Cardiovascular II

vascular spasm

(vasoconstriction) more efficient as the amount of tissue damage increases; most effective in the smaller blood vessels; strongly constricted arteries significantly reduce blood loss for 20-30 minutes, allowing time for platelet plug formation and blood clotting to occur

Globulins

36% of plasma proteins

Clotting proteins

4% of plasma proteins; include fibrinogen and prothrombin produced by liver; act in blood clotting

Albumin

60% of plasma proteins; produced by liver; exerts osmotic pressure to maintain water balance between blood and tissues (along with sodium ions)

Proteins

8% (by weight) of plasma volume, most produced by the liver

Water

90% of plasma volume; transport, dissolving and suspending medium for solutes of blood; absorbs and transports heat

fibrinogen

A blood protein essential to blood clotting. The conversion to its active form (fibrin) is among the final steps in clot formation, and is triggered by thrombin.

Erythropoietin

A hormone produced and released by the kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow; triggered by decreased oxygen

fibrin

A plasma protein converted from fibrinogen which forms threads that trap blood cells to form a tight plug.

phagosome

A vacuole inside a phagocyte which is created by an infolding of the plasma (cell surface) membrane to engulf a microbe

platelets

A very small blood cell derived from the fragmented cytoplasm of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. Platelets participate in coagulation, wound healing, and inflammation (Thrombocytes)

neutrophils

Account for 50-70% of the WBC's; Contain peroxidases, hydrolytic enzymes, defensins (antibiotic-like)

hemocytoblast

All blood cells arise from the same type of stem cell, the pleuripotent hematopoietic stem cell

von Willebrand factor

An abnormal sticky protein that lines the blood vessels causing clot formation is called

antibodies

An antigen-binding immunoglobulin, produced by B cells, that functions as the effector in an immune response.

gamma

Antibodies released primarily by plasma cells during immune response

basophils

Are similar to mast cells (found in tissues), but arise from different cell lines; have large granules that contain histamine

mitochondria

Because erythrocytes lack ______________ and generate ATP by anaerobic mechanisms, they do not consume any of the oxygen they are transporting

RBC

Biconcave discs, no nuclei, essentially no organelles. Huge surface to volume ratio

agglutinated

Blood from a different group is seen as foreign by the immune system and is _________ (clumped together) and destroyed.

Fibrinolysis

Breakdown and removal of a clot once healing has occurred; begins within two days and continues slowly over several days until the clot is finally dissolved

Electrolytes

Cations include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium; anions include chloride, phosphate, sulfate, and bicarbonate; help to maintain plasma osmotic pressure and normal blood pH

plasma cells

Cells that develop from B cells and produce antibodies.

spectrin

Cellular membrane protein that provides shape and flexibility to RBC

brief vasodilation

Local blood vessels dilate for a few seconds; this allows blood to flow out of the breakage and helps to prevent foreign material from entering the wounded vessel

WBC

Make up 1% of the total blood volume: can leave capillaries via diapedesis

defensins

Short antimicrobial peptides produced by neutrophils and epithelial cells. They insert into bacterial membranes forming pores that damage cells.

formed elements

The cellular elements of blood; erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

plasmin

The enzyme that can digest fibrin and dissolve a clot

Nutrients

Materials absorbed from digestive tract and transported for use throughout body; include glucose and other simple carbohydrates, amino acids (digestion products of proteins), fatty acids, glycerol and triglycerides (fat products), cholesterol, and vitamins

Respiratory gases

Oxygen and carbon dioxide; some dissolved oxygen (most bound to hemoglobin inside RBCs); carbon dioxide transported bound to hemoglobin in RBCs and as bicarbonate ion dissolved in plasma

tissue plasminogen activator

Plasminogen is activated by an enzyme called

megakaryocytes

Platelets are pinched off from giant multinucleated cells in the bone marrow called

erythrocytes

Red blood cells (RBC)

hematopoiesis

blood cell formation; occurs in the red bone marrow found chiefly in the bones of the axial skeleton and girdles, and in the proximal epiphyses of the humerus and femur

cascade reaction

blood clotting, in which the first substance in a chemical series activates the next, and the next and so on until the desired product is reached.

thrombin

enzyme that catalyzes the joining of fibrinogen into fibrin which holds clots together

t lymphocytes

function in the immune response by acting directly against virus- infected cells and tumor cells

Myeloid stem cells

give rise to all other formed elements (including erythrocytes and thrombocytes)

b lymphocytes

give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies (immunoglobulins) that are released to the blood

42%

healthy female hematocrit (+/- 5%)

47%

healthy male hematocrit (+/- 5%)

Deoxyhemoglobin

hemoglobin after oxygen diffuses into tissues

Carbaminohemoglobin

hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide

Oxyhemoglobin

hemoglobin bound to oxygen

diapedesis

movement through tissue spaces

RBC

over 97% hemoglobin, the molecule that binds to and transports respiratory gases

hematocrit

percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells

prothrombin

plasma protein essential for clotting; converted to thrombin in the clotting process

transferrin

plasma protein that binds and transports iron

Lymphoid stem cells

produce lymphocytes

immunoglobulin

protein with antibody activity

interleukins

proteins (cytokines) that stimulate the growth of B and T lymphocytes

hemostasis

stoppage of bleeding due to a rupture of a blood vessel. Fast, localized, and carefully controlled, involves many blood coagulation factors normally present in plasma as well as some substances that are released by platelets and injured tissue cells

plasminogen

the inactive precursor of the enzyme plasmin, present in blood clots

ferritin

iron storage protein, soluble in blood, reflects storage in the bone marrow

thrombopoietin

is a hormone produced by the kidneys that speeds platelet formation and stimulates the production of megakaryocytes.

pernicious anemia

lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream

hemoglobin

Composed of the protein globin, made up of two alpha and two beta chains, each bound to a heme group

macrophages

Dying erythrocytes are engulfed by...

hydrolytic enzymes

Enzyme that catalyzes a reaction in which the substrate is broken down by the addition of water; prominent in lysosomes

viscosity

Erythrocytes are the major factor contributing to blood ____________

lymphocytes

Found mostly enmeshed in lymphoid tissue (some circulate in blood); two types: T cells and B cells

platelets

Granules contain serotonin, Ca2+, enzymes, ADP, PDGF. function in the clotting mechanism by forming a temporary plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels

iron

Heme (irnon-containing) and globin (proteins) are separated and the _________ is salvaged for reuse

bilirubin

Heme is degraded to a yellow pigment called...

erythropoiesis

Hemocytoblast is transformed in three phases into a reticulocyte which then become mature erythrocytes when they enter the blood stream and lose their nucleus

eosinophils

Lead the body's counterattack against parasitic worms; reside in the loose connective tissues; Lessen the severity of allergies

plasma

Liquid portion of blood

urobilinogen

The intestines metabolize bilirubin into...

monocytes

The largest leukocytes; leave the circulation, enter tissue, and differentiate into macrophages

bile

The liver secretes bilirubin into the intestines in...

stercobilin

This degraded pigment leaves the body in feces, in a pigment (brown pigment in feces) called...

blood viscosity

Too many red blood cells causes undesirably high...

positive chemotaxis

WBCs following chemical trial of molecules released by damaged cells/other leukocytes to pinpoint areas of tissue damage/infection and gather there

platelet plug formation

When the endothelium is damaged and underlying collagen fibers are exposed, platelets, with the help of a large plasma protein called von Willebrand factor (VWF) synthesized by endothelial cells, adhere tenaciously to the collagen fibers; they swell, form spiked processes, and become sticky

leukocytes

White blood cells (WBC)

leukocytosis

a WBC count over 11,000 per µl; Normal response to bacterial or viral invasion, tissue damage, or tumours

prothrombin activator

a protein formed by clotting factors from damaged tissue cells and platelets; it converts prothrombin into thrombin, a step essential to forming a blood clot

macrophages

actively phagocytic; crucial in the body's defense against viruses, certain intracellular bacterial parasites, and chronic infections such as tuberculosis; also important in activating lymphocytes to mount the immune response

globin

after death of RBCs, __________ is metabolized into amino acids and is released into the circulation

antigens

anything that triggers an antibody response

WBC

crucial to our defense against disease that helps protect the body from damage by bacteria, viruses, parasites, toxins, and tumor cells

hemosiderin

insoluble iron storage compound produced by the body when iron exceeds the storage capacity of ferritin.

hypoxia

too few RBC leads to tissue...

respiratory burst

when oxygen is actively metabolized to produce potent germ-killer oxidizing substances such as bleach and hydrogen peroxide