Cannabinoids

Cannabis botanical types

Type 1 cannabis: This refers to THC-dominant cannabis chemovars Type 2 cannabis: This refers to chemovars that contain high levels of both CBD and THC. These can fit into either awakening or sedating categories depending on the terpene profiles. Type 3 cannabis: This refers to chemovars that are CBD-dominant with low levels of THC. These chemovars are usually awakened but sometimes can be sedating

CBD

"Cannabidiol" CBD is non-psychoactive. It doesn't cause a "high." However, it may produce many physical benefits, such as reducing pain and nausea, preventing seizures, and easing migraine. CBD has several exciting medicinal properties, including anti-anxiety, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-seizure, and pain relief. Strains with high levels of CBD have decreased or negligible psychoactivity, making them desirable for patients who want the medical benefits without getting "high" or impaired. This can be ideal for patients who need to drive, work, etc.

CBDA

"Cannabidiolic acid" Is one of many compounds produced by cannabis and hemp. When decarboxylation occurs by exposing the cannabis plant to either heat or sunlight, CBDA converts to CBD. In other words, CBDA is the raw form or predecessor to CBD. While most cannabinoids bind directly with either the CB1 or CB2 receptors, CBDA doesn't work in this way. Instead, CBDA interacts with the endocannabinoid system by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme. COX-2 enzymes are associated with inflammation after an injury or infection, so by blocking COX-2 enzymes, CBDA can relieve inflammation and associated pain.

CBG

"Cannabigerol" Is thought to help reduce anxiety and symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and depression.

CBGA

"Cannabigerolic acid" This is the precursor "mothership" cannabinoid in which both CBD and THC originally stem from CBGA converts to three major cannabinoid precursor compounds, depending on which plant enzymes are activated to direct the synthesis: THCA (tetrahydrocannabinolic acid) CBCA (cannabichromenic acid) CBDA (cannabidiolic acid). When decarboxylation occurs by exposing the cannabis plant to either heat or sunlight, CBDA converts to CBD. In other words, CBDA is the raw form or predecessor to CBD.

ECS basic components

1.) Endocannabinoids 2.) Cannabinoid receptors 3.) Hydrolytic enzymes (that break down endocannabinoids)

CBN

"Cannabinol" Is used to ease symptoms and side effects of neurological conditions, including epilepsy, seizures, and uncontrollable muscle stiffness. This cannabinoid is gaining popularity for its sedation properties. It's one that when paired with THC causes the motor impairment. They actually now make transdermal CBN patches that people can use at night to help with sleep aid.

Cookies brand of strain varieties

"Cereal milk" -potent hybrid THC-26% made by crossing [Y Life (Cookies x Cherry Pie) x Snowman] a sativa-dominant Cookies pheno "Ocean Beach" -hybrid THC-26% Medical marijuana patients choose this strain for relieving symptoms associated with anxiety and stress. "Collins Ave" -hybrid THC-26% Medical marijuana patients choose to help relieve symptoms associated with chronic anxiety. "Pancakes" -hybrid THC-22% Medical marijuana patients choose this strain to help fight symptoms related to chronic stress and anxiety. "Grenadine" ??? "Berry Pie" -sativa THC-18% Medical marijuana patients choose this strain for its uplifting qualities that help relieve symptoms related to depression and fatigue. "Pink Rozay" -indica THC-20% Medical marijuana patients choose this strain to help relieve symptoms related to chronic pain. "Snow Man" -hybrid THC-20% This is a great strain for artists and daydreamers "Gelatti" -hybrid THC-20% This strain is bred by crossing [Gelato x Biscotti] "Sweet tea" -hybrid THC-18% sativa dominant Medical marijuana patients choose this strain for its ability to relieve symptoms associated with chronic depression and anxiety. "London pound cake 75" ??? "Georgia Pie" -potent hybrid Because of its potency, this strain is best reserved for those who have a high THC tolerance. Medical marijuan patients choose this strain because of its ability to relieve symptoms associated with chronic pain. "Sticky buns" -hybrid THC-20% Medical marijuana patients choose this strain to help relieve symptoms associated with headaches and chronic stress. "Pomelo" -indica-leaning hybrid THC-18% "Gary Payton" -potent hybrid THC-18% Combining [The Y x Snowman] It has high amounts of THC and almost no CBD "Cheetah Piss" -hybrid THC-18% Crosses of strains [Lemonnade x Gelato 42 x London Poundcake 97] "London Chello" -potent hybrid Medical marijuana patients choose this strain for its ability to relieve symptoms related to chronic stress and anxiety. "Honey Bun" -can be extremely potent hybrid THC-20% Medical marijuana patients choose this strain to help relieve symptoms related to anxiety and stress. "Jungle Cake" ????

THCA

"Tetrahydrocannabinol acid" Is similar to THC, but it doesn't cause any psychoactive effects. Its potential benefits include reducing inflammation from arthritis and autoimmune diseases. It may also help reduce symptoms of neurological conditions like Parkinson's disease and ALS.

THC

"Tetrahydrocannabinol" THC is the main psychoactive compound in cannabis plants. It's responsible for the "high" or state of euphoria associated with cannabis use. Levels of THC have been increasing as growers try to create hybrids with a greater concentration of the compound.

THCV

"Tetrahydrocannabivarin" Is known to have some vasodilation properties. It is found in the strain Durban Poison which comes from Africa. It is also one of the hybrid strains that is found in the Cookies strain

Cookies heritage

"Thin Mint Cookies" (OG Kush x Durban Poison) sativa dominant "Platinum Cookies" (OG Kush x Durban Poison x Cherry Pie) sativa dominant "Chem Scout" (Girl Scout Cookies x Chemdawg) hybrid "Sunset Sherbert" (Girl Scout Cookies x Pink Panties) hybrid

Cherry Pie strain

(Granddaddy Purple x F1-Durban Poison) -Hybrid THC-16% Cherry Pie #9 - is probably one it the tastiest strains Cherry Pie #12 - is probably the strongest, most pungent

Edibles dosing chart

1 to 2.5mg THC edibles: Effects include: Mild relief of symptoms like pain, stress, and anxiety; increased focus and creativity. Good for: First-time consumers or regular consumers looking to microdose. 2.5 to 15mg THC edibles: Effects include: Stronger relief of pain and anxiety symptoms; euphoria; impaired coordination and perception. Good for: Standard recreational use; persistent symptoms not addressed by smaller doses; people looking for a good night's sleep. 30 to 50mg THC edibles: Effects include: Strong euphoric effects; significantly impaired coordination and perception. Good for: High tolerance THC consumers; consumers whose GI systems don't absorb cannabinoids well. 50 to 100mg THC edibles: Effects include: Seriously impaired coordination and perception; possible unpleasant side effects including nausea, pain, and increased heart rate. Good for: Experienced, high-tolerance THC consumers; patients living with inflammatory disorders, cancer, and other serious conditions. > 100mg (150mg, 200mg, 500mg THC edibles): Once you go above 100 mg and into extremely high dosages such as 150 mg, 200 mg, or even 500 mg marijuana edibles, the risk of negative effects associated with the idea of overconsuming cannabis—such as nausea and paranoia—increase, even for consumers who may have very high tolerances. *Extremely high doses can get up to 1,000mg to 2,000mg

Dr. Ethan Russo

A prominent and well-published cannabinoid researcher

Resin

A sticky insoluble organic compound secreted by plants. In cannabis plants, the resin contains the cannabinoids and terpenes. During the growth cycle, cannabis resin serves as a defense mechanism for the plant, developed to protect it from predators and pests. Resin also protects the plant from overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays and helps it maintain optimal surface-level humidity so the plant doesn't dry out.

Phases of cannabinoid research

According to Dr. Mechoulam 1.) One of them has to do with the plants, THC, CBD and possibly other compounds 2.) The second has to do with endocannabinoids which are involved in a large number of physiological processes, and within that there are CB2 receptors which are specific for many diseases and do not cause side effects. 3.) The third one is a huge number, almost a hundred compounds which our bodies make, and we know about the activity of only 5 or 10 of these currently," he concluded.

Ligands

Are small signaling or messaging molecules that bind to the ECS receptor. Including human and animal endogenous production of endocannabinoids (anandamide and 2-AG), phytocannabinoids (from plants sources), and synthetic cannabinoids (manufactured)

Antagonist

Blocks the action of the agonist. Whereas an agonist causes an action, an antagonist blocks the action of the agonist and an inverse agonist causes an action opposite to that of the agonist.

CBD vs. THC: Chemical structure

Both CBD and THC have the exact same molecular structure: 21 carbon atoms, 30 hydrogen atoms, and 2 oxygen atoms. A slight difference in how the atoms are arranged accounts for the differing effects on your body. Both CBD and THC are chemically similar to your body's endocannabinoids. This allows them to interact with your cannabinoid receptors.

CB-2 receptors

CB2 receptors are found in the immune system and peripheral nervous system. Because they are located in our body's periphery, the activation of CB2 receptors doesn't result in psychotropic effects. CB2 receptors are especially associated with an inflammatory response. When these receptors are activated, they stimulate a response that minimizes damage to tissues and can reduce pain. A 2006 study found that stimulating CB2 receptors can help reduce pain and allow the body to repair itself. These anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of CB2 agonists may be beneficial for patients living with inflammation-related disorders, like gastrointestinal conditions. Modulates cytokine release and immune response

CB-1 receptors

Cannabinoid receptor type 1 was found at the synapses of the central nervous system and the sensory neurons' peripheral terminals. CB1 receptors are expressed in abundance in the hippocampus, cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, amygdala, and spinal cord. Also found sparsely in peripheral nerves, as well as non-neuronal tissue like fat, muscle, and body organs. These account for cannabinoid effects on memory, cognition, and movement CB1 receptors are located primarily in the brain and central nervous system. They are also present in the kidneys, liver, lungs and reproductive organs. The activation of CB1 receptors has cerebral and behavioral effects. In the brain, they are found in abundance in the regions that control mental and physiological processes such as memory, motor coordination, emotion, and high cognitive function. CB1 receptors are also found in nerve endings where they may help reduce the sensation of pain. Because of the large amount found in the brain, many hypothesize that this receptor is responsible for the intoxicating effects of certain cannabinoids. Unlike CBD, THC binds directly with CB1 receptors, which may explain the euphoric, psychoactive high humans experience when we consume cannabis. CB1 receptors are widely distributed and abundant in the brain yet relatively absent in the cardiorespiratory areas of the brain stem, so agents acting on this system may have a wide range of potential therapeutic effects with little risk of cardiorespiratory suppression. Inhibits release of glutamate and GABA

Cannabis measurements

Cannabis flower is measured in full-grams Concentrates are measured in half-grams or full-grams Half gram = 0.5 grams Gram = 1.0 grams Eighth = 3.5 grams "as known as half a quarter" it is an eighth of an ounce [Rolls about 2 to 3 joints] Quarter = 7.0 grams "it's a quarter of an ounce" [Rolls about 5 to 7 joints] Half ounce = 14.0 grams "as known as half zip or it's half a ounce [Rolls about 7 to 14 joints] Ounce = 28.0 grams "as known as a whole zip" [Rolls about 14 to 28 joints] Quarter-pound = 112 grams "Which also equals 4 ounces. Quarter-pounds are often called QP for short" Half-pound =224 grams "It's equal to 8 ounces of cannabis is also known as half-pack and half-pounder. Pound = 448 grams "It's also 16 ounces, enough to put a dent in the bank account. A pound can cost up to $3,000 and can be called a "pack or an elbow" Kilogram = 1,000 grams "Also known as a kilo and is equal to 2.2 pounds Technically an ounce is 28.3495 grams (453.xxxxper lb)which is a pain to deal with .35 of a gram so people usually just round it to 28g per oz. So for example a pound would technically be 453.592 grams <28.3495 grams x 16 ounces = 453.592 versus 28 grams x 16 ounces = 448grams> The metric measurements are actually a little short of true measures but it's easier to convert and physically measure out in the cannabis industry so this is how it is calculated. According to the Drug Enforcement Agency, based on their research, they determined that on average a joint contains 0.32 grams of weed.

Cannabinoids

Cannabis plants contain dozens of chemical compounds called cannabinoids. These naturally occurring components are responsible for producing many of the effects — both negative and positive — of cannabis use. THC. CBD. CBN. THCA. CBG.

Cookies strain

Cookies as known "Girl Scout Cookies" or "GSC" is a indica dominant hybrid (60% indica / 40% sativa). Its (THC 24% / CBD 1%). It's a cross of the potent FloRIDA OG Kush x F1 + Durban Poison. It originated in San Fransisco (Bay area). Cherry Pie is NOT in the real original Girl Scout Cookies. Some websites and misinformation has stated this false claim. This strain is like a sister or brother of GSC because they have one of the same parents (F1 Durban) this is probably where the confusion originally stemmed from. Has a higher content of the terpene Beta-Caryophyllene which is known for its antioxidant, inflammation, muscle spasms, pain, and insomnia benefits. Humulene known for anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, pain benefits. OG Kush has a higher content of the terpenes Limonene known for anti-depression, anti-anxiety, gastric-reflux, and anti fungal benefits. Pinene known for inflammation, asthma (bronchodilator) benefits. Humulene known for anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, pain benefits. Caryophyllene which is known for its antioxidant, inflammation, muscle spasms, pain, and insomnia benefits. There are several different phenotypes of the GSC strain including "Thin Mint" and "Platinum GSC" which exhibit some variation in appearance and effect. Patients needing a strong dose of relief, however, may look to GSC for severe pain, nausea, and appetite loss. GSC expresses its beauty in twisting green calyxes wrapped in purple leaves and fiery orange hairs. GSC has won numerous Cannabis Cup awards over the years. The Cookie's Family like to keep their proprietary strains exclusive Disclaimer: Actually there are a few different strains of GSC out there that branched off from the original; because when they were first breeding the strain there were seeds available. Some people got access to the seeds. These are considered different phenotypes. Some people have been referring to these branched off strains as GSC because of the high popularity and success of the strain but they are not the actual GSC. The actual creators of this brand don't mind that the seeds have been used to create other strains just name and classify them correctly and not call them GSC because they would like to keep the authentic strain relevant. Any great product is highly subject to false duplication. So be cautious and mindful of this.

Synthetic THC

Created in laboratory marketed as dronabinol (Marinol), and nabilone (Cesamet), a THC analog, are both FDA approved drugs for the treatment of severe nausea and wasting syndrome.

Endocannabinoids

Endocannabinoids, also called endogenous cannabinoids, are molecules made by your body. They're similar to cannabinoids, but they're produced by your body. Experts have identified two key endocannabinoids so far: Anandamide (AEA) 2-arachidonoylglyerol (2-AG) Endocannabinoids are molecules produced by cells that have activity similar to THC and the other phytocannabinoids (plant-derived cannabinoids). They are synthesized on the cell membrane from omega-6 fatty acid precursors. Both endo- and phytocannabinoids act on cannabinoid receptors, known as CB1 and CB2, found throughout the body.

Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal axis (HPA)

Endocrine system responds to stress through the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In modern times, HPA axis frequent activation and high levels of stress related to perception can be damaging to the body, particularly the immune system

Cannabis plant constitutes

Enormous variety of chemical identified in cannabis -483 compounds unique to cannabis -66 cannabinoid •Example (THCA, THC, CBDA, CBD, CBG, CBN, CBC, THCV) -140 Terpenoids •Example (Myrcene, Limonene, Pinene) -Carbohydrates •Example (13 Monosaccharides, 2 Disaccharides, 5 Polysaccharides, 12 Sugar Alcohols & Cyclitols, 2 Amino Sugars) -23 Flavonoids •Example (Cannflavins A & B are unique to cannabis) 33 Fatty acids •Example (Linoleic 53-60%, Oleic acid 8.5-16%, Linolenic 15%-25%)

Enzymes

Enzymes are responsible for breaking down and recycling of endocannabinoids once they've carried out their function. There are two main enzymes responsible for this: fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which breaks down AEA monoacylglycerol acid lipase (MAGL), which typically breaks down 2-AG

ECS enzymes

Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) They help degrade anandamide and 2AG

Flavonoids

Flavonoids are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory health benefits, as well as their contribution of vibrant color to the many of the foods we eat (the blue in blueberries or the red in raspberries). Flavonoids are one of the largest nutrient families known to scientists, and include over 6,000 already-identified family members. About 20 of these compounds, including apigenin, quercetin, cannflavin A and cannflavin B (so far unique to cannabis), β-sitosterol, vitexin, isovitexin, kaempferol, luteolin and orientin have been identified in the cannabis plant. further research is needed to fully understand what role flavonoids play in the overall therapeutic effects of cannabis treatment, especially how they interact with cannabinoids by either synergistically enhancing them or reducing their effects. Cannflavin B (so far unique to cannabis), Apigenin Quercetin Cannflavin A β-sitosterol Vitexin Isovitexin Kaempferol Luteolin Orientin

GMO Cookies strain

GMO Cookies, (aka Garlic Cookies) is a powerful indica marijuana strain made by crossing Chemdog with GSC. This strain produces relaxing effects you can feel through your body while your mind retains focus. GMO Cookies is loved for its ability to relieve stress and aches without total sedation. This is said to be very popular in Colorado by Diego Pellicer store manager Lazarus. *Do more research on this strain !

Dispensary cannabis conversion

Have you ever seen or heard the term "5-gram eighth" and wondered what it means? We just identified eighths as 3.5 grams so how can dispensaries rewrite the metric system and declare eighths to equal 5 grams? Just how much is a five-gram eighth? Five-gram eighths describe the price point for the amount of cannabis. For instance, a customer who selects a 5-gram eighth will receive 5 grams of cannabis for the price of the strain's eighth. Any "eighth" that's more than 3.5 grams is basically describing bonus weed. In some states with adult-use cannabis laws, flower is required to come pre-packaged and was measured prior to arriving to the dispensary. If you still want to ensure that its the weight indicated on the packaged, you can weigh the flower with a scale at home Also some dispensaries may actually measure the cannabis flower out in accurate metric units rather than the underground round down method. For example a ounce is 28.35 grams so a quarter of a pound 28.35 grams x 4 ounces = 113.4 grams. In comparison to the underground rounding method 28 grams x 4 ounces = 112 grams

Dr. Raphael Mechoulam

He is a Israeli organic chemist and professor of Medicinal Chemistry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel. He discovered THC. He also coined the term "Entourage Effect". Considered the Father of modern medicinal cannabis research

Gregor Mendel's principles of inheritance

He studied works through pea plants discovering the fundamental laws of inheritance. He tracked the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in the offspring as dominant or recessive traits. This is the process of breeding and crossing cannabis strains.

DABBING MEDICAL MARIJUANA

How it works: A "dab" is a cannabis concentrate (hash oil, budder, shatter<hard shattered glass looking concentrate>, wax, etc.) that you heat to a high temperature and inhale. The delivery devices vary, but they tend to be complicated and usually involve the use of a butane torch. Also, concentrates can contain as much as 90 percent THC, so you will get a very high dose of psychoactive compounds. This method is NOT recommended for patients with a low THC tolerance or those new to cannabis medications! Pros: Useful for urgent medication of acute illnesses. Cost-efficient for patients who need High-THC. Provides instant relief. Cons: Concentrates are at higher risk of containing harmful chemicals. Solvents are used to extract the medicinal chemicals, may not be properly removed. May cause overdose, while never fatal, can be very unpleasant and uncomfortable. Devices are difficult to use; accidental burns are more likely.

MEDICAL CANNABIS TRANSDERMAL PATCH

How it works: Apply patch to a clean, dry and hairless skin surface. Many medical professionals recommend adhering the patch on the inner-wrist area, top of foot or ankle. This is the ideal method for any patients who rather not inhale the medicine. If you have explored multiple options without success, this might be the right path for depending on your choice of high you are trying to reach. Pros: No Smoking Required. Comes in different formulations. Mild dosages. Cons: Some individuals may develop an allergic reaction. Must be applied on a clean and dry skin surface. Not be applied where a great deal of body hair. Dosage: Most transdermal patches come in 10mg dosed patches. They can be cut in half for smaller doses.

MEDICAL MARIJUANA TINCTURES OR SUB-LINGUAL SPRAYS

How it works: Extracted cannabinoids are mixed into an alcohol, glycerin solution or MCT Oil (Medium-Chain Triglyceride), which in many cases is coconut oil. These sublingual products usually come in a small bottle. Just squirt or spray it under your tongue and let it absorb through the thin tissue of the mouth. Pros: Doesn't hurt lungs like inhaling cannabis. Easy to control dosage for a very low dose. Mild taste. Preferred method for children. Cons: Can be expensive for people who require a high dosage of cannabinoids. Takes effect faster than edibles, but still not as fast as inhalation. Dosage: Start with just a few drops and wait ten minutes. If you don't feel relief, try a few more drops. Eventually you'll figure out your ideal dosage—for most people, it's between half a dropper and a couple of droppers at a time.

MEDICAL MARIJUANA TOPICALS

How it works: Medical cannabis tinctures are a great way to medicate without any psychoactive effects. Salves, ointments, lotions, and sprays are great for arthritis, chapped skin, eczema, minor burns, muscle soreness, sunburns, swellings, joint pain, and tendonitis, to name just a few. Pros: Topicals don't get you "high" Addresses skin issues Localized pain relief Cons: Does not help cancer, PTSD, epilepsy, or glaucoma. Don't provide a euphoric feeling. Patients report some products simply don't work. Dosage: You're unlikely to cause any real harm with topicals, but do try to find ones that are aimed at your specific ailment. Use salves and ointments as much as you want as often as you want, keeping in mind that they can get greasy. If you experience skin irritation, discontinue use. Consult your doctor about using transdermal patches.

MEDICAL MARIJUANA EDIBLES

How it works: Once upon a time, edibles were limited to homemade brownies that tasted pretty awful and contained a mystery dose of THC. Nowadays you can find medicated cookies, popcorn, crackers, nut mixes, lollipops, ice cream, gummy bears, chocolate bars, chews, and many other kinds of food. The culinary science has evolved enough that most products are yummy—you can hardly tell they contain cannabis. Pros: Provides long-lasting relief. Good alternative for people averse to inhaling. You get to eat a delicious treat. Dosage can be very precise. Cons: Can take half an hour to several hours to kick in. Dosage can be difficult if the manufacturer. Must be locked up to avoid children and pets. Causes a different "high" than smoking. Dosage: Only use edibles under the supervision of a doctor. Dosages vary widely depending on your weight, metabolism, experience level, and other factors. Doctors we know have suggested starting with a small amount—2 mg or less—and waiting at least an hour before eating more.

SMOKING MEDICAL CANNABIS

How it works: Pack a small amount of dried (cured) cannabis flower into a pipe, water pipe (bong), or rolling paper (to create a "joint"). Then hold a flame to the cannabis flower until it combusts as you inhale the smoke from the mouthpiece or other end of the joint. Pros: Delivers instant relief Fairly easy to regulate dosage Inexpensive Minimally processed Multiple options Cons: Smoke may be harmful to lungs. Studies have reached contradictory conclusions about whether and to what extent cannabis may cause lung damage, but combustion of any substance makes it harder to breathe. In many cases, not a good option for anyone with pulmonary damage (lung cancer, emphysema) or asthma Will make you smell like cannabis smoke Dosage: Start small! Inhale lightly (i.e. "take a small hit."). There is no need to hold the smoke in your lungs...exhale. Wait a few minutes. If you don't feel the desired effect, or you want to feel a greater effect, take another hit.

VAPORIZING ``VAPING`` MEDICAL MARIJUANA

How it works: Preheat the vaporizer to the recommended temperature. Insert a small amount of dried (cured) cannabis flower or extract into a vaporizer. Press the button and inhale. The cannabis will be heated to a temperature below its combustion point, but still hot enough to release the medicinal compounds. Vaporizers are available in a wide array of shapes and sizes, from fancy home units to pocket-friendly pens Pros: Delivers instant relief Less harsh on lungs than smoking Doesn't make you smell as much as smoking Cons: Vaping units can be very expensive. Battery powered units must be recharged. Need time to warm up device. Dosage: Start small! Inhale lightly (i.e. "take a small hit."). There is no need to hold the smoke in your lungs...exhale. Wait a few minutes. If you don't feel the desired effect, or you want to feel a greater effect, take another hit.

INGESTING FRESH MEDICAL CANNABIS

How it works: Raw cannabis has developed quite a following. Patients claim that the raw plant has medicinal properties that are lost when the plant is dried or heated. You ingest the raw leaves and buds straight from the plant, usually by mixing them into a juice or smoothie. Pros: Raw cannabis is packed with THC-A, the acid form of THC, which is not psychoactive. Some patients and doctors believe THC-A has unique medicinal properties. Some patients whose chronic diseases never responded to other treatment (including dried cannabis) say that juicing raw marijuana has been their miracle cure. Cons: Requires large amounts of fresh cannabis. Has an unpleasant vegetal taste. Studies have not confirmed results. Dosage: Dr. William Courtney, the leading advocate of juicing, recommends ingesting fifteen leaves and one or two big buds (2-4″) daily.

MEDICAL MARIJUANA SUPPOSITORIES

How it works: You insert a small cone-shaped mass of cannabis extract into the rectum, where it absorbs through the colon. This method is somewhat controversial and rather less dignified than other ways to medicate, but some patients swear by it. Put on protective gloves, lie on your side, and insert the suppository about 1.5 inches. Squeeze your sphincter muscles and stay in place for at least a few minutes. When you're ready, get up, throw away the gloves, and thoroughly wash your hands. There are also companies who make pre-made ratios of medicine for rectal use - 1 mg non-injectable syringes Pros: Great alternative to edibles. Kicks in quickly and lasts long Most Efficient way to digest. Cons: Difficult and embarrassing to administer. Must be refrigerated. Difficult to apply. Dosage: Most suppositories come in two sizes: 2g for adults and 1g for children. They can be cut in half for smaller doses.

MEDICAL MARIJUANA BEVERAGES

How it works: Your local dispensary probably sells bottles of cannabis-infused teas, juices, smoothies, and sodas. You can also make your own cannabis tea by steeping a bud, piece of wax, or tincture in hot water. Adding a bag of your favorite tea can improve its flavor. Pros: Provides long-lasting relief. Alternative for people averse to inhaling their medicine. Give a specific feeling, such as stress relief or energy. Cons: Takes 30min-2hours to kick in. Dosage can be difficult. Causes a different "high" than smoking. Dosage: Consult with your doctor before drinking marijuana beverages. Start with one small sip & wait an hour before deciding whether or not to drink more.

Cannabis ruderalis

However, it isn't widely used because it usually doesn't produce any potent effects. Origin: Ruderalis plants adapt to extreme environments, such as Eastern Europe, Himalayan regions of India, Siberia, and Russia. These plants grow quickly, which is ideal for the cold, low-sunlight environments of these places. Plant description: These small, bushy plants rarely grow taller than 12 inches, but they grow rapidly. One can go from seed to harvest in little more than a month. Typical CBD to THC ratio: This strain typically has little THC and higher amounts of CBD, but it may not be enough to produce any effects. Commonly associated effects of use: Because of its low potency, ruderalis isn't routinely used for medicinal or recreational purposes. Daytime or nighttime use: This cannabis plant produces very few effects, so it can be used at any time.

OG Kush history

Hybrid THC-18% OG "Ocean Grown" [Northern California strain x Hindu Kush] OG Kush was first cultivated in Florida, in the early '90s when a strain from Northern California was crossed with a Hindu Kush plant from Amsterdam. The result was a hybrid with a unique terpene profile. The genetic backbone of West Coast cannabis varieties, OG Kush arrived in Los Angeles in 1996 when Matt "Bubba" Berger brought it (along with "The Bubba," which was later used to create the famed Bubba Kush) from Florida to legendary cultivator Josh D. Since then, OG Kush has become a worldwide staple used to create numerous famous strains like GSC and Headband. There are many different phenotypes of OG Kush, including Tahoe OG, SFV OG, and Ghost OG.

Decarboxylation

Is a process by which THCA, present in the raw form of cannabis, is slightly heated and changed into the intoxicating THC. For people who don't want to actually smoke the cannabis plant but want to active the THC / CBD from THCA / CBDA they can place in the oven at about 240 degrees for about 30 to 40 minutes to decarb. Once it's done the active cannabis can be used for edibles, oils, etc. This will allow to active the cannabinoids and persevere the terpenes

Agonist

It is a chemical that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological response. The agonist causes an action.

Industrial hemp

It's a strain of cannabis sativa the male non flowering species. It has low THC content with 0.3% or less Grown about 10,000 years ago

Marijuana vs Cannabis general reference

Marijuana is usually referring to the dried flower and buds portion of the cannabis plant Cannabis is usually referring to the entire plant as a whole in its raw form. It's in the plant family "Cannabaceae"

Standard intoxication range

No high Smoke: High CBD products (24:1 or 16:1 CBD) Edibles: High CBD products (24:1 or 16:1 CBD) Mild high Smoke: Less than 10% THC Edibles: Less than 2mg THC Moderate high Smoke: Between 10% and 20% THC Edibles: Between 2mg and 10mg Severe high Smoke: More than 20% THC Edibles: More than 10mg

Cannabis indica

Origin: Cannabis indica is native to Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, and Turkey. The plants have adapted to the often harsh, dry, and turbulent climate of the Hindu Kush mountains. "Short busy plant" Plant description: Indica plants are short and stocky with bushy greenery and chunky leaves that grow wide and broad. They grow faster than sativa, and each plant produces more buds. Typical CBD to THC ratio: Indica strains often have higher levels of CBD and less THC. Commonly associated effects of use: Indica is sought after for its intensely relaxing effects. It may also reduce nausea and pain and increase appetite. Daytime or nighttime use: Because of its deep relaxation effects, indica is better consumed at night. Known as "marijuana" it's the female flower form. Has high levels of CBN. It causes your body to be put in a deep relaxation. This is the intoxicating affect the law enforcement and people are concerned about

Cannabis sativa

Origin: Cannabis sativa is found primarily in hot, dry climates with long sunny days. These include Africa, Central America, Southeast Asia, and western portions of Asia. "Tall thin plant" Plant description: Sativa plants are tall and thin with finger-like leaves. They can grow taller than 12 feet, and they take longer to mature than some other types of cannabis. Typical CBD to THC ratio: Sativa often has lower doses of CBD and higher doses of THC. Commonly associated effects of use: Sativa often produces a "mind high," or an energizing, anxiety-reducing effect. If you use sativa-dominant strains, you may feel productive and creative, not relaxed and lethargic. Daytime or nighttime use: Because of its stimulating impact, you can use sativa in the daytime.

Hybrids

Origin: Hybrids are typically grown on farms or greenhouses from a combination of sativa and indica strains. Plant description: The appearance of hybrid strains depends on the combination of the parent plants. Typical CBD to THC ratio: Many hybrid cannabis plants are grown in order to increase the THC percentage, but each type has a unique ratio of the two cannabinoids. Commonly associated effects of use: Farmers and producers select hybrids for their unique impacts. They can range from reducing anxiety and stress to easing symptoms of chemotherapy or radiation. Daytime or nighttime use: This depends on the predominant effects of the hybrid. Popular strains: Hybrids are typically classified as indica-dominant (or indica-dom), sativa-dominant (sativa-dom), or balanced.

Laboratory testing

Provides quality medical assurance for medical cannabis Test for cannabinoid/ terpenoid profile "Strain profile" Cannabinoid Terpenoids Terpenes Laboratory testing is important Test for: Contaminants: -pesticide analysis -microbial screening -residual solvent analysis -heavy metals -pest and other foreign matter

Medicinal-grade cannabis

Should be: Clean, seedless, trimmed, dried & cured storage female flowers. No dirt, mold, debris, seeds should be present.

Strain fingerprint

Shows the average concentrations of twelve of the most relevant cannabinoids and terpenoids found in the cannabis strains. Values and graphics are produced using cluster analysis of samples tested at Steep Hill, resulting in a composite average chemical makeup and unique strain-identifying iconography. Ranges take into account standard deviation to provide the most accurate models possible.

Medications that cannabis interact with:

So far it's been found that cannabis possibly interacts with Warfin and some opioids. Warfin- It enhances the potency of the drug therefore increases Warfin levels. Opioids- It also enhances the potency of some opioids therefore increasing there effects. This has non-life threatening interactions. Actually when managed correctly this could be a good thing for pain management patients. It can help them be able to us lower doses or less opioids. Statin cholesterol medications (especially at maximum dosages) Erythromycin Azole antifungals Stimulants (works well for some, can increase paranoia and psychiatric side effects in others) Anticholinergic drugs can worsen the adverse psychoactive effects (Examples: Benadryl, Dramamine, Spiriva, Atrovent, Wellbutrin, Cogentin, and others.) Refer to Medscape app for interactions

What about endocannabinoid deficiency?

Some experts believe in a theory known as clinical endocannabinoid deficiency (CECD). This theory suggests that low endocannabinoid levels in your body or ECS dysfunction can contribute to the development of certain conditions. A 2016 article reviewing over 10 years of research on the subject suggests the theory could explain why some people develop migraine, fibromyalgia, and irritable bowel syndrome.

Potential harmful substances on Cannabis

Some people pour Coca-Cola on cannabis to increase the weight. When the Coca-Cola dries the sugar attaches to the plant. Aspergillus is a pathogenic mold that can make patients ill and possibly kill immunocompromised patients. It can cause respiratory infections. There is possibly other molds that can contaminate the plant cause respiratory infections

Terpenes

Terpenes are another naturally occurring compound in the cannabis plant. The terpenes present directly affect the plant's smell. They may also influence the effects produced by specific strains. Terpenes are fragrant oils that give cannabis its aromatic diversity. These oils are secreted in the flower's sticky resin glands. Terpenes are by no means unique to cannabis; they can be found in many other herbs, fruits, and plants as well. Like cannabinoids, terpenes bind to receptors in the brain and give rise to various effects. Lab-tested products are the only surefire way of knowing a strain's terpene potency - without it, you'll have to rely on your nose to guide you. Lastly, when choosing your method of ingestion, keep in mind that the beneficial qualities of terpenes can be seriously damaged if heated past their boiling point. It is best to try a 'low-heat' device such as a Vaporizer pen or an adjustable eNail to extract the full benefit and flavor of your terpenes. Terpenes are common constituents of flavorings and fragrances. Terpenes, unlike cannabinoids, are responsible for the aroma of cannabis. The FDA and other agencies have generally recognized terpenes as "safe." Terpenes act on receptors and neurotransmitters; they are prone to combine with or dissolve in lipids or fats; they act as serotonin uptake inhibitors (similar to antidepressants like Prozac); they enhance norepinephrine activity (similar to tricyclic antidepressants like Elavil); they increase dopamine activity; and they augment GABA (the "downer" neurotransmitter that counters glutamate, the "upper"). The main difference between terpenes and terpenoids is that terpenes are hydrocarbons (meaning the only elements present are carbon and hydrogen); whereas, terpenoids have been denatured by oxidation (drying and curing the flowers) or chemically modified. Types: Bisabolol. With notes of chamomile and tea tree oil, the terpene bisabolol is thought to reduce inflammation and irritation. It may also have microbial and pain-reducing effects. Beta-Caryophyllene. The peppery, spicy molecule may reduce anxiety, ease symptoms of depression, improve ulcers, and anti-inflammatory. Found also in basil, black pepper, and hops. *Hops are the flowers of the hop plant Humulus lupulus, a member of the Cannabaceae family of flowering plants. They are used primarily as a bittering, flavouring, and stability agent in beer, to which, in addition to bitterness, they impart floral, fruity, or citrus flavours and aromas Linalool. A floral sweet smelling bouquet. It is said to help improve relaxation and boost mood with its floral notes. Helps with stress, depression, anxiety. Found also in lavender. Myrcene. The most common terpene, this earthy, herbal molecule may help reduce pain, inflammation, anxiety and insomnia so you can sleep better. It has sedative properties. Found also in cloves, citrus, lemongrass, and mango. *It is said that eating a mango before using cannabis can extend your high* Ocimene. This terpene produces notes of basil, mango, and parsley. Its primary effects may include easing congestion and warding off viruses and bacteria. Pinene. As the name suggests, this terpene produces an intense pine aroma. It may help boost memory, reduce pain, alertness, and ease some of the not-so-pleasant symptoms of THC, such as nausea and coordination problems. Found also in pine needles, orange peels, and rosemary. Terpinolene. Cannabis with this compound may smell like apples, cumin, and conifers. It may have sedative, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. Limonene. Bright, zippy citrus notes come from this terpene. It's said to improve/elevate mood, reduce stress, energizing, help with anxiety, and depression. Found also in peppermint, citrus, and juniper. Humulene. This terpene is deeply earthy and woody, like hops or cloves. Cannabis strains with this molecule may reduce inflammation. Eucalyptol. With notes of eucalyptus and tea tree oil, this molecule is refreshing and invigorating. It may also reduce inflammation and fight bacteria

How does THC interact with the ECS?

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is one of the main cannabinoids found in cannabis. It's the compound that gets you "high." Once in your body, THC interacts with your ECS by binding to receptors, just like endocannabinoids. It's powerful partly because it can bind to both CB1 and CB2 receptors. ECS regulates levels of two major brain neurotransmitters GABA (inhibitory) and glutamate (excitatory). THC in cannabis suppresses both neurotransmitters, which can lead to changes in sensory experiences (GABA suppressed) and relaxation (glutamate suppression). Glial cells are also impacted by cannabis, with implications around memory storage, recall, and forgetting (may help with extinguishing painful memories, old habits, making way for the new to emerge). Helpful in PTSD

ECS functions

The ECS is complicated, and experts haven't yet determined exactly how it works or all of its potential functions. Research has linked the ECS to the following processes: appetite and digestion metabolism chronic pain inflammation and other immune system responses mood learning and memory motor control sleep cardiovascular system function muscle formation bone remodeling and growth liver function reproductive system function stress skin and nerve function These functions all contribute to homeostasis ECS regulates levels of two major brain neurotransmitters GABA (inhibitory) and Glutamate (excitatory).

Chemovar

The chemical variety and is more accurate than the term "strain". It is a more technical term for the variety of compounds that cannabis can produce. It's usually grouped into 3-4 categories: -Indica, Sativa, Hybrid, CBD-dominant

Cannabis plant female vs. male

The female plant is the one that is typically grown and farmed not the male plant. Female plants usually produce flowers with high percentage of cannabinoid contents. These are the more important chemicals that people are looking for in regards to medicinal or recreational use Males plants usually don't have what cannabinoids or adequate amounts that people are looking for. The buds and flowers are what's grown and harvested for consumption of the chemicals

Terpenoids

The main difference between terpenes and terpenoids is that terpenes are hydrocarbons (meaning the only elements present are carbon and hydrogen); whereas, terpenoids have been denatured by oxidation (drying and curing the flowers) or chemically modified.

How does CBD interact with the ECS?

The other major cannabinoid found in cannabis is cannabidiol (CBD). Unlike THC, CBD doesn't make you "high" and typically doesn't cause any negative effects. Experts aren't completely sure how CBD interacts with the ECS. But they do know that it doesn't bind to CB1 or CB2 receptors the way THC does. Instead, many believe it works by preventing endocannabinoids from being broken down. This allows them to have more of an effect on your body. Others believe that CBD binds to a receptor that hasn't been discovered yet.

Hemp

The term "hemp" is used to mean cannabis that contains 0.3 percent or less THC content by dry weight. Hemp is a specific variety of C. sativa.

Cannabis chemical compound overview

There are over 500 chemical compounds that can individually be isolated within the cannabis plant. All these compounds can basically be broken down to cannabinoids and non-cannabinoids. There are over 100 different Terpenes discovered. All these non-cannabinoids work synergistically with all the other chemicals in the cannabis plant creating the "Entourage Effect". There are over 120 different cannabinoids that have been discovered in the cannabis plant. Cannabinoids: THC, CBD, CBN, CGB, THCA, CBDA, etc. Non-Cannabinoids: Tricomes <are the hair-like structures of the plant that release resin that produces terpenes and flavonoids> Terpenes<fragrance and flavor over 100 different ones have been detected> Flavonoids <coloration> Terpenoids <has some similarities to Terpenes but these have been denatured drying or chemical modifications>

Endocannabinoid receptors

These receptors are found throughout your body. Endocannabinoids bind to them in order to signal that the ECS needs to take action. There are two main endocannabinoid receptors: CB1 receptors, which are mostly found in the central nervous system CB2 receptors, which are mostly found in your peripheral nervous system, especially immune cells

Cannabinoids

They can be: Endogenous - created by the human body (all mammals) {AEA and 2 AG} Exogenous - as known as (Exocannabinoids) are created outside the human body from other sources. They are produced externally and seem to be capable of activating the ECS to a greater extent. The exogenous cannabinoids that are commonly found in cannabis are called phytocannabinoids (phyto- meaning coming from a plant). Phytocannabinoids - created by plants mainly cannabis (THC, CBD, etc.). While phytocannabinoids can be found in hundreds of different plant species, they are present in the highest concentration in the cannabis plant. Though THC and CBD are the most well-known ones, there are over 100 phytocannabinoids, including CBN, CBG and CBC

Anandamide (ANA) (N‐arachidonoyl‐ethanolamine) {AEA}

This is a physiological ligands that the body produces for the endocannabinoid receptors, and they create similar effects to cannabis in the body. Released from post synaptic neurons and act at CB1 and CB2 receptors on presynaptic axon terminals. Commonly refer to as the "bliss molecule" is responsible for runners high and the blissful states that come from yoga, mediation and physical exercises.

2- AG (2‐arachidonoyl‐glycerol)

This is a physiological ligands that the body produces for the endocannabinoid receptors, and they create similar effects to cannabis in the body. Released from post synaptic neurons and act at CB1 and CB2 receptors on presynaptic axon terminals. This is the most prevalent and is responsible for managing appetite, pain response, and immune system functions.

Trichomes

Trichomes are the glandular and non-glandular "hairs" found on the surface of plants and are responsible for producing the cannabis plant's cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavoniods. These are the tiny hairs that cover your cannabis, giving it a crystal-like sheen and sticky feel. The "resin producing glands" Clear trichomes "immature with mostly precursor cannabinoids" Cloudy trichomes "at their peak with fully realized THC" Amber trichomes "past their peak with degrading THC"

Vitamin E Acetate

Vitamin E acetate as a common component in many of the marijuana vaping products and oils that have hospitalized thousands with vaping-related illness and injury (EVALI), even resulting in death in some cases. Vitamin E acetate doesn't necessarily cause harm when ingested as a supplement or applied to the skin via a cream, but studies have shown it can cause harm when inhaled. This has killed more people than cannabis α-Tocopheryl acetate, also known as vitamin E acetate, is a synthetic form of vitamin E. It is the ester of acetic acid and α-tocopherol.

Can cannabis "go bad/expire"

Yes because ideally it is a all-natural product. It's recommended that you follow the instructions provided on the packing for safe storage to increase your chances of persevered cannabis. Typically flower is best stored in airtight jars with humidifier packets to keep it fresh. Concentrates and certain types of heat-sensitive edibles (like gummies) should be stored in cooler places where it is less likely to melt. Vaporizer cartridges should usually be stored upright.

Metabolic peaks of THC after oral ingestion

ΔTHC (Peak levels found 1 to 2 hours after ingestion. Some factors could influence this to slow it down or speed it up) 11-OH-THC (11-hydroxy-THC) (Peak levels found 1 to 2 hours after ingestion. Metabolized very quickly from Δ9-THC) *It is the main active metabolite of THC. This is done through gastric degradation and first pass metabolism {GI tract -> portal vein -> liver}. THC is rapidly oxidized to its active metabolite. THCCOOCH (11-nor-9-carboxy-THC) (Peak levels found 3.5 to 10 hours after ingestion. Wide range of peaks due to a huge amount of factors and metabolism variability from person to person) *Its the main secondary metabolite of THC Levels then slowly decrease as it is conjugated and excreted from the body

Metabolic peaks of THC after inhalation

ΔTHC (Peak levels found between 3 to 10 minutes after inhalation. Very fast absorption) 11-OH-THC (Peak levels found 15 minutes after inhalation. Conversion of Δ9-THC to 11-OH-THC happens very quickly in the liver) THCCOOCH (Peak levels found 81 minutes after inhalation) Levels then rapidly decrease as it is conjugated and excreted from the body