Cap 10
Which of the following is not true? a. Nonheme iron is absorbed better than heme iron. b. About 60% of iron in animal tissues is in the heme form. c. Nonheme iron is found in both animal and plant foods. d. Vitamin C can help iron absorption. e. All statements are true.
a. Nonheme iron is absorbed better than heme iron.
Which following statement is correct? a. Vitamin losses through sweat are minimal. b. Vitamins are inorganic compounds required in small amounts. c. Vitamins can be synthesized in the body. d. Phosphate is a trace element. e. Vitamin A is a water-soluble vitamin.
a. Vitamin losses through sweat are minimal.
A free radical is an atom or molecule that possesses at least one unpaired electron in its outer orbit. a. true b. false
a. true
If energy intake matches the energy requirement and an athlete consumes a reasonably balanced diet, he or she will get all the vitamins necessary from food without any need for supplements. a. true b. false
a. true
Magnesium deficiency in both humans and animals is associated with neuromuscular abnormalities, including muscle weakness, cramps, and structural damage of muscle fibers and organelles. a. true b. false
a. true
Major food sources of vitamin B12 are meat, liver, and milk, so vegetarian athletes are at risk for vitamin B12 deficiency. a. true b. false
a. true
Most vitamins were first recognized by the deficiency symptoms and illnesses that arose when their intake was inadequate. a. true b. false
a. true
Phosphorus is also found as a component of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and phospholipids, which form the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. a. true b. false
a. true
Rich sources of polyphenols include tea, wine (particularly red wine), fruits, and vegetables. a. true b. false
a. true
Sports anemia refers to the observation that training causes a transient fall in hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit because of the increase in plasma volume. a. true b. false
a. true
The view that reactive oxygen species are a by-product of metabolism and have only a deleterious effect on muscle function is an old view that has now been adjusted. a. true b. false
a. true
When calcium levels in the blood are low, parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates the release of calcium from the bone, causing demineralization of the bone. a. true b. false
a. true
Which of the following will help iron absorption? a. vitamin C b. alcohol c. caffeine d. a and b e. a and c
a. vitamin C
Which of the following statements is correct? a. Vitamin C losses through sweat can be substantial. b. Sodium losses through sweat can be substantial. c. Vitamin K is water soluble. d. Vitamin D losses through sweat can be substantial. e. Vitamin A is a water-soluble vitamin
b. Sodium losses through sweat can be substantial.
Which of the following is not true? a. Vitamin and mineral supplementation is not necessary for athletes consuming a normal varied and balanced diet. b. Vitamin C supplementation is necessary for all athletes. c. Excess water-soluble vitamins are excreted in the urine and are therefore generally less toxic than megadoses of fat-soluble vitamins. d. Prolonged high intakes of vitamin C can result in diarrhea, nausea, and stomach cramps. e. A daily multivitamin and mineral supplement is advisable for athletes on a restricted dietary intake.
b. Vitamin C supplementation is necessary for all athletes.
Blood concentrations give an accurate picture of adequacy of all mineral and trace elements. a. true b. false
b. false
Chromium supplementation leads to an increase in lean body mass. a. true b. false
b. false
Dietary records give an accurate picture of adequacy of all mineral and trace elements. a. true b. false
b. false
During heavy exercise, vitamins are lost in sweat, and if high sweat rates are maintained for prolonged periods, vitamin requirements may increase significantly. a. true b. false
b. false
Free radical reactive oxygen species (ROS) are released after damaging exercise and interfere with the repair process. a. true b. false
b. false
High doses of antioxidants can stimulate training adaptations. a. true b. false
b. false
Only fat-soluble vitamins like vitamin A have antioxidant properties. a. true b. false
b. false
Radical species are highly reactive and directly target lipid membrane structures by lipid oxidation, causing membrane stability and decreased permeability. a. true b. false
b. false
Twenty-three different compounds are now considered vitamins. a. true b. false
b. false
A deficiency of the micronutrient _________ is associated with anemia a. iodine b. iron c. vitamin D d. biotin e. vitamin K
b. iron
Select the most correct answer. The concentration of sodium (in mmol/L) in the sweat excreted onto the skin is ________ the concentration in blood. a. higher than b. lower than c. the same as d. roughly twice e. similar to
b. lower than
Which of the following is not true? a. Low intakes of vitamins A and D are likely attributable to the restriction of dietary fat intake in weight-conscious athletes. b. Athletes who are attempting to maintain a low body weight by restricting their total energy intake are most at risk for inadequate intake of vitamins. c. The seven microminerals are potassium, sodium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and sulfur. d. Some minerals (e.g., calcium and phosphorus) are the building blocks for body tissues, including bones and teeth.
c. The seven microminerals are potassium, sodium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and sulfur.
Which of the following is true? a. Iron supplementation is necessary for all endurance athletes. b. Vitamin C supplementation is necessary for all strength athletes. c. Vitamin A is stored in adipose tissue. d. Vitamin C is stored in adipose tissue. e. Iron is stored in adipose tissue.
c. Vitamin A is stored in adipose tissue.
Which of the following may result from excessive intake of vitamin A? a. oxalate stones b. cardiovascular disease c. liver damage d. hypercalcemia e. kidney damage
c. liver damage
Which of the following micronutrients have an antioxidant function? a. thiamin, vitamin C, vitamin E, iron b. sodium, vitamin B6, vitamin E, zinc c. vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, iron, zinc d. niacin, vitamin D, copper, magnesium e. riboflavin, vitamin A, zinc, potassium
c. vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, iron, zinc
A deficiency of the micronutrient _________ is associated with weakening of bones. a. iodine b. iron c. vitamin D d. biotin e. vitamin K
c. vitamin D
Which vitamin has been shown to provide some protection against lipid peroxidation? a. thiamin b. vitamin D c. riboflavin c. vitamin D e. vitamin C
c. vitamin D
What is the concentration of sodium (in mmol/L) in the extracellular fluid of a normal healthy person? a. 4 b. 80 c. 104 d. 145 e. 290
d. 145
Which of the following is not true? a. Iron is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes. b. Iron is essential for both oxygen transport and utilization. c. About one-fourth (1,000 mg) of the total-body iron content in adult males is in storage. d. Because iron stores are quite large, female and adolescent athletes need no regular supply of dietary iron. e. Anemia will reduce VO2max.
d. Because iron stores are quite large, female and adolescent athletes need no regular supply of dietary iron.
Which of the following is not true? Enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants prevent oxidation initiated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) by a. preventing ROS formation b. intercepting ROS attack by scavenging the reactive metabolites and converting them to less-reactive molecules c. binding metal ion catalysts, such as copper and iron, to prevent initiation of free-radical reactions d. digesting peroxyl and alkoyl species and presenting it to the representative T-cell e. providing a favorable environment for the effective functioning of other antioxidants
d. digesting peroxyl and alkoyl species and presenting it to the representative T-cell
Sodium and chloride are found in ________ concentration in the extracellular fluid, and potassium is found in ________ concentration inside cells. a. lower; lower b. lower; higher c. higher; lower d. higher; higher e. lower; similar
d. higher; higher
Low stores of body iron in elite athletes are best detected by measuring a. hemoglobin b. hematocrit c. red blood cell count d. serum ferritin e. myoglobin
d. serum ferritin
Which of the following is not true? a. Iron deficiency is the most widespread micronutrient deficiency in the world. b. The incidence of iron deficiency is similar among athletes and the general population. c. The body adapts to endurance training by increasing the red blood cell mass as well as the myoglobin content of skeletal muscle. d. Altitude exposure causes an additional increase in the production of red blood cells. e. Despite increased production of red blood cells with endurance training (and altitude training), the dietary requirement for iron remains the same.
e. Despite increased production of red blood cells with endurance training (and altitude training), the dietary requirement for iron remains the same.
Which of the following is not associated with increased risk of early osteoporosis? a. insufficient calcium intake b. absence of menstruation (amenorrhea) c. low levels of body fat d. low energy intake e. chronically high plasma estrogen levels
e. chronically high plasma estrogen levels
Which of the following is not an antioxidant nutrient? a. vitamin C b. carotenoids c. flavonoids d. polyphenols e. riboflavin
e. riboflavin
Anemia is not likely to be caused by a deficiency of a. iron b. folic acid c. vitamin B12 d. vitamin C e. vitamin D
e. vitamin D