Cardiovascular and lymphatic system
Lymph fluid is composed of what substances?
- Mostly blood plasma - Tissue fluid
What structure is known as the pacemaker of the heart? Where is it located?
- SA Node - Cluster of cells in the wall of the Right atria
What are the six different lymphatic organs?
1. Lymph Nodes 2. Tonsils 3. Thymus 4. Spleen 5. Bone Marrow 6. Appendix
What are the four functions of the cardiovascular system?
1. Transport 2. Regulatory 3. Protective 4. Dispense & Regulate Heat
What is the average life span of a red blood cell?
100-120 days
Know that the right lymphatic duct drains about ________of the lymph back into the circulatory system from the right part of the head, the right side of the thoracic region and the right arm.
25%
What is the normal pH of blood?
7.35-7.45
Know that the left lymphatic duct drains about _______of the lymph back into the circulatory system from the left side of the head, the left side of the thoracic region, the left arm, the abdomen, and the legs.
75%
What is the ABO blood typing system?
A system of classification of human blood based on the presence or absence of cell surface antigens recognized by the immune system.
The Lubb sound is created when what valves close?
AV valves closing in ventricular systole
What is the foramen ovale?
An opening between the right and left atria in the embryo and fetus.
What can occur if the mother and fetus have different Rh blood types?
Antibodies from an Rh negative mother may enter the blood stream of her unborn Rh positive infant, damaging the red blood cells (RBCs)
Compare the thickness of the muscular layer found in arteries versus veins.
Arteries have thick walls with muscle tissue. Veins have thinner walls and use valves to keep your blood flowing.
Where are the aortic semilunar valve and pulmonary semilunar valve located?
At the end of the two ventricles
What is a precapillary sphincter?
Band of smooth muscle that controls blood flow thru a capillary bed
Why is fetal circulation different from non-fetal circulation?
Because the lungs, kidneys and digestive tract are non-functional in the fetus
What are the repercussions of receiving the wrong blood type?
Can trigger an immune response
What is systole?
Contraction of the heart
What is the function of Eosinophils?
Counterattacking parasitic worms/ complex roles in allergies and asthma
Fossa ovalis is found in a fetal or non-fetal heart?
Fetal heart
foramen ovale is found in a fetal or non-fetal heart?
Fetal heart
What are the layers of the pericardium (pericardial sac) from most superficial to deep?Include fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium, parietal layer, pericardial cavity, and visceral layer (epicardium).
Fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, serous pericardium, pericardial cavity, visceral layer
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
Filtration of debris and bacteria from the blood
Know what structures are bypassed with the fetal structures:
Foramen ovale, ductus venosus, and ductus arteriosum
What is the normal blood composition?
It has four main components: plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
What causes varicose veins?
Leaky/faulty valves (blood flows backwards causing the veins to distend)
What is present on some blood cells, but not O-Type RBCs?
No antigens but both A and B antibodies
Does the atrioventricular septum conduct electricity?
No just SA node
which blood types can receive which?
O- donate to anyone AB- receive from anyone A- A, O B- B, O
What is the function of Monocytes?
Phagocytic and migrate into tissues where they develop into macrophages
What is the function of Lymphocytes?
Provide immunity for the body by developing antibodies
What type of motion does orientation of the cardiac muscle allow?
Pumping action
What is diastole?
Relaxation of the heart
the order of the conduction system of the heart?
SA node, AV node, AV bundle, left and right bundle branches, Purkinje fibers (Subendocardial branches).
The Dubb sound is created when what valves close?
SL valves closing in ventricular diastole
the four features of cardiac cells.
Single nucleus Branched Striated Intercalated disks
What are papillary muscles?
Small muscles that anchor the heart strings or cords.
What are the three major types of lymphocytes?
T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells
During normal heart contractions would you find all of the valves open at the same time?
The AV valves and semilunar valves are open at the same time. The period of contraction is called systole. Then they close and other open to begin diastole. Going in continuous cycle.
What is the Rh blood type system?
The Rh factor is an inherited protein that can be found on the surface of the red blood cell. If your blood type is positive, then your blood cells have the Rh protein. If your blood type is negative, then your blood cells lack the Rh protein.
The importance of the AV Node?
The importance of the AV node is that the atria (contract before/ are electrically insulated from) the ventricles
Why is the myocardium of the left ventricle thicker than the right ventricle?
The myocardium is thickest in the left ventricle, as the left ventricle must create a lot of pressure to pump blood into the aorta and throughout systemic circulation.
Where is the atrioventricular septum found?
The septum between the atria and ventricles
What is the hilum of a lymph node?
The single efferent vessel exiting the concave depression of the lymph node
What are the four ABO blood groups?
Type A, Type B, Type AB, Type O
capillaries are the functional unit of?
Vascular System
Know that venules connect to the capillary beds and that as the vessels move away from the capillary bed towards the heart the vessels are then called?
Veins
What is an AV node block?
When electricity can't pass from atria to ventricles
When do the semilunar valves close?
When the pressure in the arteries is greater than the pressure in the ventricles
When do the atrioventricular valves close?
When ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure and ventricles start to contract
What is the function of the chordae tendineae? And what valve it it attached to?
anchor the AV valve flaps and prevent backflow of blood into the atria
Capillaries carry blood between _____________ and _____________
arteries and veins
Where is the base of the heart?
at the TOP, aortic area
When the SA node initiates an impulse what chambers will contract?
atria
Why are the atrial walls so thin compared to the walls of the ventricles?
atria receives blood from various parts of the body and ventricles pump blood to various parts of the body, pumping require more pressure and forcewhen ventricles relax
What is the name of the upper chambers of the heart?
atrium
What is the function of natural killer cells?
attack and lyse virus-infected or cancerous body cells
What is the function of T cells?
attack foreign cells directly
Know that the heart has both what two beats?
automatic and myogenic beat.
Arteries carry blood ____ from the heart
away
The bicuspid (mitral) valve is found between what two chambers of the heart?
between left atrium and left ventricle
The tricuspid valve is found between what two chambers of the heart?
between right atrium and right ventricle
Where is the interventricular septum found?
between ventricles
Where is blood from the left ventricle sent?
body (systemic)
Where do lymphocytes develop?
bone marrow and thymus
Where is the apex of the heart?
bottom of the heart
Does the AV node slow down or speed up the electrical impulse?
briefly slow down
How are platelets formed?
by fragmentation of megakaryocytes
The myocardium is made up of what type of tissue?
cardiac muscle tissue
What is systemic circulation?
carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart
What attaches to the papillary muscles?
chordae tendinae
What is pulmonary (pulmonic) circulation?
circulation to the lungs
What type of tissue is blood?
connective tissue
The location and what coronary vessels are located in sulci?
coronary sinus, right coronary artery and left coronary artery. separates atria from ventricles, groove extending around circumference of heart.
three sulci of the heart
coronary sulcus, anterior interventricular sulcus, posterior interventricular sulcus
Know the order from superficial to deep of the layers of the tissues that make up the heart.
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
What are the formed elements of blood?
erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
What is hematopoiesis?
formation of blood cells
. What are the two types of WBCs?
granulocytes and agranulocytes
What molecule acts as a transport mechanism inside of RBCs?
hemoglobin
Are cardiac muscle cells voluntary or involuntary?
involuntary
What type of cell is a platelet?
large cells in the bone marrow called megakaryocytes.
⅔ of the heart lies to the __________ of the midline.
left
The left lymphatic duct empties at the juncture of what two veins?
left internal jugular and left subclavian vein
What is auscultation? What instrument measures it?
listening to the sounds produced by the body using a stethoscope
Describe the location of the heart
located in the thoracic cavity under the sternum, in the center of the chest and tilted slightly to the left
The left atrium receives blood from what two sources?
lungs 4 pulmonary veins
Where is blood from the right ventricle sent?
lungs (pulmonary)
What is produced in the germinal centers of the lymph node?
lymphocytes that produce antibodies
What is the function of B-cells?
make antibodies
What is a thoroughfare channel?
metarteriole that continues through capillary bed to venule
What are the two hematopoietic stem cell lines?
myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells
What layer of the heart is the thickest?
myocardium
Valves allow blood to flow in only ___________ direction.
one
What is the function of Neutrophils?
phagocytosis
Why do veins have one way valves?
prevent back flow
What is the function of Basophils?
produce histamine and heparin
What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?
protects and anchors the heart, prevents overstretching
Where does hematopoiesis occur?
red bone marrow
What is the fossa ovalis?
remnant of foramen ovale of fetal heart
The right lymphatic duct empties at the juncture of what two veins?
right internal jugular vein and right subclavian vein
Why is the heart described as a double pump?
right side - pumps to the lungs for oxygen (Pulmonic) left side - pumps around the rest of the body (Systemic)
The right atrium receives blood from what three sources?
superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus
Veins carry blood ____ the heart
toward
What two valves are considered to be atrioventricular valves?
tricuspid valve and bicuspid valve (mitral)
What layer do capillaries have?
tunica intima (endothelial cells)
What are the three layers found in arteries and veins?
tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa
What is found in the atrioventricular septum?
valves
Lymph vessels most closely resemble arteries or veins?
veins
What is the name of the lower chambers of the heart?
ventricles
When the atria contract, where is blood sent?
ventricles
When the impulse reaches the bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers (subendocardial branches) what chambers are contracting?
ventricles maybe!!
What are the orientation of the cardiac muscles in the heart?
vertical, running from base to apex, with parallel fibers
The epicardium is also called what?
visceral layer of serous pericardium
Why do the Purkinje fibers cause the papillary muscles to contract before the ventricles contract?
want papillary muscles to pull on AV valves before ventricles contract
When do atrioventricular valves open?
when the pressure in the atria is greater than the pressure in the ventricles
When do the semilunar valves open?
when the pressure in the ventricles exceeds the pressure in the arteries
What are the different names for the types of blood cells?
white blood cells (monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and macrophages), red blood cells (erythrocytes), and platelets.