Cardiac Output, Blood Flow, and Blood Pressure

how much filtrate do the kidneys produce per day A. 10 L B. 50 L C. 110 L D. 180 L

180 L

the ejection fraction for an individual whose stroke volume is 45ml of blood wold be ________this would ________ meet the body's demand for blood flow a. 40%; inadequately b. 20%; inadequately c. 40 %; adequately d. 10% adequately

40%; inadequately

How much of the total body water is generally found in the blood plasma A. 67% B. 33% C. 26.3% D. 6.7%

6.7%

what is the average resting heart rate for an adult A. 60 beats/min B. 70 beats/min C. 75 beats/min D. 80 beats/min

70 beats per/min

during maximal exercise the skeletal muscles can receive as much as __________ of the total blood flow A. 35% B. 45% C. 65% D. 85%

85%

The mean arterial pressure of a person with a blood pressure of 128/68 would be A. 20 B. 60 C. 68 D. 88.

88

How much kidney filtrate is reabsorbed back into the vascular system? A. 100% B. 98-99% C. 75-80% D. 50-60%

98-99%

the steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex which stimulates salt reabsorption in the kidneys is _______ A. ADH B. Aldosterone C. Renin D. Angiotensin

Aldosterone

hypertension may cause A. increased afterload B. hypertrophy of the ventricles and valve defects C. broken capillaries in tissues and organs D. All apply

All apply

left side heart failure may be caused by A. myocardial infarction B. aortic valve stenosis C. incompetent aortic and mitral valves D. All apply

All apply

what allows cardiac muscle to have sufficient oxygen during systole A. large amount of myoglobin B. many mitochondria C. many aerobic enzymes D. All apply

All apply

At rest, blood flow is greatest in the A. skin and GI tract B. brain and liver C. GI tract and liver D. kidneys and skin.

GI tract and liver

norepinephrine and epinephrine open ____ channels inducing a faster diastolic depolarization A. voltage-gated Ca2+ B. fast Ca2+ C. HCN D. fast Na+

HCN

cardiac output increases as heart rate increases a. True b. False

True

if someone's cardiac output is 4.6 liters per minute their heart rate may be 90 beats per minute with a stroke volume of 50ml a. True b. False

True

under resting conditions all of the body's blood is pumped through the left ventricle in one minute a. True b. False

True

if acetylchiline binds to its receptors in the heart, there would be _______ in heart rate A. increase B. decrease C. unchanged.

a decrease

a patient is diagnosed with secondary hypertension. this may result from A. a renin secreting tumor B. an atrial natriuretic factor secreting tumor C. an aldosterone antagonist D. an epinephrine antagonist.

a renin secreting tumor

The heart produced hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), functions antagonistically to A. ADH B. aldosterone C. angiotensin I D. glucocorticoids.

aldosterone

after several test are performed a patient diagnosed with left sided heart failure. signs and symptoms in her history and testing should include a. all of the choices are correct b. difficulty breathing c. feelings of fatigue upon exertion d. decreased cardiac output

all of the choices are correct

arterial blood pressure is influenced by ________ a. all of the choices are correct b. vasoconstriction in the peripheral arterioles c. increased heart rate d. increased stroke volume

all of the choices are correct

sympathetic stimulation of the heart will _____ a. all of the choices are correct b. increase the rate of depolarization in the ventricles c. increase conduction rate between the SA and AV nodes d. increase the strength of myocardial contraction

all of the choices are correct

angiotensin 1 is formed from the plasma protein _______ by the action of the enzyme _________ A. Angiotensin II; renin. B. angiotensinogen; ACE. C. angiotensinogen; renin. D. renin: ACE.

angiotensinogen; renin

hypotension could be induced by excessive __________ secretion A. renin . B. antidiuretic hormone C. aldosterone D. atrial natriuretic factor

atrial natriuretic factor

expanded blood volume stimulates stretch receptors in the atria of the heart causing increased secretion of A. atrial natriuretic peptide B. aldosterone C. epinephrine D. parasympathetic antagonists.

atrial natriuretic peptide

ADH would be considered a __________ regulator of blood flow A. intrinsic B. extrinsic C. hormonal D. Both extrinsic and hormonal are correct

both extrinsic and hormonal are correct

stroke volume is directly proportional to ________ A. preload B. contractility C. total peripheral resistance D. Both preload and contractility.

both preload and contractility are correct

sweat glands can also secrete __________ which stimulates vasodilation of skin arterioles to help reduce body temperature A. nitric oxide B. prostaglandin E2 C. bradykinin D. adenosine

bradykinin

what keeps the HCN channels open A. G-proteins B. cAMP C. ATP D. Ca2+

cAMP

muscle length has a more pronounced effect on contraction strength in cardiac muscle than in skeletal muscle. this is because cardiac muscle has a greater sensitivity to ___________ A. depolarization B. lactic acid C. calcium D. parasympathetic antagonists.

calcium

which blood vessels have the highest cross-sectional area A. veins B. arterioles C. venules D. capillaries

capillaries

which type of muscle has the greatest capillary density A. skeletal B. smooth C. cardiac

cardiac

Which of the following is NOT a action of angiotensin II to raise blood pressure? A. stimulates the thirst center in the hypothalamus B. stimulates production of aldosterone C. causes vasodilation in arterioles D. increases peripheral resistance

causes vasodilation in arterioles

what is the main force that causes fluids to enter the venous end of a capillary A. hydrostatic pressure in the capillary B. hydrostatic force in the interstitial fluid C. colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary (blood plasma) D. colloid osmotic pressure in the interstitial fluid

colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary (blood plasma)

the ability to distend with pressure increases is called A. chronotropism B. oncotism C. inotropism D. compliance.

compliance

as age increases the maximum cardiac rate will A. increase B. decrease C. remain unchanged.

decrease

if cardiac output increases the peripheral resistance must _____________ for arterial blood pressure to remain constant A. increase B. decrease C. remain unchanged.

decrease

increase blood pressure stimulate A. decreased outflow from the baroreceptors B. decreased sympathetic outflow to the heart C. decreased parasympathetic outflow to the heart D. postural hypotension.

decreased parasympathetic outflow to the heart

vasodilation is induced by all of the following except A. increased tissue carbon dioxide B. decreased tissue metabolism C. decreased tissue oxygen D. increased extracellular K+

decreased tissue metabolism

if atrial stretch receptors are stimulated you would not expect __________ as a result A. stimulates reflex tachycardia B. increased secretion of ANP C. decreased water excretion D. inhibition of ADH

decreased water excretion

the last korotkoff sound occurs when the blood pressure is equal to ________ pressure A. atmospheric B. systolic C. diastolic D. pulmonary

diastolic

stroke volume is affected by all of the following except ________ a. emotional stress b. total peripheral resistance c. cardiac contractility d. end diastolic volume (EDV)

emotional stress

the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole is known as the ____________ A. after-load B. pre-diastolic volume (PDV) C. stroke volume (SV) D. end-diastolic volume (EDV)

end-diastolic volume (EDV)

venous return is increased by all of the following except a. exhalation b. the skeletal muscle pump c. hypertension d. sympathetic stimulation of the veins

exhalation

as cardiac muscle is stretched it contracts less forcibly a. true b. false

false

blood flow in the brain changes as blood pressure changes a. true b. false

false

during diastole blood flow in the arteries supplying the cardiac muscle tissue decreases a. true b. false

false

if blood pressure elevated upon measurement is an indication that stroke volumes must also be increased a. True b. False

false

if the concentration of hydrogen ions increased in a particular tissue you would expect the blood vessels that supply that tissue to constrict to prevent the ions from entering surrounding tissues a. true b. false

false

pulmonary blood pressure is higher than arterial blood pressure because the blood flows a shorter distance a. true b. false

false

the larger the cross-sectional area of a type of vessel the higher the blood pressure a. true b. false

false

tripling blood vessel radius would increase blood flow 64-fold a. true b. false

false

imagine a patient with a stiff non-compliant left ventricle is prescribed a medication that acts as an agonist to norepinephrine. the medication would be effective because ____________ a. heart rate would stay the same compensating for the reduced stroke volume b. heart rate would decrease compensating for the reduced stroke volume c. heart rate would stop compensating for the reduced stroke volume d. heart rate would increase compensating for the reduced stroke volume

heart rate would increase compensating for the reduced stroke volume

during congestive heart failure A. high blood K+ causes cardiac arrest in systole B. high blood Ca2+ causes cardiac arrest in systole C. blood pools in front of the affected ventricle D. renin secretion is stimulated.

high blood Ca2+ causes cardiac arrest in systole

Essential hypertension may result from A. high salt diet B. decreased ADH secretion C. decreased sympathetic vasoconstriction D. decreased release of endothelin

high salt diet

hydrostatic pressure is __________ and colloid osmotic pressure is ________ at the arterial end of a capillary A. higher, higher B. higher, lower C. lower, lower D. lower, higher

higher, lower

blood flow would be increased by A.histamines B. antihistamines C. thromboxane A2 D. angiotensin II.

histamines

edema would be induced by all of the following except A. hypertension B. protein malnutrition C. lymphatic blockage D. hyperthyroidism

hyperthyroidism

net filtration would be decreased by ___________ A. liver damage B. increased hepatic protein synthesis C. hypotension D. increased cellular metabolism.

hypotension

a person with a decreased blood pressure rapid pulse and cold clammy skin would be suffering from A. peripheral edema B. hypovolemic shock C. myocardial ischemia D. atherosclerosis.

hypovolemic shock

a decrease in total peripheral resistance would cause blood to flow to _________ a. decrease b. increase c. no change

increase

in response to increased internal temperature blood flow to the skin will A. increase B. decrease C. remain unchanged.

increase

reactive hyperemia is A. increased blood flow due to increased metabolism B. increased blood flow after removal of constriction due to accumulated metabolic products C. increased blood flow due to sepsis D. All apply.

increased blood flow after removal of constriction due to accumulated metabolic products

cardiovascular changes resulting from moderate exercise include A. increased total peripheral resistance B. increased blood flow to the skin C. increased visceral blood flow D. decreased stroke volume

increased blood flow to the skin

increased blood flow resistance is caused by ___________ A. increased blood vessel length B. decreased blood viscosity C. vasodilation D. increased blood pressure.

increased blood vessel length

during exercise all of the following occur except ______________ A. deeper breathing B. increased cardiac output C. increased oncotic pressure D. visceral vasoconstriction.

increased oncotic pressure.

Blood volume would be increased by A. decreased vasopressin secretion. B. decreased aldosterone secretion. C. increased renin secretion. D. increased atrial natriuretic factor secretion.

increased renin secretion.

which is NOT a symptom of preecleampsia A. hypertension B. proteinuria C. edema D. increased vasodilation

increased vasodilation

according to the frank-staring law of the heart as contraction strength increases the stroke volume _______ A. decreases. B. increases. C. shows no change.

increases

during moderate exercise cerebral blood flow A. increases slightly B. decreases C. remains unchanged D. increases greatly.

increases slightly

an increase in blood volume in the left atrium will ________ ADH secretion A. stimulate B. inhibit C. have no effect on

inhibit

control of blood flow to skeletal muscles during exercise is mainly under ___________ control A. intrinsic metabolic B. intrinsic myogenic C. extrinsic D. hormonal

intrinsic metabolic

why is pulse pressure a better indicator of cardiovascular health than blood pressure alone

it accounts for the perfusion of blood to the visceral organs

there is not mixing of blood layers or sounds from vessels during _________ flow A. turbulent B. Korotkoff C. laminar D. restricted

laminar

the cardiac control center of the __________ coordinated the autonomic innervation of the heart A. pons B. cerebrum C. medulla oblongata D. midbrain

medulla oblongata

Acetylchonline binds to ______ receptors of the heart and causes the opening of ______ channels A. muscarinic , K+ B. nicotinic, K+ C. muscarinic, Na+ D. nicotinic, Na+

muscarinic; K+

in response to increased ventricular filling ________ A. total peripheral resistance increases B. sympathetic nerves release norepinephrine C. myocardial cells stretch D. myocardial contractility in decreases.

myocardial cells stretch

cardiogenic shock can result from A. myocardial infarction B. increased cardiac output C. increased sympathetic outflow to the heart D. parasympathetic antagonists.

myocardial infraction

vascular smooth muscle can directly respond to changes in pressure. this type of control is called A. metabolic B. extrinsic C. vasogenic D. myogenic.

myogenic

the _________ is equal to the hydrostatic pressure of the blood in the capillaries minus the hydrostatic pressure of tissue interstitial fluid outside the capillaries A. net filtration pressure B. blood pressure C. osmotic pressure D. None apply

net filtration pressure

nitroglycerine causes vasodilation of blood vessels due to its effect on levels of A. histamine B. bradykinin C. nitric oxide D. prostacyclin.

nitric oxide

elephantiasis is caused by ________ A. decreased plasma protein concentration. B. obstruction of lymphatic drainage. C. high arterial blood pressure. D. myxedema.

obstruction of lymphatic drainage

cardiac output would be increased by ___________ A. sympathetic antagonists. B. parasympathetic agonists. C. negative inotropic agents. D. positive chronotropic agents.

positive chronotropic agents

a failure of blood pressure to increase upon standing is known as A. postural hypotension B. postural bradycardia C. postural tachycardia D. postural atherosclerosis.

postural hypotension

vasopressin induces renal water_______ A. secretion. B. excretion. C. filtration D. reabsorption.

reabsorption.

inhibition of the baroreceptor reflex would prevent proper regulation of all but ______________ A. cardiac rate B. stroke volume C. respiratory rate D. blood pressure.

respiratory rate

dangerously low blood pressure that results from infection is __________ shock A. septic B. anaphylactic C. neurogenic D. cardiogenic shock.

septic

the type of shock resulting from lipopolysaccarides is termed _________shock A. hypovolemic B. cardiogenic C. septic D. neurogenic

septic

The sounds heard during the last phase of blood-pressure measurement are A. murmurs B. snapping sounds C. silence D. thumping sounds.

silence

the sounds heard during the first phase of blood pressure measurement are _________ A. murmurs B. snapping sounds C. thumping sound D. muffled thumping sounds.

snapping sounds

Blood pressure is measured with a A. sphygmomanometer B. electrocardiograph C. spirometer D. stethoscope.

sphygmomanometer

the opposing forces that affect fluid movements across a capillary are known as _______________ A. oncotic pressures B. starling forces C. colloid osmotic pressures D. None apply.

starling forces

cardiac output is equal to A. stroke volume - cardiac rate. B. stroke volume / cardiac rate. C. stroke volume + cardiac rate. D. stroke volume x cardiac rate

stroke volume x cardiac rate

hypertension can be treated by all of the following execpt A. ACE inhibitors B. calcium channel blockers C. diuretics D. sympathetic agonists.

sympathetic agonists

norepinephrine is released from __ neurons causing heart rate to __ A. parasympathetic, increase. B. parasympathetic, decrease. C. sympathetic, increase. D. sympathetic, decrease.

sympathetic; increase

which of the following accounts for the increased osmolality with prolonged exercise in a hot environment a. the increase blood volume due to decreased sweating and lack of water intake increase the blood osmolality b. the increased blood volume due to increased sweating and lack of water intake increase the blood osmolality c. the decreased blood volume due to decreased sweating and lack of water intake increase the blood osmolality d. the decreased blood volume due to increased sweating and lack of water intake increase the blood osmolality

the decreased blood volume due to increased sweating and lack of water intake increase the blood osmolality

the ejection fraction is ________ A. stroke volume - cardiac rate. B. stroke volume / cardiac rate. C. the ratio of stroke volume to end of diastolic volume D. stroke volume x cardiac rate

the ratio of stroke volume to end of diastolic volume

coronary bypass surgery is performed A. to limit myocardial ischemia B. to increase blood pressure C. in response to an aneurysm D. in response to hypertension.

to limit myocardial ischemia

stroke volume is inversely proportional to _________ A. preload B. contractility C. total peripheral resistance D. Both preload and contractility.

total peripheral resistance

a patient is diagnosed with a tumor that is causing excessive secretion of renin. Given this hypertension is an expected result a. true b. false

true

for blood to flow there must be a pressure difference in different parts of the vascular system a. true b. false

true

immersion in water will lead to increased diuresis a. true b. false

true

intrinsic regulation of blood flow provides localized control of peripheral resistance a. true b. false

true

preload is the amount of blood in the ventricles right before they begin to contract a. true b. false

true

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors like captopril block the formation of angiotensin II, thus reducing A. vasodilation. B. renal reabsorption. C. vasoconstriction. D. renal excretion.

vasoconstriction

dizziness during hyperventilation is due to a decrease in cerebral blood flow. the decreased blood flow is caused by A. vasodilation B. decreased stroke volume C. vasoconstriction D. decreased respiration.

vasoconstriction

endothelin causes A.vasoconstriction B. vasodilation C. no effect.

vasoconstriction

Nitric oxide (NO) causes _________ A. vasoconstriction B. vasodilation C. no effect.

vasodilation

blood flow is increased by A. hypotension B. vasodilation C. vasoconstriction D. edema.

vasodilation

sympathetic stimulation of cholinergic fibers in the arterioles of skeletal muscle will produce ________ A. hypotension B. vasodilation C. vasoconstriction D. edema.

vasodilation

which blood vessels have the lowest pressure A. veins B. arterioles C. venules D. capillaries

veins

what type of receptors do norepinephrine and epinephrine bind in the heart A. β1-adrenergic B. α-adrenergic C. muscarinic D. nicotinic

β1-adrenergic