Capter 3 Protocols and Models

Network Access Layer Address Resolution ARP

ARP - Address Resolution Protocol. Provides dynamic address mapping between an IPv4 address and a hardware address. Note: You may see other documentation state that ARP operates at the Internet Layer (OSI Layer 3). However, in this course we state that ARP operates at the Network Access layer (OSI Layer 2) because it's primary purpose is the discover the MAC address of the destination. A MAC address is a Layer 2 address.

Internet Layer Routing Protocols BGP

BGP - Border Gateway Protocol. An open standard exterior gateway routing protocol used between Internet Service Providers (ISPs). BGP is also commonly used between ISPs and their large private clients to exchange routing information.

Increases speed

Because a large data stream is segmented into packets, large amounts of data can be sent over the network without tying up a communications link. This allows many different conversations to be interleaved on the network called multiplexing.

What type of communication will send a message to all devices on a local area network?

Broadcast Broadcast communication is a one-to-all communication. A unicast communication is a one-to-one communication. Multicast is a one-to-many communication where the message is delivered to a specific group of hosts. Allcast is not a standard term to describe message delivery.

Application Layer Host Config DHCPv4

DHCPv4 - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv4. A DHCPv4 server dynamically assigns IPv4 addressing information to DHCPv4 clients at start-up and allows the addresses to be re-used when no longer needed.

Application Layer Host Config DHCPv6

DHCPv6 - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6. DHCPv6 is similar to DHCPv4. A DHCPv6 server dynamically assigns IPv6 addressing information to DHCPv6 clients at start-up.

Which two protocols are service discovery protocols?

DNS DHCP Service discovery protocols, such as DNS and DHCP enable automatic detection of service. DHCP is used to discover services for automatic IP address allocation and DNS for name-to-IP address resolution services.

Application Layer Name System DNS

DNS - Domain Name System. Translates domain names such as cisco.com, into IP addresses.

Internet Layer Routing Protocols EIGRP

EIGRP - EIGRP - Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol. An open standard routing protocol developed by Cisco that uses a composite metric based on bandwidth, delay, load and reliability.

traits approved interoperate

Eigenschaften genehmigt anerkannt zugelassen zusammenarbeiten

EIA

Electronic Industries Alliance - Organization is best known for its standards relating to electrical wiring, connectors, and the 19-inch racks used to mount networking equipment.

Network Access Layer Data Link Protocols Ethernet

Ethernet - Defines the rules for wiring and signaling standards of the network access layer.

Application Layer File Transfer FTP

FTP - File Transfer Protocol. Sets the rules that enable a user on one host to access and transfer files to and from another host over a network. FTP is a reliable, connection-oriented, and acknowledged file delivery protocol.

True or False? Data Link addresses are physical so they never change in the data link frame from source to destination

False Data link addresses change within the data link frame when the receiving device is not on the same network.

True or false? The right-most part of an IP address is used to identify the network that a device belongs to.

False It is the left-most portion of an IP address that identifies the network. The right-most portion is used to identify the specific device or interface.

Which three are components of message timing?

Flow control Access method Response timeout Flow control is the managing of the rate of transmission. Response timeout is how long to wait for responses. Access methods determine when someone can send a message. These are the three components of message timing.

Which step of the communication process is concerned with properly identifying the address of the sender and receiver?

Formating One of the first steps to sending a message is encoding. During the encoding process, information is converted from its original form into an acceptable form for transmission.

Application Layer Web and Web Service HTTP

HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol. A set of rules for exchanging text, graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files on the World Wide Web.

Application Layer Web and Web Service HTTPS

HTTPS - HTTP Secure. A secure form of HTTP that encrypts the data that is exchanged over the World Wide Web.

Response Timeout

Hosts on the network use network protocols that specify how long to wait for responses and what action to take if a response timeout occurs.

Which of the following are protocols that provide feedback from the destination host to the source host regarding errors in packet delivery?

ICMPv4 ICMPv6

Internet Layer Messaging ICMPv6

ICMPv6 - ICMP for IPv6. Similar functionality to ICMPv4 but is used for IPv6 packets.

Internet Layer Messaging ICMPv6 ND

ICMPv6 ND - ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery. Includes four protocol messages that are used for address resolution and duplicate address detection.

This standards organization is concerned with the Request for Comments (RFC) documents that specify new protocols and update existing ones.

IETF Internet Engineering Task Force

Application Layer Email IMAP

IMAP - Internet Message Access Protocol. Enables clients to access email stored on a mail server as well as maintaining email on the server.

A device receives a data link frame with data and processes and removes the Ethernet information. What information would be the next to be processed by the receiving device?

IP at the Internet Layer

Internet Layer Internet Protocol IPv6

IPv6 - IP version 6. Similar to IPv4 but uses a 128-bit address.

Increases efficiency

If a single segment is fails to reach its destination due to a failure in the network or network congestion, only that segment needs to be retransmitted instead of resending the entire data stream.

Multicast

Information is being transmitted to a one or more end devices.

Unicast

Information is being transmitted to a single end device.

Broadcast

Information is being transmitted to all end devices.

IEEE (I-triple-E)

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Organization of electrical engineering and electronics dedicated to advancing technological innovation and creating standards in a wide area of industries including power and energy, healthcare, telecommunications, and networking. Important IEEE networking standards include 802.3 Ethernet and 802.11 WLAN standard. Search the internet for other IEEE network standards.

ITU-T

International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector - One of the largest and oldest communication standards organizations. The ITU-T defines standards for video compression, Internet Protocol Television (IPTV), and broadband communications, such as a digital subscriber line (DSL).

Internet Layer Messaging ICMPv4

Internet Control Message Protocol for IPv4. Provides feedback from a destination host to a source host about errors in packet delivery.

Internet Layer Internet Protocol IPv4

Internet Protocol version 4. Receives message segments from the transport layer, packages messages into packets, and addresses packets for end-to-end delivery over a network. IPv4 uses a 32-bit address.

Access method

Likewise, when a device wants to transmit on a wireless LAN, it is necessary for the WLAN network interface card (NIC) to determine whether the wireless medium is available.

Which of the following statements are true regarding network layer and data link layer addresses?

MAC addresses are physical addresses and 48 bits or 12 hex digits in length. IPv4 addresses and IPv6 addresses are logical. IPv4 addresses are 32 bits and IPv6 addresses are 128 bits.

Internet Layer Internet Protocol NAT

NAT - Network Address Translation. Translates IPv4 addresses from a private network into globally unique public IPv4 addresses.

Internet Layer Routing Protocols OSPF

OSPF - Open Shortest Path First. Link-state routing protocol that uses a hierarchical design based on areas. OSPF is an open standard interior routing protocol.

Application Layer Email POP3

POP3 - Post Office Protocol version 3. Enables clients to retrieve email from a mail server and download the email to the client's local mail application.

Service Discovery Protocols

Protocols are used for the automatic detection of devices or services. Examples of service discovery protocols include Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) which discovers services for IP address allocation, and Domain Name System (DNS) which is used to perform name-to-IP address translation.

Routing Protocols

Protocols enable routers to exchange route information, compare path information, and then to select the best path to the destination network. Examples of routing protocols include Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Border Gateway Protocol (BGP).

Network Communications Protocols

Protocols enable two or more devices to communicate over one or more networks. The Ethernet family of technologies involves a variety of protocols such as IP, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), and many more.

What is the purpose of protocols in data communications?

Protocols provide rules that define how a message is transmitted across a network. Implementation requirements such as electronic and bandwidth details for data communication are specified by standards. Operating systems are not specified by protocols, but will implement protocols. Protocols determine how and when to send a message but they do not control the contents of a message.

Network Security Protocols

Protocols secure data to provide authentication, data integrity, and data encryption. Examples of secure protocols include Secure Shell (SSH), Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), and Transport Layer Security (TLS).

Application Layer Web and Web Service REST

REST - Representational State Transfer. A web service that uses application programming interfaces (APIs) and HTTP requests to create web applications.

BGP and OSPF are examples of which type of protocol? intended

Routing beabsichtigt

Which services are provided by the internet layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite?

Routing Protocols Internet Protocol Messaging

Application Layer File Transfer SFTP

SFTP - SSH File Transfer Protocol. As an extension to Secure Shell (SSH) protocol, SFTP can be used to establish a secure file transfer session in which the file transfer is encrypted. SSH is a method for secure remote login that is typically used for accessing the command line of a device.

Application Layer Host Config SLAAC

SLAAC - Stateless Address Autoconfiguration. A method that allows a device to obtain its IPv6 addressing information without using a DHCPv6 server.

Application Layer Email SMTP

SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. Enables clients to send email to a mail server and enables servers to send email to other servers.

What is the process of dividing a large data stream into smaller pieces prior to transmission?

Segmentation Segmentation is the process of dividing a large data stream into smaller pieces which are then transmitted to the receiver.

What is the purpose of the sequencing function in network communication?

Sequencing uniquely identifies or labels each transmitted segment with a sequence number that is used by the receiver to reassemble the segments in the proper order.

What are two benefits of using a layered network model?

Some vendors have developed their own reference models and protocols. Today, if a device is to communicate on the Internet, the device must use the TCP/IP model. The benefits of using a layered model are as follows: assists in protocol design fosters competition between vendors prevents a technology that functions at one layer from affecting any other layer provides a common language for describing network functionality helps in visualizing the interaction between each layer and protocols between each layer

What is used to determine the network portion of an IPv4 address?

Subnet mask

This protocol is responsible for guaranteeing the reliable delivery of information.

TCP

Transport layer Connection-Oriented TCP

TCP - Transmission Control Protocol. Enables reliable communication between processes running on separate hosts and provides reliable, acknowledged transmissions that confirm successful delivery.

If the transport header is ....... , then it is a segment. If the transport header is ......... then it is a datagram.

TCP, UDP

Application Layer File Transfer TFTP

TFTP - Trivial File Transfer Protocol. A simple, connectionless file transfer protocol with best-effort, unacknowledged file delivery. It uses less overhead than FTP.

TIA

Telecommunications Industry Association - Organization responsible for developing communication standards in a variety of areas including radio equipment, cellular towers, Voice over IP (VoIP) devices, satellite communications, and more.

Which layer of the OSI model defines services to segment and reassemble data for individual communications between end devices?

The OSI model consists of seven layers: application, presentation, session, transport, network, data link, and physical. The transport layer defines services to segment, transfer, and reassemble the data for individual communications between the end devices.

OSI Model Layer 7 - ApplicationI

The application layer contains protocols used for process-to-process communications.

What is the order of the two addresses in the data link frame?

The data link frame addressing consists of a destination and source MAC address in that order.

Which protocol stack layer encapsulates data into frames?

The data link layer encapsulates data into a frame.

OSI Model Layer 2 - Data Link

The data link layer protocols describe methods for exchanging data frames between devices over a common media

Which logical address is used for delivery of data to a remote network?

The destination IP address is used for end-to-end delivery of data to a remote network. The destination MAC address is used for delivery on a local network. The destination port number identifies the application that should process the data at the destination. Source addresses identify the sender of the data.

OSI Model Layer 3 - Network

The network layer provides services to exchange the individual pieces of data over the network between identified end devices.

OSI Model Layer 1 - Physical

The physical layer protocols describe the mechanical, electrical, functional, and procedural means to activate, maintain, and de-activate physical connections for a bit transmission to and from a network device.

OSI Model Layer 6 - Presentation

The presentation layer provides for common representation of the data transferred between application layer services.

OSI Model Layer 5 - Session

The session layer provides services to the presentation layer to organize its dialogue and to manage data exchange.

What is the PDU associated with the transport layer?

The transport layer PDU is known as a segment.

OSI Model Layer 4 - Transport

The transport layer defines services to segment, transfer, and reassemble the data for individual communications between the end devices.

Flow Control

This is the process of managing the rate of data transmission. Flow control defines how much information can be sent and the speed at which it can be delivered. In network communication, there are network protocols used by the source and destination devices to negotiate and manage the flow of information.

True or false. Standards organizations are usually vendor-neutral.

True

True or false? Frames exchanged between devices in different IP networks must be forwarded to a default gateway.

True When two devices are on different IP networks, frames cannot be sent directly to the receiver since it is on a different logical network. The frames must first be forwarded to a default gateway (router).

Transport layer Connectionless UDP

UDP - User Datagram Protocol. Enables a process running on one host to send packets to a process running on another host. However, UDP does not confirm successful datagram transmission.

Network Access Layer Data Link Protocols WLAN

WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network. Defines the rules for wireless signaling across the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz radio frequencies.

What types of standards are developed by the Electronics Industries Alliance (EIA)?

electric wiring and conectors

What is the process of converting information into the proper form for transmission?

encoding One of the first steps to sending a message is encoding. During the encoding process, information is converted from its original form into an acceptable form for transmission.

Which type of communication will send a message to a group of host destinations simultaneously?

multicast Multicast is a one-to-many communication where the message is delivered to a specific group of hosts. Broadcast communication is a one-to-all communication. A unicast communication is a one-to-one communication. Anycast is an IPv6 term and is the sending of data in a one-to-nearest communication.

In computer communication, what is the purpose of message encoding?

to convert information to the appropriate form for transsmision. Before a message is sent across a network it must first be encoded. Encoding is the process of converting the data message into another format suitable for transmission across the physical medium. Each bit of the message is encoded into a pattern of sounds, light waves, or electrical impulses depending on the network media over which the bits are transmitted. The destination host receives and decodes the signals in order to interpret the message.

to stipulate comprehensive

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