does James help Pangloss?
Takes him in, gives him a job as bookkeeper, cures him.
12-3 In what way might the old woman's journey foreshadow Cunegonde's journey?
Th eold woman, once young and beautiful, spends her life moving or being moved from place to place. In doing so, she loses her youth and her beuty. The same can hapen to CUnegonde. She already has experienced some of what the old woman has endured, specifically being sold into sexual slavery. If life continues to treat her the same way as it has treated the old woman, Cunegonde's future will contain suffering and tragedy.
26-1 What prediction of Martin's from Chapter 24 is revealed to be incorrect? How does this indicate that Martin's pessimism, in certain circumstances, may be just as unfounded as Pangloss's optimism?
The chapter 24, Martin had predicted that Cacambo would run off with Candide's money and would never return with Cunegonde. In this chapter, however, it is revealed that Cacambo is still loyal to Candide and has spent all this time locating Cunegonde. The fact that Martin was wrong indicates that his pessimism is perhaps just as extreme and unfound as Pangloss's optimism But men base their predictions on the Philosophies they hold, as opposed to basing those predictions on empirical evidence
14-5 Who does the Chief Jesuit turn out to be?
The chief Jesuit is, coicidentally, Cunegonde's brother the young Baron.
25-2 One thing that Voltaire seems to admire is that Pococurante thinks for himself. Voltaire tells us that Candide has never been taught to think for himself. What is a related quality Voltaire seems to admire about the english?
The english are free to think as they please and are not censored by the church. When Martin says that many Englsih books are written "with a spirit of freedom,". Pococurante agrees and adds, "it is noble to write as one thinks; this is the privilege of humanity"
24-4 Although, like the other religious men in the novel, the Theatin Friar is far from a model of morality, Voltaire shows us another side of Friar Giroflee. WHy does Voltaire have pity for the Friar?
The friar is unhappy with a life that he has not chosen for himself. "My parents at the age of fifteen to put on this detestable habit, to increase the fortune of a cursed elder brother...". The friar also states that life in the Monastery is filled with immorality and disharmony.
10-1 As the chapter begins, Cunegonde bemoans the loss of her memory and jewels. what has most likely happened? What is ironic?
The friar stole them, and it's ironic that a holy person was the only to steal, especially a monk who vows to live life in poverty.
16-2 How do the two girls respond to the killing of the monkeys? What surprising fact does Cacmbo reveal about the monkeys and the girls?
The girls react by mourning the monkeys. Cacambo tells Candide that those monkeys were the girl's lovers. "in some coutnries there are monkey's which insinuate themselves into the good graces of ladies".
13-1 What character is satirized in this chapter? In what way is he mocked?
The governor of Argentina (Gov. Don Fernando d'Ibaraa, y Figueara, y Mascarenes, y Lampourdos, y Souza) is satirized; Voltaire mocks his name and the absurd importance that the nobility places on titles. Narrator says he "had a stateliness becoming a person who bore so many name". This is sarcasm as he is an arrogant snob. He also obnoxiously twirls his mustache *barf*
18-1 Who were the Incas? What happened to them? What happend to those who leave El Dorado?
The incas were a powerful South American Indian tribe conquered by the Spaniards. According to te old man, the Incas lefttheir utopia, El Dorado, to conquer other people and in turn were conquered. The story suggests that it is unwise to leave ElDorado.
14-4 How does Cacambo explain the situation between the Jesuits and the kings of Spain and Portugal? In what way is the behavior of the Jesuits hypocritical?
The jesuits priests are very militant. In South America they have great temporal power and fight against the kings of Spain andPortugal. The Jesuits in Europe act as confessors to those saem kings. As Cacambo explains it, "The fathers here make war upon the kings of Spain and Portugal, and in Europe confess those kings." They kill Spaniards here and in Madrid send them to heaven". This is another example of religious hypocrisy.
5-6 The man in the black disagrees with Pangloss's view that everything is for the best. What is the man's argument, and what is Pangloss's response? How is the concept of free will raised in their dispute?
The man in the black argues that Pangloss doesn't believe in original sin or there would be no fall of men if everything was for the best. Pangloss responds that the fall of man was inevitable to enter this best of possible worlds. Pangloss's response makes little sense and doesn't deal with the philosophical problem that the man proposes. Pangloss negates the idea of free will since his philosophy is based on determinism. He merely spouts meaningless logic and is convinced of his own irrational belief system.
6-6 Return to the last three paragraphs of Chapter V, as Pangloss and the man in the black discuss free will. What is ironic about Pangloss's punishment in light of their discussion?
The man in the black is a proponent of free will and liberty. However, he brings Pangloss before the Inquisition precisely because Pangloss's belief system conflicts with the Catholic's Church dogma. Essentially, Pangloss is hanged for exercising the liberty to speak his mind.
7-1 How does the old woman differ from most of the religious people Candide has encountered throughout his travels? Give examples to support your answer.
The old woman is benevolent and kind and helps/takes care of Candide. For example, the old woman has helped heal his sores with ointment and she helps Candide meet up with Cunegonde.
12-6 In the second-to-last paragraph, the old woman uses a metaphor to describe the paradox of existence: the fact that people continue to cling to life despite the pain and suffering that accompany the act of living. Identify this metaphor.
The old woman uses the metaphor of a serpent to describe the paradox. In the metaphor, life is like a serpent that we embrace, despite the fact that this serpent continually eats away at us. According to the metaphorm in our irrational love of life we "caress the serpent which devours us, till he has eaten our very heart".
13-3 What advice does the old woman give Cunegonde and Candide?
The old woman wants Cunegonde to tay in Buenos Aires and marry the governor. She needs money and protection, plus he has a mustache. Cunegonde tells Candide to flee before the governor punishes him for the Inquisitor's murder, and cunegonde stays, which was the most logical solution.
3-3 For many Enlightenment philosophers, determinism meant that every action or occurance was predetermined by God, who was believed to be the creator of the universe and original cause of all later events. How does Candide express this idea in his conversation with the orator?
There can be no effect w/o cause, it was necessary for Candide to be banished from Cunegonde. It's necessary to beg for food until he learns to earn it.***
10-5 How does this chapter end?
There is a strong element of suspense about the old woman's story. It is highly plausible that her story will be as horrific as Cunegonde's if that is possible.
18-2 How is Voltaire not against religion but the exxcesses within?
There was no one in charge with power, no monk that taught or governed. All they did was give thanks to God and nothing more.
16-6 Point out some portions in the chapter before Candide and Cacambo are to be roasted and eaten that show Voltaire's humor and satire/
They did not know if they were cries of pain or joy. The law of nature teaches us to kill our neighbor How frightfully inhuman it is to cook men
27-2 Martin says there are millions of people on earth who are unhappier than the deposed kings. He seems to suggest that human misery is universal. Do you suppose Voltaire shares this view?
Those who are poor and oppressed have little chance to improve their lot in life. On this point, Martin probably does speak for Voltaire, who was a staunch advocate of human rihts and social reform
30-9 Some people argue that the phrase "cultivate our garden" means that instead of philosophizing, we should all work to make our own little garden (or our little corner of the world) a better place than it is. What is your opinion on the meaning of the phrase?
To do what we can with the cards we're dealt. Constant self-improvement.
18-5 2 examples of satire
Travesty: "what have you no monks...!" Stereotype: whether they should throw....what was the ceremony", status and aristocracy
10-2 In the previous chapters, Voltaire has attacked both religious intolerance and religious hypocrisy. What aspect of religious hypocrisy does he attack in the chapter?
Voltaire attacks greed, not only of the friar who steals jewels from Cunegonde but also the greed of the Benedictine monk who is able to buy the horse cheaply; God is the only one who can judge but every religious person judges too
6-4 What are other criticisms are implicit in the burnings of the heretics?
Voltaire criticizes the Catholic Church of being intolerant of different views and making people of different religions/cultures hide their true identity (like the man who married his godmother). Promoting peace, holiness, and harmony while making heretics be punished contrast each other
11-2 The old woman says "all Italy composed sonnets in my praise, though not one of them was passable." In this line and in all of the comments in the first paragraph, what is Voltaire making fun of? What literary term is employed even she discusses her eyes?
Voltaire is poking fun at Italian love poems and overly romantic sentiments in general. She uses hyperbole; her eyes eclipsed the brightness of stars
16-5 As Cacambo discusses the Oreillons' practice of killing and eating their enemies, what is Voltaire satirically suggesting about other cultures, including those of "civilized" nations?
Voltaire is satirizing the idea that those Europeans who do NOT eat their enemies have better food to eat. He suggests that these primitive civilizations may be civilized because they also praise those who kill their enemies. Satirizin the idea of a "noble savage".
22-1 Who or what does Voltaire satirize in this chapter?
Voltaire satirizes Paris and the corrupt government officials
13-4 What phrase does Voltaire use to describe the old woman's advice that points out the ludicrous nature of her advice?
Voltaire says that the "woman spoke with all the prudence which age and experience gave". The advice may be sound but the logic behind it is flawed.
21-1 In this chapter, at what target does Voltaire take aim?
Voltaire targets the stereotypes of mankind and the differences in human nature; how corrupt people are. People in general and people in Paris
11-4 The old woman says a number of times that she was surprised by the terrible things the corsairs did, but she has learned that such actions are standard practice in all "civilized nations that scour the seas." How does Voltaire use sarcasm, or verbal irony, in the old woman's statement? What does her statement say about civilized nations and their capacity for evil?
Voltire's use of sarcasm is apparant in the phrase "civilized nations that scour the seas". The old woman is talking about pirates, men who plunder and pillage the seas. Obvs a group of pirates cant be a "civilized nation". However, such criminals are often associated with supposedly civilized goverments, so the old woman makes a powerful point. She makes it clear tht the apparently civilzed nations are not so civilzed after all.
11-3 How do the soldiers react when the ship is attacked by corsairs? What is surprising about their actions?
When the old woman says "Our men defended themselves like the Pope's soldiers" her words intially seem to imply that the men fought fiercely and honorably. However, her sarcasm becomes evident when she adds "They flung themselves upon their knees...beging for absolution"
29-1 Candide's reaction to Cunegondes state?
backs away in horror but with "good manners" goes to meet her
8-3 How did She retain her vitrue according to Candide
by resisting the men
5-3 What happens as Candide and Pangloss enter Lisbon? How does Voltaire again raise "the problem of evil" with this incident? and what terrible event occurs?
city demolished in earthquake, why are there natural disasters?? Ch 3 had disasters caused by men and now this was caused by an earthquake
28-1 The motif of ressurection appears during Pangloss's and Barons's stories, summarize Baron's story
cured by surgeon, attacked by Spanish troops, placed in prison, asked to return to Rome, job at Chaplan, French Ambassador, showered with Mussulman, punished and sent to galleys
4-1 The sickly beggar introduced at the end of chapter 3 turns out to be Pangloss. What does he say has happened to Cunegonde and her fam?
dead, and killed by Bulgarians, cunegonde and brother were also raped, Mother cut to pieces
4-3 How does Candide react to Cunegonde's death? What line indicates him questioning optimism?
he faints twice. "Ah best of worlds where art thou!"
28-4 How fast does Pangloss resort to Optimism? and what does his faith or lack of reflect?
he is constantly faithful in his beliefs and reflects religions, ignorance, and blinding following
8-2 What does Candide interrupt Cunegonde's story with?
he wants to see her scar, probs hoping to have sex
1-8 Why is Candide driven off from the castle at the end of chapter 1? How does the last line of the chapter reveal the irony of the situtation and the absudity of Pangloss's major philosophical belief?
he was caught making out with Cunegonde and the baron saw, and then violently expels Candide from the castle. Everything is going wrong in this perfect world and Pangloss is looking real dumb rn
28-2 Pangloss's story and similarities to Baron's from ch 15
hung, bought, dissected, woke up and healed, got in trouble, beaten, sent to galleys; both of them were thought to be dead
3-4 How does the idea of determinism conflict with Candide's belief in free will, which he expressed in the previous chapter?
if predetermined by God, there is no free will. You can't have both.
1-5 How does Candide feel about Cunegonde?
n/a
22-6 In comparing El Doraddo to Europe, what's Candide's conclusion?
only proper men exist in El Dorado
1-2 Why does the narrator tell the reader that the Baron's castle has "not only a gate, but windows"?
sarcasm; mocking Baron's status and making fun of the pretentiousness of the upper class, overly proud of meaningless meterial things that signify class status.
22-5 what is the abbes next scheme and summarize plan + outcome
sent a letter pretending to be Cunegonde, had a fake cunegonde take Candide's money and then had an officer arrest him. Candide then bribed the officer and a ship captain to go to England
5-4 What is Pangloss's reaction to the disaster?
still believes everything happens for a reason
19-1 What causes Candide to denounce philosophy?
suffering from Martin's story led to more suffering
18-3 Why does the Old man find C & C's questions about religion incredible?
the answers are so obvious to the man, all religions are respected
25-4 What is Candide still happy and optimisitc about?
the chance of seeing Cunegonde
7-3 In this chapter, Voltaire satirizes the conventions found in the adventure romance novels of his time. What are some examples?
the dramtic meeting, reunited lovers
1-6 What are the 4 degrees of happiness, according to Candide? What does this information reveal about him?
the first degree of happiness is to be born Baron of Thunder-ten-Tronckh; the second degree is to be Miss Cunegonde; the third degree is to have the pleasure of seeing Miss Cunegonde every day; and the fourth degree is to be the student of Master Pangloss. This shows Candide is very narrow minded.
10-3 Why is an army being raised to go to South America, and why is Candide made a captain of this army?
the jesuits are leading a revolt in South America against the King of Spain. Candide is made a captain because of the soldiering skills he has learned from the Bulgarians.
24-3 What does Voltaire say about women in society?
they are abused by men when they are yong and pretty and discarded when they're older
23-1 Martin explains "folly" in which England is currently engaged, describe situation
they are at war for territory in Canada, and they're fighting and losing more $$ than Canada is worth
18-6 Why do they leave and what foreshadows trouble after departure?
they can become kings elsewhere, but they are nothing there. The incas mentioned before were destroyed when they left El Dorado.