Cardiovascular disorders

Which hypertensive individual is most likely to have his or her high blood pressure diagnosed as secondary rather than essential? a. 51-year-old man who has been diagnosed with glomerulonephritis b. Black man who leads a sedentary lifestyle c. 69-year-old woman with a diagnosis of cardiometabolic syndrome d. 40-year-old smoker who eats excessive amounts of salt and saturated fats

a. 51-year-old man who has been diagnosed with glomerulonephritis

After donating a pint of blood, a person suddenly feels light-headed and dizzy. Blood pressure has fallen to 68/38. The nurse knows that which responses will immediately attempt to regulate blood pressure? Select all that apply. a. Arterial vasoconstriction b. Increased heart rate c. Venous vasodilation d. Increased blood volume e. Stress related to giving blood

a. Arterial vasoconstriction b. Increased heart rate

The role of inflammation in the etiology of atherosclerosis has emerged over the last few years. Which lab test is a marker for systemic inflammation? a. C-reactive protein b. Homocysteine c. Lipoprotein(a) d. Triglycerides

a. C-reactive protein

Which of the following facilitates the clearance of cholesterol from the periphery (including atheromatous plaques) and transports it to the liver where it may be excreted? a. HDL b. LDL c. VLDL d. Chylomicrons

a. HDL

A nurse is educating a client about modifiable risk factors of primary hypertension. Which topics will the nurse be discussing with this client? Select all that apply. a. High blood cholesterol levels b. Cigarette smoking c. Obesity d. Alcohol consumption e. Family history

a. High blood cholesterol levels b. Cigarette smoking c. Obesity d. Alcohol consumption

Disease of the arterial system affects body function by impairing blood flow. Which term refers to an area of necrosis in an organ produced by occlusion of its arterial blood supply? a. Infarction b. Ischemia c. Endothelial dysfunction d. Aneurysm

a. Infarction

A client reports severe indigestion that has been intermittent; however, the pain is now constant and feels like a vise. The nurse does an ECG and recognizes that the situation is possibly emergent due to ST-segment elevation, which could indicate: a. myocardial infarction. b. advanced hypokalemia. c. benign late repolarization. d. decreased intracranial pressure.

a. myocardial infarction.

While teaching a client with new-onset right-sided heart failure, the nurse should educate the client to monitor for fluid accumulation by: a. recording weight every day at the same time with same type of clothing. b. measuring his or her urine output daily to check for a decrease in output. c. listening to the breath sound with a stethoscope every morning. d. taking blood pressure daily and calling the physician if it is decreased.

a. recording weight every day at the same time with same type of clothing.

A client has been diagnosed with mitral valve stenosis following his recovery from rheumatic fever. Which teaching point would be mostaccurate to convey to the client? a. "The normal tissue that makes up the valve between the right sides of your heart has stiffened." b. "Your mitral valve isn't opening up enough for blood to flow into the part of your heart that sends blood into circulation." c. "Your heart's mitral valve isn't closing properly so blood is flowing backwards in your heart and eventually into your lungs." d. "The valve between your left ventricle and left atria is infected and isn't allowing enough blood through."

b. "Your mitral valve isn't opening up enough for blood to flow into the part of your heart that sends blood into circulation."

The efficiency of the heart as a pump often is measured in the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute. Which is the correct formula to figure out the cardiac output? a. SV = HR x CO b. HR = SV x CO c. CO = SV x HR d. HR = CO + SV

c. CO = SV x HR

A client has developed cardiogenic shock. The most frequent cause of this type of shock is: a. Hypertension b. Heart failure c. Myocardial infarction d. Allergic reaction

c. Myocardial infarction

Which client will the nurse prioritize to assess first? a. The client with a sinus dysrhythmia b. The client with sinus bradycardia c. The client with sinus arrest d. The client with tachycardia

c. The client with sinus arrest

A 55-year-old client has been diagnosed with atherosclerosis. The client understands that his or her lifestyle includes many of the risk factors for developing the disease, but the client asks the nurse, "What actually caused my disease?" What is the nurse's best scientific answer? a. "Cholesterol sticks to the vessel wall and reduces the vessel's diameter." b. "HDL stimulates endothelial cell dysfunction." c. "Dietary fats adhere to the vessel wall and clog the artery." d. "LDL and VLDLs stimulate endothelial cell dysfunction."

d. "LDL and VLDLs stimulate endothelial cell dysfunction."

A nurse practitioner is instructing a group of older adults about the risks associated with high cholesterol. Which teaching point should the participants try to integrate into their lifestyle after the teaching session? a. "Remember the 'H' in HDL and the 'L' in LDL correspond to high danger and low danger to your health." b. "Having high cholesterol increases your risk of developing diabetes and irregular heart rate." c. "Smoking and being overweight increases your risk of primary hypercholesterolemia. d. "Your family history of hypercholesterolemia is important, but there are things you can do to compensate for a high inherited risk."

d. "Your family history of hypercholesterolemia is important, but there are things you can do to compensate for a high inherited risk."

Angina pectoris is a chronic ischemic CAD that is characterized by a symptomatic paroxysmal chest pain or pressure sensation associated with transient myocardial ischemia. What precipitates an attack of angina pectoris? a. Exposure to heat b. Sedentary lifestyle c. Abrupt change in position d. Emotional stress

d. Emotional stress

Considering the PQRST complex of an electrocardiogram (ECG), which letter designation represents atrial depolarization? a. P wave b. T wave c. QRS complex d. ST segment

a. P wave

A client with heart failure tells the nurse that he is frustrated and is unable to get "a good night's rest." The client relates that he falls asleep and is suddenly awakened and feels as though he is having a hard time breathing and is suffocating. The nurse recognizes this assessment as: a. Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea b. Orthopnea c. Cardiac asthma d. Sleep apnea

a. Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

A 28-year-old marathon runner comes to the clinic to obtain a physical exam for a new job. The nurse assesses a regular pulse rate of 52 beats per minute (bpm). Which common dysrhythmia is the nurse aware this client most likely has related to maintaining a large stroke volume? a. Sinus bradycardia b. Sinus tachycardia c. Atrial fibrillation d. Atrial flutter

a. Sinus bradycardia

Which dysrhythmia is considered to be the most fatal and requires immediate treatment? a. Ventricular fibrillation b. Premature ventricular contractions c. Premature atrial contractions d. Atrial flutter

a. Ventricular fibrillation

A nurse in a nursing home is concerned that a resident may be developing left-sided heart failure. Manifestations of left-sided heart failure would include which symptom? a. Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting b. Dyspnea, cough c. Fatigue, headache d. Weakness, peripheral edema

b. Dyspnea, cough

Which statements regarding hypertension are correct? Select all that apply. a. Hypertension is more frequent in premenopausal women compared to postmenopausal women. b. Hypertension is more frequent among younger men than in younger women. c. Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. d. Hypertension is more frequent among white persons than among black persons. e. Hypertension is one of the most common health problems for adults.

b. Hypertension is more frequent among younger men than in younger women. c. Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. e. Hypertension is one of the most common health problems for adults.

The nurse is interpreting an electrocardiogram of a 65-year-old woman. Which should the nurse recognize as representing ventricular depolarization? a. P wave b. QRS complex c. T wave d. ST segment

b. QRS complex

When lecturing to a group of students about the pathophysiologic principles behind heart failure, the instructor defines cardiac output as which example? a. Strength of the right ventricular pump to move blood b. The amount of blood the heart pumps each minute c. The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each beat d. The volume of blood stretching the heart muscle at the end of diastole

b. The amount of blood the heart pumps each minute

Which statement provides blood work results and rationale that would be most closely associated with acute coronary syndrome? a. Increased serum creatinine and troponin I as a result of enzyme release from damaged cells b. Increased serum potassium and decreased sodium as a result of myocardial cell lysis, release of normally intracellular potassium, and disruption of the sodium-potassium pump c. Elevated creatine kinase and troponin, both of which normally exist intracellularly rather than in circulation d. Low circulatory levels of myoglobin and creatine kinase as a result of the inflammatory response

c. Elevated creatine kinase and troponin, both of which normally exist intracellularly rather than in circulation

A 22-year-old man is experiencing hypovolemic shock following a fight in which his carotid artery was cut with a broken bottle. Which immediate treatments are likely to most benefit the man? a. Resolution of compensatory pulmonary edema and heart dysrhythmias. b. Infusion of vasodilators to foster perfusion and inotropes to improve heart contractility. c. Infusion of normal saline or Ringer's lactate to maintain the vascular space. d. Administration of oxygen and epinephrine to promote perfusion.

c. Infusion of normal saline or Ringer's lactate to maintain the vascular space.

A client has developed atherosclerosis. The nurse knows that a major cause for this disorder is: a. History of myocardial infarction b. Elevated HDL cholesterol c. Heart failure d. Hypertension

d. Hypertension

The heart is a four-chambered pump. Which chamber of the heart pumps blood into the systemic circulation? a. Right atrium b. Left atrium c. Right ventricle d. Left ventricle

d. Left ventricle

A client has had an acute myocardial infarction (MI). The brother of the client has a history of angina. The client asks how he will know if his brother's pain is angina or if the brother is actually having an MI. Which statement is correct? a. Chest pain with angina only occurs during the day; MI pain is more likely at night. b. Chest pain with angina only occurs at rest; MI pain occurs during a stressful time. c. Pain is more severe and lasts longer with angina than with an MI. d. Rest and intake of nitroglycerin relieve chest pain with angina; they do not relieve chest pain with an MI.

d. Rest and intake of nitroglycerin relieve chest pain with angina; they do not relieve chest pain with an MI.