CBMT

Auditory discrimination

The ability to hear similarities and differences between sounds.

Encoding

The act of processing information from our sense into memory, either by automatic processes or intentional effort.

Storage

The act of retaining information in short-term or long-term memory following adequate rehearsal.

Association through contiguity

The association of two separate event due to temporal proximity.

Transference

The client's projection of feelings, ideas and desires about others onto the therapist.

Reliability (test-retest)

The degree to which a test or observation is consistent.

Reinforcement value

The degree to which an activity or material is likely to serve as reinforcement for the behavior, I.e., To result in an increase in the behavior it follows.

Reinforcement value

The degree to which an activity or material is likely to serve as reinforcement for the behavior, i.e., to result in an increase in the behavior it follows

Long-term goal

The desired outcome after a considerable period of time.

Short-term goal

The desired outcome which is possible to achieve in the near future.

developmental

The developmental approach uses play, and specifically looks at how a child is developing during the most significant period of development. Although the subject may be of this age group, it would still require a neurological approach to directly address gait dysfunctions.

Third-party payers must submit the following when seeking reimbursement for music therapy services...

The diagnostic codes, music therapy credentials, and billing forms

Stride length

The distance a person travels with each step.

Phenomenological research

The examination of human experience by studying extensively a small number of people to develop patterns of meaning.

Central Hearing Loss

The inability of the brain to process, recognize or understand sounds or speech accurately.

Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)

The integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of client's characteristics, culture, and preferences.

Terminal objective

The last in a series of short- and/or long-term objectives, specifying the expected outcome or accomplishment of a goal.

Memory

The means by which we draw on past knowledge that has been retained to use that knowledge in the present (retrieval).

Auditory nerve

The nerve fibers that carry sound information, in the form of electrochemical energy, from the inner ear (cochlea) to the brain, where the information is processed.

Neurological

The neurological approach addresses gait dysfunctions that stimulate music perception and pair it with motor responses.

Frequency

The number of sound waves per second generated by a sound-producing source (measured in Hertz [Hz]). The greater the number of waves per second, the higher the sound.

Current Procedural Terminology (CPT)

The numeric codes that are provided for services to receive third-party reimbursement for MT.

Affect

The observable aspects of behavior that tell others how one feels; for example, facial expression, tone of voice, and posture.

Pinna

The outer portion of the ear that funnels sound into the ear canal.

Social Integration

The overall level of involvement with informal social relationships

Middle ear

The part of the hearing mechanism that dampens sound from the ear canal and passes it in to the inner ear; includes the tympanic membrane (eardrum) and the ossicles.

Inner ear

The part of the hearing mechanism that houses the cochlea, in which sound is changed from mechanical energy into electrochemical information that can be interpreted by the brain. Also includes the vestibular canals, which are involved in balance.

Outer ear

The part of the hearing mechanism which includes the pinna (fleshy outer part of the ear) and the ear canal. Its main function is to funnel sound toward the middle ear.

Protocols

The particular steps or approaches of the research methodology.

Auditory awareness

The perception of sounds in the environment.

Age of onset

The person's age during which the symptoms of a particular condition first appeared.

Preferentialist philosophy

The philosophical belief that the meaning in music arises from connections the listener makes between music and a nonmusical object or event.

Therapeutic Instrumental Music Playing (TIMP)

The playing of musical instruments in order to exercise and stimulate functional movement patterns. - The musical structure is used to facilitate the organization of movement in time and space, as well as to mediate force dynamics - The choice of instruments and the method of playing both enhance therapeutically useful movements - The spatial arrangement and location of the instruments facilitate desired paths of motion for the limbs as well as positions of the body For sensorimotor deficits

Positive reinforcement

The presentation of a stimulus, resulting in an increase in the behavior it follows, e.g., practicing piano increases when the purchase of a new piano is made contingent upon greater practice time.

Paired-associate

The presentation of one word as a stimulus for the recall of a second word.

American Music Therapy Association

The principal music therapy organization of the United States. This organization was formed in 1998 with the unification of the American Association for Music Therapy and the National Association for Music Therapy. AMTA serves (among other things) to: -Promote awareness of the profession -Advance clinical and scientific knowledge in the field -Set and maintain standards of music therapy practice

Accountability

The process by which one is responsible and answerable for obligations to a set of constituencies.

Incidental language learning

The process of "picking up" language skills by being in an environment in which the language is used. This ability is especially sharp in infants and young children.

Random assignment

The process of assigning research participants to groups by chance instead of by some other method that might make the groups inequivalent.

Assessment

The process of determining the client's present level of functioning. Screening may be incorporated into this process.

Bereavement

The process of grieving over the death of a loved one (or different type of loss).

Catharsis

The process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions.

Attention

The process of seeking out stumble that are of interest.

Generalization

The process of transferring or applying responses to a different set of stimuli, new setting or another behavior.

Chaining

The process of two or more responses being joined together systematically one at a time to teach the desired outcome.

Auditory-motor match

The process whereby awareness of sound results in movement or response.

Negative punishment

The removal of a stimulus, resulting in a decrease in behavior, e.g., stopping the music after the occurrence of inappropriate behavior which results n a decrease of inappropriate behavior.

Neurologic music therapy (NMT)

The research-based, therapeutic application of music to deficits in cognitive, sensory, and motor function due to diseases of the nervous system.

Functions of music

The various ways that music is used in society, including the purposes of communicating, producing a physical response, symbolizing a nonmusical concept, promising social integration, expressing and/or affecting emotions, and providing aesthetic enjoyment or entertainment.

Determine client's awareness by...

Their visual tracking of a sound, or their startle responses to loud or abrupt sounds.

Optimal complexity theory

Theory associated with Daniel Berlin that specifies that we feel the most pleasurable feelings if music has an ideal level of complexity and/or familiarity. This ideal level can change depending on situational circumstances.

Theory of expectations

Theory associated with Leonard Meyer that specifies that emotions are aroused when a tendency to respond a certain way is inhibited; for example, the last few notes being left out of a familiar melody.

When selecting a music intervention for a client, the MOST important thing to consider is

Therapeutic goals

Behavior therapy (ABA, behavior modification)

Therapeutic intervention designed to change behavior using techniques of operant and respondent conditioning as well as behavior analysis.

Behavior therapy (applied behavior analysis, behavior modification)

Therapeutic intervention designed to change behavior using techniques of operant and respondent conditioning as well as behavior analysis.

Holistic Theory

There is a lack of unity of body, mind, and spirit. Treatment is supposed to rebalance, integrate, and work on all parts of the person to be able to put things back together. Assumes the person is continually motivated by one need or another and that people have potential to grow toward psychological health that is self-actualization. Techniques include: different kinds of relaxation, music and imagery, stress management, movement exercises.

Auditory memory

They ability to recall and retain that which is heard.

music offer ____ to Concrete operation stage child

Think systematically, solve problems mentally as long as the situation is related to immediate reality. Think logically helps to learn musical notation and acquire concepts of rhythm and harmony. community involvement, social experiences outside the home.

AMMT-associative mood and memory training

This training involves musical mood induction techniques 1. to establish congruent mood states to facilitate memory recall 2. to access associate of mood and memory function through inducing a positive emotional state in the learning and recall process

Assessment tools

Tools that are used to provide a view of the person's abilities, needs, and problems. These tools can vary widely depending on what a person is being treated for and the focus of the person doing the assessment.

Generalization

Transfer of effects to other behaviors , stimuli, conditions or settings.

Define Related Services

Transportation and developmental, corrective and supportive services as may be required for a student to benefit from special education

Acquired/acute

Trauma, disease, or disorders of growth and development

Multiple Baseline Design

Treatment is added succesfully to 2+ subjects/behaviors/settings/etc while other conditions are constant

End-of-life care

Treatment provided to persons with a terminal illness who are usually projected to live six months or less.

When preparing a client for termination, it is important to consider the following:

Treatment summary of client's progress, date for the last session, and recognition of feelings regarding termination

Down's Sydrome

Trisomy 21 gene (an extra chromosome), mental retardation, physical abnormalities.

Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Type of anxiety disorder in which the person re-experiences a trauma with persistent arousal and avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma; causes significant distress and functional impairment.

Disruptive behavior disorder

Type of conduct disorder characterized by oppositional and defiant behavior which does not meet criteria for other conduct disorders.

Grand mal seizure

Type of seizure that involves loss of consciousness and violent muscle contractions.

Sound comprehension

Understanding a sound, that is, being able to discuss aspects of it that distinguish it from others, such as its timbre, its pitch, and so on.

Sequencing

Understanding how a series of objects, events, and time occur in a specific and logical order.

Secondary gains

Unexpected and unplanned outcomes over the course of therapy.

Hertz (Hz)

Unit of measure of frequency. As a point of reference, 440 Hz is the value assigned to the musical note A above middle C on the piano.

Perinatal cause

Unusual stress or birth trauma during birth - deprivation of oxygen (anoxia) - teenagers, women over the age of 35 - prematurity and low birth weight

Residual hearing

Usable hearing (associated with people with hearing losses who care hear some sounds but not others).

DSLM: Developmental Speech and Language Training Through Music

Use of music to enhance and facilitate speech and language development in children with developmental speech and language delays

Free Association

Used in psychoanalysis (and psychodynamic therapies), freudian techniques where clients relay the first thought that comes to mind

Patterned Sensory Enhancement (PSE)

Using any or all music components with sound patterns to cue desired movements and facilitate longer movement sequences. Example: MT will play a melody of ascending notes while client raises their arms, and then will play a melody of descending notes while client lowers their arms. For sensorimotor deficits

Safety valve function

Using music to "let off steam," that is, to express deep-felt emotions or to speak out about societal concerns.

Musical Sensory Orientation Training (MSOT)

Using music to learn numbers, times of day, days of week

Symbolic Communication Training Through Music (SYCOM)

Using music to train communication Impulse control, question and answer drums Eye contact

Applied Relaxation Training

Using techniques pre learned through experience to control anxiety

Orientation

Utilization of sensory processes to establish one's position in relation to significant objects in the environment.

Dominant

V (major)

Perfect Authentic Cadence

V-I in root position and highest note is tonic (I) Do

Imperfect Authentic Cadence

V-I, but inverted not on tonic

Deceptive Cadence

V-vi (minor)

Secondary Dominant

V7/V; key of C the V of G is D, used to transpose to the next key signature

Submediant

VI chord (major)

SMART

When goal writing, goals should be Specific Measurable Attainable Realistic Time Frame

Hydrocephalus

When spinal fluid is prevented from leaving the brain

Individualized education plan (IEP)

Written plan of instruction for each child with special needs, which includes statements of present functioning, long and short-term goals and objectives, required services and related information. Every handicapped child must have this specifying special education and related services where appropriate, according to Public Law 94-142, the Education for the Handicapped Act.

Vestibular

Your sense of balance (the fluid in your ears keeps you from falling over).

Proprioceptive

Your sense of where your body and limbs are in space.

What syllabi should a music therapist focus on FIRST

[ma]

The final decision to accept a client for music therapy assessment will be made by

a Music Therapist

A client may be referred for an initial music therapy assessment by

a Music Therapist, members of other disciplines or agencies, self, parents, guardians, advocates or designated representatives

Target Behavior

a behavior or set of behaviors which provide the focus of therapy identified in the therapeutic goal or behavioral objective

Stroke or apoplexy

a blockage of the blood supply to the brain with temporary or severe results including paralysis, incontinence or loss of bowel or bladder control, or aphasia or speech difficulty

Physical challenges or physical impairment

a broad array of particular circumstances or conditions that may affect the ability of the body to perform normal functions or act and process information as a normal functional capacity

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

a broad term for head injury sustained in an accident of other sudden onset

Hearing impairment

a broadly accepted term describing any particular level or degree of hearing loss, such as total or partial deafness and hard of hearing

Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)

a category of mental disorder that is defined as a reaction occurring within 4 weeks of a traumatic event and is characterized by dissociative symptoms, reexperiencing, avoidance, and marked anxiety or arousal

Multiple sclerosis

a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that causes lesions of the white matter, which leads to disturbances in the ability of nerves to conduct nerve impulses. progressive loss or disruption of vision, motor function, and sensory function.

Cyclothymia

a chronic, less severe form of bipolar disorder; bipolar equivalent of dysthymia

Learning disorder

a client with a particular deficit existing in an area that relates to the processing of information or learning that can result in a decrease of achievement when compared to the normal learning abilities of other people. Learning disorders are usually correlated with perceptual motor deficiencies or brain damage

Simultaneous Communication

a combination of oral and a form of manual communication. also called SimmCom, Total Communication (TC)

Response definition

a complete behavior description of a target behavior, which includes a concise descriptive term, boundaries or limits for the behavior, observational strategies, and examples of borderline responses

Autism

a complex neurobehavioral condition that includes impairments in social interaction and developmental language and communication with rigid, repetitive behaviors; a spectrum disorder that begins in infancy and is characterized by self-absorption, preoccupation with inanimate objects, and/or dysfunctional, destructive, or ritualistic behaviors

Expressed Emotion (EE)

a concept that refers to a collection of negative or intrusive attitudes sometimes displayed by relatives of patients who are being treated for a disorder

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

a condition characterized by persistent hostile and negative behavior, causing functional difficulties

Oppositional defiant disorder

a condition defined by continuing hostility and negative behaviors that cause fictional difficulties in clients

Neuromuscular disorder

a condition that can negatively affect the entire nervous system and associated muscles of the body

Delirium

a confusional state that develops over a short period of time and is often associated with agitation and hyperactivity; reduced awareness of one's surroundings

Discriminative stimulus

a cue which results in a response when that response occurs only after its presentation, not after other cues

Motor skills disorder

a defect in the client's coordination. Often diagnosed during childhood, motor skills disorder can result in tremendous loss of functions but is not caused by a medical condition and therefore does not meet the criteria for a PDD

Learning Disorder

a deficit in a specific area related to the processing of input resulting in decreased achievement when compared to the norm; often associated with perceptual-motor deficiencies or brain damage

Motor Skills Disorder

a deficit in coordination, diagnosed in childhood, resulting significant functional loss, not due to a medical condition and failing to meet criteria for pervasive developmental disorder

Creative movement gives the client...

a freer avenue for expression and allows them to improvise and enjoy the physical act of motion itself

Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

a kind of anxiety disorder where the client can relive or continue to experience a particular traumatic event with consistent association and avoidance of specific stimuli that the client has connected with the event

Inter-observer agreement

a measure of reliability of observers, the degree to which two or more observers can concur that specific events or behaviors have occurred

psychological age

a person's mental attitudes, agility, and capacity to deal the the stresses of an ever-changing environment (how in tact memory, ability to learn, and personality are)

Appoggiatura

a pitch that is usually dissonant and occurring in a strong position within the meter; resolves by moving upward or downward one step to complete the consonance, occurring in a weaker position within the meter

Behavioral Disorder

a problem in social behavior which is sufficiently extreme as to interfere with learning process

Parkinson's Disease

a progressive disease of the nervous system marked by tremor, muscular rigidity, and slow, imprecise movement, degeneration of the basal ganglia of the brain and a deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

a progressive nervous system (neurological) disease that destroys nerve cells and causes disability; a type of neuron disease in which nerve cells gradually break down and die; often begins with muscle twitching and weakness in a limb, or slurred speech; eventually lose control of muscles needed to move, speak, eat, and breathe

Alzheimer's Disease

a progressive, degenerative disease with insidious onset, characterized by multiple cognitive deficits and clinically significant impairment

Conduct Disorder (CD)

a psychological disorder of childhood that is defined primary by behavior that is illegal as well as antisocial

Baseline

a record or graph of behavioral observations which are recorded over time and without the application of systematic intervention

Cerebral palsy

a set or series of disorders exhibited by difficulty in movement, voluntary muscle control, or posture resulting from severe brain injury during early childhood

Reversal Design (ABAB design)

a single subject, ABA design which generally involves observing behavior during baseline, treatment, a return to baseline, and treatment reapplied

Entrainment (response)

a specialized practice used to assist in helping people become more "in tune" to their own rhythm and the rhythms of the world around them

Short-term objective

a specific therapeutic aim, stated as a clearly observable outcome, which is possible to realize in the near future

Long-term objective

a specific therapeutic aim, stated as clearly observable outcome, which can be realized after a considerable period of time

comatose

a state of deep sleep; total lack of consciousness

Asperger's Disorder

a subtype of autism/identical with exception that there is no clinically significant delay in language

Disorganized Type of Schizophrenia

a subtype of schizophrenia that is characterized by disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, and flat or inappropriate affect

Psychodynamic Therapy

a system of psychotherapy based on an individual's unconscious motivation and past experience

Transactional Analysis

a system of psychotherapy by Eric Byrne which examines interactions in term of explicit roles and games as a method of recognizing and understanding these patterns of behavior

Rational Emotive Therapy

a system of psychotherapy which attempts to confront one's rational belief system as a method of solving problems

Shaping

a technique for developing new behaviors by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior

Progressive muscle relaxation

a technique for learning to monitor and control the state of the muscular tension--> tense a group of muscles as you breathe in, and relax them as breathe out

progressive muscle relaxation

a technique whereby the person alternates tensing and relaxing muscles sequentially from one end of the body to the other

Psychosomatic Disorder

a term indicating that a physical disease is a product of both the psyche (mind) and the soma (body)

Assessment Tool

a test, device form, or instrument which is developed for the purpose of measuring strengths and weaknesses in a given area

Systematic Desensitization

a treatment for overcoming fears and phobia

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

a type of anxiety disorder in which the person re-experiences a trauma w/o persistent arousal and avoidance of stimuli associated w/the trauma causes significant distress and functional impairment

Creuzfeldt-Jakob Disease

a type of dementia caused by a specific viral infection

Cognitive Therapy

a type of psychotherapy in which negative patterns of thought about the self and the world are challenged in order to alter unwanted behavior patterns or treat mood disorders such as depression

Selective attention

ability to avoid distractions while focusing on one point of interest.

Sustained attention

ability to concentrate on a task for an extended period of time

Auditory memory

ability to retain and recall which is heard

grossly disorganized behavior/ catatonic behavior

abnormality in motor behavior, such as a long fixed posture.

Neurological Approach

addresses gait dysfunctions that stimulate music perception and pair it with motor responses

Emotional skills

affect and feeling

Biological age

age in terms of physical health

Weakness and/or muscle atrophy are symptoms in the early course of _____.

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Data-based model

an approach based on information retrieved through experimentation or direct observation

Cognitive Theory

an approach that attempts to explain human behavior by understanding thought processes

Off-Schulwerk

an approach to music education by Carl Orff which emphasizes creative experiences, natural abilities and sounds, the pentatonic scales, and obstinate patterns (continually repeated throughout a work)

Insight Therapy

an approach to psychotherapy whose objective is awareness of causes or motivation for behavior which, then, leads to control over the behavior and improvement of one's condition

Posttest

an assessment of skills which is administered following a therapeutic intervention or at the end of a designated experimental phase

Pretest

an assessment of skills which is administered to a therapeutic intervention or experimental condition

Internalizing Disorders

an empirically derived category of psychological problems of childhood that affect that child more than the external world

Borderline Personality Disorder

an endured pattern of thinking and behavior whose essential feature is a pervasive instability in mood, self-image, and interpersonal relationships

Avoidant Personality Disorder

an enduring pattern of thinking and behavior that is characterized by pervasive social discomfort, fear of negative evaluation, and timidity, social isolation

Hypomania

an episode of increased energy that is not sufficiently severe to qualify as a full-blown manic episode

Synchronized movement follows...

an established routine and is choreographed to the rhythm and beat of the selected music

cue (stimulus, prompt)

an event which sets the occasion for a certain behavior to occur

Euphoria

an exaggerated feeling of physical and emotional well-being

Objective

an expected outcome of therapy which defines the goal in clearly observable and measurable behaviors

Repeated Measures Design

an experimental group design in which repeated observation of subjects under different treatment or no treatment conditions allows subjects to act as their own controls

Matched Pairs Design

an experimental group design which first equates two groups of subjects, behaviors, settings, or other similar units, while other conditions are held constant; level of target behavior(s) is observed throughout the baseline and treatment conditions

Random Group Design

an experimental group design which randomly assigns subjects to treatment conditions and compares performance of groups undergoing treatment vs without treatment

Hyperacusis (2nd definition)

an extreme sensitivity to sound which is also associated with a responsiveness to music and an ability to make very fine auditory discriminations

Hyperacusis

an increased sensitivity to certain frequency and volume ranges of a sound (a collapsed tolerance to usual environmental sound)

Huntington's disease

an inherited disorder that affects the central nervous system and causes involuntary and subsequent contortions. Can also negatively affect behavioral symptoms and cognitive decline

Huntington's Disease (chorea)

an inherited disorder, affecting the central nervous system and causing involuntary movements and contortions; may also cause cognitive decline and behavioral symptoms

Mental retardation

an intellectual condition usually with an IQ of 70 or below, of clients who have impaired adaptive functionality. This condition presents itself during the developmental period

Developing a rapport can be accomplished through...

an introduction to the client followed by discussion of the client's preferences for different things, the potential result of MT, and the reasons for the client's involvement in therapy

Planned Activity (Pla-check)

an observational recording system in which one notates the # of group participants engaged in a target behavior at the end of a predetermined observation

Frequency count

an observational recording system in which one notates the # of times a behavior occurs

Duration Recording

an observational recording system in which one notates the length of time a behavior occurs

Interval-time sampling

an observational recording system in which one notates whether or not a behavior is occurring during a specific interval of time

Delusion

an obviously false and idiosyncratic belief that rigidly held in spite of its preposterous nature

Repression

an unconscious mechanism employed by the ego to keep disturbing or threatening thoughts from becoming conscious

Audiation

analogous to visualization - meaning, you can think of a sound like you can visualize an event

Auditory discrimination

ask person to describe sound characteristics - timbre (quality of sounds: train, car horn, piano) - directionality (from where the sound emanates) - intensity (loud-soft) - pitch (high-low) - tempo (fast-slow) - duration (long-short)

The ultimate benefit of research within MT field is to ____

assist the music therapist in selecting the most useful treatment for his or her clients.

Holistic Theory

assumes that the whole person is continually being motivation by one need or another and that people have the potential to grow toward psychological health, that is, self-actualization

Bronchitis

bacterial infection or by consistent exposure to environmental hazards inflammation flow of oxygen in and out of the lungs.

MEDICAL SETTINGS - Related areas may include, but need not be limited to,

basic medical terminology, pharmacology, and issues involved in death, dying, trauma, grief and loss, and spirituality.

Auism

begins in infancy and entails preoccupation with inanimate objects, self absorption, or other behaviors that could be deemed dysfunctional, destructive or ritualistic

Hyperactivity

behavior which is characterized by increased or excessive muscular activity

Successive Approximations

behaviors which gradually resemble the target behavioral or terminal objective

Humanistic Approach

believes that people have an ordered set of needs that must be fulfilled in order to achieve personal growth

Stroke (apoplexy)

blockage of the blood supply to the brain which may be transient and temporary, or severe, resulting in paralysis, aphasia, or incontinence

Denial

blocking external events from awareness

Conduct disorder

breaking of social norms, including serious violations, aggression, destruction or deceitfulness.

Dorian

built off 2nd scale degree; W H W W W H W

Phrygian

built off 3rd scale degree; H W W W H W W

Lydian

built off 4th scale degree; W W W H W W H

Mixolydian

built off 5th scale degree; W W H W W H W

Aeolian

built off 6th scale degree, same as natural minor; W H W W H W W

Locrian

built off 7th scale degree; W W H H W W W

Ionian

built off first scale degree (Major Scale); W W W H W W W H

alternative and augmentative communication (AAC) systems for ASD

can be simple systems of pointing to pictures, words, or letter boards, or more sophisticated methods, such as use of sign language, voice output computer, or visual tracking devices.

Down syndrome

cause by extra chromosomes or a congenital abnormality of the trisomy 21 gene that results in mental retardation and other physical abnormalities

Postnatal Causes of ID

childhood disease (whooping cough, chicken pox, measles), blow to the head, near drowning, ingestion of lead or mercury - meningitis - encephalitis

Melodic Intonation Therapy

clinical use of melodies which emphasize intonation in normal speech to develop language skills in aphasic patients and others requiring remediation in propositional language

Rapport

closeness or trust which is considered conducive to a warm, understanding, and caring environment

How are anxiety disorders treated?

cognitive-behavioral therapy and/or behavioral therapy --- and who are also open to prescribing medication if it is needed.

Sensory-motor

combination or processing of a sensory stimulus and motor response.

eclectic Orientation

combo of all schools of thought

6 treatment areas for music therapy interventions are recommended:

communication, social, cognitive, emotional, motor, musical

Behavioral Approach

concerned primarily with the observable and measurable aspects of human behavior; when behaviors become unacceptable, they can be unlearned

Neuromuscular disorder

condition affecting the nervous system and the muscles of the body.

Comatose

condition of deep sleep

Frequency count

count number of times a behavior occurs. - behaviors have distinct beginning and ending - discrete behaviors: hitting, inappropriate vocalization, negative statements, chords played correctly on a guitar, gross movements correctly imitated, etc

Parkinson's disease

describes a chronic disorder of the nervous system that is evidenced by rigidity, tremor, and slow movements

Dementia

deterioration in cognitive functioning, particularly memory, abstract thinking, judgment and problem solving.

Within the first few sessions, the MT should...

develop a rapport with the client, gather information specific to the client, observe the client in various settings, narrow the defined problem and associated goals, and outline the responsibilities of the client and the MT

Dyspnea

difficult or labored breathing

Dyspnea

difficulty breathing (out of breath) - commonly occurs in chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD)

Dysphagia

difficulty or discomfort in swallowing

Types of supervision may include but are not limited to

direct observation, peer review, verbal feedback, group supervision, individual supervision, and music based supervision.

Focused attention

direct one's mind to a particular thing at the exclusion of other stimuli. focusing one's attention on one selected instrument in a basket of various instruments.

Attention Deficit Disorder

disorder characterized by maladaptive inattention, hyperactivity, or impulsiveness which results in pervasive and clinically significant impairment

Behavioral disorders include...

disruptive behavior or ADD, oppositional defiant disorders, hyperactivity or ADHD, conduct disorders, or other comparable behavior problems that suffer from an inability to appropriately act or respond in social interactions whereby this inappropriate action or response hinders the child's ability to learn

Bulimia Nervosa

eating disorder characterized by repeated episodes of binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting

Music therapy in wellness involves the specialized use of music to

enhance quality of life, maximize well being and potential, and increase self-awareness in individuals seeking music therapy services.

Specific client responses can be observed through the following...

enjoyment, level of participation, ability or willingness to follow instructions, attentiveness to task, attentiveness to the therapist, social interaction, gross and fine motor coordination, speech, language skills, behavior that is appropriate and inappropriate, emotional or affective behavior, music behavior

Consequences

events which follows a behavior, sometimes as a result of the occurrence of the behavior

Antecedents (antecedent stimuli)

events which precede a behavior, sometimes setting the occasion for an occurrence of the behavior

Case Studies

examinations of clients undergoing treatment, generally reporting the progress of a single case or group over time

Case studies

examinations of clients undergoing treatment, generally reporting the progress of a single case or group over time.

Transactional analysis

examines interactions in terms of explicit roles and games as a method of recognizing and understanding these patterns of behavior.

Attention deficit disorder (ADD)

exhibited through hyperactivity, belligerent or disruptive inattention, or impulsiveness resulting in clinically significant and pervasive impairment. While defining symptoms of ADD usually present themselves during childhood before 7 years of age, this disorder may be diagnosed by doctors during adulthood

Goal

expected therapeutic outcome; a purpose or direction for therapy

Anticipatory Grief

experienced in the advance of the event

delusions

false beliefs held in spite of contrary evidence

Addictive disorders and related areas include, but need not be limited to,

family systems theory and 12 step programs, such as Alcoholics Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous and Adult Children of Alcoholics.

Agoraphobia

fear of the marketplace; fear of public spaces

vibrotactile

feel sound rather than hear it - maybe effective providing distraction for older patients with cognitive impairments.

Social Domain

focuses on interaction with others

Cognitive Domain

focuses on learning skills and academic concepts

Affective Domain

focuses primarily on moods and emotions

Motor Domain

focuses primarily on physical movements

reliance

forming a belief, taking action, or refraining from action in part due to confidence in someone or something

Creative movement allows clients to...

freely express themselves to song

an acquired or adventitious hearing losses is

happens after birth

Rhythmic Speech Cuing (RSC)

highly effective with stuttering patients. to control the initiation and rate of speech. the therapist should always use a metronome either to prime speech patterns or to pace the rate of speech. May also use the client's hand to tap the rhythm of the spoken words or sentences on his or her lap.

PD patient at a high risk of _____, especially during ____.

hight risk of falling, especially during walk.

Behavioral Approach

identifies behaviors, replaces negative, inaccurate thoughts, and changes the rewards for positive behaviors

Mediant

iii chord (minor)

Ideal information gather is best observed...

in the location where the client exhibits the presenting problem in its most extreme fashion

Dysphagia

inability to swallow, therefore, it is a feeding disorder.

Communication disorder

inability to transfer though through speech, written word or bodily gestures

Projection

individuals attribute their own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and motives to another person

Meningitis

infection of the meninges: membrane covering the brain and spinal cord

Gastritis and ulcers

inflammation of the lining of the stomach and can be a precursor to the development of gastric ulcers.

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

inherited condition, weak bones and short limbs that deform easily.

Reconstructive Therapy

insight oriented therapy which examines unconscious and deep set emotions in order to restructure the personality

Reeducative Therapy

insight oriented therapy which promotes self growth and adjustment through behavior change

Evidence-Based Music Therapy Practice

integrates the best available research, the music therapist's expertise, and the needs, values, and preferences of the individual(s) served

Dyskinesia

involuntary movements, such as tics, chorea, or tremors, that are often associated with certain types of dementia

Athetosis in Cerebral Palsy

involuntary, purposeless movements of the limbs. In addition, purposeful movements are contorted

Sensorimotor Action

involves both motor and auditory/sensory pathways (i.e. clapping)

Therapeutic Singing (TS)

involves the unspecified use of singing activities to facilitate initiation, development, and articulation in speech and language as well as increase the functions of the respiratory apparatus.

Applied Relaxation Training

involves using relaxation techniques that have already been learned in real-life situations in which anxiety is aroused

Ataxia

lack of voluntary muscle movement

atonia

loss of muscle tone. the muscles are flaccid

Aphasia

loss or impairment of previously acquired abilities in language comprehension or production that cannot be explained by sensory or motor defects or by diffuse brain dysfunctions

Startle Reflex

loud and abrupt music may induce and assess

Attention deficit disorder

maladaptive inattention, hyperactivity, or impulsiveness which results in pervasive and clinically significant impairment. Some symptoms should have presented before seven years of age, although it may be diagnosed in adulthood.

A client's goals and objectives must be...

measurable, achievable, and time-bound

Duration recording

measure the length of time a behavior occurs. - Behaviors are more continuous in nature - maintains eye contact - balances on one foot - sit in a chair - smiles - cries - holds a note on a wind instruments, etc

kidney failure/renal failure

medical condition of impaired kidneys function in which the kidneys fail to adequately filter metabolic wastes from the blood

MENTAL HEALTH - Related areas may include, but need not be limited to,

mental health disorders, specific areas of dysfunction, diagnostic knowledge, psychotherapy, treatment approaches including music, leisure education, administrative skills, and psychopharmacology.

andante

moderatly slow, walking pace.

Prompted tasks

more demands on the person with music of greater complexity - Singing "sing this back to me" - Movement "follow me" - Rhythm "Watch what I clap and then you clap the same way - Keyboard "play what I play on the keyboard"

Catatonia

motor symptoms that can include either immobility and marked muscular rigidity or excitement and overactivity

The consultant may also provide resource information regarding

music therapy techniques and materials or may design music therapy programs for clientele in various settings.

Speech Stimulation (STIM)

musical material such as songs, rhymes, and chants can assist patients with aphasia in stimulating non-propositional speech patterns. The use of familiar songs is strongly recommended. "Twinkle, twinkle, little _____."

Planned Activity Check (Pla-check)

notates the number of group participants engaged in a target behavior at the end of a predetermined observation interval.

Reconstructive Therapy

one type of insight-oriented therapy which examines unconscious and deep-set emotions in order to restructure the personality

Re-educative Therapy

one type of insight-oriented therapy which promotes self growth and adjustment through behavior change

Agnosia

perception without meaning; the inability to identify objects; person's sensory functions are unimpaired, but he or she is unable to recognize the source of stimulation

Auditory Comprehension

person's ability to understand the meaning of the words and sounds hearing

Perceptual motor

pertaining to the organization and interpretation of a stimulus and its motor response

At the time of termination of services, document an evaluation of the client's functional abilities in the following areas:

physiological, affective, sensory, communicative, social-emotional, and cognitive functioning.

Session should be held in what kind of setting?

places that allow for access to music materials in an acoustically sound area. Sometimes therapy can be more effective when this area can be separated fro the customary arenas. **Therapist should consider these issues when determining the location, as well as the possible limitations of the effectiveness of the therapy when unknown variables are factored into the session

Inclusion

placing children with special needs in the classroom that they would normally attend, and importing support and prescribed related services to that classroom.

hypotonia

poor muscle tone and weakness; less than normal resistance to movement.

A congential hearing loss is

present at birth

Cerebral palsy

problems in movement, posture, and loss of voluntary muscle control, which are caused by brain injury early in life.

Assessment in Wellness is

process oriented and is negotiated by the Music Therapist and the client.

Auditory-motor match

process whereby awareness of sound results in a movement or response

DEMENTIA

progressive, deterioration of cognitive functions, and global impairment of intellect with no change in conciousness

______ theory is the view that personalities are shaped and motivated by conscious and unconscious forces, with a strong influence from childhood experiences

psychodynamic

EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS - Related areas may include, but need not be limited to

psychopharmacology, neurology, psychology, physiology, special education, early childhood education and early intervention.

INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES - Related areas may include, but need not be limited to

psychopharmacology, neurology, psychology, physiology, special education, early childhood education and early intervention.

The music therapy assessment will explore the client's culture. This can include but is not limited to

race, ethnicity, language, religion/spirituality, socioeconomic status, family experiences, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, and social organizations.

When working with clients who have vascular dementia...

re-evaluation of treatment length and frequency, as well as type of interventions is an important aspect of care due to the often sudden onset of symptoms and continued loss of functioning

Pervasive developmental disorder and multiply handicapped (PDD)

refers to a group of conditions affecting the functionality of clients, such as autism, Rett syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, Asperger's disorder, and other illnesses or conditions

Vestibular action

relates to the sense of balance

anecdotal

relating to narratives of interesting, amusing, or biographical incidents

Negative punishment

remove stimulus to decrease behavior

Binge Eating Disorder

repeated episodes of binge eating, but in the absence of compensatory behavior (such as purging)

Education for the Handicapped Act (Public Law 94-142)

requires that all handicapped children must have and IEP that details the specific special education and related services used in conjunction and as appropriate

Music therapy with clientele who have addictive disorders is the specialized use of music to

restore, maintain, and improve mental, physical, and social-emotional functioning.

Spinal Cord Injuries

result in different types of paralysis of parts of the body, categorized as paraplegia or quadriplegia.

Assessment of Cognitive skills

reveal ways in which the client can be expected to learn

Harmonic Minor

same as natural minor, but 7th is raised semitone

Pretest-posttest design

samples behavior prior to and following treatment as an indication of progress or improvement.

Displacement

satisfying an impulse with a substitute object

Fragile-X Syndrome

second most common know biological cause of intellectual disabilities; transmitted genetically and indicated by a weakening or break on one arm of the x sex chromosome

______ refers to responses to various stimuli

sensorimotor

hallucinations

sensory experiences that occur in the absence actual environmental stimulation. - hearing voices, seeing things that don't exist

Old Adult - related areas may include, but need not be limited to,

sensory processing, planning, and task execution, sensitivity training, specific diagnoses, and issues involved in death and dying, grief, loss and spirituality.

Auditory nerve

sent electrical signal to the brain

Melancholia

severe type of depression; loss of pleasure in activities and lack of reactivity to events in the person's environment

iconicity

sign standing for something else (symbol peace sign=peace) (timpani roll = thunder or anons of war)

Reversal (ABAB) design

single subject baseline -> treatment -> reverse back to baseline -> treatment

Ritenuto

slowing down immediately

Fine motor skills

small movements-such as picking up small objects and holding a spoon- that use the small muscles of the fingers, toes, wrists, lips, and tongue

Conversion Disorder

somatoform disorder characterized by physical symptoms that often mimic those found in neurological diseases, such as blindness, numbing or paralysis. Symptoms often make no anatomic sense

Bb descending Maj 2

soprano sax, tenor sax, trumpet, clarinets, bass clarinets

family systems theory

suggests that individuals cannot be understood in isolation from one another, but rather as a part of their family, as the family is an emotional unit.

cochlear implant

surgical insertion of a device that allows sensorineural hearing-impaired people to understand speech

Divided attention

sustain attention between two different things at the same time. - Sing a song while playing the rhythm on a drum.

Although musical perception is a sense of hearing, sound waves are also perceived by the ______ sense, sometimes referred to as _____ stimulation.

tactile, vibrotactile

Appropriation

taking on as one's own an action or behavior that belongs to or is demonstrated by an outside source, such as appropriating style of music from another culture

Auditory discrimination

the ability to distinguish specific characteristics of certain sounds and identify or recognize the differences

Auditory discrimination

the ability to hear similarities ad differences between sounds

Sensorimotor integration

the capability of the central nervous system to integrate different sources of stimuli, and parallel, to transform such inputs in motor actions--> i.e. music therapy, the task of having clients clap their hands to a rhythmic stimulus requires integrating the rhythmic stimulus with movement

The Music Therapist will terminate music therapy services when

the client has attained stated goals and objectives, fails to benefit from services, can no longer be scheduled, or is discharged.

Transference

the client's projection of feelings, ideas, and desires about others onto the therapist

Inclusion

the concept referring to placing children with special needs in the classroom they would normally attend, and importing support and prescribed related services to that classroom

Validity

the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure

Reliability (test-retest)

the degree to which a test or observation is consistent

Long-term goal

the desired outcome after a considerable period of time

Short-term goal

the desired outcome which is possible to achieve in the near future

Music therapy with clientele in geriatric settings may be defined as the specialized use of music with emphasis on

the development, restoration or maintenance of each individual at the highest possible level of functioning.

Bereavement

the event of the loss

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

the existence of two or more distinct personalities in a single individual

Termination

the final stage of therapy which should include evaluation of progress, a plan for phasing out and/or ending therapy, recommendation for the future, and a follow-up plan

What is personality disorders

the individual exhibits personality traits that are so extreme and so inflexible that they cause difficulties in school, at work and in interpersonal relationships.

Apraxia

the loss of a previous acquired ability to perform purposeful movements in response to verbal commands

Ataxia

the loss of full control of bodily movements

Spasticity in Cerebral Palsy

the muscles are tight and contract strongly when one attempts to stretch or move suddenly.

The Music Therapist will develop an individualized treatment plan based upon____. Will the client participate in program plan development?

the music therapy assessment, the client's prognosis, and applicable information from other disciplines and sources. The client will participate in program plan development when appropriate.

___ can offer important information on the most effective therapeutic plan.

the objective and outcomes of other programs as well as the medical and therapeutic history available from other sources

Communication disorder

the particular social condition of the client as characterized by the client's inability to express opinions or ideas or mimic responses through regular speech, written text, or physical gestures

Affect

the pattern of observable behaviors that are associated with subjective feelings

when schizophrenia symptoms reach psychotic proportions

the person will suffer from a loss of contact with reality and self-perception.

Therapeutic Instrumental Music Performance

the playing of musical instruments in order to exercise and stimulate functional movement patterns

The initial assessment should consider...

the present and past state of the client and the particular problem requiring therapy, as well as the present and past responsiveness to music and associated music behavior

Task Analysis

the process of breaking a skill down, into smaller, more manageable components; used in a behavioral approach or model

Generalization

the process of transferring or applying responses to a different set of stimuli, new setting, or another behavior

Negative Punishment

the removal of a stimulus, resulting in a decrease in behavior (i.e. stopping the music after the occurrence of inappropriate behavior) which results in a decrease of inappropriate behavior

startle reflex

the response to an unexpected loud noise; extremely fast

Insight

the self-knowledge and deep understanding of personal issues, primarily regarding the dynamics and roots of symptoms

Empathy

the sense of understanding another person's feelings, ideas, and desires by placing oneself into the other's frame of reference

Dissociative Amnesia

the sudden inability to recall extensive and important personal information; onset often sudden and may occur in response to trauma or extreme stress

Countertransference

the therapist's projection of feelings, ideas, and desires about others onto the client

Analytical Music Therapy (AMT)

the use of words and symbolic music improvisations as a means of exploring the client's inner life and facilitating growth. A characteristic feature is that the client's improvising is often stimulated and guided by verbal titles which describe emotional issues that the client needs to examine. The titles or issues may be specific feelings, ideas, images, fantasies, memories, events, or situations.

The Music Therapist will deliver services according to

the written program plan and will

Physical therapy or physiotherapy

treatment for rehabilitation of specific physical impairments or challenges that incorporates such activities or service as massage therapy, hydrotherapy, heat exposure, and definite exercise regimens

When preparing a client for termination, it is important to consider...

treatment summary of the client's progress, date for the last session, and recognition of feelings regarding termination

reconstructive, analytically and catharsis-oriented music therapy

uncover, relive, or resolve subconscious conflicts, such as traumas experienced as far back as early childhood, that continue to hamper personality development.

Secondary Gains

unexpected and unplanned outcomes over the course of therapy

Chorea

unusual involuntary muscle movements associated with disorders such as Huntington's Disease

clubfoot

unusual positioning of the foot, may be because of genetic or environmental causes or the position of the fetus in utero. Painless, but negatively affects child trying to walk. Can be treated by splinting, manipulation, and immobilization

Fine motor dexterity (coordination)

use of small muscles for reaching, grasping, and manipulating

Pivot Chord Modulation

uses a diatonic common chord for both keys so that the work can pivot between the two areas

Vibroacoustic Stimulation

uses special equipment to provide auditory input and vibrotacile stimulation

Prepared Modulation

uses the V7 to set up for the key change since the diminished seventh chord resolves to the key one half step up

Encephalitis

viral brain infection/ inflammation

What should the MTist do to practice "standard precautions"

wear gloves when in contact with any patient's bodily fluids.

Contract

will delineate the expectation that the therapist and client have for each other with specific conditions listed that are in line with conditions set forth by the associated agency or facility, the therapist, and the client

Baseline tasks

within the person's competencies - Singing "sing me a song you know" - Movement "Move to the music any way you like" - Rhythm "Clap with me to the music" - Keyboard "Play any tune on the keyboard"

Synchronized music helps clients...

work as a group and see the importance of teamwork

Bb trumpet

written one whole step above concert pitch

Reconstructive Therapy

(Analytic/Cathartic oriented therapy): insight oriented therapy focused on past experience, deeper than re-educative (here-and-now), examining uncoscious emotions in order to restructure the personality

Operant/Behavioral Conditioning

(BF Skinner): An individual's behavior is modified by its consequences, operant is a voluntary behavior

Re-educative therapy

(Insight/Process oriented therapy): Promotes growth and adjustent, reorganize values/behavior, responsibility for one's own actions (challenge maladaptive behaviors and facilitate creative problem solving)

Speech therapy, baby learn making sound with what part of the mouth first?

- 2 months babies begin to "coo" making sounds in the back of their mouth like "ah-ah-ah" and "oh-oh-oh." - 6 months involves making sounds with the tongue and the front of the mouth like, "da-da-da-da" and "ma-ma-ma-ma." - At 10-12 months the anxiously awaited first real words will typically make their debut.

Contour

- A pattern of frequency that is either increasing or decreasing. - outline of the figure or body that defines a shape (in music).

Different between: physiatrist physical therapist percussion instructor occupational therapist

- A physiatrist is a physician who specializes in rehabilitation. - A physical therapist typically works with large motor issues such as strength, endurance, and flexibility. Mobility/ Ambulation. - A percussion instructor may not have the expertise in adapting mallets for this population. - Adaptation of devices for functional purposes is within the scope of practice of an occupational therapist.

Posttraumatic stress disorder

- Anxiety disorder - Re-experiences a trauma with persistent arousal and avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma; causes significant distress and functional impairment.

Communication Deficits (neurologic rehabilitation)

- Aphasia: most common, brain lesion, expressive or receptive channels of verbal communication may be damaged - Dyspraxia: inability to perform complex motor acts despite normal muscle strength, sensation, and coordination - Dysarthria: slow slurred speech that results from a lesion disrupting the control of the muscles needed for articulation.

Pervasive developmental disorder (PDD)

- Autism, Rett Syndrome, Asperger's, Childhood disintegrative and others. - Variety of mental and/or behavioral disorders without biological cause.

Set up for blind client with cane.

- Concrete floor - large room/ space - No stuff hang/mounted off the floor - The tables block the access of the cane for exploration.

Age-related psychological disorders:

- Depression - Dementia - Alzheimer's disease

Age-related physical disorders:

- Disorders of the central nervous system (Parkinson's disease, Tardive dyskinesia) - Musculoskeletal disorders (Osteoarthritis, Osteoporosis) - Disorders of the blood, heart, and circulatory system (Coronary heart disease, Arteriosclerosis, Myocardial infarction, Cerebrovascular accident)

Criteria for selecting goals and target behaviors

- Does this behavior have major impact? - Is the goal too far removed from the present behavior? - Are there inappropriate social behaviors which interfere - with achievement of the goal? - Is the target behavior able to be observed and measured over time? - Was the client referred for a specific area of remediation? - Do others working with the client/ the client agree on the focus? - Is there a relatively high probability that this behavior can be changed and goal can be reached? - Is there evidence that this behavior truly requires change? - Do data exist to support the view that this is indeed, a problem? - Is there reason to believe that music therapy is the most appropriate treatment?

Private Practice - The music therapy will document

- Each session with the client - The client's payment for services

Rett Syndrome

- Early development loses manual dexterity, coordinated gait, social engagement, and language - Severe psychomotor retardation and deceleration of head growth.

The music therapy assessment will include current diagnosis and history will be performed in a manner congruent with the patient's level of functioning to address the following areas (addictive disorders):

- Emotional status - Motor development (fine, gross, perceptual-motor) - Developmental level - Independent functioning and adaptive needs - Sensory acuity and perception - Attending behaviors - Sensory processing, planning, and task execution - Substance use or abuse - Vocational status - Reality orientation - Educational background - Coping skills - Infection control precautions - Medical regime and possible side effects. - Mental status - Pain tolerance and threshold level - Spatial and body concepts - Long and short term memory - Client's use of music

The music therapy assessment will include current diagnosis and history will be performed in a manner congruent with the patient's level of functioning to address the following areas (medical setting):

- Emotional/psychosocial - Coping skills - Infection control precautions - Activity status, preoperative and postoperative - Attitude toward surgery and/or medical procedures - Cardiac precautions - Impact of surgery and/or loss of function on selfimage - Medical equipment precautions - Medical regime and possible side effects - Mental status - Pain tolerance and threshold levels - Postural restrictions - Scheduling requirements, coordination with other medical treatments - Support during medical procedures

Goal

- Expected therapeutic outcome - a purpose or direction for therapy

Wellness - The Music Therapist and client will agree upon services to be rendered prior to or at the onset of delivery. The agreement will include:

- Frequency of sessions - Length of each session - Projected length of music therapy services - Terms of payment for services

Private Practice - the contract will include:

- Frequency of sessions - Length of each session - Projected length of music therapy services - Terms of payment for services.

The termination plan will:

- Further optimize the goals of the individualized music therapy treatment plan. - Coordinate with the individualized treatment plans of other services received by the client. - Allow sufficient time for approval, coordination, and effective implementation whenever possible. - Summarize the client's progress and functioning level at the time of termination.

RAS (Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation)

- Gait therapy - Immediate entrainment stimulus which provides rhythmic cues to improve walking tempo, balance, and control of muscles and limbs - Help the patient achieve a more functional gait pattern that can then be transferred to everyday life without continued rhythmic facilitation - 2/4 or 4/4 meter with a dominant beat. Pre-recorded or presented live by the therapist.

Benenzon music therapy

- ISO - non-verbal psychotherapies - uses body-sound-non-verbal elements in order to develop, process, analyze and reinforce a bond or a relationship between the therapist and the patient (or a group of patients) with the intent to achieve the patient's wellbeing.

Neurological music therapy techniques to work on speech and language problems:

- Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) - Rhythmic Speech Cuing (RSC) - Vocal Intonation Therapy (VIT) - Therapeutic Singing (TS) - Oral Motor and Respiratory Exercises (OMREX) - Speech Stimulation (STIM) - Developmental Speech and Language Training Through Music (DSLM) - Symbolic Communication Training Through Music (SYCOM)

The music therapy assessment will include current diagnosis and history will be performed in a manner congruent with the client's adaptive functioning and developmental levels to address the following areas (Intellectual and developmental disabilities):

- Motor functioning - Sensory processing, planning and task execution - Emotional status - Coping skills - Infection control procedures - Attending behaviors - Interpersonal relationships

Neurological music therapy techniques addressing cognitive problems are:

- Music Sensory Orientation Training (MSOT) - Musical Neglect Training (MNT) - Auditory Perception Training (APT) - Musical Attention Control Training (MACT) - Musical Mnemonics Training (MMT) - Associative Mood and Memory Training (AMMT) - Musical Executive Function Training (MEFT)

Music Therapy Approaches

- Nordoff-Robbins Music Therapy - Analytical Music Therapy - Benenzon Music Therapy - The Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music - Behavioral Music Therapy

Major therapeutic approaches

- Psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapies - Behavior therapy - Cognitive therapy - Humanistic therapy - Integrative or holistic therapy

All of the following diagnostic criteria must be present from early childhood in order to make a diagnosis of autism

- Qualitative impairment in reciprocal social interaction (poor eye gaze, disinterest in personal relationships, and limited use of gestures) - Qualitative impairment in verbal and nonverbal communication (language delay, limited or lack of speech, lack of spontaneous and varied make-believe play) - Restricted repertoire of interests and activities (rocking, hand flapping, or spinning as well as limited or abnormally intense interest areas.)

music offer ____ to preoperational stage child

- Rapid language, conceptual growth (Fast/slow) - Parallel play: share and cooperate with their peers - Beat competency: to maintain a steady beat

Common symptoms of PTSD

- Re-experiencing the trauma through intrusive distressing recollections of the event, flashbacks, and nightmares - Increased arousal, such as difficulty sleeping/concentrating, feeling jumpy, and being easily irritated and angered - Emotional numbness and avoidance of places, people, and activities that are reminders of the trauma

Physical therapy

- Rehabilitative treatment of physical impairment or challenge. - Techniques: massage, hydrotherapy, heat, and exercise.

Neurologic music therapy techniques that address the sensorimotor domain are:

- Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation (RAS) - Patterned Sensory Enhancement (PSE) - Therapeutic Instrumental Music Performance (TIMP)

Neurological music therapy methods for the rehabilitation of motor skills are:

- Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation (RAS) gait training - Patterned Sensory Enhancement (PSE) - Therapeutic Instrument Music Playing (TIMP)

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

- Sometimes called stroke - occurs when blood flow to the brain is restricted, or when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures

What Vowels should be taught first? What are the easy, harder, and hardest vowels?

- Teach the Early Vowels First (uh, ah, ee, oo and oh) - Easy speech sounds: Vowels, p, m, h, n, w, b, t, d - Harder speech sounds: k, g, f, v, "ng" (as in ring), and y (as in "yellow") - Hardest speech sounds: r, l, s, "ch," "sh," j, "th" and "zh" (as in the end of the word "garage")

Negative symptoms

- The result of lost functions. - Slow thought and speech - Emotional and social withdrawal - Blunted affect or emotional expression

Palliative

- Treating symptoms, but not curing the disease - often with chronic or terminal illnesses.

Restricted field of vision:

- Tunnel vision (able to see objects only within an area of 20 degrees or less from the normal 180-degree field) - Poor central vision (only good peripheral vision)

Optimal complexity theory

- We feel pleasurable feelings if the structural features of the music are at an optimal or ideal level of complexity and/or familiarity. - Music that is too complex or unfamiliar in style can leave the listener with a sense of confusion, chaos, and discomfort. - Music that is too simple or has been heard again and again so that it lacks freshness, the listener may feel bored and unsatisfied.

diabetes

- a chronic disorder of metabolism - body unable to break down sugar - treated with insulin, diet, and exercise

Parkinson's disease

- a degenerative disorder of central nervous system that usually develops after the age 50 - tremors and muscle rigidity - slow and slurred speech, shuffling gait, drooling, and loss of control of facial muscles.

Tardive dyskinesia

- a side effect of taking certain medications over a prolonged period of time - involuntary facial grimaces, movement of the arms and legs, rocking motions, and bizarre lip and tongue movements.

Presbycusis

- age-related hearing dysfunction. - High frequency lost first.

Myocardial infarction (MI)

- also called a heart attack occurs when blockage of artery interferes with blood supply to the heart. - Chest pain, decreased blood pressure, difficulty breathing, and a weak pulse

How is schizophrenia treated?

- antipsychotic medications to normalized neurological processes. (do not cure, just help them to think and behave in more adaptive ways.) - cope with the negative effects of the disease.

Psycho-social skills

- attention - self-awareness - self-concept - self-esteem - participation - cooperation - compliance - relationship to therapist - interpersonal skills - interaction with others

Autistic

- beginning in infancy - self-absorption - preoccupation with inanimate objects - and/or dysfunctional - destructive or ritualistic behaviors * type of pervasive developmental disorder

task analysis is primarily used in _____ approach or model

- behavioral - take down to step by step

Evidence-based practice (EBP) principles require music therapists to take what into account when planning treatment?

- best available research - clinical expertise - patient characteristics - culture and preferences

The congenital and/or chronic conditions:

- cerebral palsy - muscular dystrophies - spina bifida - clubfoot - congenital dislocation of the hip - arthrogryposis - juvenile rheumatoid arthritis - dwarfism - osteogenesis imperfecta

Parkinson's disease

- chronic nervous system disorder - tremor, rigidity, and slow movements

clinical symptoms typically exhibited with schizophrenia

- delusions - hallucinations - disorganized speech - grossly disorganized behavior/ catatonic behavior - negative symptoms

Termination

- evaluation of progress - plan for phasing out and/or ending therapy - recommendations for the future and a follow-up plan

Guided Imagery and Music (GIM)

- explore one's own inner world and help clients to work on significant life issues - connects the conscious to the unconscious - allows unresolved issues to surface and helps to remove mental and emotional blocks

Hyperacusis

- extreme sensitivity to sound - ability to make very fine auditory discriminations

Neurological music therapy techniques addressing socioemotional goals:

- group improvisation - duo play - music-assisted relaxation training - songwriting provide opportunities for meaningful interaction and self-expression and enhancement of quality of life

A discriminating assessment tool will:

- identify strengths and weaknesses - give corroborating evidence of suitability of the selected goal - help determine target behaviors and specific objectives to guide therapy - disclose other potential goals - detect information about the nature of the target behavior and prerequisite skills - pinpoint those tasks which the person can and cannot do

4 methods of music activities:

- improvisation - creation - recreation (playing Mozart) - receptive

diverticulitis

- infection and inflammation of the herniation - pain, nausea, and change in bowel habits

muscular dystrophies

- inherited diseases - destroys muscles - progressive - sex-linked - most are wheelchair-bound by age 10

Musical skills

- interest - responsiveness - preference - vocal and instrumental abilities pitch discrimination rhythmic perception creativity

2 main groups of causes of stroke

- ischemia (blockage of an artery) - intracranial hemorrhage (sudden increase in blood pressure that leads to a rupture of arteries and bleeding inside the brain) - less frequent ---> brain tumors press on a blood vessel and shutting off blood supply to the brain.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

- lung disease. - caused by long-term exposure to pollutants such as tobacco smoke and air pollution, or by chronic respiratory infections.

spina bifida

- most common neural tube defect - trunk & leg paralysis - present at birth - caused by a failure of the neural tube to enclose the spinal cord during the first month of pregnancy

Psychotic clients need to be ____ and avoid doing ____.

- need to be grounded - NO GIM

Williams Syndrome

- neurobehavioral - delayed motor development, mild to moderate mental retardation, impairment in visual and spatial functioning.

Fibromyalgia

- non-articular rheumatic disorder - known as myofascial pain syndrome - pain, stiffness, and extreme tenderness in the muscles

Mode of communication

- oral communication system - manual approach (use signs, fingerspelling) - Sign languages (are independent sign language that developed within communities of origin. American Sign Language is different from British Sign Language although oral language for both countries is English)

Developmental disability

- originating before the age of 18 - substantial handicap and continues indefinitely - mental retardation, autism, epilepsy, cerebral palsy, severe learning disabilities if the origins are related to mental retardation

Osteoarthritis

- progressive inflammation of the joints that produces degeneration of cartilage and bone; mostly affects older people - stiffness, swelling, and pain

free association is primarily used in _____ approach or model

- psychodynamic - say what comes to mind

The music therapy assessment will include the general categories of:

- psychological, cognitive, communicative, social, and physiological functioning focused on the client's needs and strengths. - determine the client's responses to music, music skills and musical preferences.

other relevant areas

- psychological/ educational needs - activities of daily living - personal adjustment - leisure - vocational and spiritual needs

Common symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder

- recurring nightmares - sleeplessness - emotional numbness

Music therapy with clientele who require mental health services is the specialized use of music to _______, ________, and _______ the following areas of functioning:

- restore, maintain, and improve - cognitive, psychological, social/emotional, affective, communicative, and physiological functioning.

Atherosclerosis (Coronary heart disease)

- results from blockage of the coronary artery due to a buildup of fibrofatty plaques. - can result in a heart attack

3 key components to the AAIDD definition of intellectual disabilities.

- significantly subaverage intelligence - exist concurrently with limitations in adaptive behavior - Onset of intellectual disabilities occurs before age 18

Physical disability of stroke victims can be described in 4 categories:

- strength and endurance - flexibility - muscle tone - coordination

Assessment

- systematic approach - evaluation, appraisal, observation of a person's strengths and weaknesses - observe the quantity and quality of target behaviors - preparation for treatment planning

Assessment tool

- test, form, instrument, device - developed for the purpose of measuring strengths and weaknesses in a given area.

The acquired and/or acute conditions:

- thermal injuries - spinal cord injuries - acquired amputations - poliomyelitis

Cognitive skills

- thinking - processing - learning style

Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music

- using classical music to stimulate and sustain a dynamic process through the imagination - Based on humanistic and transpersonal - help a client expand self-awareness that leads to a more healthy state of being

Communication skills

- verbal/ nonverbal expression - receptive and expressive language

What responsibilities does a music therapist have to a client during a treatment evaluation?

-Analysis of all available data to determine the effectiveness of therapy -Communication with the client, clients family, caregivers, or personal network -recommendations and referrals as indicated

Confidential information may be revealed under the following circumstances...

-Client appears to be in imminent danger (info is to be shared ONLY with the appropriate authorities, professionals, or others) -Other professionals within a facility or agency are directly related with the case -Client gives consent to release confidential information -When compelled by a court or administrative order or subpoena, provided such order or subpoena is valid and served in accordance with applicable law

Techniques for Termination

-Communicating feelings through musical performance and improvisation -Analyzing song lyrics about the end of an era or life transition -Comparing songs & pieces to express what music therapy has meant to them

Section 9: Fees, Business, Commercial Activities

-MT ensures activities are consistent with Code, local/state/federal laws -MT accepts remuneration for services rendered -will not take financial advantage of clients -private fees are a no-no when getting $ from agency -no gratitudes, gifts, favors from clients -referral services = no commission, fee splitting -no commercial activities that conflict w/ responsibilities -material/products given to clients should be given in best interest; client has freedom of choice

Section 7: Responsibility to Profession/Association

-MT respects rights, rules, reputation of association -will distinguish personal vs. professional view when acting on behalf of association -strive to increase level of knowledge, skills, research within profession -refrain from misuse of official position -exercise integrity, confidentially when carrying out duties of association

Clubfoot

-Malformation of lower extremity -More common in boys -Clinical manifestations: plantar flexed foot w/ inverted heel & abducted forefoot -Can come by itself or w/ spina bifida

Section 4: Relationships with Colleagues

-acts with integrity --> will cooperate -will not offer services to person receiving MT from another MT EXCEPT after termination -will establish harmonious relations -will share w/other members of treatment team -will not discriminate

Section 10: Announcing Services

-adhere to professional, not commercial, standards -don't solicit clients of other MTs -efforts to ensure public info materials are accurate, complete -don't do when announcing services: misleading/deceptive advertising, misrepresentation, guarantees/false expectations, use of logos -private practice vs. private music studio -cards, brochures, letterhead, internet

Section 8: Research

-establishes precise agreement with research subjects prior to participation in study -participation is voluntary -MT responsible for protecting subjects' welfare -store data securely accessible to researcher -be competent! -present without distortion -credit assigned to those contributed -major contributions will be recognized in joint authorship -footnotes/intro statements -citations for unpublished/published material -MT compiles/edits will publish symposium under comittee

Section 1: Professional competence & responsibilities

-perform only duties adequately trained for -qualifications, titles, professional affiliations -participation in continuing education -assist public in identifying competent/qualified MT -be aware of limitations -respect rights of others -no sexual harassment! -accords s.h. grievances -practices with integrity, honest, fairness, respect -delegates to employees, students, co-workers, only responsibilities they can do

Ambiguous loss

-physically present but psychologically absent -psychologically present but physically absent

Section 3.12: CONFIDENTIALITY

-protects confidentiality of provided info -federal, state, local regulations/policies: society, clients, others in imminent danger, direct relation to case, when compelled by court/subpoena -inform client of confidentiality limits -disguises identity in case materials, research, teaching -consent for verbal, written, audio, video, digital -info gained in eval services, consulting, supervision, peer review, quality assurance kept confidential

Section 12: Online Presence

-social media, online presence = code

schizophrenia

-split mind -positive symptoms -hallucinations -delusions -negative symptoms -absence of normal cognition or affect -disorganized symptoms -disorganized speech -disorganized behavior

Section 2: general standards

-strive for highest standards -use procedures in align w/ Standards of Practice -Moral/Legal Standards: respects social/moral expectations of community, refuses to participate in activities that are illegal/inhumane -no violations of civil rights -work to eliminate effect of bias

Section 11: Education (teaching, supervision, administration)

-teaching: establishes program combining academic, research, clinical, ethical aspects -use skills to help others acquire knowledge, skills (supervision) -theories, methods will be consistent -ensure that clinical work performed by students is rendered adequate under supervision -evaluate competences of students as required; identify students whose limitations impede performance as competent MT -serve as model -students = professionals

Section 3: Relationships w/Clients, Students, Research Subjects

-welfare of client = #1 -protects rights of individuals/clients: safety, dignity, legal/civil rights, treatment, self-determination -respect -participation in treatment decisions -will not discriminate in relationships -no dual relationships -caution in predicting results of services -inform purpose.nature/effects of assessment/treatment -use every available resource!

Section 5: Relationships with Employers

-will observe regulations, policies, procedures -will inform employers of conditions that may limit effectiveness of services -will differentiate personal views from profession, employer, agency -provide services in ethical manner; protect property, integrity, reputation of employment -utilize facilities, resources as authorized -will not use position to obtain clients for private practice

Section 6: Responsibility to Community/Public

-will strive to increase public awareness of music therapy -MT engaged w/ private practice/business will abide by federal/state/local regulations relevant to self employment; liability, registering/maintaining business, tax codes/liability, confidentiality, reimbursement

Minor Pentatonic

1 2 3 4 5 b7

What is Music as therapy?

1. "In music as therapy, music serves as the primary medium and agent for therapeutic change, exerting a very direct influence on the client and his/her health. In this approach, the therapist's main goal is to help the client relate to or engage in the music, thus serving as a guide or facilitator who has the expertise need to prescribe the appropriate music or music experience for the client." 2. "In music as therapy, music is the focus of therapy, thereby serving as the primary medium or agent for therapeutic intervention, interaction, and change, while the personal relationship between client and therapist and the use of other arts or therapeutic modalities provide a context which facilitates that focus." 3. When music is used as therapy, music is the foreground.

What is Music in therapy?

1. "In music in therapy, music is used not only for its own healing properties but also to enhance the effects of the therapist-client relationship or other treatment modalities (e.g. verbal discussion). Here music is not the only or primary agent of change, and its use depends upon the therapist. In this approach, the therapist's main goal is to address the needs of the client through whatever medium seems most relevant or suitable, whether it be music, the relationship, or other therapeutic modalities." 2. "In music in therapy, the focus is on either the personal relationship between the client and therapist, or an experience in a modality other than music, while music provides the context or background which facilitates that focus." 3. When music is used in therapy, music is the background.

Kodaly Approach

1. "Mother tongue" music 2. A capella singing 3. Rhythm syllables (ti-ti, ta-ta) 4. Curwen hand signs 5. Sol-fa system

3 major causes of intellectual disabilities are ____

1. Down syndrome 2. Fetal alcohol syndrome 3. Fragile X syndrome

3 different types of goals in working with physically disabled children:

1. Educational goals (academic development includes social, emotional, physical skill) 2. Rehabilitative goals (the use of muscles for movement, posture, and respiration, or sensory perception in the auditory, visual, and tactile modes) 3. Developmental goals (enhancing normal development, normal social, emotional, and sensorimotor experiences)

3 types of group music psychotherapy

1. Guided Music Listening and Counseling 2. Therapeutic Music Improvisation 3. Music and Relaxation

level of disciplinary

1. Multidisciplinary: (Least integrative form) draws knowledge from different disciplines but stays within their boundaries 2. Interdisciplinary: Team of professionals who might meet & interact but still separate diagnosis/ results 3. Transdisciplinary: ALL DISCIPLINES PLAN IN COLLABORATION. TREATMENTS ARE SHARED. DISCIPLINES BLEND INTO ANOTHER Works and delivers together.

Rational-Scientific Mediating Model (R-SMM)

1. Musical Response Models 2. Non-musical Parallel Models 3. Mediating Models-the effects of music on non-musical behavior 4. Clinical Research Models

Principles when reading qualitative research

1. Qualitative research happens in the natural setting 2. Research participants are indeed participants and not "subjects" as they are chosen on purpose, rather than randomly. 3. An emergent research design is common in qualitative research 4. Research outcomes are negotiated

3 Primary Symptoms of PTSD

1. Re-experiencing the trauma through intrusive distressing recollections of the event, flashbacks and nightmares 2. Increased arousal such as difficulty sleeping and concentrating, feeling jumpy, and being easily irritated and angered 3. Emotional numbness and avoidance of places, people, and activities that are reminders of the trauma

4 Primary stages of child development

1. Sensorimotor (0-2) 2. Preoperational (2-7) 3. Concrete operational (7-11) 4. Formal operational (12+)

musical semantics model emphasizes a hierarchy of three steps in the therapeutic process related to music improvisation

1. The development of music coherence 2. The development of appropriate behavior 3. The development of transformations of music to "language" expressions

Memory training

1. create a structure for learning 2. provide a distinctive memory record so that the material is not easily forgotten 3. guide the learner in the retrieval process - the rhythm and melody of a familiar song could fulfill these principles by providing a structure for learning unfamiliar information, and a familiar melody could present both distinctive memory records and retrieval cues to assist in recall.

4 stages in adapting to the brain injury

1. crisis: shock confusion, and a high level of anxiety 2. treatment: patient and family usually develop high expectations of recovery coupled with the denial that the disability is permanent. 3. realization of disability: usually coincides with discharge from the hospital or active treatment. grief and bereavement over the disability. May feel despair and frustration. lead to depression. 4. adjustment: patient ideally has adopted and adjusted to a new lifestyle. Many patients never reach this stage, or may take years to do so.

At what point are a behavior and/or emotion considered inappropriate or problematic enough to be considered a behavioral-emotional disorder?

1. frequency 2. duration 3.intensity with which a behavior occurs or the emotion is experienced

5 major types of anxiety disorders:

1. generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) 2. obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) 3. panic disorder 4. post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 5. social phobia (social anxiety disorder)

reeducative, insight-and-process-oriented music therapy

1. identification and expressions of feelings 2. problem-solving 3. awareness of one's own behaviors 4. facilitation of behavioral changes

3 primary uses of music therapy in the NICU, which promote growth and development

1. music to mask (cover up) stress-inducing environmental stimuli 2. music to assist neurological maturation and teach tolerance to stimulation 3. music to reinforce nonnutritive sucking, which helps the baby prepare for feeding

10 functions of music

1. physical response 2. communication 3. emotional expression 4. symbolic representation 5. conformity to social norms 6. social institutions and religious rituals 7. continuity and stability of culture 8. integration of society 9. aesthetic enjoyment 10. entertainment

5 general ways that therapy can help the Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury rehabilitation process

1. prevent complications, such as illness, muscle weakness, or contractures, which can obstruct the natural recovery process. 2. teach adaptive strategies, 3. retraining the affected parts of the nervous system 4. ensure the availability and proper use of correct physical aids 5. long-term disabilities may not due to the original loss but rather to learned non-use that results in the patient not using the affected limb even though movement is possible.

supportive, activity-oriented music therapy

1. social interaction and awareness of others 2. maintaining reality orientation, here-and-now 3. diversion from neurotic concerns or obsessions 4. appropriate and successful involvement in a group activity 5. controlling impulsive behaviors 6. healthy use of leisure time

The substance-related disorders are divided into:

1. substance use disorders (substance dependence and substance abuse) 3. substance-induced disorder (substance intoxication, substance withdrawal, substance-induced psychotic disorder, etc.)

3 levels of clinical practice in music therapy in psychiatric clients:

1. supportive activity-oriented 2. reeducative 3. reconstructive

5 Step Sequence for speech

1.) Respiration - air comes up from lungs through the trachea through vocal chords 2.) Phonation - vibration of vocal chords occurs in layrnx 3.) Resonance - vibration in resonance cavities - determines timbre and uniqueness of voice 4.) Articulation - refining of airflow (back of tongue, blade of tongue, tongue lip, lips, teeth, gum ridge, hard palate, soft palate) 5.) Fluency - ability to correctly form words, phrases, sentences - so listener can parse words correctly

Section 13: Implementation

13.1: confronting-obligation, consulting w/ethics board, will not disobey code, obligation to report 13.2: informal resolution of ethical violations -13.3: mid level resolution of violations -13.4: formal resolution -13.5: group grievances -13.6: corrective actions

Renaissance Period

1400-1600: Music based on modes with a rich texture and four or more independent melodic parts - polyphony. Blending melodic lines and smooth harmony Composers: Monteverdi, Byrd, Di Lasso, Tallis

Baroque Period

1600-1750: Contrast to create drama. Concerto, opera, and Sonata Composers: Bach, Vivaldi, Handel, Purcell, Scarlatti

Classical Period

1750-1820: Lighter, clearer texture, mainly homophonic. Melody line over chordal accompaniment Composers: Mozart, Haydn, Schubert, Beethoven

Romantic Period

1820-1910: Expressive and emotional, freedom of form and design Composers: Beethoven, Schumann, Chopin, Bellini, Verdi, Tchaicovsky, Liszt, Brahms

IDEA

1975 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Children in the United States are provided a free education in their least restrictive environment Children from birth to 21

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

1990 federal law that ensure student with disabilities are provided with Free Appropriate Public Education (FEPA) that is tailored to their individual needs; providing children with disabilities the same opportunity for education as those students who do not have a disability

How many half tones does the Bb trumpet play above the piano?

2, piano plays F and trumpet plays G

Moderate Alzheimer's Disease (Middle Stage)

2nd stage; longest stage and can last for many years; may act withdrawn, confused about where they are, need help with ADLS

Most of the spontaneous recovery occurs within _________ months after the injury to the brain.

3-6 months

Clave Rhythm

3:2 Latin rhythm mambo/salsa accompaniment

Pentatonic Scale

5 note scale with no half steps Major is 1 2 3 5 6 Minor is 1 b3 4 5 b7

First inversion

6, 351

Second inversion

6/4, 513

Melodic Minor

6th and 7th notes raised on way up and then returned to natural minor on way down

HIPAA Privacy Rules

A MT must remove the following types of data when "de-identifying" client info: 1.) Clients street address 2.) Clients social security # 3.) Clients email address This allows the sharing of information under the condition that the client gives consent to release their confidential information

Cognitive-behavioral

A combination of the two combining inward reflection as well as reinforcement for behaviors

Discriminative Stimulus

A cue that results in a response only after this stimulus

Discriminative stimulus

A cue which results in a response when that response occurs only after its presentation, and not after other cues.

Rarefaction

A decrease in density of air molecules.

Learning disorder

A deficit in a specific area related to the processing of input, i.e, learning, resulting in decreased achievement when compared to the norm; often associated with perceptual-motor deficiencies or brain damage.

Learning disorder

A deficit in a specific area related to the processing of input, i.e., learning, resulting in decreased achievement when compared to the norm; often associated with perceptual-motor deficiencies or brain damage.

Motor skills disorder

A deficit in coordination, diagnosed in childhood, resulting in significant functional loss, not due to a medical condition and failing to meet criteria for a pervasive developmental disorder.

Baseline-Treatment Design

A design which compares behavior under conditions of no treatment and treatment of some kind

Baseline-treatment design

A design which compares behavior under conditions of no treatment and treatment of some kind.

Atherosclerosis

A disease affecting the arterial blood vessels. It is the name of a process in which fatty substances are deposited on the inner lining of the arteries and over time build up, causing a stroke or heart attack.

Sensory impairment

A disorder affecting contact with the environment through the senses (hearing, vision, taste, touch, kinesthesia).

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A disorder caused by alcohol ingestion during pregnancy, which can result in a variety of problems in the child, including intellectual disabilities, attention problems, growth deficiencies, and facial deformities.

Attention deficit disorder (ADD)

A disorder characterized by maladaptive in attention, hyperactivity, or impulsiveness which results in pervasive and clinically significant impairment. Symptoms should be diagnosed before 7 years of age, but it may be diagnosed in adulthood.

Rett's Syndrome

A disorder in females which, following an apparently normal development of up to 2.5 years, a child shows decelerated head growth, diminishing physical coordination, and impaired social and language development.

Rett Syndrome

A disorder in which a child with normal early development loses manual dexterity, coordinated gait, social engagement, and language; associated with severe psychomotor retardation and deceleration of head growth

Developmental disability

A disorder originating before the age of 18 which constitutes a substantial handicap and continues indefinitely. The disabilities include mental retardation, autism, epilepsy, CP, and severe learning disabilities if the origins are related to mental retardation.

Hypotonia

A lack of muscle tone.

Basilar membrane

A lining inside the cochlea that holds in place thousands of cilia.

Hierarchy of objectives

A logical sequence of behavioral expectations leading toward the desired outcome of therapy.

Reliability coefficient

A measure of agreement between observers which may be calculated as the number of agreements between observers divided by the total number of agreements and disagreements, time 100%. Reliability = Agreements/ (Agreements+Disagreements) x 100%

Reliability coefficient

A measure of agreement between observers which may be calculated as the number of agreements between observers divided by the total number of agreements and disagreements, times 100%.

Williams Syndrome

A neurobehavioral congenital disorder characterized by delayed motor development, mild to moderate mental retardation, and notable impairment in visual and spatial functioning; children display hyperacusis responsiveness to music, and a social and verbal fluency

Global Developmental Delay

A newer term that is generally defined as a significant delay in two or more developmental areas. Similar term: Mental Retardation. They are diagnosed differently depending on a variation of circumstances. MR is not diagnosed in younger children

Multiple baseline design

A single subject, applied behavior analysis design in which a treatment is added successively to two or more subject, behavior, settings or other similar units, while other conditions are held constant. The level of the target behavior(s) is observed throughout the baseline and treatment condition.

Multiple baseline design

A single subject, applied behavior analysis design in which a treatment is added successively to two or more subjects, behaviors, settings or other similar units, while other conditions are held constant. The level of the target behavior(s) is observed throughout the baseline and treatment conditions.

Reversal design (ABAB design)

A single subject, applied behavior analysis design which generally involves observing behavior during baseline, treatment, a return to baseline, and treatment reapplied.

Cochlea

A small snail-shaped structure of the inner ear that contains sensory receptors important in the transmission of sound to the auditory nerve.

Reality orientation

A technique used with the elderly that emphasizes the repetition of information to reeducate clients who may be disoriented and confused. Accurate perception of person, place, date, time, and other environmental objects or events.

Palliative care

A term for care that is focused on the relief of pain or suffering. In end-of-life circumstances, ________ may be given in conjunction with curative measures.

Mixed loss

A term that describes hearing difficulties due to structural deficiencies in both the outer or middle and the inner ear.

Intellectual disability

A term that refers to significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior, and manifested during the developmental period before age 18. Causes of intellectual disabilities may occur before birth (prenatal), during birth (perinatal), or after birth (postnatal).

Severity (of hearing loss)

A term that refers to the continuum of how much actual hearing is lost and what communication difficulties occur as a result.

Concert Pitch

A term used to distinguish between the "Written" and "sounding" notes of a transposing instrument. Ex: Playing a written C on a Bb clarinet or trumpet produces a non-transposing instrument's Bb.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A terminal, progressive disease of the motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord that eventually leads to muscular paralysis.

Board certification exam

A test that measures a prospective music therapist's knowledge about music therapy principles and foundations, clinical theories and techniques, general knowledge about music, and professional roles and responsibilities. Passing this test is one requirement to become certified as a music therapist.

Assessment tool

A test, device, form, or instrument which is developed for the purpose of measuring strengths and weaknesses in a given area.

Oral Motor and Respiratory Exercises (OMREX)

Addresses the improvement of articulatory control, respiratory strength, and function for the speech apparatus through sound vocalization and wind instrument playing. This technique is often used with patients suffering from developmental disorders, muscular dystrophy, and dysarthria.

Vocal Intonation Therapy (VIT)

Addresses the rehabilitation of abnormal pitch, loudness, timbre, breathing and prosody of speech; exercises are similar to vocal warm-ups used by choir conductors and train all aspects of voice control including inflection, pitch, breathing, timbre, and dynamics.

Random group design (Randomized subjects)

An experimental group design which randomly assigns subjects to treatment conditions and compares the performance of groups undergoing treatment vs. without treatment.

Compression

An increase in density of air molecules.

Multiply handicapped

An individual with more than one diagnosed impairment; a physical or sensory handicap accompanied by another handicap which inhibits normal development or adjustment.

Huntington's disease

An inherited disorder, affecting the central nervous system and causing involuntary movements and contortions; may also cause cognitive decline and behavioral symptoms.

Infant-directed speech

An innate speech tendency of mothers in the presence of their babies characterized by elevated vocal pitch, exaggerated affect and speech contour, and stretched-out vowel sounds.

Screening

An intake procedure wherein the music therapist meets with the client to determine whether or not formal assessment and treatment are indicated.

Planned activity check (Pla-Check)

An observational recording system in which one notates the number of group participants engaged in a target behavior at the end of a predetermined observation interval.

Interval time-sampling

An observational recording system in which one notates whether or not a behavior is occurring during a specific interval of time.

Spina bifida

An open defect in the spinal column caused by failure of the back arches of the vertebra to close before birth.

Rank order

An organization of pieces of information hierarchically from top to bottom, without indicating the exact numerical differences between each.

Agoraphobia

Anxiety or avoidance of places or situations.

Psychosocial Issues in Hospice and Palliative Care

Anxiety reduction, emotional support, autonomy and control, reduction of isolation, and family cohesion

Personality Disorder: Cluster C

Anxious, fearful, "worried". Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive.

Overtones

Any frequencies that sound above the fundamental (lowest frequency) of a pitch.

Experimental group design

Any of a number of designs which employ scientific methods to test a hypothesis and control experimental variables in a highly structured manner.

Atherosclerosis is the most common type of _____

Arteriosclerosis

Expressionism

As related to the philosophy of the arts, the belief that music's ability to evoke emotions and take on meaning results from the structural characteristics of the music itself.

Single subject, applied behavior analysis design

Assesses the effect of treatment. It refers to a group of "within-subject" or "intensive" designs which examine the behavior of one person or group over time.

Hearing aids

Assistive hearing devices that work primarily by amplifying and/or modifying the incoming acoustic signal.

Cognitive Theory

Attempts to explain human behavior by understanding thought processes; change one's way of thinking, so to eliminate irrational thoughts about oneself and others. Techniques include: role playing, modeling, developing and reinforcing how you play and work with music.

Succesive Approximations

Behavior which gradually resemble the target

Hyperactivity

Behavior which is characterized by increased or excessive muscular activity.

Intermittent Explosive Disorder

Behavioral disorder characterized by explosive outbursts of anger and violence, often to the point of rage that are disproportionate to their current situation.

Successive approximations

Behaviors which gradually resemble the target behavior or terminal objective.

Sound identification

Being able to identify the source of a particular sound.

Tactile defensiveness

Being overly responsive to the sense of touch, especially in the case of another person's touch.

Thermal Injuries

Burn injuries: classified depth of injury and surface area involved First Degree: affect only the outer layer of the skin and will heal quickly - mild sunburn Second Degree: damage to upper layers of skin - blistering - can scar Third Degree: deep burns - all skin layers and may involve muscles, tendons, and bones - often need skin transplant

Major Pentatonic Scale

C D E G A; 1 2 3 5 6

Oral communication system

Communicating by speaking, speech reading, and careful listening. Individuals with less severe hearing losses can often manage to communicate in this manner.

Wellness - MT Implementation

Communication with others will be contingent upon client consent when appropriate.

_____ refers to expressive and receptive language skills.

Communicative

Response Definition

Complete behavioral description of a target behavior

Dwarfism

Congenital condition that is due to abnormal skeletal development and is characterized by retarded physical growth. Their intelligence is normal or above average.

Group contingencies

Consequences for a group as a whole dependent upon the occurrence of specified behavior in the entire group.

Group Contingencies

Consequences for a group as a whole dependent upon the occurrence of specified behavior on its own

Somatization disorder

Consists of multiple, recurrent, and long-term somatic complaints that, after thorough medical investigation, cannot be attributed to any physical disorder.

Working memory

Contains the information that can be held in the mind and mentally manipulated in a short period of time.

Shifting attention

Continually changing one's focus of attention from one aspect of the environment to another.

Aspects specific to MT for Schizophrenia and other Psychotic Disorders

Decrease anxiety, increase relaxation, positive feelings, motivation to cope, schedule or therapy and activities to add structure

Manic state

Decreased need for sleep, thoughts race, wild spending phases, unrealistic projects.

Stages of Grief

Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance

Cerebral Palsy

Describes a set of disorders exhibited by difficulty in movement, voluntary muscle control, or posture from brain injury in childhood or womb

Echolalic

Describes speech in which previously heard words or phrases are repeated without intent to convey meaning.

Methodological integrity

Determining that the research method is appropriate to the question being asked and ensuring that this chosen method allows us to learn something new about the topic being studied.

Shaping

Developing new behaviors by reinforcing successive approximations of desired behavior

Bipolar Disorder

Disorder characterized by the occurrence of manic episodes, major depressive episodes, or mixed episodes. Common features: presence of sad, empty, or irritable mood, accompanied by somatic and cognitive changes that significantly affect the individual's capacity to function.

Dissociative Disorders

Disruption of normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control and behavior; can disrupt every area of psychological functioning.

Cognitive therapy approach

Emphasizes what people think rather than what they do. Cognitive therapists believe that it's dysfunctional thinking that leads to dysfunctional emotions or behaviors. By changing their thoughts, people can change how they feel and what they do.

Team-oriented approach

End-of-life care in which a variety of professionals collaborate to meet a client's needs, sometimes crossing or transcending disciplinary lines. Such approaches may include services of nurses, counselors, music therapists, clergy, and trained volunteers, depending on the particular needs of a given client.

Mechanical energy

Energy controlled by physical forces.

Glaucoma

Excessive fluid within the eye causes pressure can permanently damage the retina and optic nerve. It is a leading cause of blindness in the elderly population.

Dysphoric

Feelings of dejection, underestimation of self

Mild Alzheimer's Disease (Early Stage)

First stage where person may function independently; difficulty performing tasks in social or work settings

Behavior therapy approach

Focuses on learning's role in developing both normal and abnormal behaviors. classical conditioning (dog drools when bell rings), desensitizing (phobia through repeated exposure), operant conditioning (rewards and punishments to shape behavior), cognitive-behavioral therapy (which focuses on both thoughts and behaviors)

Existential Therapy

Focuses on recognizing passive acceptance and taking conscious control of one's own life.

Divided attention

Focusing one's spotlight of awareness on more than one task at a time.

Muscular Dystrophies

Genetic disorder resulting in gradual degeneration of muscle fibers. Characterized by progressive weakness and wasting of symmetric groups of skeletal muscles. Muscle weakness becomes evident about age 3 years.

Schizophrenia

Group of psychotic disorders with active symptoms of some duration that may include hallucinations, delusions, and a range of cognitive and emotional dysfunctions.

Conductive hearing loss

Hearing less caused by disease or obstruction in the outer or middle ear.

Central hearing loss

Hearing loss due to damage to or impairment of the brain or central nervous system.

The music therapy program plan will be designed to

Help the client to attain and maintain the maximum level of functioning. Comply with federal, state, and facility regulations. Delineate the type, frequency, and duration of music therapy involvement. Contain goals that focus on assessed needs and strengths of the client. Contain objectives which are operationally defined for achieving the stated goals within estimated time frames. Specify procedures, including music and music materials, for attaining the objectives. (Cultural appropriate). Provide for periodic evaluation and appropriate modifications as needed. Change to meet the priority needs of the client during crisis intervention.

Subtle problems with mood and cognition are symptoms in the early course of _____

Huntington's disease (HD)

12 Bar Blues

I I I I IV IV I I V V I I

Tonic

I chord

Major progression

I ii iii IV V VI vii0

Chords and Scales

I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII: Ionion, Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolian, Locrian

Current FAPE law

IDEA (Was EHA prior to 1990 amendments)

Subdominant

IV chord (major)

Plagal Cadence

IV-I

Humanistic Theory

Illness evolves from failure to grow; The belief that people have an ordered set of needs that must be fulfilled in order to achieve personal growth. The focus is on finding a meaning in life, developing goals, and having a purpose; focus is on the here-and-now.

Behavioral Theory

Illness is seen as learned maladaptive responses, and purpose is to unlearn those responses and set the stage for more positive changes. Techniques include: task analysis, ABA, modeling, contingent reinforcement.

Pitch-matching

Imitation of highness or lowness of a sound.

Aphasia

Impaired ability to use or understand oral language.

Apraxia

Impairment of motor sequencing in the articulation of words. the patient is trying to say one sequence of sounds and another comes out.

Dysarthria

Imperfect articulation of speech because of loss of muscle control as a result of damage to the central or peripheral nervous system.

Dysarthria

Imperfect articulation of speech due to disturbances of muscle control. Difficulties coordinating breathing and speaking.

Isomorphism

In Gestalt psychology, the principle that there is a parallel between Gestalt perception of a pattern and the actual "experience" of the pattern structure in the brain. This term is sometimes used to refer to structural characteristics of music that "mimic" human emotions or behaviors.

Pretest

In experiment research, the assessment of a particular variable or variables prior to the experimental intervention.

Posttest

In experimental research, the assessment of a particular variable or variables after the experimental intervention has take place.

Velocity

In gait training, number of steps taken in a given period of time.

Symmetry

In gait training, the degree to which a person's right and left steps are similar with respect to their location rom the center of the body.

Cadence

In gait training, the degree to which a person's steps stay in rhythm.

Significant difference

In quantitative research, the difference between two results is said to be significant of the difference would not have been expected to happen by chance. In statistical terms, significance is usually defined as something that would have been likely to happen by chance at most 5% of the time.

Hospice

In relation to terminal illness, the reduction and abatement of pain and other troubling symptoms in the absence of any measures to cure the illness.

Hypothesis

In research, a proposition (or set of propositions) given to explain the expected outcome of the study. A _______ can be a provisional prediction used to guide research, or it can be accepted as highly probable given a bulk of already existing evidence.

Variable

In research, any aspect that is purposely measured.

Autonomy

Independence, self-rule

IEP

Individual Education Program

Spinal Meningitis

Inflammation of meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord

Protected health information (PHI)

Information in the client/patient's health record that could identify them (social security number, and any combo of data fields that could identify an individual).

Long-term memory

Information is stored for long periods of time

Long-term memory

Information that has been rehearsed and stored in the brain and is retrievable over a long period of time, sometimes over the span of a lifetime.

Huntington's Disease

Inherited neurodegenerative disease; onset of chorea, and involuntary jerking movements involving the whole body.

Existential

Inner conflict is due to confrontation with the givens of existence. Keywords: Death, freedom, responsibility, meaninglessness

Reeducative therapy

Insight-oriented therapy which promoted self-growth and adjustment through behavior change.

Reconstructive therapy

Insight-oriented therapy, which examines unconscious and deep-set emotions in order to restructure the personality.

Extramusical associations

Instances in which music produces thoughts, feelings, and sensations about things other than the music itself; for example, when a trumpet call is recognized as a symbol for victory in battle.

Evidence-based Music Therapy Practice

Integrates the best available research, the music therapist's expertise, and the needs, values, and preferences of the individual's served.

ICD-9-CM

International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, clinical modification. The classification of disease by diagnosis confided into alphanumeric codes.

Collaborative tasks

Involve interacting with the music. The MTist improvises, offering some musical suggestions and invites the person to enter the improvisation - Singing "Let's make up a song together" - Movement "Let's move together" - Rhythm "Let's play together" - Keyboard "I'll play a melody and you play something along with me"

Musical Neglect Training (MNT)

Involves active performance exercises on musical instruments, which are structured in time, tempo, and rhythm, with an appropriate spatial configuration of instruments to focus attention to a neglected or unattended visual field. It may also involve receptive music listening to stimulate hemispheric brain arousal while engaging in exercises addressing visual neglect or inattention

Rationalization

Involves an individual's attempts to justify or make consciously tolerable feelings, behaviors, or motives that otherwise would be unacceptable

Major Scale

Ionian

What mode starts on 1

Ionian

Tonal Modes

Ionian, Dorian, Phrygian, Mixolydian, Aeolian

Musical Mnemonics Training (MMT)

Is the use of musical exercises to address various memory encoding and decoding/recall functions. Immediate recall of sounds or sung words using musical stimuli may be used to address echoic functions. Musical stimuli may be used as a mnemonic device or memory template in a song, rhyme, chant, or to facilitate learning of nonmusical information by sequencing and organizing the information in temporally structured patterns or chunks

Renal failure

Kidney disease

Ataxia

Lack of balance, lack of sense of position in space, and uncoordinated movement. Arms held up to maintain balance.

Dysphagia

Language disorder associated with swallowing issues

Dyslexia

Learning disorder that affects reading

LRE

Least Restrictive Environment

Duration Recording

Length of time a client performs a behavior

Apraxia

Loss of ability to execute or carry out purposeful movements

What mode start on 4

Lydian

Dalcroze Eurhythmics Cont.

MT can use this approach to encourage movement & self-expression, self-confidence, and body awareness - Has been successful in MT with children with disabilities including visual impairments - Also MT with body image goals (i.e. cancer survivors, eating disorders) and self-stimulation behaviors (i.e. autism)

MT to alleviate physical symptoms in hospice/palliative care

MT is associated with pain management: as a stimulus for active focus or distraction, to facilitate relaxation, as a masking agent, as an information agent, as a positive environmental stimulus. Music is most effective when a patient experiences mild to moderate pain, live music is provided by MT, and it's patient-preferred.

How to provide structure for the group.

Maintain a steady beat.

What are the primary strategies for degenerative diseases such as PD and HD?

Maintaining and facilitating functions as long as possible.

Interpersonal integrity

Making a commitment to understand the world of each research participant, being clear about how his/her beliefs may impact the study.

Interval recording

Making one observation during a designated period of time -- frequency behaviors are measured in short time intervals.

Integrative or holistic therapy aaproach

Many therapists don't tie themselves to any one approach. Instead, they blend elements from different approaches and tailor their treatment according to each client's needs.

Catatonic behavior

Marked abnormal in motor behavior, such as long periods of remaining in the same position without moving.

sensorimotor integration

Match what I see/hear with the motion

Iso-principle

Matching the client's emotions to the music

entrainment response

Matching the heartbeat

Rett Syndrome

Most affects girls, developmental reversals around 1 year, problems with hands, gait, social engagement, & language

Acquired Amputations

Most elective amputations in children occur between 12 and 21 years of age.

The music therapy assessment will include current diagnosis and history will be performed in a manner congruent with the client's level of functioning to address the following areas (Old Adult):

Motor skills. Reality orientation Emotional status Spatial and body concepts Long and short term memory Attending behaviors Infection control precautions Sensory acuity and perception Independent functioning and adaptive needs Coping skills

Mobility

Movement from present position to a desired location in space.

Repeated Measures Design

Multiple conditions, subjects are own controls

Music Therapy for INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES. Use music to improve or maintain what areas?

Music Therapy with clientele who have or are at risk for developmental disabilities is the specialized use of music to improve or maintain functioning in one or more of the following areas: motor, physiological, social/emotional, sensory, communicative, or cognitive functioning.

Waltz Rhythm

Music in triple meter 3/4, European style, such as Gershwin

Aspects specific to MT for trauma, eating disorders, substance disorders, personality disorders

Music is non-threatening, reduces anxiety, and can connect people in a group setting

What kind of music will most likely be preferred and have a calming effect on the client.

Music of the client's youngadult years

Does Music Therapist use Music As Therapy or Music In Therapy?

Music therapists can choose to use music as therapy or music in therapy, however, both processes must involve intervention by a trained music therapist. In other words, any use of music for therapeutic benefit which does not involve a music therapist is not considered music therapy. In addition, any form of intervention that does not involve music in assessment, treatment and evaluation is also not considered as music therapy. Music therapists who are trained in the United States hold the credential MT-BC.

Supportive music therapy

Music therapy activities that are designed to promote adaptive behavior and are oriented toward participants' active involvement and awareness of the present.

Reconstructive music therapy

Music therapy activities that are used to uncover or resolve subconscious conflicts that continue to hamper personal development.

Re-educative music therapy

Music therapy activities that emphasize verbal reflection and processing about interpersonal relationships and emotions, while still highlighting active participation of group members.

Biomedical Theory

Music therapy is the enhancement of human capabilities through the planned use of musical influences on brain functioning.

Speech Stimulation (STIM)

Musical material such as songs, rhymes, and chants can assist patients with aphasia in stimulating nonpropositional speech patterns; use of familiar songs is strongly recommended as a familiar song tends to be overlearned and containing nonpropositional language.

Rubato

No strict tempo

Arthrogryposis

Non-progressive (doesn't get worse) congenital muscle disorder that causes multiple contractures at birth. Characterized by stiff joints and weak muscles

Continuous recording

Observing and making note of all target behaviors that occur within a specific time frame

Postlingual

Occurring after the acquisition of the principal structures of adult speech and language.

Perilingual

Occurring during the acquisition of the principal structures of adult speech and language.

Prelingual

Occurring in the period before acquisition of the principal structures of adult speech and language (approx. first 3 years of life).

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

Occurs when blood flow to the brain is restricted, sometimes due to a ruptured cerebral blood vessel. The resulting lack of oxygen to brain cells can cause permanent damage or death. CVA is also known as stroke.

Stroke

Occurs when blood flow to the brain is restricted, sometimes due to a ruptured cerebral blood vessel. The resulting lack of oxygen to brain cells can cause permanent damage or death. _______ is also known by the term cerebrovascular accident (CVA).

Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)

Occurs within one month of the traumatic event - more dissociation and decreased awareness.

Reeducative therapy

One type of insight-oriented therapy which promotes self growth and adjustment through behavior change.

_______ guitar tuning can be played with a variety of styles and is most popular with slide guitars.

Open D tuning is D-A-D-F#-A-D

_____ is one of the easiest alternative guitar tunings to play. It is most commonly found in Folk and Blues music.

Open G tuning is D-G-D-G-B-D

Perceptual processing

Organizing or interpreting information taken in through the senses.

Total pain

Pain or suffering resulting from the combined effect of physical, emotional, social, and spiritual pain.

Quadriplegia

Paralysis from the neck down, critically impairing breathing

Hemiplegia

Paralysis on either the left or the right side of the body.

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Part of operant conditioning - Scheduled reinforcement, only after a specified number of responses

Minimum Data Set (MDS)

Part of the US federally mandated process for screening and clinical assessment of all residents in Medicare or Medicaid certified nursing homes. The form provides a comprehensive assessment of each resident's functional capabilities and helps nursing home staff identify health problems.

Ear canal

Part of the ear that forms a tunnel in which sounds funneled by the pinna travel from the exterior environment to the tympanic membrane (eardrum).

Passive/active listening allows clients to...

Passive listening - develop their listening skills and focus on what they are hearing active listening - also considered perceptive or active listening

Irrational thoughts

Patterns of thinking that cause stress and/or feelings of inadequacy that do not aid in adapting to one's environment.

Classic Respondent Conditioning

Pavlov's Dog, systematic desensitization (aversion therapy) . One stimulus comes to be associated with another stimulus "learned by association

Phenomenological

Perceived through subjective reality as opposed to physically and objectively

Phenomenological

Perceived through subjective reality, as opposed to physically and objectively.

Phenomenological

Perceived through subjective reality, phemonenology: study structures of consciousness as experienced from the first-person point of view

Hallucinations

Perceptions of sensory input, often sounds or tactile sensations, which are not occurring in reality.

Consonant Intervals

Perfect (P5, P8) Imperfect (3rd/6ths) Varied (P4)

Anorexia Nervosa

Persistent energy intake restriction, intense fear of gaining weight - becoming fat, or persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain, and disturbance in self-perceived weight or shape.

Oppositional-Defiant Disorder

Persistent hostile and negative behavior, causing functional difficulties.

Communication disorder

Persistent pattern of behavior characterized by the breaking of social norms, including serious violations, aggression, destruction or deceitfulness.

AD/HD - Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development.

Obsessions

Persistent thoughts that are intrusive and inappropriate and that a person realizes are a product of his/her own mind.

Psychodynamic Theory

Personalities are shaped and motivated by conscious and unconscious forces, with a strong influence from childhood experiences; unconscious conflicts are hidden within the personality - resolving past conflicts. Techniques include: free association, dream analysis, and nonverbal expression.

Sensory-motor

Pertaining to the combination or processing of a sensory stimulus and motor response

Sensory-motor

Pertaining to the combination or processing of a sensory stimulus and motor response.

Perceptual-motor

Pertaining to the organization and interpretation of a stimulus and it's motor response.

Dependent Personality Disorder

Pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behavior - fears of separation.

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others, no support for beliefs, preoccupation with these ideas.

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Pervasive pattern of social inhibition - feelings of inadequacy - hypersensitivity to negative evaluations - avoids situations unless sees as successful or would be liked.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Pervasive patterns of grandiosity, need for for admiration, lack of empathy, grandiose view of self, seeks constant admiration.

Sensory Integration

Process by which brain combines info taken in through the senses to make a whole

Process-oriented

Process in more important than the destination

Presbycusis

Progressive hearing loss in an elderly person occurring predominantly at high frequencies.

Alzheimer's disease

Progressive, degenerative disease with insidious onset, characterized by multiple cognitive deficits and significant decline in functioning.

Independent tasks

Provide opportunities to show what the person is capable of doing - Singing "make up a song about ..." - Movement "show me a way to move to this music" - Rhythm "clap a rhythm for this music" - Keyboard "make up a melody on the keyboard"

______ refers to quantity and quality of interpersonal interaction.

Psychosocial

Cognitive

Psychotherapy developed by Beck, Idea is to overcome difficulties by identifying and changing dysfunctional thinking, behavior, and emotional responses

Goal of Insight Therapy

Psychotherapy where the goal is awareness of causes of motivation for behavior which leads to control over that behavior

IDEA

Public law 94-142 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

Good Gestalts

Refers to a principle of Gestalt psychology that states that figures and patterns tend to be perceived in the most stable (or "best") form as sensory input will allow.

Semantic memory

Refers to general world knowledge that has been accumulated.

Authentic

Refers to historical research that is supported by an abundance of solid evidence rather than speculation.

Intellectual and developmental disabilities

Refers to one or more conditions of childhood or adolescence which interfere with normal development and or adaptive functioning (e.g., autism, mental retardation, sensory/motor/physical/cognitive impairments). Defined (PL 95682) as chronic mental or physical impairment manifested before age 22. Results in substantial functional limitations in 3 or more areas of life activities: self care; learning; mobility; self direction; economic sufficiency; receptive and expressive language; capacity for independent living. Requires lifelong individually planned services.

Psychosocial domain

Refers to quantity and quality of interpersonal interactions.

Sensorimotor domain

Refers to responses of various stimuli.

English-based sign systems

Refers to sign systems that use many of the same signs as does ASL, but they are used within the syntactical structure of English language, and additional signs music be used to indicate parts of speech such as word ending, verb tenses, and prefixes/suffixes.

Disorganized speech

Refers to switching topics with no natural transition, or answering questions in a tangential way, which often renders speech incoherent or illogical.

Configuration of hearing loss

Refers to the extent of hearing less at each frequency and the overall prospect of hearing that is created. For example, some people experience hearing loss at only low frequencies and may have different needs than someone who has hearing loss across the entire hearing spectrum.

Grossly disorganized behavior

Refers to the inability to manage one's own behavior enough to complete basic activities of everyday life.

Degree of hearing loss

Refers to the severity of hearing loss, which can range from mild, moderate, severe, to profound levels.

Total Communication (TC)

Refers to the simultaneous use of one or more manual communication systems and spoken language, in which the recipients of the messages select those aspects of the communication to which they will attend.

Music as an agent for relaxation response

Refers to the therapeutic use of music in conjunction with structured techniques that promote mental and physical relaxation.

Music as an information agent

Refers to the use of music to convey information important to a particular treatment goal, such as a children's song whose lyrics introduce the various individuals encountered during the surgical process.

Music as a masking agent

Refers to the use of music to cover or mask undesirable sounds in order to reduce patients' anxiety.

Music as an agent for active focus/distraction

Refers to the using of preferred selections of music as a positive and competing stimulus to reduce attention to the negative aspects of pain or an uncomfortable medical procedure.

Substance Abuse

Regular use of chemicals that result in obstructive behaviors; inability to refrain from use - increased tolerance; changes personality.

HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)

Regulations to protect the security and privacy of health information.

Residual vision

Remaining visual ability in a person with vision loss; varies widely among individuals.

Compulsions

Repetitive behaviors that a person feels they must carry out in response to their obsessions, despite the fact that these responses are not realistically connected to such obsessions.

Stereotypical behaviors

Repetitive behaviors, such as arm flapping, rocking, and valorizing vowel sounds that appear to serve only to create sensory stimulation.

Naturalistic research

Research that involves observing people in their natural setting, doing what they would normally be doing, with a minimum amount of interference by the researchers.

Neurological Music Therapy

Research-based system of standardized clinical techniques for sensorimotor, speech and language, and cognitive training. Techniques include: RAS, TIMP, PSE

Variable Ratio Schedule

Response is reinforced after an unpredictable amount of time (like gambling, increases rate of responding), random/variable rewarding

Variable Interval Schedule

Response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time

Sensorimotor

Responses to various stimuli

Ionian

Same as major scale

Aeolian

Same as natural minor scale

Locrian

Same as natural minor scale with lowered 2nd and 5th scale degrees

Phrygian

Same as natural minor scale with lowered 2nd scale degree

Dorian

Same as natural minor scale with raised 6th scale degree

Preoperational

Second stage of Piaget's theory of development (approx. ages 2-7) during which children experience rapid growth in language skills, conceptual understanding, and social awareness.

Tremor

Shakiness of limb, especially when the person tries to move the limb.

Early symptoms of Parkinson's disease

Shaking, rigidity, and slowness of movement

Musical Attention Control Training (MACT)

Structured active or receptive musical exercises involving rehearsed performance or improvisation in which musical elements cue different musical responses. 5 types of attention: focused, sustained, selective, divided, and alternating

Gerontology

Study of aging, characteristic behavior of older adults, and disorders associated with the late life.

Transpersonal psychology

Study of human growth and development. It's concerned with the study of humanity's highest potential. Involves self-actualization, spiritualization, transcendence, and other states of consciousness. It's about knowing yourself, your identity, and goes beyond personality.

Mental retardation

Sub average intellectual functioning and impaired adaptive functioning whose onset is during the developmental period; presently, a person with an IQ of 70 or below.

Early symptoms of Huntington's disease

Subtle problems with mood and cognition

Panic attack

Sudden and intense feelings of apprehension, fearfulness or terror.

Supportive Therapy

(Activities oriented therapy): Active involvement, increase behavior control and develop healthy feelings (provide the experience of success)

Personality Disorder: Cluster B

(dramatic/impulsive) -Histrionic: crave attention, loud, "drama queens" -Narcissistic: sense of entitlement -Borderline: intense emotions, extreme black-white thinking -Anti-social: violate other's rights, violent behavior /social norms

Personality Disorder: Cluster A

(odd/eccentric) -Schizotypal: odd perceptions & beliefs, social discomfort -Paranoid: looks like mild version of delusional disorder; hostile/suspicious -Schizoid: reclusive, little desire for social interaction, emotionally cold/aloof

Matched-pairs design

(participant or subject matching) participants are matched in pairs on some important characteristic and then one member of each pair is randomly assigned to the first condition and the other partner is assigned to the second condition

Proprioceptive Action

(stimuli produced/perceived within an organism) relates to spatial orientation of limbs in space

According to AMTA, music therapists serve the following children (in order of frequency)

**developmentally disabled behaviorally disordered emotionally disturbed physically disabled school age population multiply disabled speech impaired autistic visually impaired neurologically impaired hearing impaired substance abuse

Nordoff-Robbins Music Therapy

*Self-actualization" primarily uses improvisation to attain therapeutic goals and is founded on the idea that all persons, no matter the level of ability, have inborn musical ability and creativity.

IEP

- Individualized Education Plan - Long/Short-term Goals, Objectives, Services, Related Information - Children with special needs may be referred for music therapy to meet communication, cognitive, sensory-motor or perceptual-motor, social, emotional, and psychological needs - For children

IPP

- Individualized Program Plan - For adolescents and young adults - Same format and function as IEP

Huntington's disease (chorea)

- Inherited - central nervous system - involuntary movements and contortions - cognitive decline and behavioral symptoms

Categories of Music Activities Used in Therapy

- Listening and responding to music - Playing and composing music - Moving to music - Music combined with other expressive arts - Music for recreation and enjoyment - Music and relaxation

Levels of vision loss

- Low vision (partial sight) - Functionally blind (uses Braille for reading and writing; may use functional vision for mobility, cooking, dressing, etc) - Blind (receives no useful input through their sense of vision.)

VIT: Vocal Intonation Therapy

1) Addresses rehabilitation of voice disorders 2) Singing 3) Singing through pitch ranges to improve pitch range while speaking

Guitar Strings

1- E (highest) 2- B 3- G 4- D 5- A 6- E

Least restrictive environment (LRE)

A component of IDEA that states that students with disabilities just be educated with students who do not have disabilities to the greatest extent possible. Additional supports and services should be provided to help the student achieve educational goals.

Neuromuscular Disorder

A condition affecting the nervous system and the muscles of the body

Neuromuscular disorder

A condition affecting the nervous system and the muscles of the body.

Renal failure

A condition in which the kidneys lose the ability to remove waste and balance fluids.

Asperger's Syndrome

A condition on the autism spectrum that is characterized by repetitive or stereotyped behavior and deficits in social interaction, but in which language and intellectual development progress more or less normally.

Developmental disability

A condition, such as mental retardation or cerebral palsy, that begins before age 18 and continues indefinitely, causing substantial limitations.

Down syndrome

A congenital abnormality of the trisomy 21 gene (an extra chromosome), resulting in mental retardation and physical abnormalities.

Downs Syndrome

A congenital abnormality of the trisomy 21 gene - extra chromosome, includes mental retardation and other abnormalities

Down's Syndrome

A congenital abnormality of the trisomy 21 gene, resulting in MR and physical abnormalities

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD)

A disease in which air sacs of the lungs lose their elasticity and become overly porous, which can result in dyspnea, fatigue, and eventually lead to death.

Meningitis

A disease that arises from infection of the spinal fluid and can cause hearing loss and other serious complications, including death.

Neuropsychologist

A healthcare professional whose approach to understanding and treating psychological conditions focuses on the structures and functions of the brain and nervous system.

Acquired hearing loss

A hearing loss acquired after birth.

Inter-observer agreement

A measure of reliability of observers; the degree to which two or more observers concur that specific events or behaviors have occurred.

Vibrotactile aid

A mechanism that aids individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing to detect and interpret the vibration of sounds through the sense of touch.

Personal integrity

Ensuring that, during the course of the study, the researcher was fully present and honest both professionally and personally.

Cue redundancy model

Listeners in other cultures can pick up some emotional cues from structural features such as tempo, whole other elements of music such as mode or tonality are more culture-specific

MT techniques used of hospice/palliative care

Listening to music, music and imagery, improvisation, singing, songwriting, music playing, and lyric analysis

Flat affect

Little or no emotion in situations in which strong reactions are expected

Vivace

Lively, vivid

What mode starts on 7

Locrian

Sensorineural hearing loss

Loss in hearing usually due to defects in the sensory or neural mechanisms of the ear (cochlea and auditory nerve).

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking - beginning early - inappropriate sexually seductive or provocative behavior; use of physical appearance to draw attention to self.

Borderline Personality Disorder

Pervasive pattern of instability but intense with interpersonal relationships, self-image/sense of self and affects; marked impulsivity beginning in early adulthood.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Pervasive pattern of social/interpersonal deficits - discomfort with reduced capacity for close relationships.

Alternative and Augmentative Communication system (AAC)

Products or methods used to aid communication for persons with disorders of speech, language, or writing. AACs can range from pointing at pictures to using sophisticated electronic equipment.

Music therapist terminates client when...

The client has attained their stated goals and objectives, they fail to benefit from services, they can no longer be scheduled, or are discharged.

Evaluation

The review of a client's status in reference to the program plan goals, with consideration given to the appropriateness and/or necessary modification of the plan.

Insight

The self-knowledge and deep understanding of personal issues, primarily regarding the dynamics and roots of symptoms.

Empathy

The sense of understanding another person's feelings, ideas and desires by placing oneself into the others frame of reference.

Dissociation

The splitting off of behaviors, affect, sensory stimuli, and/or memories from conscious awareness, usually so that the individual may cope with traumatic events

Gerontology

The study of aging, characteristic behaviors of older adults, and disorders associated with end of life.

Behavioral

Therapy based soley on reinforcing desired behaviors and elimination of maladaptive behavior - no psychoanalytic process

G descending p4

alto flute

Eb descending maj 6

alto, baritone saxes, alto clarinet, and most alto horns

Experimental Group Design

any of a number or designs which employ scientific methods to test a hypothesis and control experimental variables in a highly structured environment

melodic intonation therapy (MIT)

aphasia treatment technique: emphasis is on successful communication regardless of form; focus is on conveyance of ideas rather than linguistic content of the message (getting your point across)

Schedule of Reinforcement

behavioral requirements for a reinforcing stimulus to be delivered; may be fixed or variable, based on interval or ratio criteria

Gross Motor Skills

bigger movements that use the large muscles in the arms, legs, torso, and feet

Lesion

brain tissue destroyed through stroke, accident, or surgery

Dissociative Disorders

characterized by persistent, maladaptive disruptions in the integration of memory, consciousness, or identity

Intellectual Disability

characterized by significantly subaverage IQ, deficits in adaptive behavior, and onset before age of 18

Cataracts

cloudy lens, vision becomes dim and distorted.

Fine motor dexterity

coordination or the use of small muscles in the hands, arms, or feet involved in manipulating, grasping, or reaching for particular objects

Movement performed as dance or exercises that are associated with music are classified as...

creative movement or synchronized movement

Mood Disorders

depressive and bipolar disorders

Rett syndrome

disorder where children lose manual dexterity, social interactive ability, coordinated movement and language ability following the appearance of normal early development and is associated with deceleration of head growth and severe psychomotor retardation

Anorexia Nervosa

eating disorder characterized by the refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight along with other symptoms related to body image

Music Therapist working as a consultant in various settings such as

educational, psychiatric, medical, and rehabilitation facilities and with professionals of other disciplines.

Humanistic Therapy

emphasizes the study of the WHOLE person; look at human behavior not only through the eyes of the observer, but through the eyes of the person doing the behaving

Half Cadence

ends on V

The Music Therapist providing supervision will keep all supervision content confidential. All records will be kept for at least

five years after the final supervision session.

Rubato

flexibility or stretching of tempo

Rubato

flexibility or stretching of tempo, which works against the idea of structure.

autogenic relaxation is primarily used in ________ approach or model.

guided imagery

Dysphoric

having feeling of dejection, misery, and underestimation of self

bilateral

hearing loss in both ears

unilateral

hearing loss in one ear

Assessment of communication skills

help determine the appropriate vocabulary to be used in the MT

Music therapy for clientele in medical settings is the specialized use of music

is the specialized use of music in sites which may include, but need not be limited to, those designated as medical-surgical, pediatric, palliative care, obstetrics, rehabilitation and wellness care.

Severe Alzheimer's Disease

last stage, final stage; people lost the ability to respond to their environment, to carry on conversation, and to control movement, communication pain becomes difficult, people may need extensive help with ADLs

4 forms of mental retardation

mild moderate severe profound

_____ is most commonly guitar tuning found in Celtic music as well as Rock and Heavy Metal.

modal G tuning is D-G-D-G-C-D

Unipolar Mood Disorder

mood disorder in which the person experiences episodes of depression, but has never experienced an episode of mania or hypomania

Rigidity

more severe form of spasticity

PRIVATE PRACTICE - Prior to or at the onset of service delivery, the Music Therapist will enter into

mutually acceptable service contract with the client or their designated representative.

Anecdotal Record

narrative account of behaviors and events which is recorded while observing

rhythmic auditory stimulation is primarily used in ______ approach or model.

neurological

Interval time-sampling

notates whether or not a behavior is occurring during a specific interval of time. 3 types: - Individual must respond during entire interval - Individual must respond at some time during interval - Individual must be responding at the moment of completion of the interval

All music therapy assessment methods will be appropriate for the client's chronological age, diagnoses, functioning level, and culture(s). The methods may include, but need not be limited to

observation during music or other situations, interview, verbal and nonverbal interventions, and testing. Information may also be obtained from different disciplines or sources such as the past and present medical and social history in accordance with HIPAA permission regulation.

The MT should remain nonjudgmental while...

observing and listening while using body language conveying interest and concern.

Presenters should...

obtain consent from clients for presentation of case study material as well as audio recordings at conferences and educational events

Transitional Modulation

occurs when the music ends at a different key than it starts, moving through cyclic chromatic 2 to 5 progressions

Traspositions for double bass, guitar, contrabassoon

octave lower

music offer ____ to sensorimotor stage child

opportunities for sensory stimulation and motor activity

Perceptual-motor

organization and interpretation of a stimulus and its motor response.

The Music Therapist may seek supervision from music therapists as well as

other professionals including but not limited to psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, art therapists, dance/movement therapists, drama therapists, physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech language pathologists, physicians, and nurses.

Concrete operations

Third stage of Piaget's theory of development (approx. ages 7-11) during which children develop the ability to think logically and solve problems mentally as long as the situation is related to their own experience. They have also developed the ability for community involvement and to execute refined motor movements.

Cilia

Tiny hair cells that lie on the basilar membrane. They act as transducers, converting sound from mechanical energy into electrochemical energy.

Task Analysis

To analyze and break down a target behavior into steps.

Capo Transposition

To determine the key you will be playing in based on given capo position, they the key corresponding to the chord shapes you want to play and then add a semitone (half step) for each fret position

Ritendo/Ritard

To hold back, a sudden slowing

Disruptive behavior disorder

a particular kind of conduct disorder that is characterized by the oppositional and defiant behaviors that do not meet the generally accepted criteria for other named conduct disorders

Schizoaffective Disorder

a period of disturbance during which the symptoms of schizophrenia partially overlap with a major depressive episode or a manic episode

Conduct Disorder

a persistent pattern of behavior characterized by the breaking of social norms, including serious violations, aggression, destruction, or deceitfulness

Antisocial Personality Disorder

a persistent pattern of irresponsible and antisocial behaviors that begin during childhood or adolescence and continues into adulthood

Conduct disorder

a repeating pattern of social responses or behaviors where typical social etiquette is not observed. Such responses include aggression destruction, serious violations, and deceitfulness

Compulsion

a repetitive, ritualistic behavior that is aimed the reduction of anxiety or distress or the prevention of some dreaded event

Single Subject, ABA Design

a research design which assess the effect of treatment; refers to a group of "within" subject or "intensive" designs which examine the behavior of one person over time

Cerebral Palsy (CP)

a series of disorders characterized by problems in movement, posture, and loss of voluntary muscle control, caused by brain injury early in life

Alzheimer's disease

a dementia of the alzheimer's type and is characterized by a progressive and degenerative condition of the mind and central nervous system. Most clients suffering from alzheimer's disease show symptoms with a dangerous and subtle development accompanied by a subsequent functional decline and multiple cognitive deficits

Pretest-Posttest Design

a design which samples behavior prior to and following treatment as an indication of progress or improvement

Task Analysis

a detailed breakdown of the behaviors involved in a particular skill or task, listed in the order of occurrence

Brief Psychotic Disorder

a diagnostic category that includes people who exhibit psychotic symptoms for at least one day, but no more than one month

Behavior disorder

a difficulty or problem with a client's attitude or behavior that is extreme enough to negatively impact the learning process

Anxiety

a diffuse emotional reaction that is out of proportion to threats from the environment associated with the anticipation of future problems

Communication Disorder

a disability characterized by the inability to transfer thought through speech, written words, or bodily gestures

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

a disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that attacks the immune system and leaves the patient susceptible to unusual infections

Sensory Impairment

a disorder affecting contact with the environment through the senses

Developmental Disorder

a disorder originating before age of 18 which constitutes a substantial handicap and continues indefinitely

Sensory impairment

a disorder that affects sensual contact with the environment. Impedes normal workings of the muscular receptions associated with seeing, tasting, touching, and moving.

Developmental disability

a disorder that originates prior to 18 years and constitutes an indefinitely continuing handicap. The associated disabilities include autism, mental retardation, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and severe learning difficulties or disabilities when related to mental retardation

Private Practice - - The Music Therapist will adopt

a fee schedule which fair and appropriate for professional services rendered

Wellness - The Music Therapist will adopt

a fee schedule which is fair and appropriate for professional services rendered.

Factitious Disorder

a feigned condition that, unlike malingering, is motivated by a desire to assume the sick role, not by a desire for external pain

Dysthymia

a form of mild depression

Cerebral palsy

a group of non-progressive physical impairments resulting from injury to the brain before, during, or immediately after birth (infection, hypoxia, birth trauma, asphyxia)

Dementia

a group of symptoms that are defined by the deterioration of cognitive functions to the point that the client loses contact with the environment and experiences a disintegration of personality. With possible appearances of emotional apathy, madness, or insanity, most clients exhibit dementia through an inability to maintain or process memory, abstract thinking, problem-solving, or judgment and may experience hallucinations

Traumatic brain injury

a head injury that occurs during an accident or other sudden event with significant affects on the client's cognitive and behavioral functions

Auditory Localization

a listener's ability to identify the location or origin of a defected sound

Hierarchy of objectives

a logical sequence of behavioral expectations leading toward the desired outcome of therapy

Hierarchy of objectives

a logical sequence of behavioral expectations leading toward the desired outcome of therapy.

Reliability coefficient

a measure of agreement between observers which may be calculated as the # of agreements between observers divided by the total # of agreements and disagreements, times 100%

Hydrocephaly

a medical condition resulting from an excess of cerebrospinal fluid in and around the brain.

Music therapy in publicly funded educational settings for students with disabilities may be defined as the use of music as

a medium for assisting the students in meeting defined educational goals and objectives. In providing this service, the Music Therapist works closely with all members of the treatment team. Music therapy in other educational settings may also encompass a broader range of therapeutic goals.

Moderato

a moderate tempo between andante & allegro

Regression

a movement back in psychological time when one is laced with stress

Psychiatric Musicology

a music therapy approach which uses music as a metaphor for examining relationships

Ostinato

a musical pattern that is repeated precisely throughout a composition

ostinato

a musical pattern that is repeated precisely throughout a composition, thus providing melodic structure in form, rhythm, and possibly melody.

Williams syndrome

a neurobehavioral congenital disorder that is evidenced by delayed motor development, notable difficulty in visual and spatial functioning, and mild to moderate mental retardation. Clients are able to demonstrate hyperacusis (or an increased sensitivity to certain frequency and volume ranges of sound), social and verbal fluency and a marked responsiveness to music

Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation

a neurological technique used to facilitate the rehabilitation of movements that are intrinsically biologically rhythmical, most importantly gait (primarily used in neurological approach or model)

Fibromyalgia

a nonarticular rheumatic disorder, aka myofascial pain syndrome; characterized by pain, stiffness, and extreme tenderness in the muscles

Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD)

a set of conditions, including autism, Rett Syndrome, Asperger's Disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and others; It is a relative term for a variety of mental and/or behavioral disorders w/o biological cause

Dementia

a set of symptoms characterized by deterioration in cognitive functioning, particularly memory, abstract thinking, judgement, and problem solving

Autogenic Relaxation

a technique that teaches the body to respond to the verbal commands, commands "tell" body to relax and control breathing, blood pressure, heart beat, and body temperature; goal is to achieve deep relaxation and reduce stress; primarily used in guided imagery approach or model

Autogenic Training

a technique that teaches your body to respond to verbal commands; technique involves repetitions of a set of visualizations that induce a state of relaxation

Guided Imagery and Music

a technique which involves listening to music in a relaxed state, to elicit imagery, symbols, and/or feelings for the purpose of creativity, therapeutic intervention, self understanding, and spiritual experience

Patterned Sensory Enhancement (PSE)

a technique which uses the rhythmic, melodic, harmonic, and dynamic-acoustical elements of music to provide temporal, spatial, and force cues for movements which reflect functional exercises and activities of daily living

quadriplegia

paralysis of all 4 limbs; motor and/or sensory function in the cervical spinal segments is impaired or lost due to damage to part of the spinal cord, resulting in impaired function in the upper limbs, lower limbs, trunk, and pelvic organs

tessitura

person's vocal range

Positive reinforcement

present stimulus to increase behavior

Psychodynamic therapy

psychotherapy based on an individual's unconscious motivation and past experience.

Transactional Analysis

psychotherapy which examines interaction in terms of explicit roles and games as a method of recognizing and understanding these patterns of behavior

Schizophrenia

psychotic disorder characterized by positive and negative symptoms and associated with a deterioration in role functioning

Based on principles of habituation and dishabituation to an auditory stimulus, controlling the ___________ of change that occurs within a music stimulus would be utilized to sustain the listener's attention.

rate of change

Emotional

refers to appropriateness of affect and emotional responses to various situations

Communicative

refers to expressive and receptive language skills

Psychosocial

refers to quantity and quality of interpersonal interaction

Sensorimotor

refers to responses to various stimuli (sensory and motor)

sublimation

satisfying an impulse with a substitute object in a socially acceptable way

disorganized speech

shifting from one topic to another with no natural transitions, or responding to questions in a tangential way.

Dyspnea

shortness of breath.

Auditory memory

the ability of a client to remember what they heard, retain that information, and recall it on command or at will

Fading

the gradual removal of explicit prompts or cues in an attempt to maintain the behavior on its own

Evidence-Based Practice

the integration of the BEST available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences

Terminal objective

the last in a series of short and/or long term objectives, specifying the expected outcome or accomplishment of a goal

Free association

the mental process by which one word or image may spontaneously suggest another w/o any apparent connection; primarily used in the psychodynamic approach or model

Aphasia

the only speech disorder listed caused by stroke or brain injury

Positive Reinforcement

the presentation of a stimulus, resulting in an increase in the behavior it follows (i.e. practicing piano increases when the purchase of the new piano is made contingent upon greater practice time)

Paired-associate

the presentation of one word as a stimulus for the recall of a second word

Accountability

the process by which one is responsible and answerable for obligations to a set of constituencies

Auditory motor-match

the process involved in a client's awareness of sound or vibration and the resulting movement, motion, or response. Some responses are learned or acquired through practice or mimicking of movements, while other responses are natural and instinctive

Psychodynamic Theory

the view that personalities are shaped and motivated by conscious and unconscious forces, with a strong influence from childhood experiences

self-regulation

the ways in which people control and direct their own actions

Behavior Therapy (ABA)

therapeutic intervention designed to change behavior using techniques of operant and respondent conditioning as well as behavior analysis

Behavior Therapy

therapist assumes the clients make progress because the technique works, not the relationship between client and therapist

Systematic Desensitization

therapy aims to remove the fear response of a phobia, and substitute a relaxation response to the conditional stimulus gradually using counter conditioning; a treatment for phobias in which the patient is exposed to progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli and taught relaxation techniques

music offer ____ to Formal operation stage child

think abstractly

Multiple handicapped

those clients who have more than one identified or diagnosed impairment. Such multiple diagnoses may include a physical or sensory handicap that is supplemented by another physical or sensory handicap that further inhibits the normal adjustment or development of the client

What is the name of I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII in a scale

tonic supertonic mediant subdominant dominant submediant leading tone ** 7b. subtonic

what are ear ossicles

tympanic membrane (eardrum) and three small bones of the middle ear

acute unit

For people who are actively psychotic

MT for Behavioral Disorders

Enhance - self-awareness - self-expression - self-esteem

Ontology

A world view that dines what is considered "reality" for a given line of research.

In delivery of music therapy services, Music Therapists follow a general procedure that includes:

1. referral and acceptance, 2. assessment, 3. treatment planning, 4. implementation, 5. documentation, and 6. termination.

Symptoms of autism begin before the age of ____.

3

Tango Rhythm

4/4 music from Argentina

Cognitive behavior modification

A behavior modification technique that includes self-reinforcement and self-evaluation.

Target behavior

A behavior or set of behaviors which provide the focus of therapy identified in the therapeutic goal or behavioral objective.

Aphasia

A communication disorder with 3 types: Expressive: Can understand, but unable to relay Receptive: Can't understand relayed information Global: Difficulty speaking/understanding words and cannot read/write

Neuromuscular disease

A broad term for diseases that affect muscular movement due to damage to the central or peripheral nervous system.

Simultaneous Communication (SimCom)

A communication technique in which both a spoken language and a manual version of that language (such as English and Sign Exact English) are used simultaneously.

Response definition

A complete behavioral description of a target behavior, which includes a concise descriptive term, boundaries or limits for the behavior, observational strategies and examples of borderline responses.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A disease caused by motor neuron degeneration resulting in muscular weakness and atrophy; Lou Gehrig disease

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A chronic inflammatory disorder affecting many joints, including those in the hands and feet.

Parkinson's disease

A chronic nervous system disorder characterized by tremor, rigidity, and slow movements.

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

A chronic, degenerative disease of the central nervous system in which the myelin sheaths surrounding nerve fibers degrade, resulting in neuromuscular symptoms such as weakness in the limbs and sensory impairment.

Pretest-posttest design

A design which samples behavior prior to and following treatment as an indication of progress or improvement.

Autism

A developmental disorder that is manifested through deficits in speech and language capacity, responses to sensory stimuli, social interaction, and developmental rate or sequence.

Assimilation

A developmental process describing a person ability to comprehend and integrate new information

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

A federal law passed in 1990, based on PL 94-142, mandating nondiscriminatory assessment of educational needs, free and appropriate public education, individualized education programs, least restrictive environment, parental involvement, and due process.

Tympanic membrane

A flexible, elastic structure in the middle ear that vibrates at the frequency of incoming sound waves to transmit mechanical energy to the ossicles.

Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS)

A form of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) that is typically used as an aid for children with autism.

Cognitive-behavior therapy

A form of therapy that emphasizes the two-way interaction between faulty thoughts and beliefs and maladaptive behavior in treating mental illness.

Audiologist

A health care professional who deals with the science of hearing. These professionals often test hearing, fit hearing aids, and direct the rehabilitation of individuals with significant hearing losses.

Medicaid

A health insurance program administered jointly by state and federal governments for low-income persons, regardless of age.

Williams Syndrome

A genetic developmental disorder, similarities to downs, very social, affinity for music

Fragile X syndrome

A genetic disorder that causes mental retardation.

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A genetic metabolic disorder that causes severe brain damage due to the body's inability to break down the chemical phenylalanine.

Hearing impairment

A global term for any degree or type of hearing loss, including deafness and hard of hearing.

Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDDs)

A group of disorders that are characterized by delays in multiple areas of development, including communication and social functioning.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A group of disorders that are characterized by difficulties in communication, social interaction, and/or cognitive functioning as a result of uneven or delayed development, while sensory abilities remain intact.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

A head injury that cause significant damage to the brain. ______ can result in a variety of combinations of cognitive, physical, emotional, and behavioral deficits, depending on the particular nature of the injury.

Hydrocephaly

A medical condition resulting from an excess of cerebrospinal fluid in and around the brain.

Terminal illness

A medical condition that is incurable and progressively worsening.

Medicare-certified

A medical product or treatment that has been approved by Medicare and is thus covered to the extent that the plan allows.

Bilingual-Bicultural approach to language learning

A method in which a child learns American Sign Language as his/her primary language, but is taught English as a second language so that the child can ultimately use both languages and socialize in both Deaf and hearing cultures.

Non pharmacological approach

A method of treatment that excludes or minimizes pharmacological intervention (drug treatment).

Fingerspelling

A method that used hand shapes and positions that correspond to the letters of the alphabet to spell out words.

Behavioral disorder

A problem in social behavior which is sufficiently extreme as to interfere with the learning process.

American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD)

A professional organization that comprises professionals who work with and/or support people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Formerly the American Association on Mental Retardation (AAMR).

Why not "Visit the patient to inquire how to proceed with the CD."

A music therapist cannot enter a facility or provide services as a music therapist without authorization. Also, visiting the patient as a "friend" would demonstrate a lack of boundaries as a professional.

Psychiatric musicology

A music therapy approach which uses music as a metaphor for examining relationships

Psychiatric musicology

A music therapy approach which uses music as a metaphor for examining relationships.

National Association for Music Therapy

A music therapy organization that existed from 1950 until 1998, when it merged with the American Association for Music Therapy.

American Association for Music Therapy

A music therapy organization that existed from 1971 until 1998, when it merged with the National Association for Music Therapy.

Contract

A mutually agreed-upon set of expectations, rules, and policies, governing the behavior of both therapist and client.

Medicare

A nationwide health insurance program administered by HCFA for persons aged 65 and over, people with disabilities, and those with chronic kidney disease.

Parkinson's Disease

A nervous system disorder; tremors, rigidity, and slow movements

Williams syndrome

A neurobehavioral congenital disorder characterized by delayed motor development, mild to moderate mental retardation and notable impairment in visual and spatial functioning. Children display hyperacusis, responsiveness to music, and a social and verbal fluency.

Parkinson's disease

A neurological disorder that affects movements.

Fibromyalgia

A nonarticular rheumatic disorder, also known as myofascial pain syndrome; characterized by pain, stiffness and extreme tenderness in the muscles.

Treatment plan

A program of therapeutic or educational intervention, e.g. IEP (Individual Educational Plan)/ITP (Individual Treatment Plan)/IFSP (Individualized Family Service Plan)/ISP (Individual Service Plan)/IHP (Individual Habilitative Plan), which focuses on the specific needs and strengths of the individual client.

Goal

A projected outcome of a treatment plan. Goals are often stated in broad terms, as opposed to objectives which are stated more specifically.

Case studies

Examinations of clients undergoing treatment, generally reporting the progress of a single case or group over time.

Ostinato

A pattern that is persistently repeated

Fee for Services

A payment method by which a health care provider is reimbursed for each encounter or service rendered.

Mental retardation

A phrase that is a precursor to the term intellectual disability.

systematic desensitization

Example: afraid of snake 1. snake is next door 2. in the room 3. next to the person.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Excessive anxiety and worry

Kanner, Leo

A psychiatrist who in the early 1940s first identified autism as a distinct developmental disorder, labeling it "infantile autism."

Periodic

A quality that describes the regular repetition of compression and rarefaction.

Baseline

A record or graph of behavioral observations which are recorded over time and without the application of systematic intervention.

Physical therapy

A rehabilitative treatment of physical impairment or challenge, using techniques such as massage, hydrotherapy, heat, and exercise.

Huntington's disease

A relatively rare, inherited neurological disorder affecting motor control, which tends to appear in middle age.

Emergent

A research design common in qualitative research in which it is not necessary for all the research steps to be spelled out before the research begins.

Single subject, applied behavior analysis design

A research design which assesses the effect of treatment. It refers to a group of "within-subject" or "intensive" designs which examine the behavior of one person or group over time.

Qualitative research

A research style that is descriptive and focuses on people's perceptions and feelings. __________ is conducted with individuals or small groups in the client's social environment over extended periods of time.

Quantitative research

A research style that is often experimental and focuses on seeing "what might be" under certain controlled circumstances. In __________, phenomena are examined through the numerical representation of observations and statistical analysis.

Autogenic Training

A series of exercises designed to produce sensations, specifically of warmth and heaviness.

Cultural convention

A set of agreed upon or generally accepted social norms or standards of a given group of people.

Pervasive developmental disorder (PDD)

A set of conditions, including autism, Rhett syndrome, Asperger's disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder and others. This term is a relative term for a variety of mental and/or behavioral disorders without biological cause.

Dementia

A set of symptoms characterized by deterioration in cognitive functioning, particularly memory, abstract thinking, judgement, and problem solving.

Early intervention program

A special education program implemented under IDEA for children under the age of 3 who have been diagnosed with some sort of disability or developmental delay.

Down syndrome

A specific form of mental retardation resulting from a chromosomal abnormality (Trisomy 21)

What are the five steps of the Transformational Design Model (TDM)?

A specific framework for music therapy treatment. 5 stages. 1) Complete initial assessment of nonmusical behaviors 2) Determine treatment goals/objectives 3) Design functional nonmusical activities 4) Turn nonmusical activities 2 musical activities 5) Transfer outcomes of musical activities into community applications

Transformational Design Model (TDM)

A specific framework for music therapy treatment. Five stages include: 1) Assessment of the patient 2) Development of goals and objectives 3) Designing functional nonmusical activities 4) Converting nonmusical activities to musical experiences 5) Generalization of training to real-life situations

Long-term objective

A specific therapeutic aim, stated as a clearly observable outcome, which can be realized after a considerable period of time.

Short-term objective

A specific therapeutic aim, stated as a clearly observable outcome, which is possible to realize in the near future.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Disorder in childhood marked by defiant and disobedient behavior to authority figures.

Psychodynamic therapy

A system of psychotherapy based on an individual's unconscious motivation and past experience.

Rational emotive therapy (RET)

A system of psychotherapy proposed by Albert Ellis which attempts to confront one's rational belief system as a method of solving problems.

Transactional Analysis

A system of psychotherapy proposed by Eric Berne which examines interactions in terms of explicit roles and games as a method of recognizing and understanding these patterns of behavior.

Rational Scientific Mediating Model

A systematic approach to studying the interactions of music and the brain whose groundwork lies in the scientific foundation of music perception and production.

Assessment

A systematic approach to the evaluation, appraisal or observation of a persons strengths and weaknesses in preparation for treatment planning.

Assessment

A systematic approach to the evaluation, appraisal, or observation of a person's strengths and weaknesses in preparation for treatment planning

Iso principle

A technique by which music is matched with the mood of a client, then gradually altered to affect the disused mood state. This technique can also be used to affect physiological responses such as heart rate and blood pressure.

Shaping

A technique for developing new behaviors by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior.

Mnemonic device

A technique or system used to assist the memory.

Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation (RAS)

A technique used to facilitate rhythmic movement, especially gait.

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

A tool for assessment of comatose states that measures three features-- eye movement, motor response to stimuli, and verbal response-- according to severity.

Electroconvulsive therapy

A treatment involving the discharge of electricity into the brain, which can be used for severe depression that is unresponsive to other forms of therapy.

Palliative

A treatment which is designed to relieve symptoms rather than cure; applied most often with individuals who have chronic or terminal illnesses.

American Sign Language (ASL)

A true language that has its own structure that differs from that of the English language. Finger spelling is used only when there is no appropriate ASL sign for a given word or concept.

Disruptive behavior disorder

A type of conduct disorder - oppositional and defiant behavior which does not meet criteria for other conduct disorders.

Disruptive Behavior Disorder

A type of conduct disorder characterized by oppositional and defiant behavior which does NOT meet criteria for other conduct disorders

Atlantoaxial instability

A type of misalignment of the upper spinal column that is often found in people with Down syndrome.

Descriptive research

A type of research that describes "what is" under current conditions. Surveys are a common tool used to gather data for this mode of inquiry.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Excessive thoughts that lead to repetitive behaviors.

Psychotherapy

A way of addressing mental disorders or maladjustments that involves consulting with a professional to confront issues ranging from problems of everyday life to deep-seated psychological conflicts.

Onset of hearing loss

A way of categorizing hearing loss according to when the loss first occurred.

Music therapy as a related service

A way of directly providing special education music therapy services to children as part of their individual education programs, as provisions of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act specify that music therapy can be included on such programs as a "related service" of considered essential to the child's success.

Individualized Education Plan

A written plan of instruction for each child with special needs, which includes statements of present functioning, long and short term goals and objectives, required services and related information

Picture exchange communication system (PECS) is a good example of a ______ system.

AAC (Alternative and augmentative communication) - teaches children to use pictures and symbols in order to ask for wants and needs, respond to others, and initiate conversations.

Reversal Design

ABAB Baseline, treatment, take away, treatment

ASD may display some of the following specific traits or characteristics

ASD = Autism Spectrum Disorder - Echolalic - Unresponsive to verbal cues or directions; may appear to be deaf due to unresponsiveness - Difficulty interacting with peers; minimal spontaneous socialization - Oversensitivity or undersensitivity to stimuli or to pain - Resistance to change; insistence on routine - Minimal direct eye contact - Odd or unusual play, particularly sustained play or attachment to objects.

Shifting attention

Ability to alternate one's attention from one object or idea to another. - When the therapist switches his or her instrument, the patient must also switch.

Receptive methods of MT for psychotic disorders

Accompanying activities, such as movement to music, drawing to music, reading lyric sheets while listening to the music, to help connect the clients internal experience with external reality

Goal of Guided Imagery and Music

Achieving awareness in an altered state of consciousness

Self-injurious behavior

Actions that physically and directly harm one's self.

Therapeutic music interventions

Activities in which music is a primary focal point but which are designed mainly to address nonmusical treatment goals.

Unkefer and Thaut

Adaptations of psychoterapy procedures with mental health clients; supportive, reconstructive, re-educative

Natural Minor Scale

Aeolian

What mode starts on 6

Aeolian

Postnatal

After birth

Reliability coefficient

Agreements/Total x 100

What is the 12 Step Programs

Alcoholics Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous, and Adult Children of Alcoholics. 1. Admit Powerlessness - We admitted we were powerless over our addiction - that our lives had become unmanageable. 2. Find Hope - Came to believe that a Power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity. 3. Surrender - Made a decision to turn our will and our lives over to the care of God as we understood God. 4. Take inventory - Made a searching and fearless moral inventory of ourselves. 5. Share my inventory - Admitted to God, to ourselves and to another human being the exact nature of our wrongs. 6. Become ready - Were entirely ready to have God remove all these defects of character. 7. Ask God - Humbly asked God to remove our shortcomings. 8. Make list of amends - Made a list of all persons we had harmed, and became willing to make amends to them all. 9. Make amends - Made direct amends to such people wherever possible, except when to do so would injure them or others. 10. Continue my inventory - Continued to take personal inventory and when we were wrong promptly admitted it. 11. Pray and meditate - Sought through prayer and meditation to improve our conscious contact with God as we understood God, praying only for knowledge of God's will for us and the power to carry that out. 12. Help others - Having had a spiritual awakening as the result of these steps, we tried to carry this message to other addicts, and to practice these principles in all our affairs.

Rett syndrome

Disorder in which a child with normal early development loses manual dexterity, coordinated gait, social engagement, and language; associated with severe psychomotor retardation and deceleration of head growth.

Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975

Also known as PL-142. A landmark law that declares that all handicapped children are entitled to "free and appropriate" public education.

Public Law 94-142 (PL 94-142)

Also known as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975. A landmark law that declares that all children with disabilities are entitled to "free and appropriate" public education.

Bipolar episode

Alteration between depressive and manic episodes.

Problems with language and disorientation are symptoms found in the later stages of ______

Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Details of Ambulation and Mobility

Ambulation = Walking Mobility = Ability to move around

Rochester Method

An English-based sign system that focuses on fingerspelling and speech sounds.

DSM-IV-TR

An abbreviation for the 2000 text revision of the fourth edition of the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders," a publication of the American Psychiatric Association that systematically organizes and categorizes the many forms of mental illness into a uniform system.

Arthritis

An affliction in which joints become inflamed or begin to deteriorate.

Fixed interval schedule

First response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed

Selective mutism

An anxiety disorder where a person who is normally capable of speech cannot speak in specific situations or to specific people.

Assistive hearing device

An apparatus that is designed to improve an individual's perception of sound.

Data-based model

An approach based on information retrieved through experimentation or direct observation.

Medical model

An approach that considers emotional and behavioral disturbances as originating from biological factors such as chemical imbalances, genetic problems, or physical illness.

Orff-Schulwerk

An approach to music education by Carl Orff which emphasizes creative experience, natural abilities and sounds, the pentatonic scale and ostinati patterns.

Insight therapy

An approach to psychotherapy whose objective is awareness of cause or motivation for behavior which, then, leads to control over the behavior and improvement of one's condition.

Insight Therapy

An approach to psychotherapy whose objectives is awareness of causes or motivation for behavior which, then, leads to control over the behavior and improvement of one's condition.

Client-centered

An approach to therapy in which the client has significant input into the way in which progress is made toward the end therapeutic goal.

Psychodynamic

An approach to therapy rooted in the work of Sigmund Freud that attributes emotional problems to internal conflicts that have resulted from negative events of the past.

Eclectic

An approach to therapy that draws from a variety of different models to serve an individual client based on his/her particular needs.

Numeric Rating Scale (NRS)

An assessment method in which a client provides a number to "rate" some aspect of his/her being. For example, a patient using a ______ for pain may indicate a "5" on a scale of 1-10 to indicate moderate pain.

Cost benefit ratio

An assessment of a treatment modality that weighs its perceived effectiveness against how much the treatment is expected to cost.

Posttest

An assessment of skills which is administered following a therapeutic intervention or at the end of a designated experimental phase.

Pretest

An assessment of skills which is administered prior to a therapeutic intervention or experimental condition.

Cochlear implant

An assistive hearing device designed for individuals with severe to profound sensorineural loss.

Projection

An ego defense mechanism in which an individual attributes desires and impulses to others

Asperger's disorder

An individual with the following symptoms: failure to develop peer relationships appropriate to developmental level, inflexible adherence to specific, nonfunctional routines or rituals, clinically insignificant general delay in language, clinically insignificant delay in cognitive development or in the development of age appropriate self-help skills, adaptive behavior, or curiosity about the environment in childhood.

Multidisciplinary assessment

An evaluation of an individual's needs by a variety of individuals and along a range of different dimensions, as opposed to a single, "expert" opinion. In the special education setting, multidisciplinary assessment may include input from doctors, teachers, parents, aides, speech therapists, music therapists, and others.

Cue (stimulus, prompt)

An event which sets the occasion for a certain behavior to occur.

Objective

An expected outcome of therapy which defines the goal in clearly observable and measurable behaviors.

Metaphor

An experience or setting within which behavior is representative or indicative of other life experiences or environments

Metaphor

An experience or setting within which behavior is representative or indicative of other life experiences or environments.

Metaphor

An experience within which behavior is representative of other life experiences; the MT setting is used as a metaphor how they act there is indicative of how they act elsewhere

Repeated measures design

An experimental group design in which repeated observation of subjects under different treatment or no treatment conditions allows subjects to act as their own controls.

Matched pairs design (correlated or equivalent groups)

An experimental group design which first equates two groups of subjects on the basis of some relevant criteria; assigns one to a treatment condition and one to a condition without treatment; and then compares the performance of the two groups.

Random group design (randomized subjects)

An experimental group design which randomly assigns subjects to treatment conditions and compares performance of groups undergoing treatment vs. without treatment.

Hyperacusis

An extreme sensitivity to sound which is also associated with the responsiveness to music and an ability to make very fine auditory discriminations.

Individual Education Program (IEP)

An individualized plan for children with disabilities who qualify for special education services, requiring through IDEA. This document is written by a team of special education professionals in consultation with the child's parents or guardian and acts as a blueprint for determining the best possible educational program for each child.

Individual Family Service Program (IFSP)

An individualized treatment program designed for children under age 3 who qualify for services under the Early Intervention provision of the Individual with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).

Huntingtons Disease

An inherited disorder that affects the Central Nervous System and causes involuntary movements and contortions

Frequency count

An observational recording system in which one notates the number of times a behavior occurs.

Music therapy models

Analytical Music Therapy (AMT) Guided Imagery and Music (GIM) Nordoff-Robbins Music Therapy (NRMT) Behavioral Music Therapy (BehMT) Benenzon Music Therapy (BenMT)

Manual approach to communication

Any system that uses hand shapes to represent letters or words.

Chronic

Appears later in life; genetically caused

Dyspraxia

Disturbance in the sequence of spoken language resulting from decreased ability to plan and position the muscles involved in word articulation.

Mood Disorders

Disturbances in mood: depression or extreme elation.

Applied relaxation training

Applied relaxation training involves using relaxation techniques that have already been learned in reallife situations in which anxiety is aroused.

Aesthetic enjoyment

Appreciating the intrinsic beauty or importance in a work (of art, of music, etc.) without necessarily gaining any entertainment value from the work.

Emotional

Appropriateness of affect and emotional responses to various situations.

Safety

Avoidance of harm through structuring care processes, supplies, equipment, and the environment to reduce/eliminate client and staff injuries, infection, and care errors. A safe auditory environment includes protecting clients from continued exposure to loud sounds. For example, continued exposure to sound levels above 85 dB TWA (Time Weighted Average) for more than 8 hours can result in hearing loss

Clinical Improvisation or Improvisation Therapy tends to focus on what?

Awareness, nonverbal communication and expression, and integration of self. Interactions are analyzed as intra- or intermusical, and intra- or interpersonal.

Trumpet

Bb descending Maj 2

Prenatal

Before birth

Autistic

Begins in infancy, and is characterized by self absorption, preoccupation with inanimate objects, and/or dysfunctional, destructive or ritualistic behavior. Type of pervasive developmental disorder.

Adaptive behavior

Behavior that changes to fit the demands of a situation.

Transactional Analysis

Berne's psychotherapy that examines interactions as a method of understanding patterns of behavior

Sensorimotor

First stage of Piaget's theory of development (approx. ages 0-2 years) during which children learn about their environment through their senses and motor activity.

Anxiety

Blending of thoughts and feelings in which the person feels lack of control.

Stroke

Blockage of the blood supply to the brain which may be transient and temporary, or severe, resulting in paralysis, aphasia (a speech disorder), or incontinence (loss of bowel control).

Stroke (apoplexy)

Blockage of the blood supply to the brain which may be transient and temporary, or severe, resulting in paralysis, aphasia (speech disorder), or incontinence (loss of bowel control).

Osteoporosis

Bones lose mass, become brittle and are easily fractured

Parkinson's vs. Huntington's

Both are caused by basal ganglia dysfunctions. L-Dopa helps at the beginning. Parkinson's (causes unclear) --tremors at rest --trouble initiating & modulating movement (bradykinesia) --reduction in facial expressiveness Huntington's (inherited) --tremors during movement --trouble isolating or stopping movement (chorea)

To fully assess a client for MT services, an MT should use...

Both musical AND non-musical assessments

Juvenile offender

Children who have committed offense, according to law.

Juvenile offenders

Children who have committed offenses, according to law.

Allegro/Allegretto

Brisk tempo/faster

Physical challenges

Broad term for any impairment of the body which affects functional capacity.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

Broad term for head injury sustained in an accident or other sudden onset.

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships - restricted emotions/coldness.

Retrieval

Calling up information stored in long-term memory so it may be used in the present.

Psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapies approach

Focuses on changing problematic behaviors, feelings, and thoughts by discovering their unconscious meanings and motivations. "Sigmund Freud"

etiology

Cause of a disorder or condition - poor sleep causes depression or depression causes poor sleep?

Etiology

Cause or origin of a condition.

Congenital

Caused by birth defects

Stroke

Cerebral-vascular accident - Occurs when blood supply to a part of the brain is interrupted; cells in the affected part of the brain do not receive the necessary supply of oxygen to function.

Genetic abnormalities

Changes in normal human development that result from broken, damaged, or missing genetic material.

Entertainment

Characterized by amusement or diversion. Entertaining things are not necessarily appreciated as art objects, but they help people enjoy themselves and forget the cares of everyday life.

Parallel play

Characterizes a stage of development in which very young children will play beside each other but not engage in social interaction.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system that causes lesions of the white matter due to demyelination and inflammation in the brain, spinal chord, and optic nerves.

Melodic intonation therapy

Clinical use of melodies which emphasize intonation in normal speech to develop language skills in aphasic patients and others requiring remediation in propositional language

Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT)

Clinical use of melodies which emphasize intonation in normal speech to develop language skills in aphasic patients and others requiring remediation in propositional language. Technique used to facilitate spontaneous and voluntary speech by using sung and chanted melodies that resemble natural speech intonation patterns.

Rapport

Closeness or trust which is considered conducive to a warm, understanding and caring environment.

Rapport

Closeness or trust which is considered conductive to a warm, understanding and caring environment

3 Cluster of personality disorders:

Cluster A: odd or eccentric Cluster B: dramatic, emotional, and erratic Cluster C: anxiety, fearfulness, and avoidance

______ theory is an approach that attempts to explain human behavior by understanding thought processes.

Cognitive

Musical Executive Function Training (MEFT)

Cognitive abilities like organization, problem solving, decision making, reasoning, and comprehension. Improvisation

Rational emotive therapy

Cognitive therapy; points out the irrational assumptions held by clients and suggest more appropriate assumptions.

Oppositional defiant disorder

Condition characterized by persistent hostile and negative behavior, causing functional difficulties.

Dysarthria

Condition in which the muscles used for speech are weak, or there is difficulty controlling them.

Metabolic errors

Conditions in which the body cannot properly break down (metabolize) a substance.

Conductive vs. sensorineural hearing loss

Conductive is caused by anything that interferes with the transmission of sound such as: Cerumen, infection, perforated the ear drum, damage to ossicles Sensorineural is caused by damage of the pathway such as: Drugs, infections that damage the neural pathways, acoustic trauma, presbycusis`

Explicit memory

Conscious recall such as for semantic or episodic memory.

Event recording

Counting the number of times a specific behavior occurs within a specified time period.

Cha Cha Rhythm

Cuban 4/4, syncopated rhythm

Patterned Sensory Enhancement (PSE)

Cuing discrete movements with music Playing patterns to cue steps on putting on a coat Movement through music

Scoliosis

Curvature of the spine

Open D tuning

D A D F# A D Can be played with a variety of styles, popular with slide guitars

Open D Tuning

D A D F# A D, played with a variety of styles and most popular with slide guitars

Modal D tuning

D A D G A D Common in Celtic music, English and Irish folk

Modal D tuning

D A D G A D, most commonly found in Celtic music as well as English and Irish folk

Open G Tuning

D G D G B D

Open G tuning

D G D G B D Commonly found in folk and blues music

Open G tuning

D G D G B D, easiest alternative guitar tuning to play; most commonly found in Folk and Blues music

Modal G tuning

D G D G C D Common in Celtic music, rock and heavy metal

Modal G Tuning

D G D G C D, most commonly found in Celtic music as well as Rock and Heavy Metal

Modulation Types

Direct, Pivot, Prepared, Transitional

Episodes

Discrete periods of time during which a person has a number of specific symptoms that reflect a marked change from previous functioning.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Diseases that decrease the functionality of the lungs (Emphysema, asthma, etc.)

Reality Therapy

Focuses on helping a client to have a satisfying or positive relationship with another person.

APT (Auditory Perception Training)

Domain: Cognitive Subdomain: Attention and Perception Goal: Discrimination of sounds Procedure: Musical exercises to identify different components of sounds

What mode starts on 2

Dorian

Perinatal

During birth

Electrochemical energy

Energy controlled by chemical changes resulting from electric current, such the energy transmitted by neurons in the nervous system.

Psychosocial Age

Each society has common notions about how a person at a certain age should act or what he or she should be doing.

Rational Emotive Therapy

Ellis psychotherapy that confronts one's rational belief system for problem solving

____ refers to the appropriateness of affect and emotional responses to various situations.

Emotional

Psychodynamic

Emphasis rests on examination and resolution of inner conflicts

Humanistic therapy approach

Emphasizes people's capacity to make rational choices and develop to their maximum potential. Client-centered therapy rejects the idea of therapists as authorities on their clients' inner experiences. Instead, therapists help clients change by emphasizing their concern, care and interest.

Matched Pairs or Correlated/Equivalent Group Design

Equates subjects and then gives one group treatment and one none

Consequence

Events that follow a behavior

Antecedent

Events that occur before a behavior

Consequences

Events which follow a behavior, sometimes as the result of the occurrence of the behavior

Consequences

Events which follow a behavior, sometimes as the result of the occurrence of the behavior.

Antecedents (antecedent stimuli)

Events which precede a behavior, sometimes setting the occasion for occurrence of the behavior.

Antecedents (antecedent stimuli)

Events which preceded a behavior, sometimes setting the occasion for an occurrence of the behavior.

Objective

Expected outcome of therapy which defines the goal in clearly observable and measurable behaviors

Goal

Expected therapeutic outcome; a purpose or direction for therapy.

Direct instruction

Explicit teaching of a lesson or set of skills using lecture or demonstration, as opposed to, for example, "hands-on" learning or group discussion.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Exposure to a traumatic event - re-experiencing the event; alterations in arousal; avoidance/emotional numbing; negative alterations in cognition and mood - lasting more than one month.

Communicative

Expressive and receptive language skills

Personality Disorders

Extreme and inflexible personality traits that distress the individual and cause difficulties in functioning; enduring pattern of internal experience and behavior that is markedly different from societal expectations.

Failure to thrive means

Fail to gain weight

Formal operations

Fourth stage of Piaget's theory of development (approx. ages 12+). _________ is characterized by development of the ability to think abstractly, that is, to conceive of a concept, such as global warming, merely by looking at a chart of climate-related numbers and figures.

FAPE

Free and Appropriate Public Education

F descending P5

French horns and some alto horns and the English horn

Atlantoaxial Instability

Frequent respiratory infections, heart defects, and a type of misalignment of the upper spinal column.

A number of methods of pain management based on the ______.

Gate Control Theory - including distraction focus on positive stimuli or interesting activities, massage, relaxation, biofeedback, exercise and rest.

If receptive and expressive problems coexist in a stroke patient, the disorder is referred to as _________.

Global aphasia

Hearing impairment

Global term for any degree or type of hearing loss, including deafness and hard of hearing.

Fading

Gradual removal of cues in an attempt to maintain behavior on its own

Dysphoric

Having feelings of dejection, misery, and underestimation of self

Dysphoric

Having feelings of dejection, misery, and underestimation of self.

________ theory assumes that the whole person is continually being motivated by one need or another and that people have the potential to grow toward psychological health, that is, selfactualization.

Holistic

Holistic Therapy

Holistic medicine is a form of healing that considers the whole person-- body, mind, spirit, and emotions-- in the quest for optimal health and wellness

Mixolydian

Same as major scale with lowered 7th scale degree

Lydian

Same as major scale with raised 4th scale degree

12 bar blues

I I I I IV IV I I v IV I I

Hyperactivity

Increased or excessive muscular activity

Delusions

Invalid beliefs that lack evidence in reality.

Ataxia

Lack of coordination of muscle movements

Conditioning

Learning by associating one stimulus with another, or by associating one's behavior with a particular consequence.

Observational learning

Learning by watching others.

Dysnomia

Learning disability associated with difficulty retrieving correct words/names/etc from memory

Spina Bifida

Means "Open Spine," a defect in the spinal covering, protrusion of the spinal cord/meninges

A client's goals and objectives should be:

Measurable, achievable, time-bound, specific

Inter-Observer Agreement

Measure of reliability of observers, concurring events have occured

Duration recording

Measuring the length of time a client performs a specified behavior within a specified time frame.

Episodic memory

Memory of autobiographical events.

Mental Retardation:

Mild: IQ: 50-70, Education Possible: 6th, can be self-supported if environment is stable & supportive; help w/stress Moderate: 35-55, 2nd-4th, semi-independent; need help w/even mild stress Severe: 20-40, limited speech, toilet habits with training Profound: below 20 or 25, little or no speech, no toilet training; training unresponsive

What mode start on 5

Mixolydian

____ is most common guitar tuning found in Celtic music as well as English and Irish folk

Modal D tuning: D-A-D-G-A-D

Moderato

Moderate tempo

Andante

Moderately slow

Anecdotal record

Narrative account of behaviors and events which is recorded while observing.

Social stories

Narrative tools that can be used to teach children with autism appropriate social responses in situations they may find challenging or confusing.

Natural, Harmonic, Melodic Minor

Natural has no change from aeolian, harmonic minor has #7, melodic minor is natural on the way up and #6 and #7 on decent

Parkinson's Disease

Neurological disorder that occurs on it's own; characterized by tremors in certain body parts, muscular rigidity, slowness and poverty of movement, and postural instability.

Flat Affect

No expression of emotion

Childhood Disintegrative Disorder

Normal development up until 3-4 years and then loss of learned skills

Aspects specific to MT for Mood Disorders

Normalizing mood, coping strategies, altering maladaptive beliefs, meeting other psychosocial needs

Adventitious

Not present at birth.

Tessitura

Note range of a vocal part

Continuous Recording

Noting all behaviors that occur during a time frame

Event Recording

Number of times a behavior occurs

Transpositions for piccolo, xylophone, celesta

Octave higher

Objective

One of a series of progressive accomplishments leading toward goal attainment; may include conditions under which the expected outcome occurs.

Incus

One of three small bones (ossicles) in the middle ear that act as levers to transmit mechanical energy to the cochlea.

Malleus

One of three small bones (ossicles) in the middle ear that act as levers to transmit mechanical energy to the cochlea.

Stapes

One of three small bones (ossicles) in the middle ear that act as levers to transmit mechanical energy to the cochlea.

Reconstructive therapy

One type of insight-oriented therapy which examines unconscious and deep-set emotions in order to restructure the personality.

Harmonics

Overtones that occur in periodic patterns.

Shaking, rigidity, and slowness of movement are the most obvious early symptoms of ______

Parkinson's disease (PD).

What mode starts on 3

Phrygian

Oral Motor and Respiratory Exercises (OMREX)

Playing recorder, kazoo, straw to improve oral strength

Auditory discrimination

The ability to differentiate between two (or more) sounds in the acoustic environment.

Sound detection

The ability to distinguish the presence or absence of sound.

Beat competency

The ability to follow and maintain a simple beat.

Prelingual, perilingual, postlingual

Prelingual (0-2), perilingual (2-4), postlingual (>4)

PLOP

Present Level of Performance

Congenital

Present at birth.

Paired-Associated

Presentation of one word as a stimulus for recall of another word

Behavioral disorder

Problem in social behavior which is sufficiently extreme as to interfere with the learning process.

Early symptoms of late stages of Alzheimer's disease

Problems with language and disorientation

Dysarthria

Problems with muscles that make it difficult to pronounce words (also associated with Parkinson's)

Approaches/models

Psychodynamic, Cognitive, Neurological, Guided Imagery, Behavioral, Rational Emotive, Existential

_____ involves paralysis from the neck down, critically impairing breathing.

Quadriplegia

Psychosocial

Quantity and quality of interpersonal interaction

Labile

Quickly altering emotional state

Rett Syndrome

Rare genetic mutation affecting brain development - most often seen in girls; characterized by loss of coordination, speech, and use of hands.

The 3 operations controlled by executive function

Reception: the perception of a visual, aural, or other sensory stimuli. Central Processing: the categorization of the incoming stimuli using memory reasoning, and evaluation. Expression: the ability to select an appropriate response to the incoming stimuli from a variety of choices.

Bulimia Nervosa

Recurrent episodes of binge eating, recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain, and self-evaluation that is unduly influenced by body shape and weight.

Auditory memory

The ability to retain and recall that which is heard.

Sound discrimination

The ability to tell that two sounds are the same or different.

Social Communication Training

Referes to activities and exercises aimed at maximizing individuals' ability to function in social situations.

Stages of a Data-Base Model

Referral to MT 1st Session: Building Rapport Assessment Goals, Objectives and Target Behaviors Observation MT Strategies MT Treatment Plan Implementation Evaluation Termination

Psychosocial

Referring to interrelated aspects of emotional and social functioning.

Unilateral

Referring to one side only; for example, a _______ hearing loss indicates a loss in one ear.

Bilateral

Referring to two sides; for example, a _______ hearing loss indicates a loss in both ears.

Experimental blindness

Refers to a characteristic of research in which the persons carrying out the actual treatment are not informed about the specific research questions or interventions being studied.

Alzheimer's/dementia

Refers to a group of diseases that cause a gradual, steady decline in various areas of cognitive function due to structural changes in the brain.

Sensory processing

Refers to ability to make sense of information incoming from the senses.

Tactile

Related to the sense of touch.

ritenuto

Ritenuto refers to slowing down immediately and does not refer to providing structure.

Fixed ratio

Scheduled reinforcement; not a method of measuring behavior.

Autogenic Relaxation

Schultz invention, daily practice of visualizing for relaxation (like meditation) to relieve stress

Assessment of physical abilities

Sensory-motor, Perceptual-motor

Cerebral palsy

Series of disorders characterized by problems in movement, posture, and loss of voluntary muscle control, which are caused by brain injury early in life.

Staccato vs Legato

Short and almost punchy vs elongated

Dyspnea

Shortness of breath.

Adagio/Largo

Slow tempo

Cochlea

Snail shaped transmit mechanical energy to the inner ear

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Somatoform disorder characterized by constant preoccupation with some imagined defect in physical appearance

Spina Bifida

Spine does not form properly before birth and fails to enclose spinal cord

Appropriate norms or criterionreferenced data

Standardized tests, whose interpretations are based on data derived from "normal" populations, are generally not beneficial for program planning. Such tests should be used with caution. Criterion-referenced assessments, designed with the client's level of functioning in mind, are usually more helpful in determining both the strengths and weaknesses of the client.

SOAP Notes

Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan

Encephalitis

Swelling or infection of the brain.

Depressive episode

Symptoms include: a depressed mood most of the day, markedly diminished interest in activities, feelings of worthlessness, fatigue, and insomnia.

Negative symptoms

Symptoms of schizophrenia that are characterized by the lack of something; for example, abolition is a _________ which refers to a lack of will to accomplish basic tasks.

Orff Schulwerk Approach

Teaches musical concepts through speech, rhythm, movement, dance, & song. - Emphasizes ear-training before musical notation - Emphasizes voice, body percussion, recorder, xylophone, glockenspiel, metallaphone - Uses culturally significant rhymes, proverbs, chants, games,songs - *Process-oriented, not product driven* - *Teaches structure and improvisation*

Shaping

Technique for developing new behaviors by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior

Therapeutic Singing (TS)

Technique involving the unspecified use of singing activities to facilitate initiation, development, and articulation in speech and language as well as to increase the functions of the respiratory apparatus.

Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation (RAS)

Technique used to facilitate the rehabilitation of movements that are intrinsically and necessarily rhythmic, such as gait. - An immediate entrainment stimulus which provides rhythmic cues during therapy in order to improve walking tempo, balance, and control of muscles and limbs. For sensorimotor deficits

Rhythmic speech cuing (RSC)

Technique uses rhythmic cuing to control the initiation and rate of speech.

Guided imagery and music (GIM)

Technique which involves listening to music in a relaxed state, to elicit imagery, symbols and/or feelings for the purpose of creativity, therapeutic intervention, self understanding and spiritual experience.

What music component provides the necessary group cohesion for a successful group music experience?

Tempo

congenital

Term describing a condition with which an individual is born. It includes, but is not limited to, inherited conditions.

Pitch

Term used to denote how high or low a musical note sounds.

Sustained attention

The act of maintaining one's spotlight of attention on a particular task for an extended period.

Locomotion

The act of moving from place to place.

Mean

The average of a set of values, obtained by adding all values together and dividing by the total number of values.

Conduct Disorder

The basic rights of others are violated; range of antisocial types of behavior displayed in childhood or adolescence.

behavioral

The behavioral approach identifies behaviors, replaces negative inaccurate thoughts, and changes the rewards for positive behaviors; this does not directly address gait dysfunctions.

Schedule of reinforcement

The behavioral requirements for a reinforcing stimulus to be delivered. Schedules may be fixed or variable, based on interval or ratio criteria

Schedule of Reinforcement

The behavioral requirements for a reinforcing stimulus to be delivered. Schedules may be fixed or variable, based on interval or ratio criteria.

The Music Therapist consultant will _____ and _____ ?

The Music Therapist consultant will establish a written contract which details the services and responsibilities of both the consultee and the consultant. AND will adopt a fee schedule which is fair and appropriate for professional services rendered.

Best professional judgment

The Music Therapist's use of current knowledge that exists in music therapy and related fields in making decisions regarding the provision of music therapy services.

Forensic psychiatry

The branch of psychiatry devoted to legal problems and infractions of law, primarily criminal.

Forensic Psychiatry

The branch of psychiatry devoted to legal problems and infractions of laws, primarily criminal.

Auditory-motor match

The process whereby awareness of sound results in a movement or response.

Executive function

The ability of a person's brain to effectively carry out commands or plans that the person intends to complete.

Generalizability

The ability to apply knowledge gained from research to situations beyond the specific conditions contained in the research.

Inclusion

The concept referring to placing children with special needs in the classroom that they would normally attend, and importing support and prescribed related services to that classroom.

Therapeutic Instrumental Music Playing (TIMP)

The creation and performance of music are able to unite diverse human qualities such as emotion and intellect with rhythm and motor skills. - Musical structure, choice of instruments, spatial arrangement.

Validity

The degree to which a test measures what it purports to measure.

Termination

The final stage of therapy which should include evaluation of progress, a plan for phasing out and/or ending therapy, recommendations for the future and a follow-up plan.

Fading

The gradual removal of explicit prompts or cues in an attempt to maintain the behavior on its own

Fading

The gradual removal of explicit prompts or cues in an attempt to maintain the behavior on its own.

Range

The highest and lowest values in a set of data.

humanistic

The humanistic approach believes that people have an ordered set of needs that must be fulfilled in order to achieve personal growth; this does not directly address gait dysfunctions.

Iconicity

The imitation of a feeling, object, or event through the structural properties of an art form.

Sensory memory

The immediate impression from sensory information after stimuli are presented.

"Evidencebased practice in psychology" (EBPP)

The integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences." The AMTA adopted the following definition of evidence based music therapy practice in 2010: "Evidencebased music therapy practice integrates the best available research, the music therapists' expertise, and the needs, values, and preferences of the individual(s) served."

Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)

The integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient's characteristics, culture, and preferences.

What documentation should be included at the conclusion of treatment?

The termination plan, follow-up procedures, and the clients current functioning

Countertransference

The therapist's projection of feelings, ideas and desires about others onto the client.

Countertransference

The therapist's projection of feelings, ideas and desires about others onto the clients

Countertransference vs Transference

The therapist's projection vs the client's projection of feelings toward another

Ossicles

The three small bones (malleus, incus, and stapes) found in the middle ear that move in response to acoustical energy transmitted by the tympanic membrane.

Procedural memory

The unconscious memory for skills and tasks.

isomorphism

The use of music to imitate human emotions and movements.

Fine motor dexterity

The use of small muscles for reaching, grasping and manipulating objects.

Fine motor dexterity (coordination)

The use of small muscles for reaching, grasping and manipulating objects.

Direct Modulation

Unprepared or abrupt changes the key between chords w/no indication of an eminent change

Poliomyelitis

Virus infection of the muscles; causing physical disability

Low vision

Visual acuity greater than 20/200 but no greater than 20/70 in the better eye after correction.

Blindness

Visual acuity of no less than 20/200 in the better eye after best possible correction; or, a visual field of 20 degrees or less in the better eye.

Natural Minor

W H W W H W W

Early symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Weakness and/or muscle atrophy

Universal Precaustions

Wear protective barriers to block from any and all bodily fluids

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

When a bomb, blow, jolt, or other head injury causes damage to the brain.

Aesthetic integrity

Working to introduce creative and enjoyable aspects into research so as to provide meaningful outcomes for those involved in the study as well as for readers of the study.

Parkinson's Disease

a chronic nervous system disorder characterized by tremor, rigidity, and slow movements

Supertonic

ii chord (minor)