Cardiac Health Q's

A client is to take diltiazem (Cardizem) 360 mg/d PO in four divided doses. How many mg will the client take per dose? A. 120 mg B. 90 mg C. 60 mg D. 30 mg

B. 90 mg

While studying the antihypertensive drugs, the nursing students learn that the pressure in the cardiovascular system is regulated by various elements. What are they? Select all that apply A. Total peripheral resistance B. Preload C. Pulse pressure D. Stroke volume E. Heart rate

A. Total peripheral resistance D. Stroke volume E. Heart rate The pressure in the cardiovascular system is determined by three elements: heart rate, stroke volume, or the amount of blood that is pumped out of the ventricle with each heartbeat (primarily determined by the volume of blood in the system), and total peripheral resistance, or the resistance of the muscular arteries to the blood being pumped through. The preload and the pulse pressure are not factors that regulate pressure in the cardiovascular system.

Each of the following clients has been prescribed an antihypertensive medication. Which clients should be given information about minimizing the risk of falls? Select all the apply. A. A client who began initial treatment 2 days ago B. A client who exercises on a stationary bike 4 days a week C. A client who is currently having an adjustment made to medication dosage D. A client who sleeps with the head of the bed slightly elevated E. A client who prefers showering to taking baths

A. A client who began initial treatment 2 days ago C. A client who is currently having an adjustment made to medication dosage People sometimes feel dizzy or faint while taking antihypertensive medications. This usually means the blood pressure drops momentarily and is most likely to occur when starting a medication, increasing dosage, or standing up suddenly from a sitting or lying position. This can be prevented or decreased by moving to a standing position slowly, sleeping with the head of the bed elevated, wearing elastic stockings, exercising the legs, avoiding prolonged standing, and avoiding hot baths. If episodes still occur, clients should sit or lie down to avoid falls and possible injury.

A client who is taking an ACE inhibitor informs the nurse that she is considering having a child. What information should the nurse provide to the client related to this new information? A. ACE inhibitors are contraindicated during pregnancy because they are teratogenic. B. ACE inhibitors will exacerbate the fluid overload that commonly accompanies pregnancy. C. ACE inhibitor therapy can continue during pregnancy. D. Since ACE inhibitors cross the placenta, dosage during pregnancy should be reduced.

A. ACE inhibitors are contraindicated during pregnancy because they are teratogenic. It is important to instruct women of childbearing age to take measures to prevent pregnancy while taking captopril or other ACE inhibitors because the drugs are teratogenic. This therapy must be discontinued if pregnancy occurs.

The clinic nurse has been assigned to a 43-year-old client who is obese and loves to eat. The client has been diagnosed with hyperlipidemia and has been prescribed lovastatin. Which dietary instruction would be a priority for the nurse to discuss with the client? A. Avoid drinking grapefruit juice B. Decrease intake of plant stanols C. Increase intake of fatty acids D. Increase intake of milk and other dairy products

A. Avoid drinking grapefruit juice It is generally recommended that clients avoid grapefruit juice when taking lovastatin because it inhibits the action of CYP3A4, the isoenzyme that metabolizes lovastatin. Education regarding the need for adequate intake of milk and other dairy products along with plant stanols is important but would not be as critical as the grapefruit juice inhibiting the metabolism of the lovastatin

A staff nurse on a renal unit knows that most patients require treatment for hypertensive disease. What would the nurse expect to assess prior to the beginning of antihypertensive treatment? A. Baseline renal function B. A sustained increase in renal dysfunction C. A temporary increase in renal function D. A sustained decrease in renal function

A. Baseline renal function Antihypertensive drugs are frequently required by patients with renal impairment ranging from mild insufficiency to end-stage failure. It would be necessary to assess baseline renal function in these patients prior to beginning antihypertensive therapy.

What non-pharmacologic measures should the nurse include when educating a client about the management of metabolic syndrome? Select all that apply. A. Begin a low-fat diet. B. Begin a regular walking program. C. Ensure adequate sleep on a regular basis. D. Begin to increase intake of plant-sourced protein E. Conserve energy by limiting physical activity.

A. Begin a low-fat diet. B. Begin a regular walking program. Decreasing dietary fat intake and instituting regular aerobic exercise will decrease weight, increase cardiovascular health, and reduce risk factors of metabolic syndrome. Increased protein and adequate sleep do not address the risk factors for metabolic syndrome. Substituting animal for plant protein would be better, but the condition doesn't warrant you increasing your protein intake four any reason (like you don't lose protein)

The nurse would encourage clients with prehypertension to follow what type of diet? A. DASH diet B. Restricted-calorie diet C. High-protein diet D. High-sodium diet

A. DASH diet It is recommended that client with early or prehypertension should follow the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, which encourages the client to eat a diet abundant in fresh fruits and vegetables and low-fat dairy products. Most clients with hypertension are encouraged to eat food low in sodium. A restricted-calorie diet is only recommended if the client is overweight. A high-protein diet is not recommended because of the effect on the kidneys.

Elevated blood lipids are a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and vascular disorders. From where are blood lipids derived? A. Diet B. Exercise C. Kidneys D. Medications

A. Diet Blood lipids, which include cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides, are derived from the diet or synthesized by the liver and intestine. Medications, exercise, and the kidneys do not play a role in synthesis.

What cardiac risk factors are related to metabolic syndrome? (Select all that apply.) A. Elevated triglycerides B. Reduced high density lipoprotein cholesterol C. Central adiposity D. Postural hypotension

A. Elevated triglycerides B. Reduced high density lipoprotein cholesterol C. Central adiposity Metabolic syndrome is a group of cardiovascular risk factors that are linked with obesity and include elevated waist circumference (central adiposity), elevated triglycerides, reduced high density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertension, and elevated blood pressure.

The nurse has completed a comprehensive assessment of a new client. What assessment findings would support a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome? Select all that apply. A. Fasting blood glucose 7.2 mmol/L (121 mg/dL) B. Waist measurement 107 cm (42 in) C. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) 1.29 mmol/L (50 mg/dL) D. Resting heart rate 77 beats/min E. Blood pressure 148/93 mm Hg

A. Fasting blood glucose 7.2 mmol/L (121 mg/dL) B. Waist measurement 107 cm (42 in) C. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) 1.29 mmol/L (50 mg/dL) E. Blood pressure 148/93 mm Hg This client's waist circumference, blood pressure, HDL, and blood glucose levels are all significant for metabolic syndrome. Heart rate is not a component of the syndrome, and a resting heart rate of 77 beats/min is within norms for an adult.

The nurse is caring for a 42-year-old peri-menopausal client recently diagnosed with hypertension and prescribed benazepril. The client also takes over-the-counter ibuprofen for headaches. The nurse would provide which important points when educating the client on taking the new medication? Select all that apply. A. If swelling of the face, throat, or extremities occurs, hold the next dose and call the primary care provider immediately. B. Take the medication one hour before meals or two hours after meals to enhance absorption of antihypertensives. C. Taking ibuprofen can make the drug more potent and decrease your blood pressure more, so take acetaminophen instead. D. Use barrier contraceptives while taking benazepril to prevent pregnancy, as it may cause severe birth defects. E. A dry cough may develop when taking benazepril and it is not harmful, but if it is bothersome tell the primary care provider.

A. If swelling of the face, throat, or extremities occurs, hold the next dose and call the primary care provider immediately. D. Use barrier contraceptives while taking benazepril to prevent pregnancy, as it may cause severe birth defects. E. A dry cough may develop when taking benazepril and it is not harmful, but if it is bothersome tell the primary care provider. A reliable birth control method, such as barrier contraception, should be used by a peri-menopausal woman to prevent severe birth defects while taking the angiotensin converting inhibitor (ACEI). Before the woman received the prescription, a negative pregnancy test should have been performed. Only captopril and moexipril must be administered 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal to enhance absorption. Benazepril may be taken with or without food. The client beginning an ACEI needs to be taught about the symptoms of angioedema and to not take the next dose, but call the primary care provider (PCP) immediately for further instructions. If the client would have problems breathing, the PCP would instruct the client to call "911". The client taking ACEIs should not take NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen, because they decrease the effectiveness of the ACEI. A side effect of ACEIs is a dry cough, which if bothersome may be treated by the PCP with agents such as cromolyn or a local anesthetic.

A client is newly diagnosed with hypertension. When explaining this diagnosis, the nurse would include information that hypertension increases the person's risk for which conditions? Select all that apply. A. Kidney disease B. Liver disease C. Heart failure D. Stroke E. Blindness

A. Kidney disease C. Heart failure D. Stroke E. Blindness Nerve damage (optic neuropathy) The result of blocked blood flow that damages the optic nerve, it can kill nerve cells in your eyes, which may cause temporary or permanent vision loss.

The nurse is caring for a client with high serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. In teaching the client about therapeutic lifestyle changes and the use of medications, the nurse explains that the desired goal for cholesterol levels is what? A. Reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) values and increased HDL values B. Increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) values and increased triglyceride values C. Elevated blood lipids and fasting glucose less than 5.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) D. 1:1:1 ratio of LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol

A. Reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) values and increased HDL values The desired goal for cholesterol readings is for a client to have low LDL and high HDL values. Consequently, a 1:1:1 ratio of LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol would not be desirable. HDL serves as a protective mechanism to reduce cholesterol, so higher levels are desirable. Elevated blood lipids are never desirable, but control of blood sugar levels reduces CAD risk.

A nurse is caring for a client who has been diagnosed with hypertension. Which risks should be included in the teaching plan? A. Risk for heart attack B. Risk for diabetes C. Risk for stroke D. Risk for hypothyroidism E. Risk for gastroesophageal reflux disease F. Risk for kidney failure

A. Risk for heart attack C. Risk for stroke F. Risk for kidney failure Hypertension is a major risk factor for a heart attack, stroke, heart failure, and kidney failure. Hypertension can be controlled by appropriate management including a low sodium diet, exercise, and medications. Client education should focus on preventing the associated risks. Hypertension is not associated with increased risk for diabetes, hypothyroidism, or GERD. However, a client may have those diseases prior to having a diagnosis of hypertension.

The nurse is administering verapamil (calcium channel blocker) to a patient. What actions should the nurse taking when giving this medication? Select all that apply A. Take the patients blood pressure and HR before giving it B. Give the drug with grapefruit juice to help it absorb better C. Give the drug with a beta blocker to enhance the effects of it D. Teach the patient about lifestyle modifications that can help control HTN E. Withhold the medication and call the provider if the patient states they have a history of AV heart blocks F. Give the medication if the blood pressure is 120/80

A. Take the patients blood pressure and HR before giving it D. Teach the patient about lifestyle modifications that can help control HTN E. Withhold the medication and call the provider if the patient states they have a history of AV heart blocks F. Give the medication if the blood pressure is 120/80

When providing nutritional counseling for patients at risk for CAD, which foods would the nurse encourage patients to include in their diet (select all that apply)? A. Tofu B. Walnuts C. Tuna fish D. Whole milk E. Pork chops

A. Tofu B. Walnuts C. Tuna fish Tuna fish, tofu, and walnuts are all rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which have been shown to reduce the risks associated with CAD when consumed regularly.

A client has been prescribed metoprolol. The nurse should caution the client against abrupt cessation of treatment to avoid which undesired result? Select all that apply. A. myocardial infarction B. ventricular hyperplasia C. pulmonary hypertension D. type IV hypersensitivity reaction E. angina

A. myocardial infarction E. angina The FDA has issued a black box warning for beta-adrenergic blocking agents for clients with coronary artery disease. Withdrawing oral forms of the class may result in exacerbation of angina, increased incidence of ventricular arrhythmias, and the occurrence of myocardial infarctions. Withdrawal does not cause pulmonary hypertension, hypersensitivity, or ventricular hyperplasia.

An asthmatic client on a beta blocker should be observed for which adverse reaction? A. Hypoglycemia B. Bronchospasm C. Pleural effusion D. Pneumonia

B. Bronchospasm

The nurse provides client teaching related to medication and lifestyle changes the client can make to reduce serum lipid levels. One month later, the nurse evaluates the client teaching as having been effective based on what data? Select all that apply. A. Decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) B. Decreased total cholesterol level C. Decreased blood pressure D. Decreased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) E. Weight loss of 8 lb

B. Decreased total cholesterol level C. Decreased blood pressure D. Decreased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) E. Weight loss of 8 lb

The nurse has completed medication teaching for a client prescribed captopril. What client statements suggest that teaching has been successful? Select all that apply. A. "I like salt, so I use a salt substitute on my foods." B. "I crush my pills so I can swallow them more easily." C. "Eventually, I should be able to take one captopril a day at bedtime." D. "I take my blood pressure pill at least 2 hours after eating." E. "I'm careful to eat a banana and an orange every day."

B. "I crush my pills so I can swallow them more easily." D. "I take my blood pressure pill at least 2 hours after eating." Captopril should be taken 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals to enhance absorption and may be crushed to facilitate swallowing. It is generally prescribed for 2-3 doses a day. Taking captopril and other ACE inhibitors at the same time as potassium-containing salt substitutes or large amounts of high-potassium foods (e.g., bananas, oranges, and other fruit) increases the risk for hyperkalemia.

Which patient is at most at risk for developing coronary artery disease? A. 25 year old patient who exercises 3 times per week for 30 minutes a day and has a history of cervical cancer. B. A 70 year old male with a BMI of 35 and reports smoking 2 packs of cigarettes a day. C. A 45 year old female that reports her father died at the age of 42 from a myocardial infarction. D. A 29 year old that has controlled type I diabetes.

B. A 70 year old male with a BMI of 35 and reports smoking 2 packs of cigarettes a day.

The health care provider orders a lipid profile without triglycerides for the client. When the nurse phones the client, what would the nurse tell the client? A. Fast for 6 hours before the test. B. Fasting is not needed. C. Fast for 12 hours before the test. D. Fast for 4 hours before the test.

B. Fasting is not needed For accurate interpretation of a client's lipid profile, blood samples for laboratory testing of triglycerides should be drawn after the client has fasted for 12 hours. Fasting is not required for cholesterol testing. So if triglycerides were included, then fasting would have been necessary, but since it was just cholesterol (that's what's left of lipids after excluding TGs) then you don't need to fast.

A group of students are reviewing the various antihypertensive agents. The students demonstrate understanding of the information when they identify what as an example of an angiotensin II receptor blocker? A. Amlodipine B. Losartan C. Minoxidil D. Moexipril

B. Losartan Losartan is an example of an angiotensin II receptor blocker. Moexipril is an ACE inhibitor. Minoxidil is a vasodilator. Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker.

What should a client with newly diagnosed hypertension be counseled to do? Select all that apply. A. Decrease exercise B. Lose weight C. Reduce stress D. Increase sodium intake E. Stop smoking

B. Lose weight C. Reduce stress E. Stop smoking

A client, newly diagnosed with hypertension is started on captopril, an ACE inhibitor. The client should be informed of the possibility of what adverse effect? A. Sedation B. Persistent cough C. Hypokalemia D. Sweating

B. Persistent cough A persistent, nonproductive cough develops in approximately 10% to 20% of clients using ACE inhibitors and may lead to stopping the drug. Hyperkalemia can occur in some clients, such as those who have diabetes mellitus or renal impairment or who are taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, potassium supplements, or potassium-sparing diuretics.

The nurse is teaching the client how to reduce risk for coronary artery disease (CAD). What should the nurse recommend? Select all that apply. A. Eat a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet. B. Reduce stress levels whenever possible. C. Increase intake of food high in antioxidants. D. Manage hypertension. E. Lose weight.

B. Reduce stress levels whenever possible. D. Manage hypertension. E. Lose weight. Successful treatment in reducing risk for CAD involves reducing risk factors including: decreasing dietary fats (decreasing total fat intake and limiting saturated fats seems to have the most impact on serum lipid levels); losing weight, which helps to decrease insulin resistance and the development of type 2 diabetes; eliminating smoking; increasing exercise levels; decreasing stress; and treating hypertension, diabetes, and gout. Increased protein intake is not recommended; many high-protein foods are also high in fat, and there is no benefit to increased protein. Similarly, foods considered to be high in antioxidants are not of any proven benefit.

What should the nurse suggest to assist a client to improve his cholesterol levels? A. Diet high in polysaturated fats B. Smoking cessation C. Weight lifting D. Limit exercise to the weekends

B. Smoking cessation

A client with a blood pressure of 165/95 mm Hg would be classified in which stage of hypertension? A. Stage 1 B. Stage 2 C. Prehypertension D. Normotensive

B. Stage 2

A nurse is caring for a client who has been prescribed lovastatin to control blood lipid levels. While teaching the client about the medication, the nurse should caution against consuming large amounts of which? A. water B. grapefruit juice. C. high-fiber food. D. orange juice.

B. grapefruit juice. Consumption of large amounts of grapefruit juice during lovastatin therapy can increase serum drug levels. Consumption of water, high-fiber food, and orange juice does not increase serum drug levels.

The goal of therapy for a client taking antihypertensive medication is to maintain: A. homeostasis. B. the blood pressure within normal limits. C. A fluid volume balance. D. compliance.

B. the blood pressure within normal limits.

A nurse is providing medication teaching to a client prescribed captopril. Which statements should be included to describe potential adverse effects? Select all that apply. A. "Decreased heart rate warrants a call to the prescriber." B. "Your diabetes medication will interfere with the effectiveness of captopril." C. "A decrease of blood pressure is expected." D. "A persistent cough may develop." E. "You can be expected to urinate more frequently."

C. "A decrease of blood pressure is expected." D. "A persistent cough may develop." Captopril is an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor medication used to decrease the blood pressure. It is well tolerated and has a low incidence of serious adverse effects such as angioedema. A persistent cough can develop in a significant number of clients. The client should not stop taking their diabetes medication as captopril affects blood pressure and not blood glucose. The medication does not cause a decreased heart rate or increase urination.

A nurse is aware of the high incidence and prevalence of hyperlipidemia and the consequent need for antihyperlipidemics. Treatment of high cholesterol using statins would be contraindicated in which client? A. A resident of a long-term care facility whose Alzheimer disease is being treated with donepezil (Aricept) B. A 72-year-old man who has emphysema and a long history of cigarette smoking C. An obese male client who is a heavy alcohol user and who has cirrhosis of the liver D. A female client who had a laparoscopic cholecystectomy (gall bladder removal) earlier this year

C. An obese male client who is a heavy alcohol user and who has cirrhosis of the liver Active liver disease is a contraindication to the use of statins. As well, heavy alcohol use increases the risk of liver dysfunction. Respiratory disease, recent surgery, and organic cognitive deficits do not preclude the use of statins for high cholesterol.

A client has been diagnosed with primary hypertension. Which medications are used to treat primary hypertension? Select all that apply. A. Loop diuretics B. Beta adrenergic antagonists C. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors D. Thiazide diuretics E. Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)

C. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors D. Thiazide diuretics E. Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) Current guidelines support a thiazide diuretic being used as first-line therapy, either alone or with an ACE inhibitor, ARB, or calcium channel blocker (CCB). Loop diuretics and beta adrenergic antagonists are not considered first-line therapies and can be added later.

A client is taking atorvastatin calcium to reduce serum cholesterol. Which aspect of client teaching is most important? A. Decrease the dose if lethargy occurs. B. It is acceptable to eat saturated fats. C. Call the health care provider if muscle pain develops. D. Eat two eggs per day to increase protein stores.

C. Call the health care provider if muscle pain develops. Clients should be advised to notify their health care provider if unexplained muscle pain or tenderness occurs. The client should avoid saturated fats when taking statins but should not entirely eliminate fats from the diet. The client should not decrease the dose of statins without the health care provider's knowledge. The client should not increase the intake of eggs due to the increase in cholesterol.

What intervention may help the client increase HDL levels? A. Leg elevation B. Increased water consumption C. Exercise D. TED hose

C. Exercise

A 48-year-old client with a blood pressure of 198/112 mm Hg reports severe headache and drowsiness. The nurse notes that the client is disoriented and has begun to vomit. What is the primary nursing goal for this client experiencing a hypertensive emergency? A. Monitor the client's level of consciousness. B. Assess the level of head pain. C. Implement interventions to lower blood pressure. D. Administer antiemetic medication.

C. Implement interventions to lower blood pressure. Hypertensive emergencies require immediate blood pressure reduction with parenteral antihypertensive drugs to limit damage to target organs. While appropriate, none of the other options have priority over decreasing the blood pressure.

The client with a 10-year history of hypertension would like to know what effect the condition has on the heart. What is the nurse's best response? A. Decreased risk of thrombosis B. Arterial lumen dilation C. Myocardium hypertrophy D. Increased risk for hepatic damage

C. Myocardium hypertrophy Hypertension profoundly alters cardiovascular function by increasing the workload of the heart and causing thickening and sclerosis of arterial walls. The increased cardiac workload leads to myocardial hypertrophy as a compensatory mechanism, with eventual heart failure. Because of endothelial dysfunction and arterial changes (vascular remodeling), the arterial lumen narrows. Renal damage is associated with hypertension, while increased venous tone is a compensatory mechanism for hypotension.

A client recently began taking lovastatin. The nurse should assess the client for what potential adverse effects? A. Increased appetite and blood pressure B. Confusion and mental disorientation C. Nausea, flatulence, and constipation D. Hiccoughs, sinus congestion, and dizziness

C. Nausea, flatulence, and constipation GI problems such as nausea, vomiting, flatulence, constipation, or diarrhea can occur with lovastatin. Increased appetite is not associated with lovastatin, but clients may think that taking this drug means they can now eat anything they want and this would indicate the need for further teaching. Confusion and mental disorientation are not associated with this drug. Hiccoughs, sinus congestion, and dizziness would require exploration for cause because they are not normally associated with lovastatin therapy.

A patient who is prescribed losartan for hypertension has stopped taking the drug immediately after experiencing adverse effects. Which of the following may result when antihypertensives are abruptly discontinued? A. Breathing difficulty B. Anginal attacks C. Rebound hypertension D. Orthostatic hypotension

C. Rebound hypertension Rebound hypertension will occur in patients when antihypertensives are abruptly discontinued. In rebound hypertension, there is a sudden rise in blood pressure when the antihypertensives are withheld. Orthostatic hypotension, anginal attacks, and breathing difficulty are the adverse effects of antihypertensive drug usage and may not occur on stopping the drug

A client with moderately elevated lipid levels requests immediate pharmacotherapy for dyslipidemia. The nurse explains that a period of intensive diet therapy and lifestyle modification will be utilized before drug therapy is considered based on what rationale? A. The needed lifestyle changes are usually easy for most people to achieve. B. Therapeutic lifestyle changes work only when used in conjunction with medications. C. Therapeutic lifestyle changes are the preferred method for lowering blood lipids. D. Continued therapeutic lifestyle changes during drug therapy will guarantee success.

C. Therapeutic lifestyle changes are the preferred method for lowering blood lipids.

Prior to administering an antihyperlipidemic to a client, what information does the nurse need to gather? (Select all that apply.) A. Input and output B. Blood glucose C. Weight D. Vital signs E. Dietary history

C. Weight D. Vital signs E. Dietary history The pre-administration assessment for antihyperlipidemic drugs includes a lipid profile, liver function tests, dietary history, vital signs, weight, and an inspection for xanthomas.

The nurse is doing teaching about cholesterol and its role in cardiovascular disease. In addition to promoting cessation of cigarette smoking and a healthy lifestyle with diet and exercise to correct cholesterol abnormalities, the nurse explains that there are two modifiable conditions that have been cited as major risk factors for CAD and its complications. What are these two conditions? A. Depression and hypertension B. Obesity and hypertension C. Bradycardia and hypertension D. Cholesterol abnormalities and hypertension

D. Cholesterol abnormalities and hypertension Four modifiable risk factors include cholesterol abnormalities, cigarette smoking, diabetes, and hypertension and have been cited as major risk factors for CAD and its complications.

A client asks the nurse what the atorvastatin (Lipitor) prescribed for the client will do. What is an expected outcome for this client? A. Decrease in sitosterol and serum cholesterol B. Decrease in serum cholesterol only C. Decrease in campesterol and LDL levels D. Decrease in serum cholesterol and LDL levels

D. Decrease in serum cholesterol and LDL levels Atorvastatin is a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and should lower serum cholesterol and LDL levels as well as prevent a first MI and slow the progression of CAD. A decrease in serum cholesterol alone would result from the use of a bile acid sequestrant. A cholesterol absorption inhibitor would also decrease sitosterol and campesterol levels as well as decrease levels of serum cholesterol and LDL.

A patient newly diagnosed with hypertension has just been given a prescription for medication. What would be the most important outcome for this patient? A. Verbalization of why the client should take blood pressure medication B. A discussion with the client's insurance company about the cost of the drug C. A blood pressure of 120/80 D. Having taken the first dose of medication

D. Having taken the first dose of medication All of the options are realistic outcomes for this patient. However, compliance is a great concern for people who are in need of hypertensive agents. It would be most important for the health care provider to know that the client has filled the prescription and has taken the first dose of medication.

The nurse is providing teaching to a client who is at risk for hyperlipidemia. The nurse knows that which risk factors can be controlled or modified? A. Inactivity, stress, gender, and smoking B. Stress, family history, and obesity C. Gender, obesity, family history, and smoking D. Obesity, inactivity, diet, and smoking

D. Obesity, inactivity, diet, and smoking

When administering a lipid-lowering agent, the nurse would anticipate administering the drug by which route? A. Translingual B. Intramuscular C. Intravenous D. Oral

D. Oral

Statin drugs help lower cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides by which mechanisms? (Select all that apply.) A. Decreasing the breakdown of fat to cholesterol B. Increasing the storage of cholesterol as fat C. Decreasing absorption of cholesterol from the GI tract D. Promoting the breakdown of cholesterol E. Inhibiting the manufacturing of cholesterol

D. Promoting the breakdown of cholesterol E. Inhibiting the manufacturing of cholesterol

The nurse is teaching a client about hypertension. Nonpharmacologic methods to decrease blood pressure would include which? A. decreased water intake and decreased potassium intake. B. stress reduction techniques and high fat intake. C. increased exercise activity and fat intake. D. weight loss and decreased salt intake.

D. weight loss and decreased salt intake.