CB chapter 12

Sandra decided to become a nurse after several years as an elementary teacher. She still wanted to help people but in a different manner. Sandra's case is an example of which of the following?

Horizontal mobility

Of the countries listed below, which is thought to be highly status-conscious?

Japan

____ are consumers who refuse to sacrifice style, but they achieve on a budget.

Frugalistas

The average American's standard of living continues to improve. These income shifts are linked to two key factors: ________.

a shift in women's roles and an increase in educational attainment

A person who receives rewards and status because of his hard work is said to have ________ status.

achieved

Harry was the lead singer in a band that hit it big. For his birthday, Harry had two hundred friends flown by chartered jets to a private island in the South Pacific. They ate the most expensive food, and every morning the bungalows were burned to the ground and rebuilt for the next night. Harry's party is a good example of ________.

conspicuous consumption

John Jones purchases products to show visible evidence of his ability to afford luxury goods, John is practicing ________.

conspicuous consumption

A tendency for people to marry in a social class similar to their own is called ________.

homogamy

Vance comes from the lower-upper class as does Jeff. They are both madly in love with Julia, who is beautiful enough to do part-time modeling. According to the principle of ________, Julia could be attracted to both men.

homogamy

When a Rolls-Royce, a Cartier diamond, and an Andy Warhol painting are bought and displayed as markers of social class, they are ________.

status symbols

When people are differentiated in terms of their aesthetic and intellectual preferences, a ________ is being applied.

taste culture

_______ describes consumers in terms of their aesthetic and intellectual preferences.

taste culture

A member of ________ has recently gained personal wealth and may experience status anxiety. Such individuals may try to display symbols of their success to make up for an internal lack of assurance about the "correct" way to behave.

the nouveau riche

According to Pierre Bourdieu, people's taste regarding entertainment and the arts serves as a status-making force or ________ that causes consumption preferences to cluster together.

habitus

With respect to social organization, some barnyard animals exhibit signs of a dominance-submission hierarchy. Which of the following terms best illustrates such a hierarchy?

pecking order

A ________ is an economy that is driven by a fairly small group of rich people.

plutonomy

Jason is a marketing researcher working for a client who believes that social class will be an important segmenting device. Jason decides to find social class categories by simply asking respondents to pick their own category. Which of the following best supports Jason's approach?

American consumers generally have little difficulty accurately placing themselves in the lower-middle class or middle class.

Which of the following phrases is the best illustration of homogamy?

Birds of a feather flock together

Amos always felt that it was unfair that society created artificial divisions that discouraged him from having friends from different social structures. Which of the following terms describes the process that Amos is having difficulty with?

Social stratification

Although teenagers do not have the income of older consumers, they are still an attractive marked based on income. Why?

Teenagers don't have the income of adults, but it's almost all discretionary, meaning that they can spend it as they see fit.

The lower classes use more restrictive codes than do the upper classes. How does this knowledge change the way insurance might be sold to a working-class man compared to an upper-class man?

The promotion to the working-class man should emphasize his immediate satisfaction in knowing that his family will be cared for, while the upper-class promotion should emphasize the long-term consequences of the choice.

Which of the following is NOT listed as a determiner of how much a person will save (saving rate)?

The relationship between the lending prime rate and growth rates

Consumers who refuse to sacrifice style, but achieve it on a budget are called ________.

frugalistas

One percenters are an example of ________.

income inequality

Anna is a millionaire but she is constantly stressed and unhappy despite her wealth, Anna is experiencing ________.

affluenza

Which of the following variables related to social class distinction is identified by the text as being unclear and the subject of debate with respect to its role as an indicator of social class?

amount of income

Fred Johnson has worked hard all of his life to make a decent living for himself and his family. However, in recent years he has become obsessed with a fear of being ruined, either because of losing his job or losing all of his savings. According to clinical psychologists, Fred Johnson's fear of being ruined is equated to ________.

ate phobia

Evan was an aggressive, rich, and determined businessman originally from a working class family. He had become wealthier than he had ever imagined by buying and selling other businesses. Evan seemingly could do anything until he tried a hostile takeover of an established bank owned by several prestigious families. When his bid failed, Evan said "I always knew there was an elite, but up to now I thought I was part of it." What type of capital was Evan lacking?

cultural

Money available to a household over and above what is required to have a comfortable standard of living is called ________

discretionary income

Fred has been a farmer all his life. He inherited the family farm when he was 35, but that was twenty years ago. Due to the economy, Fred has lost the farm and has taken a manual labor job in the city to support his family. What form of mobility best describes Fred's position?

downward mobility

China's economic boom has created 130 million people in what social class?

lower-middle class

Hundreds of millions of consumers around the world have the purchasing power to afford higher quality products. This consumer group, known as the ________, tend to buy affordable cars rather than luxury cars.

mass class

______ is a system in which we define people by what they do for a living.

occupational prestige

Jim is considered a part of the upper middle class, while Marcos is considered part of the lower upper class. Jim and Marcos have been identified in terms of ________.

social class

The best predictor of major expenditures that do not have status or symbolic value is ________.

social class and income

The ability of a person to pass from one social class to another is called ________.

social mobility

________ refers to the passage of individuals from one social class to another.

social mobility

Consumers who buy everything in sight are called ________.

spendthrifts

Most groups exhibit a structure called a ________ in which some members are somehow better off than others in terms of authority, power, or respect.

status hierarchy

Blue-collar workers with relatively high-prestige jobs consider themselves as ________.

working class lower middle

Which of the following theorists is best known for arguing that an individual's relationship to the means of production determines his position in society?

Karl Marx

What modern American ceremony would come closest in intent to a Native American potlatch?

a marriage

_______ measures how optimistic or pessimistic people are about the future health of the economy and how they will fare in the future.

consumer confidence

If a member of the upper class wore shredded Levi's jeans to a formal party, the person would be exhibiting a sophisticated form of conspicuous consumption known as ________.

pardon display

All of the following are important components of social class except for ________.

gender

Luminaries from Amazon, Google, and Twitter tend to use ________.

glamping

We tend to marry people in a similar social class to ours. Sociologists call this ________, or assortative mating.

homogamy

Trisha grew up in a drug-ridden inner city neighborhood. Through sheer determination and intelligence, Trisha is now a medical doctor teaching on the staff of a large university hospital. Trisha is proud of what she has accomplished, but sometimes she feels stressed and uncertain of who she really is. The concept of ________ assesses the impact of such inconsistencies.

status crystallization

A middle class person with an income at least 15 percent lower than the median middle class income, would be considered a(n) ________ consumer.

underprivileged