CC 302 Compiled
How did Caesar behave in Italy after crossing the Rubicon? How, in general, did he treat his defeated opponents? How did Pompey react to Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon? What, if anything, suggested that Pompey might have the upper hand in the conflict?
"Caesar soon dispelled fears that he would be a second Sulla... Caesar released all captives, executed no one, and declined to take funds that came into his hands" (Boatwright 1st ed 157). Pompey left Rome for Campania, abandoning Rome and Italy. Pompey should have had the upper hand in the conflict because he had the support of all ex consuls and the optimates, where the money was from. He also had a lot of popular influence in the east and west and went around to gather up troops, control the sea, starve italy, and invade.
What did the prophecy of the oracle at Delphi tell Brutus? Why was Brutus able to fulfill the prophecy of the oracle at Delphi, and not the other Tarquin brothers?
"He who shall be the first to kiss his mother shall hold in Rome supreme authority", and brutus fell to the ground and kissed the earth immediately.
What happened after Amulius ordered Romulus and Remus to be drowned?
- a servant was instructed to kill the infants but instead put them in a basket in the Tiber where the current was weaker so that there was a possibility that they would be rescued before they drowned - they were found and suckled by a she-wolf - then found by Faustulus, a sheperd, and raised as his children
What happened after Amulius ordered Romulus and Remus to be drowned? Mark all correct answers: Correct Answer
- a shepherd rescued the boys and raised them -they were suckled by a she-wolf
How did Romulus placate the Sabine women after their capture?
- blamed their parents for being too proud to go into peaceful marriage negotiations - their husbands were to be kind to them - they would equally share the fortunes of Rome, esp through their children
What do you make of this? Why do you think Romans described their legendary origins in such violent terms? What might this tell us about ancient societies like Rome?
- brutality and unpredictability of ancient life - violence in building community - justification for conquering - mythical understanding of live and death through violence
Why do you think the introduction of writing to Italy so crucial to the development of the city-state?
- dedicatory purposes i.e. tomb markings - determining social hierarchies - (possibly) bureaucratic or legal functions -religious or ritual behavior
Who are the Vestal Virgins?
- women of elite families who were sworn to virginity as children - lived in the House of the Vestals - protected a sacred fire in the House that meant the fall of Rome if it ever went out - served until 40 - it they broke their vow of virginity they were to be buried alive
Name three geographic factors that helped Italy to prosper? What role did the Straits of Messina play?
--1) Fertile coastal plains, especially on the West coast. 2) surrounded by seas w/ navigable rivers running inland. 3) alps to the north that were surmountable but protective. --Whoever controlled the straits of Messina basically controlled trade. Made trade with east/west mediterranean possible.
• Name two ways that Sulla weakened the office of Tribune of the Plebs. Why did he do this?
-A man who served as a tribune was automatically barred from serving in any further office. -They could only bring legislation to the Plebeian assembly that had already been approved by the senate. He did this to weaken the power of the tribunes and also to prevent people who were ambitious and wanted to move further in the cursus honorum from being a tribune. He saw the tribunes as threatening to higher powers.
Give two further examples of reforms Caesar attempted to pass after his defeat of Pompey. What was the political significance of these?
-Caesar tried to address the problem of debt. He made it so that property could be accepted for repayment at its prewar value and prohibited that anyone hold more than 60,000 sesterces in cash. After a rebellion that had to be put down, Caesar also cancelled interest payments due since early 49, and permitting tenants to pay no rent for a year. -Caesar adapted the Egyptian solar calendar to Roman use. -Caesar limited grain rations to a total of 150,000. -He abolished the oppressive system of publicani tax collection, and allowed for communities to collect it themselves. -Caesar settled many of his veterans overseas and did not confiscate land as Sulla had done -Caesar also reduced unemployment in Rome by starting new colonies overseas with the poor, and investing in major building projects (such as the Forum Julium) A lot of the reforms that Caesar made were beneficial to the people, but not necessarily to the senate.
Give two justifications for Brutus' use of Lucretia's suicide to overthrow the monarchy.
-He did partially abide by his promise by tossing out Sextus. -He also was able to rid the populace of the tyrant Tarquin.
• Give two examples of political events at Rome from the Gracchi onwards that affected Italians, and explain their impact.
-Social War (91-87 BCE) - Italy's first full scale civil war. This war was over certain denies of citizenship for different places in Italy. This destabilized many Roman/Italian communities and caused Rome to take action by participating in the war and punishing the losers when the war ended. Rome gave citizenship to the areas that had remained loyal to Rome during the war including all of the Latins.This also caused urbanization and spread of the Latin's cultural diversity including languages mostly. --The Jugurthine War: vulnerability of Italian merchants; execution of Italian allies at Adherbal at Cirta --Attacks of the Cimbri and Teutoni: vulnerability of Italian communities in north Italy --Marius military reforms: mismatched privileges and rewards for Roman soldiers Italian soldiers --Tiberius Gracchus gave land to Roman citizens from Italians. --Gaius Gracchus proposes Latin citizenship, Romans said no. Why do Italians get really concerned about citizenship when Marius was a general? --Roman soldiers got massive preferential treatment, and the Italians were not treated as well- they may not have received all of the things (such as land) that the Romans got.
After Sulla
...
Age of Augustus
...
Assassination of Julius Caesar
...
Augustan arts and architecture
...
Breakdown of the Triumvirate
...
CC 302-WB: Midterm Exam Short Answer Questions - Module 5
...
CC 302-WB: Midterm Exam Short Answer Questions - Module 6
...
CC 302-WB: Midterm Exam Short Answer Questions - Module 8
...
Caligula and Claudius
...
Cicero and Catiline
...
Civil War: Rubicon to Pharsalus
...
Defeat of the Pompeians
...
Expansionism and the Third Punic War
...
Foundation of the Republic
...
Gaius Gracchus
...
Governing the Republic
...
Julius Caesar in Rome
...
Marius
...
Octavian versus Antony?
...
Pompey and the East
...
Prelude to civil war
...
Provinces and the Empire
...
Rise of Octavian
...
Rise of the First Triumvirate
...
Rome and Italy in the 2nd Century BC
...
Scipio Aemilianus
...
Succession and Reign of Tiberius
...
Sulla after the Social War
...
Sulla: civil war and dictatorship
...
The 4th century BC
...
The First Punic War
...
The Roman Nobility
...
The Second Punic War, part 1
...
The Second Punic War, part 2
...
The Second Triumvirate
...
The Social War
...
The Struggle of the Orders
...
The Triumvirate Threatened
...
The War with Jugurtha
...
Tiberius Gracchus
...
● Describe Rome's military prior to the Punic Wars (where did soldiers come from? when did they fight? what were aims of campaigns). When did Rome shift to a publicly funded military? Why?
...
How long was a consul's term of office?
1 Year
How long is the consuls term?
1 year
How long was a consul's term of office? 6 months until the senate decided to hold a new vote 1 year lifetime 2 years
1 year
How long was the Consul's term?
1 year
How long was the consul's term?
1 year
Name three things Tarquin did to make him a tyrant. In what ways was Tarquin an effective ruler?
1) killed senators loyal to previous king 2) repealed laws good for the people 3) fights dirty; treats his enemies treacherously. Skilled military leader and brave soldier. Under his leadership, Rome became leader of the federation of Latin cities.
Name three features of early Rome that seem to be Etruscan in their origin.
1) use of 12 lictors (bodyguards of the kings) 2) Curule Chair 3) Purple bordered toga
What
1)Supervised religious calendar 2)Ensured that a rite was properly performed 3)Was eventually open to plebeians 4) lifetime appointment 5) dedicated sacred sites
Which of the following are examples of likely Etruscan influence on early Roman culture?
1. Augury 2. The purple-bordered toga 3. The curule chair 4. Lictors
What did Numa Popmilius do?
1. Bring the cult of Vestal Virgins to Rome 2. Appoint a number of priests and pay close attention to religious ritual/honoring the gods 3. Build a Temple of Janus 4. Create a new calendar
The Etruscans
1. Had an alphabet 2. lived in the area now known as Tuscany 3. Their women shared almost equal status with men 4. They traded with the Phoenicians and the Greeks
Ways in which Tarquin the proud attempted to regain the throne after his exile by Brutus?
1. He sought aid form the cities of Veii and Tarquinii 2. He encouraged a conspiracy among the noble youths of Rome 3. He sought aid form Lars Porsenna
Latium cities in the 6th century BC
1. Inhabitants could intermarry 2. Inhabitants could make legal contracts 3. Inhabitants came together for festivals
Advantages that iron has over bronze
1. Iron weapons are harder and can be made sharper 2. Iron ore is more commonly found 3. Iron is cheaper
Which of the following was true about the patron/client relationship
1. Patrons protected their clients 2. Debt was an integral part of this relationship 3. Clients fought for their patrons
Ways that elite Italians in the archaic period displayed their social status
1. They participated in symposia (drinking/dinner parties) 2. They buried their dead in more elaborate tombs 3. They acted as patrons 4. They had larger houses
What were the aims of ancient Roman historians?
1. To glorify aristocratic families 2. To glorify Rome 3. To instruct
Different types of archaeological evidence for the early settlements in Itlay
1. Weapons 2. Pottery 3. Grave goods like jewelry
Which of the following were advantages in developing iron over bronze in Italy?
1. tools and weapons worked with iron are harder and retain an edge better 2. iron ore is more plentiful in ITaly than the constiuent parts of bronze (especially tin)
How was Rome governed immediately after Romulus' death?
10 men rotated ruling every five days so that nobody could consolidate power.
Name the 1st written legal code in Ancient Rome?
12 tables
When was the consulship normalized?
4th Century
How long was a dictator's initial term of appointment?
6 months
What was the term of the dictator?
6 months or the length of the crisis, whichever was shorter
How long was the term of dictator?
6 months, or the length of crisis, whichever was shorter.
It was a horrific defeat for the Romans. The Carthaginians massacred the Roman army.
60K-80K dead, including ⅓ of the senators and one of the consuls. The cities of Sabinum, Etruria, and Umbria remained Roman allies. However, the Southern allies, many Samnites, Lucanians, and Bruttii, either served in Hannibal's army, provided supplies for it, or fought against the Romans on their own. Capua in Campania, a Roman municipium, joined Hannibal's alliance. Syracuse also joined with Hannibal.
What year did: drainage and development of Forum Romanum
650 BCE
· When, approximately, did city-states first appear in Italy?
725 BC --Towards the end of the Iron-age
• When, approximately, did city-states first appear in Italy? Give three characteristics of the early city-state.
725 BC, elites were at the core, cemeteries outside the walls, and area for communal activities
In which period of early Italian history do we see the construction of civic buildings such as the Temple to Apollo?
725 BC, with the emergence of the city state.
In which period of early Italian history do we see the construction of civic buildings such as this Temple to Apollo
725 BC, with the emergence of the city-state
What year did: Rome increases in complexity, with larger cemeteries at the margins of settlement
800 BCE
Match the date with developments in the early Roman community.
800 BCE- Rome increases in complexity, with larger cemeteries at the margins of the settlement 650 BCE- drainage and development of the Forum Romanum late 7th century BCE- erection of monumental constructions e.g. the Regia, Comitium, Curia
Who was Hannibal Barca? Give an example of how Hannibal's animosity towards Rome has been illustrated by ancient historians.
A Carthaginian general, son of Hamlicar who negotiated the peace treaty with Rome that made Carthage lose both Siciliy and indirectly, Sardinia. His father made him swear an oath that he would be an enemy to Rome someday.
Who was Coriolanus?
A Roman general who besieged the Volscian town Corioli and captured it. He attempted to become a leading man in the state but was exiled due to unpopularity after misinterpreting a political situation. He sought protection from the Volscians and pledged allegiance to them while raising an army with the plans of invading Rome but was dissuaded by his wife and mother.
• What is a municipium? What was its chief characteristics?
A city that maintained it's local governnance but whose land and citizens were Roman. They kept their local culture and government, didn't have to pay taxes, only had to supply soldiers, they could vote and had citizenship
What was a municipium?
A city that retained its local governance but the land and citizens are considered Roman
What was municipium?
A city that retained its local governance but whose land and citizens were Roman
• What kind of governance characterized Rome's new Republic?
A democracy is more representative of the new Republic and distinguished it from the monarchy.
Under what circumstances was a dictator appointed? How long was his initial term?
A dictator ruled in a state of emergency and he ruled until the problem as resolved for until 6 months was up.
Who was Regulus? What happened to him?
A famous consul. In the middle of an indeterminate war, he sailed with a fleet to Carthage to start a land war. He was sent back to the Roman senate to ask for surrender but he told them to deny it and to send him back to Carthage.Tortured to death by being put into a box and having spikes poked through him. He's remembered as a glorious hero who put Rome's interest before his own.
Who joined the Tarquins in their efforts to undermine the new Republic?
A group of youths who preferred the monarchy because they received certain privileges from the king. Two of these youths were Brutus' sons whom he had to put to death for the safety of the Republic.
Who were the Silvan kings? From whom did they descend?
A long line of kings who ruled in Alba Longa, fathers bequeathing their crowns to their sons. Descended from founder of Alba Longa, Ascanius, son of Aeneas
What was discovered when the foundations for the temple of Jupiter were dug?
A man's full head
What was discovered when the foundations for the Temple of Jupiter was dug?
A mans head
What best describes Livy's attitude about monarchy?
A necessary stage in roman evolution
What statement best describes Livy's attitude about monarchy?
A necessary state in Rome's evolution
Who raised Romulus and Remus?
A shepherd and his wife
Who raised Romulus and Remus?
A shepherd and his wife.
Who lived in Romulus' new city? Where did the people come from?
ALL men. Romulus set up a refugee camp to get more people at first, but again all that came were men.
• What kinds of activities were associated with the rites of Bacchus? How did the Senate react? Give an explanation of the Senate's actions in this affair.
Activities: The participants committed murder The rites were held in secret at night The participants seemed to be participating in some kind of fraud (frauding of wills) The rites involved sex, drunkenness, and riotous partying, which were out of line with sober Roman ideology The rites threatened a lot of Roman cultural norms, which were important for keeping order. The rites involved sexual encounters among free men and women, uninhibited sexual norms usually means disruption in Roman thinking because it might shake the status of men. There were enough people in the rite that it could be considered a "second state," which is a huge threat to the senate. The senate issued a decree that invited informers to denounce worshippers. Panic spread throughout the worshippers, and many committed suicide. Two Roman Plebs and two italians were arrested as ringleaders. This is the senate cementing its stranglehold- setting itself up as a great power in Rome
• Why did Rome intervene in the quarrel between Jugurtha and Adherbal? What did Jugurtha do after Rome intervened and divided Numidia between him and Adherbal? Rome's response and rationale for now taking more serious action?
Adherbal came to Rome for help in stopping Jugurtha's unfair actions. Rome also wanted a stable neighboring civilization. After the "equal" division of the land between the two sons, Jugurtha invaded Adherbal's half of the kingdom and killed him taking over his land. Rome reacted by sending forces to discipline Jugurtha but were only somewhat successful. Jugurtha killed Italian merchants and Rome was forced to take notice.
What office holder (magistrate) took care of maintaining public buildings?
Aediles
With which legendary figure does Livy begin his Roman history?
Aeneas
who abandoned Dido, queen of Carthage, provoking her bitter hostility?
Aeneas
who was considered to be the shared ancestor of the Latin people?
Aeneas
With which legendary figure does Livy begin his Roman history?
Aeneas context: refugee from Troy who was an important figure in Rome's foundation narrative
how, according to Vergil, did Dido's encounter with Aeneas bring about the enmity and hatred between Rome and Carthage?
Aeneas abandoned Dido after their love affair, which led Dido to curse Aeneas and his descendants, the Romans
How was Aeneas received by the native Latins in Larentum?
Aeneas was met by native Latins and surrounded to protect their land.
What do you make of Livy's story of Aeneas? Is this an invasion, or a peaceful merging of communities? How do you interpret Aeneas' execution of Turnus while begging for mercy, as an origin story of the Roman community?
Aeneas' arrival in Latium and merging with the Latins is an interesting starting point for thinking about Roman identity: the Romans saw themselves as both distinct from their fellow Latins, with whom they shared their ethnic identity, but recognized that they shared in a common ancestry and customs. Aeneas' killing of Turnus and defeat of the Rutuli, meanwhile, is often interpreted as a moment when the founding hero gave in to incontinent rage; it describes the violence inherent in the establishment of communities, and perhaps even anticipates Rome's long history of imperial conquest of subordinate communities.
Who replaced Brutus as Valerius' co-consul after Brutus' death?
After Brutus' death, Valerius did not appoint anyone else to act as his co-consul. This was taken by the Roman people as a sign that Valerius wanted to become sole ruler of Rome, since the consulship was meant to be held by two men to prevent the seizure of powe
What were ways in which Tarquin the Proud attempted to regain the throne after his exile by Brutus? Mark all correct answers.
After Brutus' overthrow and exile of the Tarquins, Tarquin the Proud attempted to regain the throne in Rome several times. First, he tried to use a plot by a group of noble Roman youths, who wanted to bring back the monarchy, as his ticket in. This conspiracy failed, so he sought aid from Etruscan cities. Finally, he went to Lars Porsenna in Clusium, who led to a war between Clusium and Rome. Finally, Porsenna agreed to peace terms with Rome and part of this was to tell Tarquin to, basically, get lost.
What circumstances provoked the 1st Macedonian War?
After Cannae, Phillip attempted to ally with Hannibal
• How did Tiberius finally get his land legislation passed by voters? How did the Roman senate get in the way of the operations of the land commission? How was Tiberius able to fund the activities of his land commission?
After Octavius had gotten thrown out of office, ________ The Senate did not approve of Tiberius' platform, so they only gave him a small amount of funds to complete his job since they were in control of funding. During this time, Attalus III (the king of Pergamum) died and had no heirs left to pass on his kingdom and wealth. He left everything to the Romans in which Tiberius used the claim that the Senate could not handle foreign affairs. He ended up with the wealth.
What circumstances provoked the 1st Macedonian War?
After Rome's defeat at Cannae in 216, Philip V, the Macedonian king, probably suspicious of Roman interventions across the adriatic, and thinking that Rome was now weak, began to negotiate with Hannibal. Discovery of this alliance led to the 1st Macedonian War.
• How was Numitor eventually re-established as the King of Alba Longa?
After Romulus and Remus found out they were royalty, they killed Amulius and Numitor was reestablished as king.
How was Rome governed after Romulus' death? Why wasn't a successor picked immediately?
After Romulus' death, there is no immediate heir because he did not pick one and because there is a debate over whether the chosen heir should be a "native" Roman or a Sabine. The solution was to have ten men rotating rule every five days; this period was called the interregnum. The theory behind this was that no one man could seize or consolidate power. However, the citizens became frustrated with this form of rule and demanded a new king.
Give an example of one of his actions that was considered insane to contemporaries, and give a modern explanation of his insanity. How did Caligula die?
After a good start, Caligula declined and the remainder of his reign is marked with the cruel, the perverse, and the mad. He supposedly lived in extreme luxury and thought of himself as a god. He cruelly executed those who opposed him, as well as random people. He had affairs with married women. He was taken to performing on stage and driving a chariot (things which Nero would later be criticized for). These claims included epilepsy, power going to his head, difficult childhood, and encephalitis. Incest with his sister and brother, murderous. Tried making his horse consul, tendency to perform, emperors weren't supposed to perform. Soon after he was made emperor, Caligula fell ill; whether his ensuing antics were related to his illness is unknown. He certainly had a difficult childhood -- Tiberius was suspected of killing his parents and brothers -- and he had a hard job as emperor. He was killed (stabbed to death) in a conspiracy of the Praetorian Guard, led by the prefect, Cassius Chaerea.
What happened at Lake Trasimene (BE SPECIFIC!)?
After crossing the alps Hannibal gets the Gauls to support him, his army meets Gaius Flaminus and he ambushes then destroys the consuls army. This provokes Rome to elect a dictator (Fabius)
When was the Roman Army forced to pass under the yoke
After losing at Caudine Forks
• Briefly describe the sequence of events after the discovery of the conspiracy. What action against captured followers of Catiline did Cicero oversee? Who defended these followers against this action? What civic right did this action violate?
After receiving evidence from the Allobroges, Cicero was able to confront 5 of Catiline's associates, obtain their confessions of guilt, and arrest them. This swung public opinion behind Cicero. Two days later, when he asked the senate what was to be done with the five, the decision after a tense debate was execution, a sentence which Cicero carried out. Caesar was completely against these executions. These executions violated a person's right to a trial because they sentenced to death without a proper trial.
• Why was Cincinnatus famous?
After the dictatorship, he went back to taking up the plow, and served as a role model for Romans to be humble and not power hungry.
Why did the Roman people think Valerius wanted to become king? What did Valerius do to calm their concerns and affirm his intention to retain a Republican form of governance?
After the exile of Collatinus, Valerius was elected as Brutus' co-consul. However, after the death of Brutus, Valerius did not appoint another co-consul. He also began to build a house a hill. This stirred up concerns among the people that he wanted to be a king. To assuage their fears, Valerius gave a speech to the people that reiterated his belief in the Republic. He also began to cultivate popularity with the masses, which earned him the name "Publicola" (the people's friend). Some of the things he did were: implemented the right of popular appeal against decrees of the magistrates took away the civil rights of those who were convicted of conspiring to bring back monarchy
What was the particular significance of the Sack of Veii
After this point it was clear that Rome was the most powerful city in Latium
What was the particular significance of the Sack of Veii?
After this point, it was clear that Rome was the most powerful city in Latium
• What happened at the Battle of Cannae? What was its aftermath?
Again, there was disagreement amongst the consuls about how the battle should be fought, and nearly 1/3 of the troops died, including a consul, the one who didn't want to battle (Paullus), ironically.
In what city did Ascanius and the Silvan kings rule?
Alba Longa
In what city did Ascanius and the Silvan kings rule? Tarquinia Alba Longa Rome Laurentum Antemnae
Alba Longa
The battle of the Horatii and Curiatii took place during the conflict between Rome and
Alba Longa
What territory did Rome control at the end of the Samnite war?
All of Italy expect the Po valley and Greek inhabited Southern Italy
What territory did Rome control at the end of the 3rd Samnite War?
All of Italy the Po valley and Greek inhabited southern Italy
Name three geographic factors that helped Italy to prosper.
Alps Surrounding Seas & Rivers Fertile Costal Plains Harbors for Trade Straits of Messina
To what extent would you label the Republic as a democracy? Explain.
Although Roman citizens did cast votes directly, plebeians could not vote up until the time of the of the Republic.
Who attacked Rome to enact immediate retribution for the attack on the Sabines?
Although the Sabines were aggrieved at the Romans, and were joined by other communities in their grievance, only the men of Caenina formed an attack -- the other communities, they felt, were too slow to act.
Why did Amulius send his brother into exile? Why did he force Rhea Silvia to become a Vestal Virgin? Who (supposedly) impregnated Rhea Silvia?
Amulius sent his brother Numitor into exile so that he could be king. He forced Rhea Silvia(Numitor's daughter) to be a Vestal Virgin so that she could not have any children. Mars impregnated Rhea Silvia.
Latin League
An alliance formed to protect the Latium cities from incursions by hill tribes
What is an example of a work that proclaimed the Augustan foundation? With what text did Augustus proclaim his own achievements? Give two examples of values Augustus espouses as unique to his reign.
An example of a work that proclaimed the Augustan foundation: literary works. The Ara Pacis (or "Altar of Augustan Peace", Boatwright, p. 190, no. 3) was buried beneath newer buildings for centuries until it was uncovered in the 19th century and slowly pieced back together. Imagine what other beautiful buildings we're missing out on! Think about the Ara Pacis as a piece of Augustan propaganda, as if it were a text. The "Res Gestae" is the text that Augustus composed in proclaiming his own achievements. His military victory and imperium serve as two examples of values he espouses (values).
• What was an imago? What function did it have in the funeral procession, and what was its effect? What role did actors play?
An imago was a wax mask made in the image of the deceased (usually of a prominent person). An actor who looked similar to the deceased would wear it at the funeral and imitate their mannerisms. The more imagines, the more prominent people who had been in that family. This reminded people of the high influence of the family.
Why are graves so often such abundant sources of material evidence?
Ancient people, especially the elite were often buried with their possesions
Turnus
Another king of Latium that Lavinia, Latinus' daughter, had been promised to. However, Latinus let Aeneas marry his daughter as a compromise
Describe briefly also the circumstances that led to the polarization of Octavian and Antony. What was Octavia's role in this, and Cleopatra's?
Antony resumed his business in the East, including his relationship with Cleopatra. Octavian consolidated his authority in the West and also began a propaganda campaign against Antony and Cleopatra. Antony gifted Cleopatra Roman lands, and had twins by her, while his WIFE Octavia was in Rome with his two children. When Antony returned to the west in 37, Octavia accompanied him and then remained behind while Antony went East and took up once again with Cleopatra. This separation of Octavia and Antony would have sent a clear message to the Roman people that Antony was abandoning the pact with Octavian.
What were the sequence of events that led to the Battle of Actium? What were the "Donations of Alexandria"? With what document did Octavian secure the support of Italy? What did this allow him to do?
Antony's affair, followed by the Donations of Alexandria, and his divorce from Octavia showed to both sides that they should prepare for battle. Donations of Alexandria: The distribution of Eastern territories by Antony to Cleopatra's children (including Caesarion). Octavian then read aloud Antony's will in Rome and forced all citizens to swear oath to him. After illegally acquiring and reading the will, Octavian was able to make the Romans swear oath to him, before declaring war on Cleopatra (not on Antony).
When was Rome founded and who gives us this date?
April 21, 753 BC Varro
What sort of evidence do we have for reconstruction the history of Italy before the Romans?
Archaeological (pottery, housing/social structures,tools, tombs and grave goods) Written Text (literary text and inscriptions into clay, metal or stone)
Give two examples of kinds of historical information archaeology can provide us with; and, one example of information that archaeology does not provide us with.
Archaeological evidence cannot be used to assess social and political structures definitively, since it does not always feature a written component documenting such things, however, the displacement of certain types of artifacts from their known places of origin can tell use about potential trading relationships between communities or, if not compromised by grave-robbers, evidence found in tombs can be indicative of particular customs adhered to by a community (in this instance such customs likely deal with methods of burial).
Who founded Alba Longa?
Ascanius
Who founded Alba Longa? Correct Answer
Ascanius
Who founded Alba Longa?
Ascanius context: Ascanius is the son of Aeneas, and founded Alba Longa about 12 miles away from Rome, his descendants are known as the Silvan Kings
• What were the Asian Vespers? What happened? Why?
Asian Vespers (Asiatic Vespers)- an execution of about 80,000 Romans and Italians in Asia Minor in 88 BCE (Boatwright, 127) Mithridates took control of a Roman province called Asia Minor. The citizens welcomed him as a liberator, but he sought to express his hatred for the Romans. He planned executions for all the citizens from Rome and Italy.
What was the public reaction to Caesar's death? How did this change? Marc Antony's role? What happened to the conspirators?
At first, the people of Rome celebrated liberation from tyranny under Caesar, however after Caesar's will was read in public by Marc Antony, the people mourned Caesar's death. Antony read the will, which left people extensive property across the Tiber as well as 300 sesterces each. Antony encouraged the outrage against the assassins, which ended up forcing Brutus and Cassius out of Rome.
Where was the Roman forum located?
At the foot of the hills in a swampy marshland
In general what Latin words, both meaning roughly "power", are associated with Augustus' reign? What is the difference? Which did he prefer to emphasize, and why? How do the titles he chose and rejected demonstrate this?
Auctoritas and Imperium are often associated with Augustus's reign. The difference is that auctoritas was an abstract concept, meaning something like "authority" or "influence"; while imperium was a legal power to act granted by the senate Augustus more strongly demonstrated auctoritas because he was able to advance his authority without the law and approval anywhere he had interest. We see that though Augustus is recognized as maius imperium (great influence), and is legally superior, he steps down and does not hold consulship, but only tribunician power. Augustus did accept Pater Patriae, (father of his country) for life, however. This shows he wasn't looking for a dictatorial power as Julius had, or to step up and become king, but makes it look as if he truly cared about the concerns of the Romans.
Examples of likely Etruscan influence on early Roman culture?
Augury, purple bordered toga and the curule chair.
In what ways did Augustus standardize service in the imperial army? What was the Praetorian Guard? Give an example of a major expansion of the empire under Augustus, and a major military disaster. What was Augustus' advice to future emperors on the matter of imperial expansion at the time of his death?
Augustus made service volunary, with soldiers serving for 20 years, 13 years of pension pay, active duty soldiers were not allowed to marry, and soldiers were paid by the state. The Praetorian Guard worked as the emperor's body guard, but also a check point for the emperor as they had the right to kill him if he was ever out of hand. The Parthian victory was one ofthe most famous expansions of the Roman empire. In addition, Augustus added on Egypt. Augustus warned Future Emperors to not expand Rome rapidly.
What was the significance of Augustus' claim that he "found Rome a city of brick, and left it a city of marble"? Give two examples of monuments built by Augustus, and explain how each of them explains and/or advertises an aspect of his political program.
Augustus shows the significance of his art projects leaving his mark on Rome, as a city of marble. He built the temple to Mars Ultor just before Phillipi, and Mausoleum of Augustus. The Mausoleum was part of a larger effect Augustus also had the Ara Pacis built. This celebrated Augustus' dedication to his family and Rome, his respect for the religion of Rome, abundance in agriculture and family, prosperity, and the current peace Rome was experiencing. Temple of Mars Ultor, avenging Caesar, family, pietas, religious need
What was Augustus' position on the Roman family? How did this relate to his views on succession? How successful was Augustus in choosing a successor? What was ironic about his marriage legislation in the context of his own family?
Augustus' position on the Roman family was that his visions failed due to the falling out of some family members. Legal marriages with children received more benefits (more children=more benefits. (Boatwright pg. 176)) His daughter and grand-daughter were cut off due to their behavior (Julia was exiled on account of adultery and treason- (Boatwright 177)), male successors (grandsons Gaius and Lucius) all died before Augustus died leading him to pick his own successors. Tiberius was then the final pick for succession. The irony occurred when he chose Agrippa to marry his daughter Julia and their sons (Gaius and Lucius) to take the throne but then they died ironically. Augustus' marriage legislation encouraged legal marriages to have children, the "Law of 3 sons" held those in high regard who produced 3 sons, this was ironic because Augustus himself did not have any sons to be the heir to his throne, he had one daughter, Julia, who was ironically exiled for charges of treason and Adultery. Most importantly, Adultery, which was made illegal under Augustus' marriage reforms.
Why is Tarquinius Collatinus sent into exile by Brutus?
Because he has the name Tarquin (ironic because Brutus is related to the Tarquins)
Why did Turnus form an alliance with the Etruscan king Mezentius against Aeneas?
Because he was angry that Aeneas had married Lavinia, who had previously been promised to him.
Why was Rhea Silvia forced to become a Vestal Virgin?
Because her uncle did not want her to produce any children
• How did the Latin League respond to the 1st Samnite War? What was the outcome of the Latin War?
Because they were unhappy with the power Rome had gained, they revolted. Rome then gained the territory in Campania in addition to Latium.
When during the year was considered "campaign season" for the Roman military in the 4th century
Before the harvest until the onset of winter
When during the year was considered "campaign season" for the Roman military in the 4th century?
Before the harvest until the onset of winter
Numa Pompilius was known for which of the following things?
Being religious and closing the doors to the Temple of Janus
Roman augury is closely related to
Birds
What was the outcome? Why was it difficult to interpret?
Both sides thought they had the right to kingship and a fight broke out and Remus was killed. The people did not know whether to go by priority (Remus) or upon number (Romulus).
What was the pomerium? What was its function?
Boundaries of the city center.Inside was considered sacred; generals cannot enter with army. He is taking a lawless place and civilizing it by slowly entering laws and boundaries like the pomerium.
Which historical figure is particularly associated with the political virtue of libertas ("freedom")? Numa Pompilius Tarquin the Proud Romulus Tarquinius Priscus Brutus
Brutus
Who were the original first two consuls of Rome?
Brutus and Collatinus
Why did Tarquinius Collatinus, Brutus's first co-consul, go into exile? Brutus demanded it, saying that the Roman people could not tolerate the name Tarquin he and Brutus disagreed on how to rule Rome and the Roman people sided with Brutus he tried to restore the monarchy he feared that his family, the Tarquins, would view him as a traitor the people rioted after he tried to build a house on the Palatine hill
Brutus demanded it, saying that the Roman people could not tolerate the name Tarquin
How did Brutus himself die?
Brutus died in a battle against the Tarquins (they were trying to form alliances and regain rule of Rome. Tarquinii and Veii allied with Tarquin). Arruns, son of Tarquin the proud killed him. Both were mounted, and they killed each other simultaneously.
Describe why Brutus' use of Lucretia's suicide to overthrow the monarchy was NOT justified and offer at least one alternative course of action he might have taken.
Brutus had an agenda, he did not overthrow the monarchy because of Lucretia's rape. He overthrew the monarchy because he did not like the Tarquins, Tarquin the Proud specifically. Instead of overthrowing the monarchy, he could have chosen to replace Tarquin with a more benevolent king (like Pompilius).
What was Brutus's relationship to Tarquin the Proud? How did he behave around the Tarquins?
Brutus was a kinsmen of Tarquin and in order to not draw attention to himself so he would not be executed, he acted dumb in front of the Tarquins.
• Give two justifications for Brutus' use of Lucretia's suicide to overthrow the monarchy.
Brutus was able to expose corruption in the Tarquin family, and got rid of the tyranny that came from the Monarchy. Brutus also increase representation in the senate with the addition of the Centuria.
Who assassinated Caesar? When? Why? What is the significance of the name of one of the conspiracy's leaders?
Brutus, along with Cassius and other senate members, assassinated Caesar on March 15, 44BC to protect "libertas", as he saw himself as the defender of the Republic. This is significant because another Brutus had led the expulsion of the last king Tarquinius Superbus.
What prophecy did Brutus hear at Delphi? How did he respond? Describe how this prophecy was fulfilled. Why might Livy have included this story in his history (i.e. how does it legitimate Brutus?)
Brutus, along with two Tarquin sons, heard the prophecy that whoever kisses his mother first would be the next leader of Rome. While the two Tarquins believed it to be the mother who birthed them, Brutus takes a different approach, "trips" and falls planting his lips to the ground, believing the prophecy referred to Mother Earth, the mother of everything. The prophecy was fulfilled when he became responsible for the expulsion of the kings from Rome and the founder of the Roman Republic. Since the Romans believed in the prophecies of the oracles, Livy includes this in his history in order to give Brutus the backing he needed in order to gain the people's respect. (He was divinely chosen to lead).
How did Brutus behave in the company of the Tarquins?
Brutus, inorder to protect himself, pretended to be ignorant and clueless in the company of the Tarquins.
What did Numa do to signify bringing peace to Rome?
Built Temple of Janus. When doors were open it meant the city was in war. Closed meant the city was at peace. He closed the doors of Janus.
Name 3 ways that elites distinguished themselves from others
Burials, elaborate residences, dining practices and the symposium, government jobs (priesthoods), patron/client relationships
How was Romulus's successor as king chosen?
By a popular vote of the citizens
How was Romulus' successor as Rome chosen?
By popular vote of the citizens
When, approximately, did city-states first appear in Italy?
By the 8th century BCE.
In which period of early Italian history do we see the construction of civic buildings such as this Temple to Apollo?
C. 725 BC, with the emergence of the city-state
Whose side did Caesar favor in the Egyptian dynastic struggle? Why is this significant? What did this relationship produce?
Caesar favored Cleopatra- who became his mistriss and they had Caesars son: Ptolemy Caesar, nicknamed Caesarion. Caesar established Cleopatra as the ruler of the kingdom, and begins the relationship between Rome and Egypt as being something closely intertwined and intimate.
Describe the sequence of events that led to the defeat of Pompey. What were Pompey's tactics, and why did he change them? What was the climactic battle between Caesar and Pompey? What did Pompey do next? What happened to him?
Caesar first reduced Pompey's spanish troops, then attacking Pompey in the east and blockading his camp. This then forced Pompey to fight against his better judgement, and Caesar won. Pompey's tactics to build up a large army and then fight Caesar were demolished when Caesar approached Pompey while he was unprepared. Pompey was pressured by the Optimates to fight- so Pompey fought a set battle at Pharsalus in Thessaly and was defeated and fled. Pompey went to Egypt and was killed by the Egyptians- who offered Pompeys head to Caesar.
What positions did Caesar hold through his supremacy at Rome? What did he do to the Senate? How did Caesar fundamentally change how magistrates were appointed under his rule?
Caesar held the dictatorship for a few days in order to preside over elections, where he made himself consul. Then the senate voted him annual dictatorships for ten years and he gained the ability to appoint only candidates for some offices. While remaining dictator, he was also sole consul for much of 45. His dictatorship was eventually made perpetual. (Dictator for life) Caesar did not respect the senate, but he did increase the senates size (From the Sullan 600→ 900) He also doubled the number of quaestors set (From Sullan 20→ 40) and number of praetors from 8→ 16 Elections lost significance after Caesar gained and used the right to fill offices by nomination.
• What special demand did Caesar make concerning a bid for consular re-election? Why did he do this? On what legal basis did he make this demand?
Caesar made the demand that he may run for the consular election without having to lay down his command of Gaul. He did this because he did not want to made a private citizen where his enemies could bring charges against him. If he were to have any future in Roman politics, he could not become a private citizen. It was actually against the law (the one that people couldn't hold office without a gap of 10 years in between).
Who did Caesar's will name as his heir and adoptive son? How was he able to challenge Marc Antony's power? Who did he ally with to bring the Senate over to his side? What did the Senate award Caesar's heir, and to do what?
Caesar named his nephew Gaius Octavius a his heir and adopted son. Octavian was able to challenge Antony's power with his military skill, as learned from Caesar on campaigns in Spain. Anthony quickly learned to not question Octavian whom he thought was too young when Octavian was able to make the people rally against Antony by appealing to Caesar memory and selling off his own property to make sure the people recieved their 300 sesterces. Octavian allied with Cicero to gain the support of the senate, and was awarded imperium subordinate to that of the consuls. Octavian then led his troops against Antony who had tried to take over governorship of a province ruled by one of the ex-conspirators.
• Who permitted Clodius to change his status from patrician to plebeian? Why did Clodius want to do this? What did Clodius do to win the favor of the Roman people during his tribunate? How was Cicero affected in particular?
Caesar permitted Clodius to change his status from a patrician to a plebeian. Clodius wanted to do this so that he may run for the office of the tribune. To win the favor of the Roman people, he proposed various measures that included, the annexation of Cyprus under Cato, the restoration of the guilds (collegia), free grain for the citizens, and punishment of exile for those found guilty of executing citizens without trials. Cicero had executed people without a trial. One of the new laws passed made this illegal and exiled the person who broke this law.
Why did Caesar then depart to the East? Where else in the Empire did Caesar fight in his attempt to subdue the Empire? What were the key battles in the civil war after the Battle of Pharsalus? How did Cato the Younger respond to Caesar's victory?
Caesar returned East to deal with the threat of King Pharnaces who was the successor of Mithradates in Crimea. He came to reclaim Roman territory of Pontus. Caesar challed and defeated him at Zela, roman revenge for Mithradates victory several years before. VINI VIDI VICI. Then he went back to Africa, and defeated them in Thapsus as well as got a full surrender in Utica. Cato the younger, an opponent to Caesar, as well as many others committed suicide to die with dignity rather than be killed by Caesar.
Where was Caesar planning a campaign around the time of his assassination. Give two further examples of political events or trends that might have led to the conspiracy to assassinate Caesar.
Caesar was planning to campaign in Parthia, where Crassus had been defeated and lost the Roman standards. An increase in the size of the senate, mostly by men of lower classes who Caesar felt needed reward (supporters of Caesar), and Caesar's growing arrogance as well as what seemed to resemble a return to the monarchy by scorning Sulla's retirement from dictatorship, are all things that pushed on the assassination. In addition, it seemed Caesar wanted to start a dynasty, as he brought over Cleopatra and Caesarion.
• What factions supported Pompey and Caesar, respectively? Give an example of how a party attempted to reach a compromise, and how this failed. How was Caesar declared an enemy of the state? What symbolic act marked Caesar's declaration of war?
Caesar was supported by some of the Tribunes (Curio, Quintus Longinuns, and Marcus Antonius). Pompey was supported by the Senate, consuls, and the Optimates. Caesar had Curio go to the Senate and propose that both Pompey and Caesar give up their commands. The senate overwhelmingly supported this (377 to 22), but the consuls thought otherwise and went to Pompey and ordered him to prepare forces to defend the state against Caesar. A consul wanted to Caesar to relinquish his command and be replaced by someone else, but he refused to agree to this. The consuls ordered that Caesar lay down his command or be declared a hostis, or enemy of the state. The tribunes vetoed this. The Senate then issued an SCU allowing Pompey to defend the state by all means necessary, and Caesar was declared an enemy of the state. Caesar's crossing of the rubicon on January 10th marked his declaration of war.
• Who was Caesar's co-consul in 59 BCE? What actions was Caesar intent on carrying out during his consulship? What attitude did Caesar have towards the conservative faction in the senate at the start of his consulship? The attitude of the conservative faction towards Caesar?
Caesar's co-consul was Bibulus. At the beginning of his consulship, Caesar aimed to pass land redistribution reforms. Caesar initially sought compromise with the Senate, seeking consensus before taking the issue to the popular assembly. The conservative faction was against Caesar and his proposals because he was largely a popular politician looking out for the populist agenda.
• Where was Caesar's provincial command? What was the outcome of this provincial command? How did Caesar behave towards his defeated opponents? How did Caesar maintain political support back in Rome during his provincial command?
Caesar's provincial command was in Gaul and Illyricum.The governor of Transalpine Gaul also died, so he received command of that as well. _________ He did not show them mercy or clemency. Caesar was brutal in his Gallic campaigns: he supposedly killed 1 million and enslaved 1 million more. Using the wealth he gained from the Gallic Wars, Caesar held games and spectacles for the people back in Rome. This was one way that he maintained his popular image while he was away from the city. He also constructed a new forum.
Who were candidates for succession under Tiberius? What happened to these candidates? How did Tiberius die?
Caligula and Gemellus. Caligula was Tiberius' nephew and Agrippa's grandson via the popular general Germanicus. Gemellus was Tiberius' grandson. At Capri they were both primed to be Tiberius' co-heirs. After Tiberius' death, Caligula became emperor. One of his first acts was to order Gemellus' murder. --Tiberius died of natural causes at age 77, after ruling for 23 years. Suetonius does include rumors of possible unnatural causes for his death -- including one of Caligula smothering him in his sleep.
how did Camillus respond when the Falerian schoolmaster offered to hand over his students to the Romans?
Camillus ordered him to be stripped naked; his students were given whips and allowed to whip him
What region of Italy lies to the south of Rome?
Campania
Which of the following was NOT an ally of the Samnites during the Third Samnite War?
Campanians
What was Carthage's particular military strength? Rome's?
Carthage - naval warfare, Rome - land warfare
What two cities were initially fighting over the straits of Messina ?
Carthage and Syracuse
Which two cities were initially fighting over the Straits of Messina when Rome entered the fray?
Carthage and Syracuse
which two cities were initially fighting over the Straits of Messina when Rome entered the fray?
Carthage and Syracuse
What were the terms of Hamilcar's treaty with Rome at the end of the first punic war?
Carthage give Rome control of Sicily, and pay a large fine.
Name two terms of the settlement negotiated after the Battle of Zama. What happened to Hannibal after Zama? How did he die
Carthage had to surrender its fleet Carthage was required to make annual payments over a period of time Hannibal tried to continue his career as a statesmen in Carthage but was unpopular because he enacted unpopular reforms. He fled Carthage for Bithynia in the east and when he heard he was going to be handed over to Rome, he committed suicide by drinking poison.
What was Carthage's particular military strength? Rome's?
Carthage is a naval army. Rome is best at land
Why were the Carthaginians forced to abandon Sicily? Why was it significant that Rome controlled Sicily and Sardinia after the 1st Punic
Carthage lost Sicily as part of the terms of Roman victory of the 1st Punic War. The cities had labor and supplies for religious rituals and projects (including payment system) They controlled the Straits of Messina. These cities were Rome's 1st permanent commitments outside Italy.
What did Cato the Elder famously say?
Carthage must be destroyed!
• Name two terms of the settlement negotiated after the Battle of Zama. What happened to Hannibal after Zama? How did he die?
Carthage must give up their fleet, and it couldn't wage war. Hannibal was unpopular in Carthage, and drank poison to avoid being captured by Rome.
Name two terms of the settlement negotiated after the Battle of Zama. What happened to Hannibal after Zama? How did he die?
Carthage must surrender fleet and pay large indemnity sums. -- Hannibal became a statesman and enacted unpopular reforms which caused him to be exiled from Carthage in which he settled in Bithynia. He poisoned himself.
terms of Hamilcar's treaty with Rome at the end of the 1st Punic War?
Carthage paid a large indemnity to Rome Carthage handed over control of Sicily to Rome
wow did Rome end up in control of Sardinia?
Carthage was forced to leave it after their mercenary soldiers revolted
Where was Carthage? Over what part of the Mediterranean did it exercise control in the 4th century BC?
Carthage was in Spain and it controlled
parts of the peace treaty negotiated by Scipio and the Romans at the end of the 2nd Punic War?
Carthage was not allowed to make war without Rome's permission the Carthaginians paid a large sum of money to the Romans the Carthaginians surrendered their fleet
What were the agreements of the peace treaty at the end of the 2nd punic war?
Carthaginians surrendered their fleet, was not allowed to make war, and must pay a large su
• What prompted Catiline to conspire against the Republic in 63 BC? What kinds of people were his allies in the conspiracy? How was Cicero involved?
Catiline became bankrupt after losing yet another consulship election, so he began to gather forces in Etruria for an armed revolution. people said to be part of catiline's conspiracy included criminals, and destitutes that resided in Rome (people who would naturally be against the aristocracy/rich) Before deciding what to to do with Catiline, Cicero had been trying to gather evidence on the Catiline's possible conspiracy. Finally after Catiline had left Rome to go to Etruria, Cicero had got the evidence he wanted from a Gallic people, the Allobroges. This swung public opinion behind him, and the Senate gave a sentence of execution to Catiline's associates, which Cicero carried out.
• Who was Catiline? Who was Cicero? What was the difference in their social status? Why was the result of the consular election in 64 BC surprising, given this difference?
Catiline was a patrician and a talented politician who had good potential to be consul. He also served under Sulla. Cicero was a novus homo born of a wealthy family in a city southeast of Rome. He was a great orator. Cataline and Antonius were of higher social status since their family members had held office before. Cicero, as stated before, was a novus homo and had no family in office before. Surprisingly, people favored Cicero even though his family had never held office. He won the consulship in 63 along with Antonius who won the other spot.
Who said "Carthage must be destroyed"? Why? What did the Romans do to prevent Carthage from regaining its strength and once again becoming a military rival?
Cato the Elder in order to show opposition to the other senators that favored war north with Gaul. They sieged the city in 149 and in 146 invaded the city. The Romans killed thousands of Carthaginians, enslaved many thousands more, and completely destroyed the city. Sowed the fields with salt and enslaved survivors.
• Who said "Carthage must be destroyed"? Why? What example did he give of the danger represented by Carthage?
Cato the Elder said this, after Carthage declared war on the Numidians. He made a point with a fig, fresh from Africa, that carthage was too close for comfort.
after this Roman defeat, the surrendering Roman army was forced to walk under the yoke:
Caudine Forks
After what Roman defeat did the surrendering army walk under the yoke? What war was this?
Caudine Forks, during the Second Samnite War. Marching under the yoke showed their subjugation to the Samnites.
whose job was it to divide Roman citizens into centuries?
Censor
In what region of Italy is Rome located?
Central Italy close to the Tyrrhenian Sea shore.
How was the space of the city organized? (where did elites live? Where was the cemetery?)
Central core of the city-state was where the elites lived; the poor lived around them. --Cemeteries were placed outside the city walls at the base of the hill.
Why was iron preferable to bronze for the production of tools and weapons?
Cheaper, better quality, harder, held edge longer (longer-lasting), iron ore was more readily available
What process was eventually adopted for choosing the next king? Was it truly democratic? Why or why not? How does the succession of kingship differ between Alba Longa and Rome?
Chosen by the people, ratified by the Senate, then Auspicy was called. No it was not because the senate technically picked the King and it was a way of keeping power within the elite families. In Alba Longa, the succession was by family lineage, father bequeathed the crown to the eldest son; in ancient Rome, there were no family entitlements to the throne, it was chosen by merit, wealth, and military strength.
• Who were the Cimbri and Teutones? Describe the circumstances that led Rome to suffer a catastrophic defeat against these peoples. When was the last time Rome had suffered comparable casualties? Who successfully concluded the war against the Cimbri and Teutones?
Cimbri and Teutones were Germanic tribes. These groups continuously defeated many consuls and armies that were sent their way because Roman commanders would not cooperate with one another. Rome and these Germans eventually met at Arausio in 105 BCE where the losses (80,000 soldiers died) stemmed from the refusal of Quintus Servilius Caepio (former consul) to cooperate with his superior Gnaeus Mallius Maximus. Struggle between novus homo and patrician- kind of reflects what is also going on in Rome at the time. Comparable numbers of Roman losses are reported for the Battle of Lake Trasimene (217 BCE) and Cannae (216 BCE) during the Hannibalic War. Even if the numbers for Arausio were exaggerated, the loss was a traumatic shock for Roman military supremacy. Marius defeated the German Teutones and the Cimbri in Aquae Sextiae and Vercellae respectively. This ended the war.
who was famously said to have laid down his sword for the plow?
Cincinnatus
Why was Cincinnatus famous?
Cincinnatus was famous for being a humble dictator and hero of the patricians. He was appointed dictator to rescue Roman soldiers trapped by the Aequi people. In 16 days, he accomplished his job, laid down his dictator power, and he went back to farming. He was a model for a good Roman. He only took power when needed by his country, and did not selfishly try to hold onto that power once he had done his duty.
Who famously laid down his sword for the plow? What is the significance of this?
Cincinnatus, the dictator, stepped down after the time of crisis and served as a role model for early Romans in his humbleness to not aspire for greater power.
• Who was Cinna? Why was Cinna declared an enemy of the state? How did Marius help him? Why? What was the attitude to Sulla once Cinna and Marius seized power in Rome?
Cinna was one of the newly elected consuls when Sulla headed East. He left Rome and travelled through Italy rallying for support for his proposal of the second redistribution of the new citizens among the 35 tribes. The senate did not approve of this and removed him from office declaring him a hostis (enemy). Marius returned from Africa and helped Cinna by helping him raise troops. Some slaves were freed in return for service within the troops, and the Samnites agreed to support Cinna. Marius saw this as an opportunity to come back and follow through with his initial proposal. Sulla decided that he would let Mithridates escape and make peace with him because he wanted to return to Rome as quickly as possible. He planned to attack Rome.
• How did Clodius die? What was the response of the Roman people? The senate? How did this episode set the stage for the showdown between Caesar and Pompey?
Clodius was campaigning to be elected praetor, Milo to be consul. A major clash occurred between their gangs near Bovillae. Clodius was wounded and captured, and then finished off on Milo's orders. The populace was so distraught, and their mood so hostile to the senate, that they took up the outrageous suggestion of using the senate house as a funeral pyre. The whole structure and its furnishings burned too. The senate passed its ultimate decree (SCU), to levy troops throughout Italy, and to adopt the novel expedient of making Pompey sole consul. As a sole consul, Pompey took on a more aristocratic platform. Caesar was a champion of the populist cause. With each of them now occupying different platforms, it would be difficult for them to continue in a mutual partnership.
What happened to Tarquinius Collatinus? Why?
Collatinus became a consul with Brutus but was forced to resign his office and go into exile; his name reminded the Roman people of the rule of the Tarquins.
What is a municipium? What was its chief characteristics?
Common strategies of the Romans were to turn a conquered city into a municipium. The characteristics of a municipium were: Some citizens of the municipium were granted Roman citizenship The citizens were required to serve in the Roman military They could keep their local forms of government They did not have to pay taxes. Had right to vote
What external pressures were affecting Rome's stability in the fifth century BC? Internal pressures?
Conflicts with other Italian communities and raids by bandits. Plebeian discontent.
• Why did Brutus add additional senators? What were they called? What political benefit might this addition of new senators have brought to Brutus?
Conscripts were added to the new senators to replace those that had been killed of by Tarquin as well as add additional numbers of representation. Because these senators were not patricians in that they came from the 100 original senators, Brutus gained favor from them in voting and in his actions.
Why were two consuls elected (instead of just one)?
Consuls served year-long terms. Two consuls were elected each year. They had the full powers of the king, but only one of the consuls held the fasces (a symbol of military power) at a time, as Livy puts it, "to prevent the fear which might have been inspired by the sight of both with those dread symbols" (Book 2.8, page 107). This was a check in the system to prevent one of the consuls from becoming tyrannical.
• What was the chief elected office of the new Republic? How many were there of this kind of magistrate? Why is this important?
Consuls were the chief elected office, and there were 2 of them. This is important because it returns to Brutus saying there should be no single man ruling Rome ever again.
• What cities were sacked by Rome in 146 BCE?
Corinth and Carthage
What happened in the same year that Carthage was destroyed and had its fields plowed with salt?
Corinth, a powerful greek city, was sacked in 146 BC.
• Describe the relationship between Crassus and Pompey. What was unusual about Pompey's election as consul? In what ways did he and Crassus undo Sulla's legislation?
Crassus and Pompey were very competitive and did not stay on good terms especially when both were elected consuls in 70. Pompey was not old enough and had not even been a senator. They had been pro-Sulla, but then swung to the other side and restored tribunes. They both agreed that the tribunes' full powers should be restored. They also restored equestrians to the juries of the standing courts.
• Alongside Crassus, who joined Sulla as an ally when he landed at Brundisium in 83 BC? What was unusual about this ally? How did he benefit from his association with Sulla?
Crassus fought with Gnaeus Pompeius (Pompey) with Sulla. Only 23 years old, Pompey made a precocious start to a meteoric career in the military and Roman politics. Pompey was continuing the support his father had shown for Sulla's side. He was underage and not a senator. Pompey was then sent to the provinces of Sicily and Africa to handle the remaining supporters of Marius. Pompey accomplished this task with such ferocity that he earned the nickname "Young Butcher". When he returned to Rome, despite being underage and not a senator, Sulla was compelled to award Pompey a triumph. In addition, Pompey was given another nickname--"Pompey the Great" (Pompeius Magnus)--in recognition of his loyalty and success.
• What two kinds of marriage existed in ancient Rome? Which of these prevailed as the more common form, and what benefit(s) did it confer upon Roman women?
Cum manu (with hand)- woman was under control of her husband Sine manu (without hand)- woman was under control of her father (more common because when the man left, the woman could have help with business and legal decisions; to retain property in their own name (and to be able to inherit property from their family) in the event of divorce or becoming widowed)
at what point was Quintus Fabius ("The Delayer") originally appointed dictator (1 pt)? why was his term not renewed (1 pt)? what was the result of Rome abandoning Fabius' tactics and engaging Hannibal in open battle at Cannae (be specific! 2 pts)? how did Rome's southern Italic allies respond to the situation after Cannae?
Cunctator was appointed dictator after the devastating loss at Trasimene. his term was not renewed because the Roman senate did not approve of his skirmish tactics. as a result, Rome elected two consuls to lead the armies. these two consuls were soundly defeated by Hannibal at Cannae. around 80K soliders were killed as well as 1/3 of the senate. it was a massive defeat for Rome. Rome's allies in Southern Italy responded by seizing the opportunity to defect to Hannibal.
Which of the following are examples of likely Etruscan influence on early Roman culture?
Curule chair, purple robes, augury
What role did Camillus play in the war against the Gauls?
Dictator; drives Gauls out of Rome
Who is the legendary founder of Carthage?
Dido
• Who is the legendary founder of Carthage? How did Carthage's founder and key figure in Rome's foundation meet, and what happened next?
Dido is the founder of Cartage, and she met and fell in love with Aeneus as he was on his way to Italy, eventually, but he left to continue his travels. She swore hatred on him and his posterity.
• What is the distinction between a noble (nobilis) and a patrician? What defined a "new man" (novus homo)?
Distinction between noble and patrician: neither birth nor a personal military following was required to be a member of the new elite A nobilis was anyone with an ancestor who had been consul. (generally had been a consul within two generations) A "new man" or novus homo was a man who had never been in political authority. Ex: Cato the Elder
Who allied with the Samnites against Rome in the 3rd Samnite War? What significance did Rome's victory in this war have? What territory did Rome control by the end of the 3rd Samnite war?
During the 3rd Samnite War, the Etruscansm Umbrians, and Gauls joined with the Samnites against Rome. Rome defeated them easily with new military strategies and the command of a unified fighting force. By the end of the 3rd Samnite War, Rome had control of most of Italy.
Briefly describe how Romulus and Remus attempted to decide who would have the privilege of founding Rome. What happened to Remus (2 pts)? According to Livy, what are the two versions of Romulus's death (2 pts)? How was Rome ruled in the period immediately after Romulus's death (1 pt)?
Each of them went to their hill and took the auspices. Romulus was the first to spot an omen when he saw 6 vultures; but Remus then saw 12 vultures. They couldn't agree on how to interpret these auspices. The details are somewhat unclear, but Romulus eventually murdered Remus. In one version, he is provoked by Remus, who mocks his short city walls. According to Livy, Romulus was either murdered by a mob of senators or taken up in a cloud while reviewing his troops--like a god. Rome was ruled by an interrex immediately after Romulus's death, 10 men for five days each.
What made someone qualified to be appointed king?
Economic stability and therefore large support system.
What was Carthage's response to their defeat by Scipio?
Elders call back Hannibal to the homeland to defend Carthage; would lose and surrender.
Why was the Roman sack of Veii significant?
Elimination of it as a city state. It marked the first time the Romans had a permanent presence in Etruria
• How was the make-up of juries altered under Sulla? Who had changed the make-up of juries prior to Sulla?
Equestrians could no longer serve in the jury restricting it to senators only. Before Sulla, Gaius Gracchus had changed the make-up (senators to equestrians) of juries prior to Sulla.
What region of Italy lies to the north of Rome?
Etruria
Where was Etruria located, relative to Latium (1 pt)? Name two features of Etruscan culture that the Romans adopted, besides augury (3 pts). Briefly describe how the role of women at dinner parties differed in Roman and Etruscan culture (1 pt).
Etruria was directly north of Latium; Rome was geographically close to southern Etruscan cities. Two features: purple robes, curule chair, lictors. In Etruscan art, women are shown as participants at dinner parties; they are not participants in Roman art. This may be evidence that Etruscan women enjoyed more social freedoms than Greek or Roman women.
What was the ethnicity of Mezentius, with whom Turnus allies against the Trojans?
Etruscan
What was the ethnicity of the fifth king, the Elder Tarquin (Tarquinius Priscus (Links to an external site.))?
Etruscan
What was the ethnicity of Mezentius, with whom Turnus allies against the Trojans?
Etruscan context: Mezentius ruled Caere, a nearby Etruscan region, and had grown wary ot the growing power of the Trojans under Aeneas
Which cultures dominated Italy during the 7th-5th centuries BCE (at the time of Rome's foundation)? Mark all correct answers.
Etruscan. Greek.
With whom did the Samnites form an alliance in the 2nd Samnite War against Rome?
Etruscans
in the Second Samnite War, with whom did the Samnites eventually form an alliance against the Romans?
Etruscans
Who allied with the Samnites against Rome in the 3rd Samnite War? What significance did Rome's victory in this war have? What territory did Rome control by the end of the 3rd Samnite war?
Etruscans, Umbrians and the Gauls Rome now becomes the controller of the majority of Italy - most powerful. All of Italy except the valley south of the Alps (Gauls) and the far south (Greeks
Who were the plebeians? How are they distinguished from the patricians?
Everyone except the Patricians. This generally consisted the poor, and the "normal" citizens. They have restricted access to political and religious offices, reduced voting power, debt, and the patricians could exercise unchecked legal power over Plebs and punish them.
What external pressures were affecting Rome's stability in the fifth century BCE?
External: conflicts with other Italian communities, raids by bandits Internal: social pressures - conflict between patricians and plebeians
• What external pressures were affecting Rome's stability in the fifth century BC? Internal pressures?
Externally, there were warring hilltribe raids on their livestock and agriculture, internally, there was a struggle of orders.
This commander's strategy during the 2nd Punic War was to avoid major battles and to engage in minor skirmishes with the Carthaginians instead.
Fabius Maximus Cunctator
this commander's strategy during the 2nd Punic War was to avoid major battles and to engage in minor skirmishes with the Carthaginians instead.
Fabius Maximus Cunctator
• How did Scipio and Fabius Maximus clash over the conduct of the war? What was the outcome?
Fabius Maximus didn't want to battle, and Scipio wanted to take charge and leave to Africa. Instead, because Maximus had the support of the elders, scipio was stuck in sicily. However, he trained and Army and went to africa anyways.
T/F The Roman deeply loved Tarquin the Proud and fought to have him restored to power.
False
True or False: after making peace with King Latium, Aeneas faced no further obstacles in settling Latium with his Trojan followers.
False
True or false: the Alps were impenetrable to outsiders trying to get into Italy.
False
True or false: the Etruscans left a large body of textual evidence which is well understood by modern scholars.
False
True or False: after making peace with King Latium, Aeneas faced no further obstacles in settling Latium with his Trojan followers.
False context: Turnus was salty that Lavinia, Latinus' daughter, was marrying Aeneas instead. Thus declared war on the Trojans and Latins
True or false: the Etruscans left a large body of textual evidence which is well understood by modern scholars.
False context: they have an alphabet and we have a few Etruscan texts however we don't understand enough Etruscan to make sense of them
· What part of Rome was first settled? Where was the forum built?
First foundation of Rome on Palatine hill: 21 April 753. However, archaeological evidence says that it was closer to 1000 BC is when people began inhabiting the Palatine and Capitoline Hills. Forum built on the marsh at base of hills-used to be a cemetery in 650 BC, had to drain it first.
How did Romulus placate the Sabine women after their capture?
First, he blamed their parents for being too proud to hand them over in marriage peacefully ("Going from one to another he declared that their own parents were really to blame, in that they had been too proud to allow intermarriage with their neighbors", Livy, page 41). Then, he told them that their husbands would be kind to them, but most of all, they would share in the fortunes of Rome, especially through their Roman children.
Give two examples of Etruscan influence on Roman culture recorded by Livy.
For his new society, Romulus adopted several traditions from the neighboring Etruscans: the curule chair, or the king's throne; the practice of augury; lictors, or bodyguards; the purple bordered toga worn by magistrates. These symbols continued to be important to Roman culture even after the end of the regal period.
What is the interregnum? When was it in place?
Form of government in which 10 men rotated power every 5 days. Was put in place after Romulus because there was no successor, and was in place in inbetween times of kings.
Where was Aeneas from, and what was his final destination in his travels?
From Troy; Final dest. Itlay
• Who had suggested proposals extending citizenship to Italians in the late 2nd century? Why do you think Roman citizens were reluctant to extend this privilege?
Gaius Gracchus and Saturninus suggested this, and it did not work out for either of them. Extending citizenship would mean that the votes of the "true" Romans would be diluted by outside opinions.
• Compared to his brother Tiberius, what was different about Gaius' approach to legislation as a tribune? Why did he propose to alter the make-up of juries? Why is this important?
Gaius focused on reforming many political and social ideas rather than just on land distribution like Tiberius. He was also more confrontational than his brother because of his amazing oratory skills. Gaius wanted the jurors to be drawn from the equestrian class rather than the senatorial class. By removing senators from the juries, Gaius was both trying to make these standing courts more fair for equestrians but also trying to cut down on the corruption of them by the senatorial elite. Subsidized grain- entrenches aristocratic control because it used to fall to the aristocrats to help people during grain shortages.
• Give an account of the sequence of events that led to Gaius' assassination. What measure did the Senate invent to stabilize the situation? How did this potentially violate Romans' civic rights?
Gaius ran for a third term as tribune, but lost. The consul, Opimius, then proposed a measure to repeal Gaius' legislation. Gaius, Flaccus, and their supporters withdrew to the Aventine Hill in protest to emulate the succession of the plebs. One of the consul's heralds was killed in the withdrawal, so the Senate issued an SCU to restore stability to the republic. The SCU (senatus consultum ultimum) was a constitutional innovation that allowed the consuls to restore stability to the republic by any means necessary at a time when it was threatened. This violated citizens' rights as it typically involved the execution of citizens and the loss of citizens' right to trial.
• Why did Gaius' popularity suffer in his second term? Which of his proposals was particularly unpopular with Roman voters?
Gaius' proposal of extending citizenship to all of the Latins was extremely unpopular because the Romans' votes would be diluted by outside opinions.
What group of people sacked Rome near the start of the 4th century BC?
Gauls
In order to solidify the alliance between his men and the Trojans, King Latinus
Gave Aeneas his daughter as a wife
Were generals permitted to make treaties? In what way did this empower them?
Generals could negotiate treaties and make alliances, but all decisions had to be ratified by the senate. Previously generals (consuls) were just cogs in the senate's machine, whereas now they were able to negotiate with territories confidentially. Soldiers also came to more loyal to the individual general rather than the state.
• What was the original function of the triumph? Who awarded one to a general? How did the general dress in the triumphal parade? Who was he supposed to resemble?
Greatest honor any military personnel could hope to achieve is public recognition for outstanding military achievements. Triumphs were awarded to a general by the senate. General dressed like the god Jupiter (his face was painted to stress the likeness to Jupiter, which reminded the crowd that the commander enjoyed the high esteem of even the gods). Also, the audience would try to humble the commander who enjoyed the triumph by cursing at him as a reminder that he was still human and subject to the free speech of the people.
Which cultures dominated Italy during the 7th-5th centuries BCE (at the time of Rome's foundation)? Mark all correct answers.
Greek and Etruscan
Which cultures traded extensively in Italy during the Iron Age?
Greeks and Phoenicians
Where did Hannibal not advance after the Battle of Cannae? How did Rome regain control of its Italian allies?
Hannibal did not advance to the north, but instead the south to break up Rome's military alliances throughtout Italy. Rome made extravagant promises to those who stayed loyal and promised to punish defectors with severe brutality. Over time, through examples of the brutality of Rome inflicted on other cities, Rome's former allies began to fall back to them.
• Who was Hannibal Barca? Give an example of how Hannibal's animosity towards Rome has been illustrated by ancient historians.
Hannibal is the son of Hamilcar, and swore from his childhood to hate Rome at an altar.
decisive factors in Hannibal's defeat of the Romans at Cannae
Hannibal's crescent formation the Roman panic after being enveloped by Hannibal's forces Varro's tightly packed, inflexible formation
who was Hasdrubal? why did he march to Italy?
Hasdrubal was Hannibal's brother. he was coming to Italy from Spain with reinforcements when Hannibal was hemmed in by the Romans in Southern Italy. Hasdrubal's army was defeated and killed in Italy (near in the Battle of Metaurus). the reinforcements never reached Hannibal's camp.
why was Hannibal, when he was confined to southern Italy, unable to get reinforcements from his brother Hasdrubal?
Hasdrubal was defeated at the Battle of the Metaurus
• What changes did he make to the state-subsidized grain distribution? Why?
He abolished grain distributions instituted by Gaius Gracchus. He viewed this as an "unwarranted drain on the treasury. (Boatwright, 118)
How did Brutus behave around the Tarquins?
He acted like he was stupid
• What attitude did he then adopt towards the senate? What legislative body did he rely on for the rest of his consulship?
He adopted a very hostile attitude towards the senate and resorted to intimidation and violence ( For example, Caesar had the opponents, like Cato, ejected from the Senate and not permitted to vote) Caesar relied on the Tribal Assembly for the rest of his consulship.
What did Romulus first do in an effort to provide wives for the male settlers of early Rome?
He asked neighboring towns for the right of intermarriage
What did Romulus first do in an effort to provide wives for the male settlers of early Rome?
He asked neighboring towns for the right of intermarriage.
How does Tarquin the Proud become king? How was this different from the way previous men had become king of Rome?
He assassinated king Servius Tullius. It was usually decided by merit, instead of someone seizing power.
How did Tarquin the Proud become king?
He assassinates the previous king
Describe Fabius Cunctator's military tactics? Why were they unpopular?
He avoided battle unless the conditions were favorable to the Romans. The tactics were said to show Rome in a bad light and making them look weak for delaying and not attacking.
Describe Fabius Cunctator's military tactics. Why were they unpopular? Why was he appointed dictator? Why was his term not renewed? What was the result of Rome abandoning Fabius' tactics?
He avoided large battles and preferred skirmishes(known as the delayer). He also kept resources away from Spain and Carthage. Rome thought him to be un-manly. He was appointed due to his age and experience. The consular govt was restored so no need for a dictator. Two consuls were appointed leading to the devastating Roman defeat at Cannae.
• Did Livy think a monarchy or a republic was preferable? Why? According to Livy, who thought law was good for the poor, but bad for great men who are beyond mediocrity?
He believed that the republic was preferable because it upheld the law, which saw no difference in wealth. The young aristocrats of the new republic thought it was bad.
What did Numa do to signify bringing peace to Rome?
He built a temple to Janus and then closed the temple doors signifying peace to Rome.
Why was Servilius unable to support the debtors in the end?
He caved under the opposition from his co-consul and the rest of the senators
• What was the importance of the Eastern campaigns for Pompey? For Rome? What was the significance of Pompey's construction of a stone theater in Rome? Why did he include a temple in the design?
He collected land and reorganized Bithynia and Pontus into a single province. Most prominently, he entrusted Asia Minor to rulers who promised to uphold Roman interests. He brought back much wealth for Rome. Rome had never seen a building so magnificent. Using the spoils that he had obtained from the East, Pompey constructed the first stone theater in Rome, in the Campus Martius. This was notable because prior to Pompey's theater, ancient theaters in Rome were made of more temporary building materials. There was considerable worry that a permanent theater would give the patron too much power with the people and so, before Pompey, theaters in Rome were always makeshift. He put a statue dedicated to himself inside a temple linked to the theatre.Temple-building was an important way for Roman politicians to demonstrate their value to the community in a way that was even more lasting than a triumph. Making a commander a permanent part of the landscape, the votive temple also reminded the passing Roman of the special favor of a god or goddess that the commander enjoyed, and the rewards of properly cultivating that favor.
What was unexpected about Hannibal's attack on Italy?
He crossed into Italy overland instead of by seas
Describe the route Hannibal used to invade Italy. What was surprising about it to the Romans?
He crossed over the Alps. It was surprising to the Romans because to cross over the Alps with a large army, as well as elephants, and in the middle of winter, was unheard of.
• How did Tarquin respond to the failure of the conspiracy (Be specific!)! What did the Romans do with the Tarquins' property?
He decided to team up with Veii, and the Etruscans' Lars Posenna, and bring war on Rome to take it back.
• How did the young Scipio help turn the tide of war? Where did he do this?
He defeated hasdrubal, preventing back up troops and supplies from ever reaching Hannibal. He did this in Spain, New Carthage
• What was unusual about Scipio Aemilianus' first election to the consulship? Why was an exception made in his case?
He did not follow the cursus honorum to become consul, and he was underage. Scipio leapt over both the aedileship and praetorship by standing for consul for 147 BCE. The presiding consul had blocked his candidacy, but a tribune stood up for him.. Senate said "this can be a one time exception" An exception was made because the people and some of the tribunes were such advocates of him.
• Why were Romans suspicious that Valerius wanted to be king? How did he alleviate their suspicions? What punishment did Valerius create for those who conspired to restore monarchy? What nickname did Valerius earn for his efforts?
He didn't elect another consul after Brutus, but ran office himself, as well as he built a house on the hill. He gave the people the right to appeal the magistrate in a powerful speech, as well as took away civil rights to anyone who tried to conspire to restore the monarchy. He became the Publicola (people's friend).
Why was Brutus successful in rousing a revolt against the Tarquins?
He displayed Lucretia's corpse to rouse their sentiments
• What were the benefits of a 5 year command for Caesar? Why did Caesar insist on this arrangement? Where was Crassus' command, and what happened to him? Pompey?
He enemies could not aim to prosecute or punish him while he was in command. ______ Crassus' command was in syria. When Crassus set off from Syria, his army was trapped by the Parthian army near Carrhae. Roman losses exceeded 30,000 men, including Crassus. Pompey's command was in Spain, but he remained in Rome because of his responsibility of the grain supply. He administered his provinces through his legates.
• Describe Romulus' efforts to find wives for his male citizens. What did he eventually do? What was ethically questionable about this?
He first attempted to establish intermarriage with neighboring cities, but when that failed, he ended up making a plan to host a festival and invite neighboring towns, then steal their wives and daughters. This was ethically questionable because it was kidnapping, and rape, and forcing these women into marriage.
Describe the route Hannibal used to invade Italy. What was surprising about it to the Romans?
He followed the coast through Gaul and then came over the Alps. The weather and terrain in the alps are treacherous and it took a long time. Surprising because he came over land instead of by sea
Where was Numa Pompilius from? Any other kings from outside of Rome?
He had Sabine origin and lived in a Sabine village or town, not from Rome. Yes, (early) Rome appeared to like immigrants and perhaps depended on them for their talents. It is unclear how they got there though.
Why did Tarquin send his sons to consult the Delphic oracle?
He had received conflicting omens while constructing the Temple of Jupiter
• Who was Regulus? What happened to him?
He is a roman military hero who died so that Rome wouldn't have to sign an unfavorable peace treaty.
How does Tarquin the Proud become king? How was this different from the way previous men had become king of Rome?
He killed the leading senators who he thought supported Servius and killed Servius. This was different because he had not been elected and although he was a descendant of a king (his father was the 5th king), Rome's monarchy was not based on hereditary rule. He became king through fear.
Why did Mezentius form an alliance with Turnus?
He perceived Romulus as a threat
How did Brutus behave around the Tarquins?
He played the part of a fool
How did Tarquin respond to the failure of the conspiracy (Be specific!)! What did the Romans do with the Tarquins' property?
He plotted open war with his allies: Veii and Tarquinii. Threw the wheat into the Tiber, where it hardened and formed Tiber island; material wealth was given to the people to do as they pleased with.
How does Brutus rally other Roman citizens to support his cause?
He put Lucreatia's corpse in the forum to inspire their anger
What did Romulus say to the women to persuade them to be happy in Rome? How did their fathers respond to the loss of their wives and daughters? What was the eventual outcome?
He says that their husbands will treat them well and everything will be fine in the end.They would share in the fortunes of Rome, and would have all the privileges of a community. Also said that their fathers were to blame because they refused to peacefully negotiate -- Sabine fathers angry at loss of property and family --Sabine fathers ally with two other latin cities and invade Rome, Tarpeia daughter of the Roman general in charge of protecting the city gates, allows the Sabines and their allies in. Roman defeat is avoided when the Sabine women (Hersilia - she is Romulus' wife) beg their fathers to make a truce with their husbands, they make peace with Rome and are awarded land and Roman citizenship.
Describe Romulus' efforts to find wives for his male citizens. What did he eventually do?
He sent representatives to neighboring towns and asked for the right to intermarriage. This did not work so he devised a plan. He had a festival for neighboring towns to come see the new city of Rome. When the show was about to start, the men burst out and started grabbing all of the young women in the crowd to take to be wives of the people of Rome.
Why were Romans suspicious that Valerius wanted to be king? How did he alleviate their suspicions? What punishment did Valerius create for those who conspired to restore monarchy? What nickname did Valerius earn for his efforts?
He started to build his house on top of the hill and did not appoint a successor. Gave speech stating he wasn't trying to become king, moved home to bottom of hill, made different laws, such as right of popular appeal. He took away their civil rights. Publicola "People's Friend"
What did Romulus say to the women to persuade them to be happy in Rome? How did their fathers respond to the loss of their wives and daughters? What was the eventual outcome?
He told them that their husbands would be kind to them, but most of all, they would share in the fortunes of Rome, especially through their Roman children. The men of Caenina invaded Rome with no support, and Romulus defeated the men.
• Describe Fabius Cunctator's military tactics? Why were they unpopular? Why was he appointed dictator? Why was his term not renewed? What was the result of Rome abandoning Fabius' tactics?
He used skirmish tactics to weaken the enemy slowly rather than engaging in full on battles. That wasn't really exciting enough for the Romans because nothing was really happening. He was appointed dictator after the defeat of the consular army. The tactics were successful, but he wasn't voted back because they were unpopular.
• What motivated Sextus to return to Lucretia's house alone? How did he get into Lucretia's house? Why didn't Lucretia let him kill her rather than rape her?
He wanted to prove that she wasn't all moral and better than even his own wife. He entered her house as a guest, but at night, made his way to her bedroom. She didn't want to be killed because Sextus said that he would make it look as if she were a true adulterer with a slave.
• What was Brutus's relationship to Tarquin the Proud? How did he behave around the Tarquins?
He was Tarquin's nephew, Sextus's cousin. He played dumb and acted like he didn't understand or know what was going on because he knew that was the only way he wouldn't reach the same fate as his brother.
Who was Evander?
He was a Greek exile who founded a city on the site of Rome, but much earlier, in the Arcadian era (before the Trojan War).
Who was Regulus? What happened to him?
He was a consul who was successful at sea, but lost to carthage, captured, then returned to rome to negotiate, but senate refused so returned and died at carthage. Model of a good, honorable Roman. He returned to Carthage when he could have remained in Rome and not be killed.
• Who was Coriolanus?
He was a general who, after returning from war, positioned himself against the rights of the plebs and was evicted by the tribune of the plebs.
How did the dictator come to power?
He was appointed in a secret midnight ceremony
Why wasn't Hannibal able to gt reinforcements from his brother Hasdrubal?
He was beheaded in an ambush by roman forces while Hannibal was cornered in southern Italy.
How did the Romans finally contain Hannibal? Where?
He was denied supplies and reinforcements. Confined in Bruttium, the very southern corner of Italy.
What role did Camillus play in the sack of Veii? In the war against the Gauls?
He was dictator at the time, and was the one who defeated the Gallic army and recovered the treasure taken. He was the one who drove the Gauls out after they had sacked Rome.
How did Romulus die, according to Livy? Why does Livy report more than one version of Romulus' death?
He was either taken up in a storm cloud while reviewing the troops and proclaimed a god by the people OR Killed by angry senators who were standing next to him when the storm came. Livy reports more than one version of Romulus' death because he doesn't know which one is real. His second story is told because he's showing that even in the early monarchy, there's tension by only having one ruler. He wants to include both elements of Romulus's character (the bad and good side)
What happened to Tarquinius Collatinus? Why?
He was exiled by Brutus (possibly somewhat voluntarily) because of his name. Brutus said if you love Rome you'll leave as a service. His father in law also says he should leave because Brutus is going to keep making his life difficult and doesn't want him ruining his grandchild and daughters life/reputation.
• What happened to Tarquinius Collatinus? Why?
He was exiled from rome, and from consulship, because his name was the same as the tarquins, and he was related to them.
What was Brutus's relationship to Tarquin the Proud? How did he behave around the Tarquins?
He was his nephew. He pretended to be unintelligent.
How did Regulus die, according to some sources?
He was put in a box and spikes were driven into it
In what ways was Tarquin an effective ruler?
He was responsible for Rome becoming the leader of Latin cities, a skilled military leader, and took over the construction of the temple of Jupiter as well as building circus seats and a sewage system.
How did Romulus die?
He was taken up in a storm cloud while reviewing his troops OR he was killed by a mob of angry senators.
Why was Brutus able to fulfill the prophecy of the oracle at Delphi?
He was the first to realize that it was referring to mother earth, so he kissed the ground
Why was Cincinnatus famous?
He was the ideal dictator in the Romans' minds. He was a farmer elected to dictatorship under emergency circumstances who laid his power down as soon as it was no longer necessary, to go back to farming.
How was Claudius related to the imperial family? Why was he not considered a candidate for imperial succession earlier in his life? What was his personality like? How did he become emperor? How would you characterize his relationship with the Senate?
He was the uncle to Caligula. Claudius was not groomed to be emperor, despite his royal pedigree. He was born with physical deformities and suffered from ill health. His family saw him as a "monster" and dull-witted, and they hid him away from public view, especially at an age at which he should have been making a name for himself on the public/political stage. He was only made emperor because some of the Praetorians declared him to be so, and the people followed suit. Eventually the Senate had no choice but to acquiesce. Claudius was mostly overlooked, even shunned, in his youth because he limped, stuttered, and was partially deaf, possibly due to an early childhood illness. Relationship to Senate: Many Senators wanted a return to the republic. Claudius made it clear that there will no reprisals against those who mocked up in the past. Treason cases were dropped and other Caligula reign tactics. Claudius also gave massive cash rewards with propaganda claims to help restore his reputation. He listened to the Senator's opinions and was completely generous with them. He was very secretive. His invitation of freedman coming into high ranks is where the Senate began to lose the respect gained. He was more comfortable with freedmen than Senator members.
• Why was Sulla appointed dictator in 82BC? What was unusual about his dictatorship? How did Sulla change the makeup of the senate? Why?
He was to restore law and peace back into Rome. "Sulla's dictatorship departed from the traditional model. His appointment to it specifically validated all his actions in advance; he could execute anyone without trial and was not required to submit any legislative proposal to a citizen assembly. In addition, there was no time limit to his tenure of this office." (Boatwright, 117) Only half of the senate remained alive after civil strife, so Sulla introduced 300 new members bringing the total amount of senators to 600. The meeting place was also enlarged since the senate numbers doubled. He chose equites to be the new members since they were very wealthy. This also made him double the amount of quaestors (the lowest senatorial magistracy) to 20.
Why was Cincinnatus famous?
He was viewed as a model soldier because of his ability to take up he role of dictator when the people needed him, but was easily able to return to his role as a simple farmer.
How did Rome treat the African cities that remained loyal to Carthage after the 3rd Punic War?
Heavy penalties were imposed upon the african cities loyal to Carthage after the 3rd Punic War.
To which divinity did Romulus sacrifice oxen as part of his foundation of Rome?
Hercules
To what divinity did Romulus sacrifice oxen? Why?
Hercules to consecrate the city. Story of Evander from Arcadia inspires Romulus to do the same; Binding of two cultures (Greek and Roman/Italy)
• To what divinity did Romulus sacrifice oxen? Why?
Hercules, to consecrate his city on palatine hill.
Who was Romulus's wife? What did she do, and what was the event?
Hersilia stopped the hostilities between the Sabine and Roman men during the rape of the Sabine women.
How was peace brokered in the conflict between the Romans and the Sabines?
Hersilia, Romulus' wife, had the captured wives of the city asking her to ask Romulus for forgiveness for their parents. Since Romulus was celebrating victory Hersilia took advantage of his mood to ask him to forgive the parents of the women so that their parents could come live in Rome
• What was the procedure for conducting a vote?
Higher class citizens and their centuries got to vote first, then the proceeding centuries would vote based on rank. Often times, the vote had already been counted by the time the lower centuries and outsiders of Rome voted.
• How was Scipio Aemilianus related to the famous Scipio Africanus? Who was Scipio's father by birth?
His biological father was Lucius Aemilius Paullus by birth but was then adopted by Publius whose father was Scipio Africanus.
In order to solidify the alliance between the Trojans and his men, what did King Latinus give to Aeneus?
His daughter, Lavinia, as a wife.
• What was Sulla's general political aim? What were the weaknesses of his approach to governing Rome?
His two principal concerns were to find land for settling his veterans and to discipline the areas which had opposed him. He did this by taking land from people and giving it to his veterans. Sulla wanted to equip the state with stable, undisputed leadership, and he continued to regard the senate as the best agent for this key role. Many groups of individuals, not to mention the most controversial political and social issues of the past half-century, were simply set aside. The equites and the tribune were eliminated as political forces along with the plebeian assembly, and the month grain distribution in Rome was terminated. Proscriptions and land confiscation and resettlement created social dislocation. Sulla set a horrible example for the leaders of Rome but expected them to rule honestly and employ restraint.
Give two examples of celebrated figures in Rome's war against Lars Porsenna. What virtues do these figures embody?
Horatio Cocles: defended Pons Sublicius against the Etruscans. Mucius Scaevola: Roman youth who broke into Porsenna's camp to assassinate him but accidentally killed a secretary dressed as the king. He got out of his punishment by burning his own hand (how he got his name) They embody the new sense of devotion to the Republic that Brutus was trying to ignite in all of Rome's citizens.
Who defended the Pons Sublicius (a bridge) from an attack of the Etruscans?
Horatius
He defended the Pons Sublicius against the Etruscans, who were evading the city of Rome
Horatius Cocles
He defended the Pons Sublicius against the Etruscans, who were invading the city of Rome.
Horatius Cocles
• Give two examples of celebrated figures in Rome's war against Lars Porsenna. What virtues do these figures embody?
Horatius Cocles : defended the pons sublicus against the etruscans. Mucius Scaevola: attemtped to kill lars when sneaking into his camp, but when he was caught and to be put to death, stuck his hand in a fire. They embody the virtues of bravery, honor, courage, and strengths as well as loyalty to Rome.
Who defended the Pons Sublicius against the Etruscans, who were invading rome?
Horatius Cocles,
• Why was the distribution of new citizens into voting tribes such a heated issue?
If the new citizens were in their own 8 tribes that voted after the 35 tribes of Romans that had full voting rights, this would mean they would have less influence. Votes could intentionally be "lost" or the voting could end early just to thwart their rights. If they were evenly distributed, this would mean that the "true" Romans' votes would be diluted by outside opinion
How did Roman interventions in the East differ from those in Italy and North Africa?
In Italy and North Africa they took over and created permanent settlements, they were interested in conquering. In the East they were not interested in establishing a permanent presence, but were interested in exploiting the natural resources. They get involved in Eastern wars but only to help allies.
What period and geographic location does the term "Villanovan" refer to? Name 2 features of Villanovan settlements.
In the 9th and 8th centuries and in Etruria (northern Italy). One trait was its significant size of their settlements- over 1000 inhabitants. Another trait is their simple social and political structure.
• How did Roman interventions in the East differ from those in Italy and North Africa?
In the East, Rome did impose taxes, as well as take advantage of all of the natural resources.
How did Brutus himself die?
In the battle against the Tarquins; he and Tarquin threw spears at each other.
What was the wider significance of Rome's victory over Carthage in the Second Punic War? Over what parts of the Mediterranean was Rome now the undisputed master?
In the end, Rome's control of the western Mediterranean was now unquestionable.
Where did Iron-Age Romans bury their dead?
In the valley at the base of the hills, where the Roman Forum was eventually built.
• How did Brutus himself die?
In the war against the tarquins and their etruscan allies.
Where did Iron-Age Romans bury their dead?
In they valley at the base of the hills, where the Roman Forum was eventually built
What are the major stories and themes surrounding the foundation of Rome?
In this sub-module quiz, we've looked at: -the location of Rome -the story of the Trojan Aeneas and his settlement of Latium -the birth of Romulus and Remus -the foundation of Rome -augury and Etruscan influence on early Rome Through this, we've thought about violence; the role of "cultural memory" and oral traditions in Rome's foundation legends; the role of women in these stories; and Roman religiosity. Do you have anything to add? What else is important here? Why not start a discussion on Piazza, or write a brief account of one of these legends on the class wiki?
What was the function of the office of the dictator?
In times of emergency or major war, the Romans resorted to the dictatorship. A dictator remained in office for 6 months or for the duration of the emergency.
How was Rome governed immediately after Romulus' death? Why wasn't his successor chosen immediately after his death?
Interex ("between kings") was decided, which was ten men rotating rule every five days; Decuries. Romulus didn't have any sons or successors to the throne, and there was an argument about who should be kind between the Sabines and "native" Romans.
The form of government in which 10 men rotated power every 5 days was
Interregnum
What interpretative issues are associated with using written evidence to learn about early Roman history?
It is hard to understand the language so it is hard to be sure of what is actually written. The author of the text may also be biased and their interpretation of events could be subjective.
What does "Caligula" mean, and what is its significance? How was Caligula related to Augustus and Tiberius? What were the expectations for Caligula's reign?
It means "little boots." He wore little soldier boots as a child in his father's camp. His father, Germanicus, was the grandson of Livia on the paternal side, and of Marc Antony on the maternal side. His mother, Agrippina, was the daughter of Julia and Agrippa. Caligula's father Germanicus was an accomplished military general and much loved by the people. Suetonius' biographies of all the emperors begin with a formulaic chronicle of the deeds of their ancestors, and how they foreshadow the reign of the emperor being written about. Suetonius uses Germanicus' reputation to highlight how Caligula's reign began with hope, since he was the son of this illustrious man.
What does "collegial" mean in the context of the governance of the Roman Republic?
It meant TWO consuls would rule with all the power of kings but for only one year.
What role did the straits of Messina play?
It served as a passageway from the Mediterranean Sea from east to west. Whoever controlled the straits of Messina essentially controlled trade.
• What does it mean to pass under the yoke? Under what circumstances did this happen? Name one instance where the Roman army went under the yoke.
It was a form of humiliation and subjugation to their victors and happened under the battle of Caudine Forks.
• To what extent would you label the Republic as a democracy? Explain.
It was a representative democracy in the sense that the citizens did vote, and there was a senate to represent Rome in making decisions for other matters and proposing votes, however, it was still very much controlled by the wealth, who held voting power and could get their own clients to vote in the way they saw fit.
What was the significance of Tarquinis Superbus cutting off the heads of poppies in front of the messenger sent by his son, Sextus?
It was his signal to Sextus to put the important men of Gabii to death
How did ancient historians instruct their readers?
It was instruction through example; they wanted their readers to want to be like the early Romans
what happened at the Battles of Lake Trasimene
It was one of the most successful ambushes of military history (in terms of numbers). Hannibal attacked Gaius Flaminius while he was marching in the fog. He assaulted from 3 sides simultaneously after drawing the Roman vanguard away. Due to the fast nature of the attack, the Roman army did not have enough time to form into their famous Triplex Acies formation, and the battle became a brutal hand to hand battle where Rome was decisively defeated
• Why were the Carthaginians forced to abandon Sicily? Why was it significant that Rome controlled Sicily and Sardinia after the 1st Punic War?
It was part of hamilcar's peace treaty. The significance of control is now they had the straits of messina and access to the mediterranean.
What happened at the Battle of Cannae?
It was the worst defeat of Rome, as a result of abandoning the small skirmish strategy of Cunctator, and resulted in a consul being killed.
What is the significance of Tarquinius Superbus cutting off the heads of poppies in front of the messenger sent by his son, Sextus?
It was to signal to sextus to put the important men of Gabii to death.
What role did debt play in perpetuating the tensions between patricians and plebeians? Describe the situation with Livy's veteran. How does he exemplify the situation for many plebeians in the 5th century BCE? What is significant about Livy's veteran's wounds?
It was very easy to get into debt, causing plebeians to become slaves. Many went into debt after returning from military service. Livy's debtor went to war, his farm was raided and his home was burned, he went into debt and became a slave while creditors took all of his land. This was a common story for plebeians. The Romans saw wounds from beatings as degrading and believed the body always spoke the truth. Guessing: significance of war wounds on front, that he was never struck from behind, implying that he never ran from battle? Continuing with the guessing it might be significant that the wounds he had on his back from being a slave signify him being "stabbed in the back" by his community.
Give two justifications for Brutus' use of Lucretia's suicide to overthrow the monarchy.
It would put a tyrannical leader out of power, and it was morally right for Brutus to seek revenge for the murder of his brother. If the Tarquin's were exiled and overthrown, Sextus wouldn't be able to do what he did ever again in Rome.
Why do archaeologists tend to associate early Roman monuments with famous people like Romulus?
It's the desire of modern archaeologists to discover something meaningful (means more media and money). Creates funding and support of the government.
In what way are Italy and Sicily important to maritime traffic in the Mediterranean?
Italy and Sicily separate the western and eastern halves of the Mediterranean, with Sicily in particular directing traffic between the two areas through the Straits of Messina.
Why is archaeological evidence problematic?
Items are not always found in tact and can be difficult to reconstruct.
• Who was Jugurtha? Why did Micipsa send him to Spain? Describe Jugurtha's experience as a Roman soldier in Spain, and how it affected his actions when he returned to Numidia.
Jugurtha was the adopted son of his uncle King Micipsa (the ruler or the Roman ally Masinissa). Jugurtha was sent to Spain to fight with the Roman forces under Scipio Amilianus (his father had hoped that he would be killed in battle), but Scipio sent the young man back home with recommendations for the bravery and skill he had shown in the battlefield. He also learns how to bribe... "Everything in Rome is for sale." Jugurtha used his skills in order to take over all of Numidia. He would end up killing one of his brothers and drive the other one away in order to have all of the kingdom.
Who saw a vision in the aftermath of Romulus' death? What did he see? Significance of this vision?
Julius Proculus saw a vision of Romulus after he was taken up to the heavens. He saw Romulus and he told Proculus that Rome will be capitol of the world and the most powerful. After this, he was taken up into the sky again. This vision comforted Rome and its army, after being assured of his immortality.
Who saw a vision in the aftermath of Romulus' death? What did he see? Significance of this vision?
Julius Proculus, a wise consul; saw Romulus telling him that Rome would be prosperous; would never be conquered. he people were comforted and assured of Romulus' immortality when they heard the vision.
To which god did Tarquinius Superbus dedicate a temple?
Jupiter
In order to solidify the alliance between his men and the Trojans, King Latinus:
King Latinus married his daughter, Lavinia, to Aeneas to solidify their alliance. The marriage of women (daughters, sisters) to solidify alliances will continue to be important in Roman history.
• Who were the Silvian kings? From whom did they descend?
Kings of Alba Longa descending from Ascinus.
How did Latinus strengthen the peace treaty with Aeneas?
Latinus allowed Aeneas to marry his daughter
After arriving in Latium, how did Aeneas make peace with Latinus, the king of the indigenous Latins?
Latinus let Aeneas marry his daughter
After arriving in Latium, how did Aeneas make peace with Latinus, the king of the indigenous Latins?
Latinus let Aeneas marry his daughter, Lavinia, however this caused tensions between Aeneas and Turnus (another king that the Lavinia had already been promised to)
What region of Italy is Rome located?
Latium
· In what region of Italy is Rome located?
Latium which is in between northern and southern italy on the western coast --Between Etruria and Campania
In what region of Italy is Rome located?
Latium, or Rome was located in the middle of the Italian Peninsula.
What was the Tribune of the Plebs? What significant powers did the Tribune possess?
Leaders of the Plebs. Could protect them from abuse from the Patricians, convene senate, sacrosanct,
What was the Tribune of the Plebs? What significant powers did the Tribune possess?
Leaders of the plebeians who served to protect them from abuse by the patricians. They could convene the senate, were sacrosanct, were aediles assisted and established their own religious cults.
What was the Tribune of the Plebs? How was the office created? What significant powers did the Tribune possess?
Leaders of the plebeians. Could protect them from abuse by the patricians who unlawfully accuse them. Their body was sacrosanct (illegal to touch). could convene the senate
How long was a dictator's term?
Length on emergency or 6 months (whichever shorter)
What was the Latin word that described the Republican ideal of freedom of speech without repercussions?
Libertas
• What role did libertas play in the transition to a republic? What does libertas mean in Latin?
Libertas, or the right to free speech, was the antidote to tyranny.
Under what law was the office of consul opened up to the plebeians?
Licinian-Sextian
Under what law was the office of consul opened up to the plebeians?
Licinian-Sextian reforms (366 BCE)
under what law was the office of consul opened up to the plebeians?
Licinian-Sextus
• What did Livius Drusus the Younger do to attempt to address the issue of Italian citizenship? How did attempt to make this legislation attractive to Romans? What event suggested to Italians that Romans did not find his proposal acceptable?
Livius Drusus attempted to make Italian citizenship more attractive by proposing a bumper package of legislation, which included benefits for the poor, the equestrians, and the Senate. Livius Drusus' other measures included the distribution of land to the poor, and the requirement that all juries be composed of Senators, but that 300 equestrians be promoted to the rank of Senator. However, these issues ended up angering those whom he was trying to help -- the Italians were afraid their land would be confiscated to be redistributed to the poor; and the equestrians and senators both feared that their power would be diluted.
This man built the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus:
Livy didn't just list Tarquin the Proud's evil deeds. He also built some public works, such as the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitoline hill for the worship of the Capitoline Triad, and a sewer system for the growing population to dispose of its waste. However, Livy casts even these good deeds in a negative light.
According to Livy, how did Romulus die? Are there alternate versions? What is the significance of Proculus' vision?
Livy recounts two versions of events for the death of Romulus. In the first, Romulus is taken up by a storm cloud and proclaimed a god. In the other, he is killed by an angry mob, possibly of senators. Of course, the first version provides a more favorable end to the founder of Rome. As we proceed with the course, we will see more examples of mob violence in Roman history. After Romulus' death, a man named Proculus has a vision: that Romulus comes to him in a dream and tells him that Rome will be the capital of the world and unconquerable.
Did Livy think a monarchy or a republic was preferable? Why? According to Livy, who thought law was good for the poor, but bad for great men who are beyond mediocrity?
Livy thought that Early Rome needed a monarch, because the people couldn't tolerate liberty. However, now that Rome is politically mature, Livy feels that it is time for a Republic. Young aristocrats.
Give two examples of the advantages provided by Rome's geographical situation.
Located on the banks of the River Tiber, Rome had plentiful access to water, and its hills provided a defensive position against enemies. The Tiber was also fordable where Rome was located, which meant that the community could control traffic moving on land from east to west; it could also monitor maritime traffic moving from the sea inland to the hills. See Boatwright, page 14.
What promise did Lucretia have Brutus make upon her death? How did Brutus interpret her request?
Lucretia asked Brutus to get revenge on the one who assaulted her but Brutus went above and beyond when he wiped out the Tarquins.
What promise did Lucretia extract from her father and Brutus before she killed herself. According to Lucretia, why did she have to commit suicide? What oath does Brutus swear after Lucretia's suicide?
Lucretia simply asks that her assaulter be punished. She committed suicide to set an example for the other Roman women so that they may not use her as an example to remain unfaithful. Brutus promises that no man should ever be king in Rome again and that he would personally see to it that the Tarquins were expelled from Rome.
What promise did Lucretia extract from her father and Brutus before she killed herself. According to Lucretia, why did she have to commit suicide? What oath does Brutus swear after Lucretia's suicide?
Makes them promise to avenge the person who raped her. o save her family's honor / prevent the tarnishing of her husband's reputation; also to prevent from her image being tainted in the future by whores. Swears to do away with the Tarquins and the monarchy.
• Who took charge of Rome's flagging efforts against Jugurtha? What was unusual about this man's election to consul? Who betrayed Jugurtha to the Romans? What Roman official took credit for arranging the capture?
Marius (as consul) and his quaestor Sulla took charge against Jugurtha. Marius was a novus homo which was unusual- he says he is a "self made man" King Bocchus of Mauretania betrayed Jugurtha. Marius took full credit parading the executed Jugurtha in Marius' triumph, even though it was Sulla who convinced King Bocchus to betray Jugurtha.
• Give an example of a strategic military innovation associated with Marius. How did he raise legions? How did this differ from earlier commanders? Dangers of this change?
Marius favored guerilla warfare. He raised legions by calling volunteers and promising rewards. Earlier commanders drafted men disregarding the agreement of the draftees. Resources used for rewards would eventually diminish which can cause rage amongst the people. There was also political opposition to this within the authorities.
• What was Marius' background? How did Marius start his political career? What kind of political ideology did he subscribe to? How did his marriage bolster his career? What was Marius' "platform" when he ran for election as consul during the war against Jugurtha?
Marius had no political background, as he was a novus homo. He was born just outside of Rome and later served under Scipio Aemilianus. Marius was a populist. His marriage to Julia benefitted him financially, as Julia's family was of patrician status and was very well off. His platform was that he was a "new man" that had distinguished himself in the military, while all of his opponents are relying on the achievements of their ancestors.
Who raped Rhea Silvia?
Mars
Who raped Rhea Silvia? Mars Amulius Jupiter Aeneas Sextus Tarquin
Mars
Who are the parents of Romulus and Remus?
Mars & Rhea Silvia
who did Scipio form an alliance with during his invasion of North Africa?
Massinissa of Numidia
• Why did Micipsa adopt Jugurtha? To whom did Micipsa leave his kingdom? What instructions did he give his heirs on his deathbed? How did his heirs respond?
Micipsa was wary of Jugurtha's precocious talents, but when they won the Romans' attention in the Numantine War, Micipsa was encouraged to adopt him as his own son. He left his kingdom to Jugurtha, Hiempsal, and Adherbal (his 3 sons). He said for the sons to divide the kingdom evenly but to work jointly. The two actual sons felt that Jugurtha was too prominent. He reacted by killing Hiempsal and driving Adherbal away.
• Who were Milo and Sestius? What role did they play in Roman politics at Rome under Pompey? What involvement did Clodius have?
Milo and Sestius were tribunes at the same time that Clodius was a tribune. When Clodius had his supporters physically assault Pompey, Pompey became so frightened he dared not venture out of his home. But he did encourage two of the Tribunes, Sestius and Milo, to recruit gangs to combat those of Clodius.
• Why did the Romans resume their war against Mithridates in 75BC? Who was Lucullus? Why did he lose his command of the war against Mithridates? Why was Pompey given the command against Mithridates?
Mithridates slaughtered thousand of Romans and Italians which angered Rome and immediately caused a war between them. Lucullus was the governor of Asia Minor and Cilicia. He was also consul in 74. Lucullus was stripped of his control of the war because when he entered Armenia, he was facing difficulties. Fighting in an unfamiliar terrain, Lucullus' soldiers grew exhausted. Back in Pontus, Lucullus lost the advances he had made when Mithridates returned with a small force and recaptured Zela, a key strategic point, in 67 BCE. Back in Rome, Lucullus' overreaching had wearied the populace, who were in favor of transferring his command to Pompey. This effort was led by the tribune, Gaius Manlius.
What motivated Sextus to return to Lucretia's house alone? How did he get into Lucretia's house? Why didn't Lucretia let him kill her rather than rape her?
Motivated by lust and jealousy that Lucretia wasn't "his". She lets him in. She was willing to die, but he threatened to frame her so it looked like she slept with a slave. Worried that it would damage her husband's reputation, and didn't want to be a symbol for all the whores.
• Who lived in Romulus' new city? Where did the people come from?
Much like Australia, Romulus's city was filled with criminals and outcasts of society who came from neighboring provinces.
Why did Mucius Scaevola enter the camp of Lars Porsenna?
Mucius Scaevola was a Roman youth who entered the camp of Lars Porsenna in order to kill him. Unfortunately, he killed a secretary who was dressed like the king instead. When brought before Porsenna, Scaevola bravely explained that he would not be the first Roman to try to do the same. Then, he thrust his hand into a fire to show that he was not afraid of pain.
How did Scaevola earn his name?
Mucius Scaevola was the Roman youth who attempted to assassinate Lars Porsenna. After he was captured and brought to the Etruscan king, he showed his bravery by thrusting his right hand into a fire. His name Scaevola refers to his uninjured left hand.
What period and geographic location does the term "Villanovan" refer to? Name 2 features of Villanovan settlements.
Name for Iron Age settlements in Etruria and Campania (ca. 8th century BC) --Simple social and political structures and modest defense systems(trenches as barriers which shows that they were aware of possible insurgents). Also traded with the phoenicians and contacted the greeks. --Water and food determine size of population; iron tools makes food more accessible. --greatly increased size of settlements(over 1000 people sometimes)
• What was Carthage's particular military strength? Rome's? How did Rome have to adapt to be able to challenge Carthage at war?
Navy, and land respectively. Rome had to adapt navy warfare in order to challenge carthage.
• Where was Carthage? Over what part of the Mediterranean did it exercise control in the 4th century BC?
North Africa, it controlled almost all of the western mediterranean.
• Where did Hannibal not advance after the Battle of Cannae? How did Rome regain control of its Italian allies?
Not Rome. Rome cut off Hannibal's supply lines, which cornered him in the south, and then the allies that had defected to hannibal went back to rome.
Who succeeded Romulus as king of Rome?
Numa Pompilius
Where was Numa Pompilius from? Any other kings from outside of Rome?
Numa Pompilius was a Sabine; The 5th king and 6th kings, Tarquinius Priscus and Servius Tullius were Etruscans.
What did Numa do to signify bringing peace to Rome?
Numa erected a temple of Janus.
with whom did the Romans form an alliance prior to the Battle at Zama?
Numidians
• Who led the Roman army to North Africa? Who was an ally to Rome in their fighting with Carthage?
Numidians were the allies, scipio led the way.
With whom did the Romans form an alliance to prior to the Battle at Zama?
Numidians, a nation to the west of Carthage.
Why did Amulius send his brother into exile? Why did he force Rhea Silvia to become a Vestal Virgin? Who (supposedly) impregnated Rhea Silvia
Numitor was older and was supposed to be king, while Amulius wanted to be king. So she would never have children (heir). Mars.
What was Octavian's "First Settlement" of 27 BC? What title did he claim in this settlement, and what was its significance? Give one example of how Octavian "restored the Republic", and one of how he did not, in this first settlement.
Octavian formally returned power to the senate, received the name Augustus, retained Governorship of important provinces, including Egypt, and "restored the republic". Augustus claimed the title of "revered" (the meaning of Augustus) to symbolize a decisive break from Octavian's violent past. The 1st settlement "allowed the Republic's traditional institutions and offices to function with a degree of independence and stability unknown since the 1st Triumvirate" (Boatwright 1st ed 181). This also begins the principate, however, in which Augustus was the "princeps" (leading figure). Augustus gives much power back over to the senate. Augustus, though revering of the traditional Roman government, didn't fully restore the Republic as he became the sole head of the government, such that he has auctoritas (influence), and he would hold "consulship" year after year, with a giant sphere of command.
Who did Octavian fight at the Battle of Naulochus? What were the circumstances that led to the elimination of Lepidus from the Second Triumvirate?
Octavian fought Sextus Pompey, and defeated him, in the Battle of Naulochus, which "prompted Lepidus to conclude that his time to displace the upstart Octavian had arrived." (Boatwright 1st ed 176.) He tried to force Pompey's troops to recognize him as their commander, however Octavian humiliated him by removing him from the Triumvirate and taking africa from him, and required him to live in exile.
What was Octavian sent to do after the Battle of Philippi? Why did this spark a conflict in Italy? How was Marc Antony involved?
Octavian was sent home to settle his veterans, however there was not enough land appropriated for them. He began more confiscations in italy and "Every part of the entire settlement process was plagued by injustices and inconsistencies" (Boatwright 1st ed 173). At the same time, Sextus Pompey had built up enough troops to block grain imports, which led to riots and eventually civil war. Octavian was fighting against Lucius Antonious and Antony himself in the Perusine War. Antony was also involved after Octavian took over Gaul, territory that was distributed to Antony.
• Who was Octavius? How did he register his disapproval of Tiberius' legislation? Was Tiberius justified in removing Octavius from office? Explain your answer.
Octavius was a tribune that opposed the Gracchan agrarian law. He threatened to use his tribunal powers to veto Tiberius' proposal. This was uncommon because usually tribunes used their vetoes against consuls and praetors, not other tribunes. Yes - "a tribune who attempted to obstruct citizens' right to vote had failed in his duty to protect their rights" (Boatwright, 88). No - Tiberius did similar things back toward Octavius. "Tiberius sought unsuccessfully to persuade or to pressure Octavius to withdraw his veto. He even attempted to increase the pressure by blocking other public business himself and by locking the public treasury. Finally, he sought to remove his intransigent colleague from office - a step that was also unprecedented..." (Boatwright, 88).
What kind of governance characterized Rome's new Republic?
Oligarchy
Which of the following were true about the Battle of Cannae?
One consul was killed, It was a result of Rome abandoning Cunctator's strategies, It was a disastrous loss for the Romans
How was the tyrannical character of the decemvirs revealed?
One of the Decemvirs, Appius Claudius, attempted to wrongfully seize a free woman, Verginia, as his property.
What does it mean to pass under the yoke? Under what circumstances did this happen? Name one instance where the Roman army went under the yoke.
Passing under the yoke basically means surrendering and you passed under the swords of the victorious army. Happens when an army surrenders. Battle of Caudine Forks in the Second Samnite War
which non-Italian power was an ally of Hannibal against Rome during the Second Punic War?
Philip V of Macedon
What event led to the first Macedonian war?
Philip of macedon allied with Carthage after the Roman defeat at Cannae
During the Iron Age (c.800-730 BC), we have evidence of trade between Italy and which culture(s)?
Phoenicians and Greeks
What two cultures are highly visible in trading and colonizing activity in Iron Age Italy?
Phoenicians and Greeks
• Describe the problems caused by the pirates in the western Mediterranean and why the senate felt it necessary to take action. Why was Pompey given command of this "war"? What was exceptional about his command? What tactics did Pompey use to defeat the pirates? What did he do with the conquered pirates?
Pirates threatened the ships who brought in and transported important resources like grain. The trade routes became unsafe. Pompey saw this as an opportunity to make Crassus jealous. The tribune Aulus Gabinius gave Pompey the control over the pirate "war". He was given equal but not superior powers of proconsuls to rule into the Mediterranean to make sure he didn't have a tyrannical amount of power. He was also provided with 20 legates each with the rank of propraetor to help him in the waters. Pompey divided the Mediterranean into zones in which each legate had control over. This strategy trapped the pirates. Instead of killing the pirates, he found land in Cilicia (a Roman province) and elsewhere for them to settle.
Name 3 things Tarquin did to make himself a tyrant.
Planned the murder of former king's supporters, repealed recent changes to the Roman Constitution (enacted tyrannical laws) and treated his enemies treacherously (Sextus and the Gabii)
Who were the plebeians? How are they distinguished from the patricians?
Plebeians: everyone who wasn't a patrician Patrician: descended from the original 100 senators chosen by Romulus
What region of Italy lies to the north of Rome? Etruria Latium Po Valley Tuscany Campania
Po Valley
• What kind of constitution did the Greek historian Polybius think that Rome possessed? How did the magistracies and institutions of Rome correspond to the parts of constitution as Polybius described it?
Polybius believed that Rome had a constitution consisting of three parts (a mixed constitution): democratic, despotic (monarchical), and aristocratic. Democratic: the people Despotic: the consuls aristocratic: the senate He said all three balanced each other- and that the dynamic equilibrium was the reason for Rome's success.
• What did Pompey ask the senate to do when he returned to Rome? Senate's response? Why this response? How did this open the door for an alliance between Caesar and Pompey? Who else was part of this alliance? What was the nature of the alliance (formal or informal? Where did its power come from?)
Pompey asked for two things: 1) ratification of his arrangements in the East and 2) land allotments to his veterans. The senate said that he would have to wait because of the current political problem Rome was dealing with at the time caused by the patrician Publius Clodius Pulcher who had interrupted a religious ceremony known as Bona Dea held by Caesar in his own home. The ceremony was attended exclusively by women, and Clodius had broken in wearing women's clothes and polluted the ceremony. Cicero testified against him. _______ Crassus was also part of this alliance.
• How did Pompey defeat Mithridates? What happened to Mithridates? Why did Pompey lay siege to and eventually sack Jerusalem? How did Pompey ensure that cities in Asia Minor remained loyal Roman allies?
Pompey persuaded the king of Parthia not to help Mithridates or Tigranes, but instead attack Armenia. Pompey drove Mithridates to the far east of Pontus and defeated him there. Mithridates then abandoned Pontus and made his way to the Crimean Bosporus. Here he set about building power. His troops, however, did not share his zeal, and it was a revolt by them that led to his death, either by suicide or assassination. Pompey chose not to pursue him, but instead to enforce the submission of Tigranes. Pompey sacked Jerusalem because he had said that effective, reliable rulers in the Roman interest were lacking there. _______
Where was Numa Pompilius from? Any other kings from outside of Rome?
Pompilius was from Sabine. Tarquin the Tyrant was also from outside of Rome.
What sorts of evidence do we have for reconstructing the history of Italy before the Romans? Why is archaeological evidence problematic?
Pottery-only shards, housing and social structures-post holes from wattle and daub huts, tools, tombs and grave goods, written texts in greek dialects (few). --Problematic because they lack context (e.g. sparse literary supplements)
• Which magistrate traditionally governed a Roman province? What was prorogation? What was its function? Why was it necessary?
Praetor, and prorogation was extending time of a praetor in office to give them more time to govern and communicate with Rome. This was necessary for far away territories to be fairly governed.
What Roman magistrate governed a province?
Praetor; or sometimes they sent consuls depending on how important the territory was
Who were the publicani? What was their function?
Private contractors who leased land
Who were the publican?
Private contractors who worked for the Roman state and were involved in collection of taxes
Who were the publicani?
Private contractors who worked for the Roman state and were involved in collection of taxes
What was prorogation? What was it's function?
Prorogation is the extension of term of office often due to involvement in a project. It served to combat the difficulty encountered by such short terms, which forced them to campaign and due their job simultaneously. Applied to consuls and praetors, just added "pro" prefix in front.
• What were the proscriptions? Describe the process. Who was targeted in them? What happened to the descendants of a proscribed man?
Proscriptions - published lists of individuals who were thus automatically condemned to death without trial Anyone who could kill one of these people were to receive a reward. A proscribed person's property was confiscated and auctioned off by the state. Sulla sought to root out individuals (specifically senators and equites) that fought against him. His sons and grandsons were barred from seeking any public office.
What was Valerius' nickname?
Publicola
Who is the legendary founder of Carthage?
Queen Dido
Who lived in Romulus' new city? Where did the people come from?
Refugees from neighboring cities. Some slaves and some homeless people just wanting a fresh start.
What stood in way of Tiberius succeeding Augustus while Augustus was still alive? What changed? How was Tiberius related to Augustus?
Relation: Step-son to Augustus through Livia. Agrippa was in line when Augustus was sick the first time. Then Augustus' daughter Julia had 2 children with Agrippa (who was still in line next) but Agrippa died unexpectedly, so Augustus looked to the two children Gaius and Lucius... but then they both died. So Augustus looked to his stepson with Livia, Augustus adopted him legally as his son and made Tiberius the successor.
How was Numitor eventually re-established as the King of Alba Longa?
Remus was arrested at the Lupercalia festival for supposedly raiding Numitor's cattle. Remus was handed over to Numitor. Numitor begins to suspect that Remus is his grandchild. Faustulus told Romulus they were royalty. omulus and herdsman (with help from Remus and other men) broke into the palace and killed Amulius. Numitor then becomes king of Alba Longa.
Who were the parents of Romulus and Remus?
Rhea Silivia and Mars
What happened to Romulus and Remus immediately after their birth? Why didn't they die? Who eventually found and raised them?
Rhea Silvia gave birth to them. Amulius threw Rhea into prison and sentenced to be drown in Tiber River. River had overflowed its banks, so the people tasked with carrying out the drowning order left them on the bank of the 1st flood water, assuming the flood waters would continue to rise and would consume them. When basket was left high and dry, a she-wolf heard them crying and she came and suckled them. A shepherd named Faustulus found the boys being licked by a she-wolf; took boys home to his wife (Lupa - "the wolf" - term commonly given to whores) and they both raised the boys.
Which of the following is NOT true about the Battle at Cannae?
Roman allies remained true
In what period were generals permitted to make treaties? In what way did this empower them?
Roman expansionism after 2nd Punic war -- they were empowered because they could enact a treaty that favored themselves, it also raised the status of the general which then provided more loyalty from the army.
• What advantages did Roman citizens enjoy over Italians in the 2nd century BC? What kind of activities could lower-status Romans and Italians engage in that senators could not?
Romans with full rights had the right to vote while other municipal Romans and Italians could not. They also enjoyed the rewards of the empire, and decreasing demands of military service. Lower status Romans could trade and hold public contracts, while the senate could not.
results of the peace treaty after the Battle of Zama...
Rome acquired Spain as an imperial holding Carthage could not wage war without Rome's permission Carthage had to pay a large annual sum to Rome Carthage had to surrender its fleet
which of the following was an outcome of the Latin War (341-338 BCE)?
Rome adopted a novel approach to incorporating Latin communities in its civic structure, centered around the creation of "municipia"
How did Rome have to adapt to be able to challenge Carthage at war?
Rome captured a Carthaginian vessel and began imitating Carthaginian naval technology to build up a fleet capable of engaging with the Carthaginians. The Romans, however, innovated in their naval advances to better suit their fighting style. Among the most important innovations was a gangplank called a corvus which allowed the passengers in one ship to board another. In this way, a naval encounter could become a pitched land battle.
at the end of the Third Samnite War, what territory did Rome control?
Rome controlled the entire Italian peninsula, apart from the Po Valley at the base of the Alps. their holdings also excluded Syracuse to the south. in just a century, Rome transformed from an influential city in Latium to the ruler of most of the Italian peninsula.
What was the outcome of the Latin War in the 4th century BCE?
Rome defeated the Latin allies who had revolted and extended its dominance into Campania
what was the outcome of the Latin War?
Rome defeated the Latin allies who had revolted and further cemented its control in Latium and Campania
What did Rome do to cities (and their citizens) that resisted Roman occupation?
Rome either sacked them, killed all the men and sold the women and children into slavery or made them into a municipium.
What was the result of the 3rd Samnite War?
Rome had control of all of Italy,, except for the north that was controlled by Gauls and the south that was controlled by Greeks
What was the importance of the Italian allies in the Second Punic War?
Rome relied on it's allies for manpower, agricultural production, and strategic placement of storage depots that helped them during long campaigns.
What was the procedure for conducting a vote?
Rome was a sort of direct democracy because the citizens cast their votes directly rather than through elected representatives.
briefly describe how Rome got involved in the First Punic War (1 pt). what event caused Rome to declare war on Hannibal (e.g. started the Second Punic War, 1 pt)? what event caused Rome to declare war on Carthage for a third time (1 pt)? what was Cato the Elder's position (1 pt)? what was the result of the Third Punic War (1 pt)?
Rome was drawn into the First Punic War by Syracuse, who was in a dispute with Carthage over control of the Straits of Messina--a key strategic territory for trade. the Second Punic War was started when Hannibal laid siege to the Spanish city of Saguntum. the Saguntines appealed to Rome for help. Rome did help, even though Saguntum technically was not covered by the treaty Rome had previously executed with Carthage over territories in Spain. it seems as if the Siege of Saguntum was something of a pretext for Rome to declare war against Carthage, possibly because they were concerned that Carthage was growing too strong. the Third Punic War was declared when Carthage fought against Numidia without Rome's permission, in violation of the terms of the peace treaty negotiated at the end of the Second Punic War. Cato the Elder strongly supported the utter destruction of Carthage. he famously believed that, so long as Carthage was standing, it was a threat to Rome (remember the story of the fig!). the Third Punic War ended with the destruction of Carthage--supposedly the city was completely destroyed and its fields were sown with salt. the archaeological evidence doesn't support this claim of total destruction, but it is certainly true that Rome took control of Carthaginian territory and turned it into the province of Africa.
How was Rome governed before the consulship was fixed? How long was the consul's term?
Rome was governed by magistrates prior to the establishment of consulship. Magistrates were Roman elites who performed the duties of the monarch. Offices were elected annually and collegially. The early Republic was also often governed by military tribunes of 3-4, later 6. A consul's term lasted one year.
Which statement best describes Rome's attitude towards the Eastern Med in 300 BC?
Rome was not interested in establishing a permanent presence in the east, but was eager to exploit natural resources
Which statement best describes Rome's attitude toward the Eastern Mediterranean in the 3rd century?
Rome was not interested in establishing settlements, just wanted to exploit resources
Give two examples of the advantages provided by Rome's geographical situation.
Rome was on the banks of Tiber so they had access to water and its hills were a natural defense/baricade against enemies
• What happened at the Battles of Trebia and Lake Trasimene (BE SPECIFIC!)? What reason(s) can you describe for the outcome of these battles?
Rome was slaughtered.. literally. The battles happened when the two consuls went unprepared into battle against Hannibal. Hannibals army surrounded the Roman's usually block fashion of fighting and ambushed on all sides. There was disagreement amongst the consuls about the strategy, which would result in confusion of the troops, and the surrounding also disrupted formation.
What, specifically did Proculus see in his vision?
Rome will be the capital of the world and nobody will be able to conquer Rome.
• What was the outcome of the 1st Punic War? Who was Hamilcar? Why did Carthage's military forces revolt?
Rome won, and forced Carthage to give up Sicily and a large sum of money. Then carthage couldn't pay their military forces, and they revolted, resulting in the loss of sardinia.
What part of Rome was first settled? Where was the forum built?
Rome's earliest communities emerged on the eastern banks of the River Tiber, on the elevated hills to the east of Tiber Island, especially the Capitoline (or Capitolium in Latin) and the Palatine (or Palatium in Latin). The forum was built in between 3 hills in a valley: the Capitol, the Palantine, and the Velia, after the stream that ran through was drained.
what event renewed Rome's conflict with the Samnites and led to the Second Samnite War?
Rome's foundation of a colony at Fregellae
war capacities of Rome- Carthage-
Rome- powerful land forces with extensive man power Carthage- large navy and extensive naval experience
What happened to Romulus and Remus immediately after their birth? Why didn't they die? Who eventually found and raised them?
Romulus and Remus (twins) were ordered to be drowned in the Tiber River but the river had flooded and it was impossible to get to the actual river. So the men left the basket by the flood water and the water receded, leaving the basket the twins were in, high and dry. A she-wolf heard their cries and rescued and suckled them. Faustulus, a herdsmen, found them with the wolf and gave the children to his wife, Larentia, to nurse and raise them.
How was Numitor eventually re-established as the King of Alba Longa?
Romulus and Remus had Numitor's brother, Amulius, killed and Numitor was therefore named King.
What happened when Remus was held in custody by Numitor?
Romulus and Remus' identities were revealed, and Numitor was hailed as the rightful king of Alba Longa
Describe Romulus' efforts to find wives for his male citizens. What did he eventually do? What was ethically questionable about this? List two moral laws he broke and describe one possible justification for his actions.
Romulus began by going around, asking for the right of intermarriage between cities; this proposal was rejected by most, if not all. He eventually resorted to stealing the Sabine women, luring them into the city by way of a sacred festival (Consualia). By his command, the women were seized and taken away by the men of Rome. Do not deprive of freedom and do not deceive. Justification - he asked nicely, some could say he was forced into doing it this way.
Who created the first Roman senate? What were these senators called? What role did they have in Romulus' reign?
Romulus created the first senate with 100 senators or fathers (patres).
Why wasn't Romulus' successor chosen immediately after his death?
Romulus didn't outline how his successor would be chosen, and had no heirs to his throne.
How did Romulus convince the Sabine women to come to Rome in order to get snatched up by his men?
Romulus used invitations to a festival called the Consualia (in honor of Neptune) to convince women to come to Rome.
How did Romulus convince the Sabine women to come to Rome in order to get snatched up by his men?
Romulus used the ruse of a religious festival (Consualia, a festival in honor of Neptune) to attract neighbours. Then commanded the Romans to capture the neighbouring women while the mens' defenses were down
How did Romulus die, according to Livy? Why does Livy report more than one version of Romulus' death?
Romulus was taken to the heavens during a storm in a cloud. There is speculation, though, that since he was not well liked by the senators, that the senators tore Romulus to pieces. Either way, Romulus' greatness was appreciated by all.
• Who created the first Roman senate? What were these senators called? What role did they have in Romulus' reign?
Romulus, Patres,
Who created the first Roman senate? What were these senators called? What role did they have in Romulus' reign?
Romulus; called "fathers" served as ancestors of patricians. They acted as an advisory body.
What was Numa Pompilius' ethnic origin?
Sabine
What was Numa Pompilius's ethnic origin?
Sabine
Rome declared war on Carthage and started the 2nd Punic War after Hannibal seized control of this Spanish city.
Saguntum
What Spanish city was seized by Hannibal before Rome declared war on Carthage and the 2nd punic war?
Saguntum
• Where was Samnium? Why did the Romans wage a war against the Samnites? How did Rome's Italian allies feel about the war against the Samnites?
Samnium was just east of the Roman territory. Rome got involved in war with the Samnites after the Campani called for help in Capua. The allies didn't like the power Rome was gaining
Rome's first provinces overseas as a result of the 1st Punic War were
Sardinia and Sicily
Rome's first provinces overseas as a result of the 1st Punic War were
Sardinia, Sicilia, and Corsica
in the early fourth century, Carthage controlled territory in...
Sardinia, Siciliy, and North Africa
What provinces did Rome gain after the first punic war?
Sardinia, sicilia, and Corsica
• Who was Saturninus? What was his relationship to Marius? Why was Marius useful to Saturninus and vice versa? What event led Marius to "disown" Saturninus? What happened to Saturninus and his group after they were arrested by Marius?
Saturninus was a tribune during Marius' rule. He helped with land distribution to the volunteer militia. They both had similar political stances and worked together well in the past. This was a classic quid pro quo relationship: Marius got land for his veterans and Saturninus got the use of Marius' veterans to help pass his proposals--both because of the threat of physical violence and because the veterans constituted a significant voting bloc. After Saturninus sought reelection for tribune, he worked too hard to try and get Glaucia to be consul. Saturninus murders another consular candidate. After many violent events, Marius decided that Saturninus was acting out too much. Saturninus and Glaucia were beaten to death- the SCU was used against Saturnitus (second SCU after Gaius Gracchus)
Where and who led the final battle that ended the 2nd punic war?
Scipio Africanus fought Hannibal in Carthage, against the orders to stay and fight in Sicily.
Who led the Roman army to North Africa? Who was an ally to Rome in their fighting with Carthage?
Scipio Africanus led the Roman army to North Africa and allied with the Numidians of Northern Africa.
Who led the Roman army to North Africa? Who was an ally to Rome in their fighting with Carthage?
Scipio and Numidia
What happened at the Battle of Zama?
Scipio defeated Hannibal by preparing for Hannibal's strategy of using elephants as weapons and had his cavalry blast their horns to scare the elephants. The Numidian cavalry chased the Carthaginian cavalry into retreat behind Hannibal's lines and while the two lines of infantry clashed, Scipio's cavalry returned and attacked Hannibal's infantry from behind.
How did the young Scipio help turn the tide of war? Where did he do this?
Scipio defeated Hannibal's brother, Hasdrubal, who was supposed to lead reinforcements from Spain to Hannibal in Italy, at the Metarus River.
• What happened the Battle of Zama?
Scipio defeated Hannibal, after hannibal begged for peace, resulting in Carthaginian signing away their fleet, paying money, and losing territory, as well as it couldn't wage war.
Who were the Conscripts?
Senators added by Brutus to bring the number to 300
• Who was Sertorius? Where did he govern? Who was sent against him when Roman efforts to combat him were floundering? How did this commander manipulate the Senate into sending him more troops and provisions?
Sertorius was an associate of Cinna then Carbo. He was an ex-praetor when he became governor of Nearer Spain in 83. He was proscribed in 81 and fled to Mauretania. He was invited back a year later after Sulla left office. He began an anti-Sulla revolt. Sertorius, the governor of Spain, had sided with Cinna. He had then been repulsed from Spain by Sulla's proscriptions. In 80 BC, however, he returned and united the rebellious Lusitanians and established a mini-empire against the Sullan regime. Like the Lusitanian rebels of 60 years earlier, Sertorius favored guerilla tactics and had been successful in repulsing Roman attempts to re-assert control. He was joined by Lepidus' followers after the defeat of Lepidus. Pompey was sent to combat him. Pompey wrote to the senate and demanded more supplies so that Sertorius could be defeated. A follower of Sertorius for some reason assassinated Sertorius and took over his troops in which Pompey then easily defeated.
Which king established the Centuriate Assembly (comitia centuriata)? Numa Pompilius Romulus Servius Tullius Tarquinius Priscus (the Elder) Tarquinius Superbus (the Proud)
Servius Tullius
Do you think Servius' Centuriate Assembly was democratic? In what ways was it not democratic?
Servius Tullius' reform was a move towards democracy, since it freed voting from birth alone, but since it weighed votes based on wealth qualifications, it was not democratic in any substantial sense. The vast majority of Romans would have been "beneath those summoned" (infra classem) and would not have made a meaningful impact on the outcome of elections.
• Who was Sextus Tarquin? Describe his interactions with the Gabii. How did Sextus interpret his father's gesture of knocking heads off of poppies?
Sextus Tarquin is the son of Tarquinius Superbus who, at Gabii, was sent to negotiate contracts.. He interprets his father's gesture to mean to kill all the powerful men.
What motivated Sextus to return to Lucretia's house alone? How did he get into Lucretia's house? Why didn't Lucretia let him kill her rather than rape her?
Sextus saw Lucretia when they went to go see who had the best wife. He was attracted to her good wife virtuousness. Lucretia let him in because he had been there before, and at the time, the guest-host relationship was very prevalent, so she probably didn't doubt him. She didn't let him kill her because if he had, he would have made it seem like she slept with a slave, which would have been worse.
What reason did Lucretia give for her suicide?
She did not want to serve as a negative example to other Roman women
How did Sextus get into Lucreatia's house?
She invited him in
Which hostages did Cloelia choose to save? Why?
She saved the youngest boys. They were the most likely to have been harmed by their captors (since they would have been the ones to continue the Roman lineage once grown).
What does the story of the Falerian schoolmaster signify?
Shows the ritual procedure Romans followed in battle and the value of justness in Roman society.
What event provoked Rome into a second war with Carthage?
Siege of Saguntum in Spain
What event provoked Rome into a second war with Carthage?
Siege of Saguntum: all cities south of river were fair to attack by treaty, saguntum however is under roman control so when they're attacked by Carthage rome declares war on basis of being their ally.
What role did Brutus' sons play in the conspiracy of the young nobles? How did Brutus respond?
Some noble youths (who were given special favors) preferred monarchy. Conspired to bring the Tarquins back to Rome and regain power. Conspiracy was discovered and conspirators were punished by decree of Brutus (beaten, stripped, beheaded.) Brutus's sons were treated the same as everyone else.
How did the Romans treat the citizens of Veii?
Some of its citizens became Roman citizens, the remainder of the population was enslaved or expelled.
Where were the Samnites centered, relative to Rome?
Southeast of Rome
Where was Samnium? Why did the Romans wage a war against the Samnites? How did Rome's Italian allies feel about the war against the Samnites?
Southeastern Italy (Campania). Capua called for help. Romans won, resulted in significant power in Campania. They disliked the war and resented Rome for it.
where did Carthage establish an empire after Rome had seized its territories in Sicily and Sardinia after the First Punic War?
Spain
• Who led a slave revolt in the late 70s BC? Where did this take place? What was Crassus' role in putting down this revolt? Pompey's?
Spartacus led a slave revolt in Italy from 73-71 BCE. Their stronghold was on Mt Vesuvius. Crassus' involvement: Took over 4 legions and raised 6 more Funded the troops Drove Spartacus' forces south Won a battle in Lucania and killed Spartacus Pompey's involvement: slaughtered the 5,000 slaves that escaped northward and claimed he won the war... pissed Crassus off!
Why did Turnus start a war with Aeneas and the Latins? Who was Turnus' ally? How did Turnus die?
Started a war because Lavinia was originally promised to him. His ally was Mezentius, the Etruscan king. Turnus dies with a sword being driven through his chest by Aeneas. Aeneas is driven by rage and anger and is unable to control it.
What geographical feature permitted trade between the eastern and western Mediterranean?
Straits of Messina
What geographical feature permitted trade between the western and eastern Mediterranean?
Straits of Messina
What important geographical feature was at stake in a war over Sicily and southern Italy?
Straits of Messina
Which of the following geographical features facilitated trade between the eastern and western Mediterranean (esp. Italy and Greece/Phoenicia)? Bay of Naples Apennines Alps Tiber River Straits of Messina
Straits of Messina
What was the object of dispute between Rome and Carthage? What role did Syracuse play in bringing Rome into war against Carthage?
Straits of Messina; Rome allies with Syracuse after they ask for help; excuse for what they wanted to do all along.
• What did Rome do to cities (and their citizens) that resisted Roman occupation?
Subjugated them, took away their rights, enslaved the, displaced them, took away their land.
• What was Sulla's family background? What was the original source of tension in the relationship between Marius and Sulla?
Sulla came from an old patrician family. The original source of tension was that Marius took full credit for the capture of Jugurtha instead of sharing the credit with Sulla.
• Why did he limit the authority of provincial governors?
Sulla feared that commanders would raise troops to rebel against the state just like Sulla himself did. (see Boatwright 118)
• Why did Sulla march on Rome in 88 BC? How did he persuade his troops to march against the capital? What happened when Sulla arrived in Rome? What decisions did Sulla reverse?
Sulla marched on Rome in 88 to regain control of the war against Mithridates. He convinced his troops to march against the capital by telling them Marius would recruit other forces to fight Mithridates. These new forces would then be the ones to enjoy the victory rather than his troops who were currently fighting Mithridates. When Sulla arrived in Rome he: Declared Sulpicius, Marius, his son, and 9 others enemies of the state Invalidated all actions taken/laws made after the iustitium previously put on Sulpicius Took back command of the war against Mithridates Undistributed the new citizens in the 35 tribes and put them back into separate tribes
• Why did Sulla march on Rome in 83/82BC? How did the city of Rome react to Sulla's return to Italy? Whose side did they take during the ensuing civil war?
Sulla marched on rome in 83-82 BCE because he heard news that Cinna was taking control and reversing all of his previous laws. Rome and Italy were initially hostile to Sulla. The Romans took Cinna and Marius's side against Sulla?
• How soon after Sulla's retirement and death did Rome see political violence? Briefly describe the sequence of events that led to this outbreak. What measure did the Senate implement to settle this matter?
Sulla resigned in 81, was elected for consul in 80, and retired and died in 78 BCE. Just before he died, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus was elected for consul despite Sulla's disapproval of him. He repealed Sulla's laws so quickly (which included the distribution of land to the veterans) it caused Etruria to attack the settlers placed on their land by Sulla that same year. The senate sent both consuls to restore order, but Lepidus joined and led Etruria in the attack against Rome. The senate then had Pompey take action. He lead troops against Lepidus and his men who were ill-prepared and died during Pompey's attack. Senate issues the SCU against Lepidus.
According to the Delphic oracle, what would be awarded to the first to kiss his mother?
Supreme Power
Who joined forces with Rome against Carthage in the 1st Punic War?
Syracus
what community involved Rome in its dispute with Carthage and, eventually, to the First Punic War?
Syracuse
• Who joined forces with Rome against Carthage in the 1st Punic War?
Syracuse
Who was Tarpeia and why did she help the Sabines? How did the Sabines reward her for her help? What monument bears her name?
Tarpeia, daughter of the Roman General in charge of protecting the city gates, saw the Sabines coming and offered to get them into Rome if she could have the bracelets of gold on their arms (turned out to be their shields). They bashed her with their shields and pushed her off a cliff. Tarpeian Rock.
Why did Brutus add additional senators? What were they called? What political benefit might this addition of new senators have brought to Brutus?
Tarquin had killed off quite a few. They were called conscripts.It was his way of consolidating his power base and adding to his support. This also showed the people of Rome he wasn't going to be another tyrant.
Who built the first Temple to Jupiter Optimus Maximus?
Tarquin the Proud
Who built the first Temple to Jupiter Optimus Maximus? Tarquin the Proud Numa Pompilius Valerius Romulus Brutus
Tarquin the Proud
Who built the temple of Jupiter?
Tarquin the Proud
Who was Sextus Tarquin? Describe his interactions with the Gabii. How did Sextus interpret his father's gesture of knocking heads off of poppies?
Tarquin's son; he went to Gabii under the pretense that he was exiled and pretended to hate his father and Rome. He gained their trust and became the commander of armed forces. To kill all of the leading citizens of Gabii
With what city (or cities) did the Tarquins form an alliance against the Romans?
Tarquinii and Veii
The man built the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus added a sewer system
Tarquinius Superbus
Who built the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus and added a sewer system?
Tarquinius Superbus
ho led the Latins against Rome at the Battle of Lake Regillus in 499 or 496 BCE?
Tarquinius Superbus
What did Romulus say to Proculus in vision?
That Rome would be the capital of the world and nobody would conquer it.
What did Romulus say to proculus in a vision?
That rome would be the capital of the world.
Why was the Roman sack of Veii significant?
That was the first time rome has a permanent hold in Etruria
How was Rome governed immediately after Romulus' death? Why wasn't his successor chosen immediately after his death?
The 100 senators separated into 10 decuries, with one man from each being president. Only one carried its insignia and was attended by lictors. His time of power was five days and then it rotated to each senator. A successor was not chosen immediately because Rome was still too young to have produced anyone of outstanding eminence.
What were the 12 Tables? Why were they created? How were they created? Where did the decemvirs (board of 10) look for inspiration in writing up Roman laws? Name two activities that the laws of the 12 Tables governed?
The 12 Tables were the first written and published legal codes in Ancient Rome. They were created because laws were previously unpublished, allowing patricians to arrest plebeians who weren't aware of what laws they broke. The decemvirs traveled to Southern Italy to study the Greek legal system. Activities the laws governed: marriage and divorce, debt, rights of the father of the household, disputes over land ownership, procedural questions.
• What were the 12 Tables? Why were they created? How were they created? Where did the decemvirs (board of 10) look for inspiration in writing up Roman laws? Name two activities that the laws of the 12 Tables governed?
The 12 tables were a law code created to help establish equality in law practice between he patricians and the plebeians. the decemvirs looked up ancient greek law for inspiration. two activities that were governed were land agreements and divorce.
• What circumstances provoked the 1st Macedonian War?
The 1st macedonian war was provoked when Philip of Macedon attempted to ally with Hannibal after Cannae
What is the name of the mountain range that divides Italy from the rest of Europe in the north?
The Alps
• Name three geographic factors that helped Italy to prosper? What role did the Straits of Messina play?
The Alps separated it from the rest of Europe, the po valley was very fertile, and there was easy access to the sea. The Straits of messina allowed trade between the eastern and western Mediterranean.
Name three geographic factors that helped Italy to prosper? What role did the Straits of Messina play?
The Alps, Straits of Messina, and Sicily. Ships seeking to enter the Tyrrhenian Sea from Ionian and Sicilian seas had to pass through the narrow Straits of Messina before they could proceed north along the Italian coast or west along the north shore of Sicily.
What was the decisive battle between Antony and Octavian? What happened next? What happened to Cleopatra? What happened to Egypt as a result?
The Battle of Actium was the decisive battle between Antony and Octavian. Octavian held victory, with the help of Agrippa. Antony committed suicide after having heard (falsely) that Cleopatra did, and Cleopatra ended up also killing herself. Egypt's wealth came into Octavian's hands and the kingdom was annexed as a Roman province.
How did the Romans come to an accord with the Latins in the early years of the Republic?
The Battle of Lake Regillus (the Tarquins last attempt to reclaim the throne in Rome) provided a firm foundation between from and it's fellow Latin states.
How did Roman interventions in the east differ from those in Italy and N. Africa?
The Eastern territories had a more complicated landscape and were based around ethnic tribes as opposed to city-states. Romans were more interested in exercising authority & access to natural resources THAN permanent military presence.
Why did Mezentius form an alliance with Turnus?
The Etruscans wanted to protect their dominance
Which of the following is true about the Etruscans? Mark all correct answers.
The Etruscans were a civilization that lived in modern day Tuscany. They had a highly developed culture, with art, buildings, and a written alphabet -- all of which we have surviving evidence of. They were sailors who traded with the Phoenicians in north Africa and the Greeks in southern Italy. The Romans adopted many of their customs, but the Etruscans were different from the Romans in the status that they gave their women, even allowing them to recline at the dinner table with men.
• Who was the most powerful person in a Roman province? Give two examples of his responsibilities. Who formed his staff?
The Governor ruled over a vast amount of things including: complete control over law and enforcements, monitoring publicani, and executions. The governor also operated with a small staff, formed of official and unofficial friends and colleagues, and supported by slaves. These were his legati and amici.
• How did the Italian landscape change in the 2nd century BC? Give two examples of unforeseen consequences of this change.
The Italian landscape changed as well, with small family-owned farms getting displaced by large estates owned by the wealthy and worked on by slaves, another by-product of the Punic Wars. This led to a massive influx into the cities of the poor, especially at a time when the divide between rich and poor was starting to grow exponentially. Also slave revolts would be another consequence.
How did the Latin League respond to the 1st Samnite War? What was the outcome of the Latin War?
The Latin War was sparked by the threat of Roman success and was from 341-338 BC in which Rome repressed the Latin revolt and their victory claimed them as the most dominate city in Latium in last of the 4th century BC.
• What did the Lex Provinciae do?
The Lex Provinciae gave instructions on governing separate constitutions, territory boundaries, tax obligations, and relationship between the different areas in Rome.
• Where did the Numantine War take place? What rule did Scipio break in his election to the consulship to fight this war? What problems in Roman government and the military did the Numantine War reveal?
The Numantine War was in Numantia, Spain. Scipio broke the rule that you cannot seek consulship twice. It is in the Numantine war that we see the rise of Charismatic generals. Through the Senate's inability to address the changing needs of the Republic, we see the rise of generals such as Scipio who take their solutions directly to the people. Numantine war is a little microcosm of all of the things going wrong in Rome.
What happened at the Battles of Trebia
The Roman army at Trebia were drawn into a trap where they expected to be able to confront the Carthaginian army head-on using tried-and-tested battle formations. Hannibal, however, used his elephants to break through the Roman lines, throwing the entire battle plan into disarray.
Did the Romans have a reasonable basis for declaring war on the Carthaginians?
The Romans believed they had just cause to renew hostilities against Carthage because they attacked an ally of Rome and threatened to move north of the Ebro River, even though Carthage had not violated the terms of the peace treaty that Rome said it did.
In what seasons did the Romans conduct military campaigns? Who led the army?
The Romans conducted military campaigns in the spring: before the harvest until the onset of winter. The consul led the army.
What was the outcome of the 1st Punic War? Who was Hamilcar? Why did Carthage's military forces revolt?
The Romans were victorious. Hamilcar was the Carthaginian general who led the counter invasion against Rome. After the peace treaty was negotiated, Carthage did not like the terms. They had to give up Sicily and pay Rome a big sum of money. Carthage could not pay its salaries so they revolted. The revolt allowed Rome to take the island of Sardinia and now Rome owned the most important trade route in the world, now having both Sicily and Sardinia.
How did the war between the Romans and the Sabines eventually end?
The Sabine women negotiated a truce between their fathers and Roman husbands
How did the war between the Romans and Sabines eventually end?
The Sabine women negotiated a truce between their fathers and Roman husbands.
Where was Samnium? Why did the Romans wage a war against the Samnites? How did Rome's Italian allies feel about the war against the Samnites?
The Samnites were a loose confederation of hill tribes who inhabited territory to the southeast of Rome. Rome was drawn into military conflict with them because the Campanian city of Capua appealed for Rome's aid against Samnite incursions. This upset their Latin allies
What prompted the "Second Settlement" of 23 BC? What two constitutional prerogatives did he now enjoy? Why did he choose these instead of holding a consulship?
The Second Settlement was propted following a blot by senators as well as a near fatal illness. He resigned consulship and never held office under normal conditions, realizing he just needed the authority. He kpet all of his provinces as well as the imperium to govern them. he also took power of the tribunes, again without holding office. Allowing others to hold the consulship was one of the ways in which Augustus gave authority and power back to the Senate and other elites. It was a good compromise for him -- he still retained all the power and decorations of a consul, but he seemed magnanimous in giving the opportunity of consulship to other elites.
How did Augustus treat the Senate? Do you think the Senate thrived or was diminished under Augustus? Explain your answer. How did Augustus treat the equestrian order?
The Senate was very controlled, reduced in size, and given careful opportunity at consulship and celebration. Though Augustus didn't outright dismiss the senate, he was very careful at proceeding about their roles and to make sure they weren't too powerful. Augustus sought out thehelp of the equites, and acctually supported them more than he did the senate.
Who were the Silvian kings? From whom did they descend?
The Silvian kings were the descendants of Ascanius (Aeneas' son).
How did Tarquin become king?
The Tarquins come to power by seizing the right to rule rather than being elected, as the previous kings of Rome had been. Tarquin masterminded the execution of the previous king, Servius Tullius: First, he took over the Senate and the throne; then, he (literally) threw Servius out and had him killed.
What is the significance of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus in the reign of Tarquin the Proud?
The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus became the central temple of Roman state religion and centrally associated with the Republic's safety and success.
What is the name of the river running through the city of Rome?
The Tiber
• What was the Tribune of the Plebs? What significant powers did the Tribune possess?
The Tribunes of the Plebs were a group of two elected men who held the right to convene the senate, veto an action of the senate, and bring a bill to vote. Their purpose was to protect plebeian rights.
What event gave the mob leverage over the senators in the episode involving Livy's veteran?
The Volscians march on Rome
Why do we know so little about the Etruscans?
The absence of a strong written record and the understanding of the Etruscan language is not sufficient enough to make good sense of them.
• When did the Numidians and Romans first establish diplomatic ties? Where is Numidia located relative to Carthage? What reward did the Romans give to Massinissa as thanks for his help during the Punic Wars?
The alliance between Rome and Numidia dates back to the Second Punic War, when the Numidians joined Rome to defeat their rivals: the Carthaginians. Numidia is West of Carthage They were given land in Africa.
Why did Rome get involved in a third military conflict with Carthage?
The carthaginians revolted against the Numidian,. Also cato the elder wanted them gone
What did the censor do in ancient Rome? How often was a censor elected? Length of time in office?
The censors counted and assigned all citizens into centuries on the basis of wealth. Elections were held every five years, and the successful candidates would hold office for around eighteen months (however long it took to carry out their task). The censor also made sure that the senators had enough money and morality to be in the senate.
Why did Aeneas and his men leave Troy?
The city was being destroyed by Greek invaders.
How was the conspiracy of the noble youths resolved? Why was the conspiracy particularly devastating to Brutus? Why do you think Livy tells this story?
The conspiracy was discovered and all of those involved were punished by a decree of Brutus. They were all stripped, beaten, and beheaded. Unfortunately, Brutus discovered that his sons were among those noble youths who were involved. Rather than pardoning his own sons, he had to apply the law equally to all -- so his sons were executed as well. Livy shows Brutus making the necessary sacrifice in order for his form of government to persist. He puts the Republic above all else, even his own sons.
What was the chief elected office of the new Republic? How many were there of this kind of magistrate? Why is this important?
The consul was the elected office, there were 2 of them sharing power so that one did not become overly powerful and resume the reign like a king.
What reason(s) can you describe for the outcome of these battles?
The consuls leading the battles did not communicate with each other.
• What was the cursus honorum? What is the lowest position on the cursus honorum? The highest? Why was it regularized?
The cursus honorum was the sequence of offices that had regulations to them so as to halt the advance of a popular political figure quickly. In order to run for the next office, a candidate must hold all offices below it. Each office had a minimum age for election. There were minimum intervals between holding successive offices and laws forbade repeating an office. The lowest position on the cursus honorum was quaestor and the highest position is consul. After consul, one could become a censor, and before quaestor, one must have military service or served in law courts.
Give two examples of Etruscan influence on Roman culture recorded by Livy.
The curule chair and the purple-bordered toga. context: they adopted this from neighbours along with augury, lictors (body guard), the chair and toga are specifically mentioned by Livy.
Who are the patricians?
The descendents of the original 100 senators chosen by Romulus.
Who was killed when the Romans were fighting in spain after Cannae? Who took control?
The elder Scipio died, and the younger Scipio volunteered to take control and won New Carthage, a stronghold in Spain.
Give three characteristics of the early city-state.
The emergence of writing, appearance of an elite or aristocracy, changes in warfare practices and technology.
• With whom did the Samnites form an alliance in the 2nd Samnite War against Rome?
The etruscans
Why might Livy have reported the version of Romulus' death that had him taken up into a storm cloud instead of beaten to death by angry senators?
The first version cast Romulus in a more favorable light. He was their god, after all.
What are the two versions that Livy provides about the peace negotiation between Aeneas and Latinus? How does Latinus strengthen the peace treaty with Aeneas?
The first was that Aeneas beat Latinus in a fight and Latinus came to terms with Aeneas. The second version was that before a fight was about to break out, Latinus asked Aeneas to tell him where they came from and after hearing Aeneas' story, was impressed with their journey and gave them hospitality. The treaty was was strengthened by Latinus when he gave Aeneas his daughter's hand in marriage.
What were the 12 Tables? Why were they created? How were they created? Where did the decemvirs (board of 10) look for inspiration in writing up Roman laws? Name two activities that the laws of the 12 Tables governed?
The first written and published law code in Ancient Rome. Significant because it meant that the laws were now public, everyone knew what they were, made it harder for the patricians to enforce laws unfairly or create laws as they went. Was intended to protect the plebeians. Laws addressed marriage and divorce, inheritance, rights of father over household, land ownership and boundaries, injuries to persons and property.
• What potential was there for a governor to be corrupt and exploitative? What recourse did a provincial have if they had been mistreated by a Roman official? Why was it so difficult to see justice done?
The governor had high potential of corruption because: he could not be punished during his term and because of his powers, he wished to make up for his debts incurred when he was running for office, there was slow communication between the province and Rome, there was a lack of oversight, the governor had oversight over tax collection and other public contracts, gift-giving was a custom of diplomacy. A provincial could charge the governor with some unlawful action and take him to court to be punished. It was difficult to see justice done because a person could not be charged while still in office. Also, a provincial who lay the charges had to bear all difficulty, risk, and expense of engaging advocates, assembling evidence, and producing witnesses. Also, the juries were made up of people who would sympathize with a fellow Roman and could be corruptible. Even if a conviction was secured, it was very difficult reclaim the cash or stolen items awarded to them.
What was the procedure for conducting a vote?
The individual citizens in a century who were present at Rome would vote and then the majority winner within the century would receive the century's vote. The vote started with the smallest and wealthiest centuries and proceed to the largest and poorest. Often a vote was decided before reaching the lower centuries.
Why do you think Phoenician and Greek trade was such an important factor in political and cultural development in Iron Age Italy?
The intensification of Mediterranean trade had an enormous and long-lasting impact in Italy. In addition to an improvement in material conditions (i.e. wealth), trade also brought with it advances in technology (including writing) and ideas, from cultural production to concepts of political and social organization. All the characteristics associated with the rise of the city-state in Italy can be linked to the advent of Greek and Phoenician trade in the region.
What does Livy mean by this? Give one example of an event or change under the "moderate and tranquilizing authority of the kings" which prepared the Roman state for liberty.
The major example of a decisive shift away from the warlord-dominated politics of the early monarchy to something like Republicanism was Servius Tullius' institution of the Centuriate Assembly (comitia centuriata). Through this institution, political participation through achievement rather than birth was made possible. We might also think about the peaceful, civilizing reign of Numa Pompilius as one which paved the way for freedom under the Republic.
Who were the Conscripts?
The name for the men added to the senate by Brutus
What prophecy did Brutus hear at Delphi? How did he respond? Describe how this prophecy was fulfilled. Why might Livy have included this story in his history (i.e. how does it legitimate Brutus?)
The next to kiss his mother would become king of Rome." Realized he was talking about Mother Earth; kisses ground. It legitimates Brutus by making it seem as if the gods had chosen him to be the next king, providing him with the knowledge to understand and fulfill the prophecy.
What was the object of dispute between Rome and Carthage? What role did Syracuse play in bringing Rome into war against Carthage?
The object of dispute were the Straits of Messina. Syracuse became an ally of Rome against Carthage. Rome allied with Syracuse against Carthage because Syracuse was weak and Rome was their ally.
Which of the following was NOT a result of the Lincinian-Sextian reforms?
The office of Tribune of the Plebs was given same powers as the office of consul
Which was a result of the Licininan-Sextian reforms?
The office of consul now opened to plebeians The office of praetor was created The office of consul was fixed as the highest office in Roman government
How was the right to be king passed down among the Silvan kings?
The oldest son of the previous king was the legitimate heir
How was the right to be king passed down among the Silvan kings?
The oldest son of the previous king was the legitimate heir.
What was the Pact of Brundisium? What did it determine, and with what marriage did it secure its arrangements? What about the Pact of Misenum? How did Antony fare with his campaign in Parthia?
The pact of Brundisium came about to settle affairs between Antony and Octavian after Octavian invaded Gaul. Antony married Octavian's sister, Octavia to seal the deal. Octavian got control of the West and Antony got the East. Lepidus got a raw deal and only got Africa, a signal of his relative weakness. The marriage between Octavia and Antony is significant because we commonly see marriage as a deal settler for pacts. The pact of Misenum between Octavian and Sextus Pompey Sextus Pompey would gain control of Sicily, Sardinia, and the Greek Peloponnese, he would be offered a consulship, and Octavian married a relative of his, Scribonia. "In 36, Antony set out against Parthia aft the head of 16 legions and many other troops. He did penetrate successfully deep into Media, but then his ally the King of Armendia panicked and with drew vital calvary support. So Antony was driven back with the devastating loss of as much as one-third of his army. Roman opinon naturally contrasted his stunning defeat here to Octavian's victories over Sextus Pompey in the same year, an extraordinary reversal of both men's military reputations to date." (Boatwright 1st ed, 178)
What role did debt play in perpetuating the tensions between patricians and plebeians? Describe the situation with Livy's debtor. How does he exemplify the situation for many plebeians in the 5th century BCE? What is significant about the fact that Livy's veteran has all his war wounds on the front of his body?
The patricians kept punishing the plebeians because none of them could repay their debts. This was because when they were at war the patricians would take all the plebs property as payment for their debts.The debtor comes home from war and is completely broke because the patricians have taken all his property as debt payment. He says his children have suffered because they could not fend for themselves when he was off at war. He calls for changes to be made about debt for soldiers who are off fighting. People gather in the streets to voice support for the plebs and debt changes. He was a brave and valiant warrior because he was only wounded on the front of his body. He never fled.
Which of the following was true about the patron/client relationship? Mark all correct answers.
The patron/client relationship was an old tie of dependency that can be traced back to the rise of the city state and the separation of elites from other members of society. The patrons were the wealthy who could grant protection and favors to their clients. The clients would then serve the patrons -- in war, or in repayment of their debt. Debt was an important part of this relationship, because clients often remained indebted to their patrons, and had to keep serving them in various ways to repay this debt.
How was peace brokered in the conflict between the Romans and the Sabines?
The peace was brokered by Romulus' wife, Hersilia, in the first instance. Rather than the bloodshed preferred by the men in the story, the women intervened and allowed for the peaceful merging of the two communities.
• Name two participants in the triumphal procession, apart from the general and his troops. Why were the troops and crowd permitted to shout curses at the triumphant general? Name two types of monuments that generals had built to commemorate their victories.
The people were allowed to shout obscenities at the general to remind him that he is still human and subject to the free speech of the people. (Kept the general humble) Other participants in the procession included Lictors wearing purple tunics that preceded the general, men who had served on the campaign, such as secretaries, aides, and armor-bearers, musicians such as trumpeters, a chorus of harpists and pipers, and a number of incense bearers. The Senate awarded the triumph The other participant was a captured person of prominence from the peoples that Rome had conquered, they were paraded around the city during the triumph and killed. A votive temple was one that was vowed to a god or goddess by a military commander prior to battle. If he emerged victorious then he would construct the temple. An example of a votive temple included the Largo di Torre Argentina. Ex: Pompey made the theatre, which was the grand monument to celebrate his victories
• Give an example of how Italian communities unified against Rome in the Social War. What kind of weaknesses did they suffer from? How did Rome further destabilize the Italian war effort?
The peoples of central and southern Apennines formed the largest concentration of rebels. (Notably, the Samnites and Lucanians were very extreme as well.) Very quickly they established a capital at Corfinium (renamed Italica) with their own magistrates and senate. A weakness was that many communities participated for a short amount of time or not at all. A lot of areas chose to stay loyal to Rome, so the rebels were outnumbered and had less resources and finances.
• What role did debt play in perpetuating the tensions between patricians and plebeians? Describe the situation with Livy's debtor. How does he exemplify the situation for many plebeians in the 5th century BCE? What is significant about the fact that Livy's veteran has all his war wounds on the front of his body?
The plebeians were in a constant cycle of debt to the patricians because of the patron/client system. Livy's debtor, a war veteran, had honorably served, but lost his land and family and was beaten as a slave, able to show those recent marks along side his battle scars. This exemplifies the situation of many plebeians because they were in debt to and mistreated by the patricians.
• Who were the plebeians? How are they distinguished from the patricians?
The plebians were a non-homogenous group, both poor and rich, who were not patricians. Patricians descended from the lineage of the patres, the original senators in Rome.
How did the plebeians respond when the Volscians attacked Rome? What did Servilius promise the plebeians? Why didn't he follow through on his promise?
The plebs refused to enroll to fight against the Volscii on account of their grievances (succession). The senate dispatched the consul Servilius to deal with the issue. Servilius assembled the people, and placated them initially with decrees relieving the some of the more severe hardships of debt, and also with promises of further consideration of the problems of debt after the war. The people, placated, gathered to swear the military oath and soon afterwards Servilius led the Roman army from the city and pitched camp a short distance from the enemy. He broke his promise because the senate refused to consider it.
What was prorogation? What was its function? Why was it necessary?
The procedure of extending the terms of some officials. --It addressed the problems of the constant campaign --It allowed officeholders to finish what they started during their term since the terms were so short (usually one year)
What role did libertas play in the transition to a republic? What kinds of status and rights does libertas refer to in Latin?
The public could now speak without being punished. freedom of speech, free will
• Who were the publicani? What jobs did they do in the period immediately post-Punic Wars? How did they come to serve as tax collectors in the provinces?
The publicani were private contractors. They were first needed as suppliers of resources to the militia and also to oversee construction within the city. They came to serve as tax collectors in the provinces by bidding on a particular region. The censor gave them their contracts. Cicero says that they are a blight on the land.
In what ways did the Etruscans influence the Romans? Give three examples.
The rise of the Italian city state, the character of Italian elites, and new practices with warfare.
• How was the tyrannical character of the decemvirs revealed?
The rule became more tyrannical as they turned to bribery and abused the Romans. The Decemvirs were protected by 12 body guards and the fasces, however they refused to leave their office. Verginia was abducted, and Rome was pissed.
What is the Pomerium?
The sacred boundary around the city center.
What was the "Second Triumvirate"? How did it differ from the "First Triumvirate"? Under what circumstances was it formed, and what were its immediate goals and actions? Consequences of the Battle of Philippi?
The second Triumvirate was a legally established, constitutionally based alliance (in contrast to the first triumvirate) composed of Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus. They reconciled and formed an alliance after Octavian became consul to "restore the state" for five years. The immediate goals were to able to make laws without approval of the senate. The immediate goals would be to pursue and punish Caesar's assassins. They resorted to proscriptions and land confiscations in order to pay men, as Sulla had. Cicero died as a result o these proscriptions. Consequences: "In the first battle, Brutus wiped out three of Octavian's legions and captured his camp, while troops under Cassius' command were so decisively routed by Antony that he committed suicide." Brutus then killed himself faced Antony in the second battle. Antony stayed in the east as a reward to settle affairs there. Octavian returned to Rome to settle his veterans, however riots there broke out in Civil war.
• What event provoked Rome into a second war with Carthage? Did the Romans have a reasonable basis for declaring war on the Carthaginians?
The seige of Saguntum, which was against the peace treaty, and Rome said they were supposed to protect saguntum. It is unclear whether or not the romans were really supposed to protect saguntum, and if they were then yes they had a reasonable ground for war, but if not, they were being overly cautious.
• What happened when Caesar tried to propose land distribution legislation? How did Caesar outmaneuver the senate's protests of Caesar's land distribution? What happened to his co-consul during the vote?
The senate was completely against any land redistribution. The Senate resorted to filibuster tactics to stop the passage of the reforms. In his frustration, Caesar resolved to ignore the senate and to bring the the proposal directly to the Tribal assembly for a vote. Bibulus believed it would be best to just give notice that on each day when it was lawful for an assembly to meet, he would be watching the sky for omens, which would automatically invalidate any assembly. Caesar fixed a day for the vote regardless. On the day of the vote, the Fasces of Bibulus' lictors were destroyed and poop was flung at him. With Bibulus out of the way, the law passed.
• What was the primary function of the Roman Senate, and how was this function limited? Beyond this function, give two examples of how the Senate might ensure that its will was followed.
The senate was largely advisory, but had some leeway in making sure what they deemed important got done. Functions of the senate: Allocate funds to magistries to advise the people and magistrates on courses of action To extend magistracies when necessary to award triumphs to victorious commanders to determine priorities of magistrates The senate could do certain things to coerce magistrates to do their will: Refuse to allocate an important task to a magistrate Refuse to extend magistracy after its term declare a religious fault in a magistrates action encourage tribune of the plebs to veto a measure casting a magistrate into political isolation refusing to fund a magistrates projects refusing to grant a victorious general a triumph
• What was the object of dispute between Rome and Carthage? What role did Syracuse play in bringing Rome into war against Carthage?
The straits of messina, which syracuse wanted control over, so they called on Rome to help them.
• Who allied with the Samnites against Rome in the 3rd Samnite War? What significance did Rome's victory in this war have? What territory did Rome control by the end of the 3rd Samnite war?
The umbrians, gauls, samnites, and etruscans allied against Rome. The Roman victory made Rome the most powerful city in Italy, and they gained all of italy by the end of the war
Explain how Romulus and Remus were descended from Aeneas.
Their mother was Rhea Silva, daughter of Numitor, a Silvan king. Silvan kings descended from the founder of Alba Longa, Ascanius, Aeneas' son.
Name 3 ways that elites distinguished themselves from others.
Their tombs were marked much differently than others, also marked with strong military ornamentation, elites would have rare and prestige items.
Give an example from Livy that shows Tarquin behaving like a tyrant and not acting in the best interests of the people.
There are numerous examples of Tarquin's tyrannical behavior: he had the supporters of Servius Tullius killed; he arranged for the execution of Turnus for speaking out against him; he instructed Sextus, his son, to have the leading men of Gabii executed; he abused Roman citizens (in the construction of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, for example).
Why did Romulus murder Remus?
There are two versions: 1) after the auspices were seen, Remus and Romulus' followers both saluted their masters as kings. This upset the two groups and they began fighting. Remus was killed in the fight by Romulus. 2) Remus was taunting Romulus by jumping over the half built walls of the new settlement. Out of anger, Romulus killed Remus.
• Give two examples of evidence of Rome's growing wealth during the 2nd century BC.
There was a building boom, and the wealthy started constructing large villas which were decorated with intricate frescoes and mosaics. Latifundia-Large plots of land with slaves became common
• What new opportunities were there for Roman elites after the Punic Wars? Give examples of one opportunity in the political-administrative sphere, and one in the economic sphere.
There was a large influx of wealth, which allowed the new elite to buy land and start using slaves to farm. The Punic Wars allowed for ambitious citizens to move up in rank in the cursus honorum and become the first in their family to become part of the senatorial aristocracy.
• Why was the Roman sack of Veii significant? How did the Romans treat the citizens of Veii?
They allowed the citizens to keep their own government and didn't even impose taxes, just collected soldiers for military.
What did the censor do?
They assigned all citizens to centuries based on their wealth.
Describe how Rome dealt with cities in Campania after the 1st Samnite War. What sorts of relationships did those cities (and their citizens) have with Rome? What happened to cities that resisted Roman rule?
They become municipia (suburbs) and maintained their local governance depending on agreement with the city. The cities that resisted Roman rule lost control of governance, would become enslaved peoples, and have land occupied by colonists.
What special power did the Tribune of the Plebs have?
They could convene senate
What was the importance to the Straits of Messina?
They enabled trade between the eastern and western mediterranean
Why did the young nobles want to restore the Tarquins power?
They felt that they had a better prospect with a king in power
How did Romulus and Remus decide who would be the king of their new city? What is this process called?
They left the decision up to the tutelary gods. Remus was the first to see a sign, 6 vultures, but Romulus saw 12 after Remus made his sight known. The process is called Augury.
What happened at the Battle of Cannae? What was its aftermath?
They lost a huge battle at Cannae. Hannibal used a crescent formation and enveloped the Roman army and won, despite having less man power than the Roman Army. rome lost 1/3 of its Senators and 80,000 soldiers.
Which of the following was a practice adopted by elite Romans in archaic Italy?
They participated in dinner parties
What role did the senate play in the selection of the king of Rome?
They ratified the vote of the citizens
What role did the senate play in the selection of the king of Rome?
They ratified the vote of the citizens.
How do the plebeians respond to the Volscans attack on Rome?
They refuse to fight.
How did the plebians respond to the Volscian attack on Rome?
They refused to fight
ow did the plebeians respond when the Volscians attacked Rome? What did Servilius promise the plebeians? Why didn't he follow through on his promise? Is he morally responsible for his broken promise?
They refused to fight until their grievances were addressed (a.k.a. secession). Servilius promised to not imprison an active soldier, not have their property taken away from them, and the children and grandchildren of the soldier were to not be harassed. His fellow consul and others at Rome blocked him and prevented him from passing any laws.
How did Romulus and Remus decide who would be the king of their new city? What is this process called? What was the outcome? Why was it difficult to interpret?B
They turned it over to the auspices. It is called augury (taking the auspices). Remus sees six vultures on the Aventine Hill. Romulus sees twelve vultures after Remus has already seen his six.They couldn't decide who won because although Remus saw his first, Romulus saw more than Remus. Since they didn't have an augur, it was hard to interpret which was more important: seeing first or seeing more.
How did Romulus and Remus attempt to resolve their disagreement over who would become king? Why did their efforts fail?
They turned to the practice of augury (see next slide); it failed because they did not decide ahead of time on how to interpret different omens. Specifically, should the right to found the city go to the brother who saw the birds first? or who saw a greater number of birds?
How did Romulus and Remus attempt to resolve their disagreement over who would become king? Why did their efforts fail?
They used the method of augury, however, Remus saw 6 birds first, but Romulus saw 12 birds, and since they couldn't figure out how to interpret the two omens. Specifically should the city go to who saw the birds first or who saw the greater number?
ow did a Roman audience view the embellishment of historical events and actions?
They viewed it as entertainment. Readers didn't expect facts, they expected details made up from stories. In essence they were more concerned with LITERATURE than history.
• How did the plebeians respond when the Volscians attacked Rome? What did Servilius promise the plebeians? Why didn't he follow through on his promise?
They went into secession and refused to fight for the Romans. Servilius had to promise debt relief, but he wasn't a plebeian and didn't care, and he didn't have the rest of the senates approval, so he didn't follow through.
Why did Brutus and his cousins travel to Greece, to consult the Delphic Oracle (1 pt)? Who, according to the oracle, would be the next king of Rome (1 pt)? How did Brutus interpret this at the time/what did Brutus do after hearing the answer (1 pt)? Describe how this oracle was eventually fulfilled (2 pts).
They went to Greece to consult the oracle at Delphi about several omens. The next king would be the first to kiss his mother. Brutus understood this to mean Mother Earth. He pretended to trip and kissed the ground. When Brutus became consul, he was, in effect, the next ruler of Rome, thus fulfilling the oracle. This story gives Brutus's exile of the Tarquins an aura of destiny--it was what the gods wanted.
• Who were the publicani? What was their function?
They were a group of private mercenaries who delivered supplies to armies far away.
• What were the Licinian-Sextian reforms? Name two things that resulted from them.
They were a group of reforms that resulted in more rights for the plebeians in the government. The laws required that one consul be a pleb, and fixed consulship as the highest position as well as they created te position of Praetor.
How closely connected were the cities in Latium in the late 6th/early 5th century? What common features did they have? Under what circumstances did they come together?
They were all politically independent, but gave each other rights to own land, intermarry, citizenship, legal contracts, and came together for festivals. In addition, to all of this, they formed a loose military alliance known as the "latin league" response to attacks by the Hill Tribe.
• What role did Brutus' son play in the conspiracy of the young nobles? How did Brutus respond?
They were amongst the conspirators against the republic. He had them put to death along with the rest of the aristocratic youth who rebeled and tryed to bring back in Tarquin.
How did the sons of Brutus die
They were beheaded on their father's order for treason against Rome
How did the sons of Brutus die?
They were beheaded on their father's order for treason against Rome
Why was iron preferable to bronze for the production of tools and weapons?
They were cheaper and of better quality and also more plentiful. The iron forged weapons are also harder and retain edge better.
What role did Brutus' son play in the conspiracy of the young nobles? How did Brutus respond?
They were convinced by the tarquins to overthrow the Republic and reinstate Tarquin as king. Brutus treated his sons as he did the rest of the conspirators; his sons were stripped, beaten, and beheaded (shows that he cares for Rome, even if family were to be involved).
Why did Aeneas and his men leave Troy?
They were exiled after the sack of Troy by the Greeks- c. 1200 BC (Greeks set Troy on fire in pursuit and anger over Helen; Paris, a Trojan prince stole helen, a beautiful greek woman) They sailed west with other exiles in search of a new homeland
• Why did Aeneas and his men leave Troy?
They were forced out after the Trojan War.
Who were the publican and what role did they play in Roman administration?
They were private contractors who arranged for supplies and weapons to reach armies in distant provinces.
Who were the publicani? What was their function?
They were private contractors who collected taxes.
What were the Licinian-Sextian reforms? Name two things that resulted from them.
They were reforms in 367/6 BC that established consulship as highest office in the land, opened consul ship to plebeians, created a new ruling class of a combination of plebs and patricians called the nobiles, and created the office of praetor which ranked beneath consulship in importance. Praetors were the leading officials in Rome when the consuls were on campaign. The reforms passed a sweep of legislation, but in particular established the consulship as the highest office in the land, and -- importantly -- opened the consulship to plebeians, who up to that point had been barred from the office
How did Rome treat Spain after the 2nd Punic War? What tactics did they use to "Romanize" the native inhabitants?
They weren't quite sure what to do with Spain; it was governed by 2 praetors; they exploited Spain's natural resources. --intermarriage, settling war veterans there.
• In what seasons did the Romans conduct military campaigns? Who led the army?
They worked in the spring and summer, after planting and before harvest. The consul led the army.
Why were the Carthaginians forced to abandon Sicily? Why was it significant that Rome controlled Sicily and Sardinia after the 1st Punic War?
This was in the peace treaty. They controlled all the trade routes.
• Give a brief account of the family of the Gracchi. Does this background make Tiberius and Gaius noble, or did they come from a humble background? How did Tiberius' early military experiences color his later attitude towards the Senate?
Tiberius Gracchus came from a wealthy and powerful family. His family had been consuls many times and a censor as well. His mother, Cornelia, was the daughter of Scipio Africanus who won the war against Hannibal. He was noble from the highest order. Tiberius saved a large army of Romans in Numantia by striking up a treaty with the Numantines, successfully saving many. The Senate didn't like his actions because it made them look like losers of war- and they refused to honor the treaty when Tiberius got back from Numantia. Tiberius was embarrassed and humiliated by the Senate, but he did gain huge support of the people.
• What event drove senators to violence against Tiberius? What did they accuse Tiberius of doing? Who led this charge, and under what authority?
Tiberius claimed that he was running for reelection as tribune which was illegal. (He was only trying to seek safety because he feared that he was going to get prosecuted.) Story goes that Tiberius signaled to his head that he was in danger but Scipio Nasica and the elites interpreted this as him trying to claim the crown. This led to his demise. Scipio Nasica, the pontifex maximus, led this charge. (Under what authority though?)
• Why did Tiberius Gracchus feel it necessary to reform the process of distributing public land to citizens? What arguments did Tiberius make to persuade Romans to support his land reform legislation? Who opposed Tiberius' proposal, and what institution in Rome represented the interests of this group?
Tiberius proposed a law to reorganize control of public land. He proposed to actually enforce the law that already existed so that no one could hold anything more than 300 acres (500 iugera) and establish a commission for distributing it throughout the people. He viewed the reforms as necessary to address military enrollment qualifications, lower the risk of a slave uprising, and to relieve poverty. The Senate opposed Tiberius' proposal because a lot of the Senate were large landholders and would be affected negatively if his proposal was approved (Greedy bastards.. lol).
What oath did Lucretia make Brutus swear?
To avenge her death by punishing her adulterer
Why did Romulus murder Remus?
To be king of the new found settlement.
• How did you become a senator, and how long was a senator's "term of office"? What rules were there governing a senator's status and conduct, and who oversaw these rules? What was the consequence of violating these rules?
To become a senator you must have already held office. The membership was lifelong, as long as they weren't convicted of a crime or of some moral failing. It was the job of the censor to monitor the senate's actions. If convicted, they would be expelled from the senate. Morality requirement!
How did Sextus interpret his father's gesture of knocking heads off of poppies?
To bing about the deaths of the leading citizens of Gabii
How did Sextus interpret his father's gesture of knocking heads off poppies?
To bring about the deaths of the leading citizens in Gabii
Why did Brutus and the sons of Tarquin the Proud travel to Delphi?
To consult the oracle about recent omens
Why was Fabius the Delayer appointed dictator?
To fight Hannibal after the Roman defeat at Lake Trasimene
Why did Mucius Scaevola enter the camp of Lars Porsenna?
To kill him
What does it mean to pass under the yoke? Under what circumstances did this happen? Name one instance where the Roman army went under the yoke.
To pass under the yoke was a practice where the defeated enemies were tied up, stripped, and forced to walk under a wooden beam like bulls/oxen do when pulling a load in a public humiliation event. The Romans had to go under the yoke after the Battle of Caudine Forks during the 2nd Samnite War. However, Romans adapted a new fighting style, manipular, from this practice.
According to Livy, why was an embassy from the exiled Tarquins sent to Rome?
To recover the Tarquin's property
According to Livy, why was an embassy from the exiled Tarquins sent to Rome
To recover the Tarquins property
What was the purpose of augury?
To sanction a course of action
• What was the function of the office of the dictator?
To serve in times of war and need, for up to 6 months.
Why did King Latinus give his daughter Lavinia to Aeneas in marriage?
To strengthen the peace treaty with Aeneas
Why was Fabius Cunctator appointed dictator?
To take on Hannibal after the slaughter at Lake Trasimene
Why do you think Phoenician and Greek trade was such an important factor in political and cultural development in Iron Age Italy?
Trade brought upon improvement in material items (i.e. wealth) Advances in technology (i.e. writing) Ideas (i.e. the concept for political and social organization, one of the most important of these was the idea for the city-state can specifically be linked to trade with the Greeks and Phoenicians)
• What was the key change influencing the political climate of the 60s BC? Briefly characterize this climate, and give an example of a dangerous new or restored factor in Republican government.
Tribunes gained the power to move up the cursus honorum again. With this, there would be more competitiveness between the tribunes and more motive to succeed and try to gain a higher political status.
Where was Aeneas from?
Troy
Where was Aeneas originally from?
Troy
Where was Aeneas from?
Troy context: He fled Italy at the end of Trojan War when city was destroyed by Greeks
True or false: Servius Tullius oversaw a massive reform of Roman voting procedures.
True
True or false: Villanovan culture is associated with the introduction of ironworking in Italy, especially Etruria.
True
True or false: many elites in the period of the early city-state adopted habits of displaying their status from Greece and the Near East.
True
True or false: Villanovan culture is associated with the introduction of ironworking in Italy, especially Etruria.
True context: evidence of the first iron-forging technology first appeared in the Villanova estate and Villanovan culture.
True or false: many elites in the period of the early city-state adopted habits of displaying their status from Greece and the Near East.
True context: the elites copied the Greeks and Phoenicians who additionally also supplied them with rare/prestigious items
T/F The municipia were required to serve in Roman military, regardless of their citizenship.
True.
Who ran over her father's corpse with her chariot
Tullia
What horrendous act was committed by Tullia? Who was she?
Tullia, the daughter of Servius Tullius who married Tarquinius Superbus, ran over her father's corpse after encouraging his assassination
• Why did Turnus start a war with Aeneas and the Latins? Who was Turnus' ally? How did Turnus die?
Turnus was allied with Mezentius, and died when Aeneus killed him. He started a war over Lavinia.
Why did Turnus start a war with Aeneas and the Latins? Who was Turnus' ally? How did Turnus die?
Turnus was upset that he did not get to marry Latinus' daughter because before Aeneas showed up, Turnus was going to marry Lavinia (Latinus' daughter). Mezentius (Etruscan king) was Turnus' ally. Turnus kills Pallas, Aeneas' ward; Aeneas then challenges Turnus to one-on-one combat, and eventually holds him in submission.
first Roman law code
Twelve Tables
Who was the Praetorian Guard? Who was the head of the Praetorian Guard in the early part of Tiberius' reign? What role did he play? What were maiestas trials, and how did they expand under Tiberius' reign?
Under Augustus, the praetorian guard served as official palace bodyguards.The Praetorian Guard's proximity power and his influence under the Principate is seen as very strong. -- It was Sejanus who was the head of the Praetorian Guard in the early part of Tiberius' reign. When Sejanus became Praetorian Prefect, he cultivated a close relationship with Tiberius and became his advisor and trusted second in command. He was able to use that trust to seize a great deal of power for himself, especially while Tiberius was away from Rome. --The Maistas trials were treason trials. Maiestas trials increased in frequency and scope while Tiberius was away in Capri. The punishment was death and confiscation of property.
Under what circumstances did the Roman use a dictator? How long was a dictator's term?
Under emergency circumstances only; either 6 months or until the end of emergency; whichever was shorter could be reappointed for additional terms
Who was Valerius? What is his nickname?
Valerias was the first co-consul of Brutus, and his name was Publicola, meaning people's friend.
Why were Romans suspicious that Valerius wanted to be king? How did he alleviate their suspicions? What punishment did Valerius create for those who conspired to restore monarchy? What nickname did Valerius earn for his efforts?
Valerius, who was a consul with Brutus, did not appoint a successor and built his house on top of a hill (top of the Velia). Valerius realizing that he could not have a taste for monarchy moved his house off the hill to the base of the hill so they can live above him and makes a great speech reassuring the Romans that he has no intentions of a monarchy. Those convicted of conspiracy lose their civil rights. He was given the nickname Publicola, which means "cultivator of the Latin people". (in Livy it says it means People's Friend)
• Why did Cicero bring Verres to trial? Where did he govern? Alongside Verres, whose presence did Cicero think was particularly pernicious in that province?
Verres was brought to trial because of corruption and bribery. Verres governed Sicily. Cicero believed the publicani were acting out by collecting more payment than what was due.
• What period and geographic location does the term "Villanovan" refer to? Name 2 features of Villanovan settlements.
Villanovan is the iron age culture in Etruria and Campania. They had large settlements, and consistented on clustered interal organization without elaborate social systems.
What was the procedure for conducting a vote?
Voting was conducted by century, starting with the richest. The outcome was often decided before the poorest centuries were given a chance to vote.
Which was NOT true of the office of pontiff in Rome?
Was elected every 5 years (served for life)
Who were the original first two consuls of Rome?
When Brutus overthrew the monarchy and founded the Republic, he was elected by the people as one of the two consuls -- the magistrates who had the highest power in Rome. There were two of them, to protect Rome from falling under the rule of one man again -- Brutus' co-consul was Collatinus. However, Brutus urged Collatinus to resign, since he was connected to the Tarquins by name.
• Why did Rome get involved in a third military conflict with Carthage? What was its outcome? Do you think Rome's actions were justified?
When Carthage finally declared war on the numidians, allies of Rome who had been pestering them, Rome stepped in and destroyed carthage, even sowing their fields with salt. The extent of Roman action is not justifiable because the Carthaginians were working in defense, however, they did break the treaty of the second war
According to Livy, when is a monarchy an appropriate form of government?
When a state is newly formed
When did the Romans discover the head of an unidentified man?
When digging the foundation for the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
When was the Roman army forced to go under the yoke?
When it lost a battle to Samnite forces at the Caudine Forks
How was Aeneas received by the native Latins in Larentum? What are the two versions that Livy provides about the peace negotiation between Aeneas and Latinus. How does Latinus strengthen the peace treaty with Aeneas?
When the Trojans first arrive, the Latins initially came out of their cities/settlements to protect and defend themselves from invaders. Aeneas either battles King Latinus and beats him and the two make a treaty through Aeneas marrying his daughter OR the same thing happens without the fight because Latinus parlays for peace before. King Latinus Give Aeneas his daughter to marry.
How did Carthage's founder and key figure in Rome's foundation mythology meet, and what happened next?
While Aeneas was on his way founding Italy, he was warmly and hospitably welcomed in the city of Carthage by its founder, Quean Dido. Dido and Aeneas fall in love and during a storm, seem to consummate their love and even get married. However, only Dido thinks they are married, Aeneas does not think so. Aeneas then continues on his voyage to Italy and Dido kills herself and demands eternal hostility between Carthage and the descendants of Aeneas, the Romans.
• Why did Caesar want to form an alliance with Pompey? What did Pompey get out of such an alliance? What did Caesar do in order to further strengthen his alliance with Pompey?
With an alliance with Pompey, Caesar would have the necessary funds to run for the consulship, which would allow him to renew his provincial assignment in Gaul. With Caesar as consul, Pompey would get the land for his veterans and the ratification of his eastern settlements. Caesar further strengthened his alliance with Pompey by giving Pompey his daughter, Julia, to marry.
In what seasons did the Romans conduct military campaigns? Who led the army?
With the consul leading the army the romans conducted military campaigns before harvest until the onset of winter: spring/summer. Armies led by consuls.
• Why did Caesar, Crassus and Pompey meet in Luca? Who else was part of that meeting? Why Luca? What was decided at Luca?
With their enemies now poised to exploit any rifts emerging between them , the Triumvirs soon resolved to renew their pact with fresh measure for their security. The Senators of Rome were also a part of this meeting. Luca was a city in southern Cisalpine Gaul, the province that Caesar was governing. It was the farthest south that he could go without putting down his imperium, or command, for that province. It was decided at Luca that Pompey and Crassus would be the Consuls. Thereafter, with the help of supportive tribunes, Pompey and Crassus would arrange major, long-term commands for themselves and at the same time would extend Caesars term in Gaul. Also, unequivocal loyalty would be demanded of Clodius, and Cicero would be reminded about the pledge of good behavior he had given on return from his exile.
Which of the following is NOT a source of evidence for the history of early Rome?
Written historical texts that date to Romulus's era
In what seasons did the Romans conduct military campaigns? Who led the army?
Yearly campaigns were led by the consuls. Campaigns were led before the grain harvest (summer).
According to Livy, who held the view that the objectivity of law was good for the poor, but bad for the great men who ventured beyond mediocrity?
Young aristocrats in Rome
According to Livy, who held the view that the objectivity of law was good for the poor but bad for great men who ventured beyond mediocrity?
Young aristocrats of Rome
Scipio Africanus defeated Hannibal decisively in 202 BCE in this African city
Zama
Scipio defeated Hannibal decisively in 202 BCE in this African city.
Zama
• What role did the distribution of new citizens into voting tribes play in Marius' plan to seize power from Sulla? Who was Sulpicius Rufus and what deal did he make with Marius? Why was command over the war against Mithridates so desirable?
____________ Sulpicius was a tribune who was an advocate for full voting rights for the new citizens. He made a deal with Marius saying that if Sulpicius gave Marius command against Mithridates, he would rally the influential equites in return for Sulpicius' proposal. Command over the war against Mithridates meant that Marius got to embarrass Sulla as well as trying to regain military glory.
What form of governance replaced the monarchy at Rome?
a Republic governed by elected officials
who was Regulus?
a Roman consul and military leader
Who ruled Rome immediately after Romulus's death?
a group of 10 men who ruled for five days at a time
Who were the Decemvirs?
a group of men who produced the first written law code in Rome
What was discovered when the foundations for the temple to Jupiter Optimus Maximus were dug? a fully intact corpse of an infant a bronze she-wolf a human head the hut of Romulus a golden lion
a human head
how was Hannibal able to undermine Roman power in the early years of the war, and what do you think was decisive in Rome's counterattack and eventual victory?
a major part of Hannibal's success rests squarely on his extraordinary talent as a commander, capable of reading complex situations with an eye to both the short- and long-term consequences of his strategies. his decision to invade Italy by land was a great shock to the Romans, who struggled to offer meaningful resistance, leading to the loss at Cannae. however, Rome's reliance on its imperial network in Italy (and, later, in Spain and Numidia) made it better suited to the realities of a long-term struggle with Hannibal, even at the risk of short-term defections, devastation to its economy, and untold casualties. Scipio's success in Spain was also important in disrupting Hannibal's supply lines; it is probably important that he was able to operate with a degree of independence both in Spain and in Sicily in advance of the climactic invasion of Africa.
What was discovered when the foundations for the Temple of Jupiter were dug?
a man's head
Straits of Messina?
a narrow pass between Italy and Sicily
Who governed Roman provinces?
a praetor.
What event caused Carthage to hand over Sardinia?
a revolt of their unpaid mercenary armies
Who raised Romulus and Remus?
a shepherd and his wife
Who raised Romulus and Remus? nobody - they lived off the land and raised themselves an Etruscan king a shepherd and his wife a she-wolf Amulius
a shepherd and his wife
Who raised Romulus and Remus?
a shepherd and his wife. She-Wolf also initially sucked them.
What happened after Amulius ordered Romulus and Remus to be drowned? Mark all correct answers:
a shepherd rescued the boys and raised them they were suckled by a she-wolf
What omen finally prompted Tarquin to dispatch an embassy to the Delphic oracle?
a snake emerging from a crack in a wooden pillar
included in Servilius' edict
a soldier's property and/or land could not be taken while he was away on campaign a Roman citizen could not be prevented from serving in the military the children and grandchildren of a soldier were not to be harassed
what was the corvus?
a type of bridge that the Romans deployed to board Carthaginian ships
Po river valley
a wide basin with fertile land ideal for planting. It's located roughly in the top-left of Italy right below the Alps
11. In depicting human figures, what forms and style did Etruscan sculptors favor?
a. Etruscan sculptors depicted their human figures in a lively manner, with plenty of interaction and dynamic gestures to indicate conversation. They favored bronze-casting. The sculptures are usually realistic, yet generic.
2. In what way does the Etruscan temple differ from the Greek temple?
a. Etruscan temples were not meant to be seen as a sculptural mass from all directions, as Greek temples were. Unlike Greek temples, which were made of the more stable medium of stone, Etruscan temples were made of wood and mud brick. Entrance was only possibly through a narrow staircase at the center of the front of the temple. Etruscan columns were usually at the front of the building to create a deep porch, while Greek columns were placed symmetrically. Etruscan temples also typically had three cellas, and placed life-size narrative terracotta statuary on the roofs of their temples, not in their pediments.
6. What was the general mood of the paintings found in earlier Etruscan tombs?
a. Etruscan tomb paintings generally gave off a lively and dynamic mood. The figures are shown interacting with each other, gesturing with their hands to emphasize conversation.
9. Describe Etruscan necropoli and their location.
a. Etruscan tombs, called tumuli, constituted a veritable city of the dead called the necropolis. Etruscans established a clear separation of the living and the dead, and necropoli usually built in rural areas, away from the living. The houses for the dead were arranged on avenues and streets.
15. How do these works (fig. 6-5 & 6-13) reflect the status of women in Etruscan Society?
a. Etruscan women were generally freer and more independent than women of other civilizations at the time. Many were literate, and they were allowed to own property and attend banquets. In the Reclining Couples Sarcophagus, the husband and wife share the same banqueting couch, reflecting their status as near equals. The Ficoroni Cista was given to a noblewoman by her daughter. It is a symbol of the sthe status of woman and it is a luxury item
8. Briefly describe the role of women in Etruscan society.
a. Etruscan women were generally freer and more independent than women of other civilizations at the time. They were generally literate, and were allowed to attend banquets and sporting events with men. Etruscan women were allowed to own property and retain their own names after marriage.
3. What is granulation and how is it used?
a. Granulation is the fusing of tiny metal balls to a metal surface. It is used as decoration on jewelry, like fibula.
4. How do Etruscan sarcophagi reflect the attitude of Etruscan society?
a. In Etruscan sarcophagi, the figures repeat the liveliness of the living through facial expression and gestures. This shows that the Etruscans celebrated death as a joyful eternal banquet.
13. How do Reclining Couple Sarcophagus and Sarcophagus of Lars Pulena (fig. 6-5 & 6-15) reflect their periods?
a. In the Reclining Couple Sarcophagus, the image of a husband and wife sharing the same banqueting couch reflects the relative freedom and independent spirit of Etruscan women. The mood is lively and joyful, reflecting the high point of Etruscan power in Italy. The Sarcophagus of Lars Pulena, created during when all of Italy had been Romanized, has a very different, somber mood.
10. How did the sarcophagus of Lars Pulena reflect contemporary Etruscan society?
a. Lars Pulena is shown proudly displaying a list of his life's achievements on an open scroll, which reflects the Etruscan society's high sense of self-worth. His head is overall realistic, but generic. Its somber mood is symptomatic of the economic and political decline of the once-mighty Etruscan city-states due to Roman rule.
7. What kinds of objects have been found in Etruscan tombs?
a. Painted stucco reliefs were found covering the walls and piers of Etruscan tombs. Stools, mirrors, drinking cups, tools, beds, chairs with footstools, and other useful items serving as reminders of the houses of the living were discovered as well. Luxury items like the fibula were found in tombs as well.
12. How does the Porta Marzia (Gate of Mars) reflect Etruscan architectural practices?
a. The Porta Marzia has stone voussoirs, pilasters to frame its round opening, and sculpted half-figures of Jupiter and his two sons placed between the fluted pilasters. The presence of these three deities reflects the Roman practice of erecting triumphal arches.
16. How do these (fig. 6-7 & 6-8) relate to Etruscan housing?
a. The Tomb of the Shields and Chairs holds furniture, including beds, chairs with footstools, ceiling beams, etc. carved out of tufa. The Tomb of Reliefs is covered in painted stucco reliefs depicting household items and useful tools such as stools, mirrors, drinking cups, knives, etc. The interiors of the tombs are thought to underscore the connection between Etruscan houses of the dead and those of the living. The tools and household items also show sophistication to a certain degree.
14. How do the interiors of the Tomb of Hunting and Fishing and the Tomb of the Leopards describe the Etruscan psyche?
a. The interior of the Tomb of Hunting and Fishing depicts scenes of young men enjoying the pleasures of nature, while the interior of the Tomb of the Leopards shows a lively banquet. Both reflect the Etruscans' joyful psyche and celebratory attitudes toward having had a good life.
17. What is the significance of the Etruscan sculpture "Capitoline Wolf", as it relates to Rome?
a. The wolf is shown nursing the infants Romulus and Remus, founders of Rome. The statue was made for the new Roman Republic, and later became the new government's totem.
5. How does the portrait of Aule Metele or the Orator reflect on the climax of Etruscan society and art?
a. This life-size statue proves that Etruscan artists were experts at bronze-casting. The figure is shown in motion and is portrayed naturalistically, with depictions of old age.
1. What is tufa, and what effect did it have on the construction of Etruscan tombs?
a. Tufa is soft volcanic stone that is relatively easy to carve into. The Etruscans gauged out tufa in order to construct tumuli.
at what point in Roman history was the consulship opened to plebeians
after the Licinian-Sextian reforms
The battle of the Horatii and Curiatii took place during the conflict between rome and...
alba longa the place where Romulus and Remus were originally heirs to the throne.
Which of the following provisions was NOT included in Servilius edict?
all debts would be forgiven upon completion of 10 years of honorable military service
Who was Lars Porsenna? Mark all correct answers:
an Etruscan king an ally of the Tarquins
What is the Latin League?
an alliance formed to protect the cities from incursions by the hill tribes.
Why are graves so often such abundant sources of material evidence?
ancients, especially elites, were often buried with their most important possessions
• Give two examples of kinds of historical information archaeology can provide us with; and, one example of information that archaeology does not provide us with.
archaeological evidence tells us how a society lived and who they traded with, however it does not tell us descriptions of the society so we must interpret much about what we know.
What information can archaeology provide us with? What does it lack?
archaeology leaves us with evidence to reconstruct what life was like in these towns, like pottery, items in tombs of the wealthy, and weapons. However, we lack written accounts of their history, and we can only see evidence left by posts in foundation rather than actual living huts.
How did Romulus first attempt to provide wives for the male settlers of early Rome?
asked neighboring towns for the right of intermarriage.
how did Regulus die?
at least two of these are correct
evaluate the Roman treatment of Carthage after the peace treaty with Hamilcar. why did Rome seize Sardinia? was this fair?
athough Rome acquired Sicily as part of the peace terms with Hamilcar, it used the instability brought about by Carthage's mercenary uprising to seize Sardinia opportunistically; Sardinia was powerless to respond. Later Carthaginian accounts would cite this as the reason for its continuing hostility towards Rome. See Boatwright p. 61.
What ritual is humorously depicted in this cartoon? (picture of someone staring at bird in front of him) surveying the troops Romulus's funeral augury a military lookout bird sacrifice
augury
What are examples of Etruscan influence on early Roman culture?
augury, curule chair, purple-bordered toga
Which of the following are examples of likely Etruscan influence on early Roman culture?
augury, the curule chair, the purple-bordered toga
Why did Turnus form an alliance with the Etruscan king Mezentius against Aeneas?
because he was angry that Aeneas had married Lavinia, who had previously been promised to him
Why was Rhea Silvia forced to become a Vestal Virgin?
because her uncle did not want her to produce any children
why did the Roman army go "under the yoke"?
because it lost a battle to Samnite forces at the Caudine Forks
Numa Pompilius was known for: building the first wall around Rome being religious and closing the doors to the Temple of Janus passing the kingship onto his son integrating the Sabines into Roman society building the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
being religious and closing the doors to the Temple of Janus
Where were the Straits of Messina?
between Italy and Sicily
Numa Pompilius
bring the cult of the Vestal Virgins to Rome appoint a number of priests and pay close attention to religious ritual/honoring the gods create a new calendar build a Temple of Janus
For which of the following did Livy especially praise Numa Pompilius? bringing peace to Rome sacrificing a bull to Jupiter every day reigning for 50 years speaking 5 languages extending Roman territory deep into Etruria
bringing peace to Rome
What is Numa Pompilius known for?
bringing peace to Rome. He kept the doors to the Temple of Jupiter closed.
how were citizens in Ancient Rome generally divided into voting assemblies?
by wealth and geography
Camilus...
commanded the Roman sack of Veii defeated the Gauls after they sacked Rome was exiled by his political opponents
what was the significance of Rome controlling Sicily and Sardinia in addition to nearly all of Italy?
control of Sicily and Sardinia gave Rome control of two resource-rich territories that were essential trading outposts control of Sicily and Sardinia required Rome to commit to establishing a permanent military presence outside of Italy Sicily and Sardinia became Rome's first provinces control of Sicily and Sardinia deprived Carthage of important sources for natural resources as well as outposts for their trade in the Eastern Mediterranean
at the conclusion of the Samnite Wars, Rome:
controlled nearly all of Italy
what political dispute was affecting Rome during the hostilities with the Volscians?
debt
covered in the Twelve Tables...
debt the rights of the father over the household disputes over land ownership
why do you think a defeated general like Regulus was such an important figure in Roman accounts of the First Punic War? how does this compare to the story of Camillus and the Falerian schoolmaster?
despite losing in battle, Regulus is embodies idealized Roman virtues like courage, justice, and integrity. Romans would later recall stories like this to demonstrate Roman exceptionalism -- the idea that Romans deserved to possess a great empire because of their inherent moral superiority.
what position did Cincinnatus hold when he fought against the Aequi?
dictator
After she was raped, Lucretia: announced the crime demanded that her rape be avenged did two of these actions did all of these actions was killed by her husband
did two of these actions
during what time of the year did Roman armies go on campaign?
early spring after the crops were planted
• How did Rome treat Spain after the 2nd Punic War? What tactics did they use to "Romanize" the native inhabitants?
established veterans colonies and intermarried with locals, however they didn't really want to be there.
Who served in the Roman militaries during the punic wars?
every roman citizen, from elite to commoners. It was considered virtuous to serve.
plebeians were...
everyone who was not a patrician were not a homogenous group included both rich a poor
what attributes does Hannibal say should give the Carthaginians confidence that they will prevail against the Romans?
experience and solidarity hatred for the Romans
This commander's strategy during the 2nd punic war was the avoid major battles and engage in minor skirmishes
fabius maxiumus cunctator.
True or false: Brutus alone interpreted the Delphic Oracle incorrectly.
false
t/f? after Cannae, Hannibal planned to march north to sack Rome.
false
t/f? all voting tribes were the same size?
false
t/f? despite external threats, the Roman elites enjoyed harmonious relations with the common folk during the 5th century BCE.
false
t/f? during the First Punic War, the Romans were adept at naval warfare while the Carthaginians were better suited for land battles.
false
t/f? the Romans won a resounding victory against Hannibal at the Battle of Cannae.
false
t/f?from the time of Aeneas, the Latins were considered a unified political state.
false
what is the name given to the axe and bundle of rods held by this figure?
fasces
What is Libertas?
freedom of speech without repercussions
With whom did Romulus populate his city initially?
fugitives from other communities
With whom did Romulus populate his city initially?
fugitives from other communities context: Rome was made to be an asylum, "all of them wanting nothing but a fresh start" (Livy 40). But there was a lack of women for that reason.
• What role did Camillus play in the sack of Veii? In the war against the Gauls?
gained fame during the war against Sack of Veii, was exiled from Rome, then came back and saved them from the Gauls.
in what ways did the First Punic War render seasonal campaigning (on the ancient model of the soldier-farmer) obsolete? how did Romans adapt to meet these changes?
given the distance Romans now had to travel to their theaters of war, it was no longer possible or desirable to raise an army in the spring to be dismissed in time for the harvest: soldiers now expected to be garrisoned in distant lands during year-round campaigns (a trend that had been developing probably from the late 4th century BCE). this had two corollary effects: the rise of the professional soldier; and the army's dependence upon supplies, a need which was fulfilled by private contractors (publicani), who would play an increasingly prominent role in the maintenance of the Roman imperial economy. See Boatwright, pages 57-58.
apply to the municipia
had to serve in the Roman military could keep local forms of gov some were awarded Roman citizenship
What did Romulus say to Proculus in a vision?
hat Rome would be the capital of the world and nobody would ever conquer it
what does Fabius Maximus' nickname, the "delayer" (Cunctator), refer to?
he advocated skirmish strategies, delaying a full confrontration where possible
How did Romulus first try to find wives for the original settlers of Rome? he paid prostitutes to settle in Rome he attempted to negotiate the right of intermarriage with neighboring tribes he sent an embassy to southern Italy he tried to lure unsuspecting tribes to Rome by inviting them to tour the newly-built city he attacked a neighboring city
he attempted to negotiate the right of intermarriage with neighboring tribes
• How does Tarquin the Proud become king? How was this different from the way previous men had become king of Rome?
he believed kingship was a birthright, rather than a voting matter
• What did Numa do to signify bringing peace to Rome?
he closed the doors to the temple of Janus.
What are the four key details about the Tribune of the plebs?
he could propose legislation, block official action, convene the Senate, and his body was sacrosanct.
What act of bravery did Horatius Cocles carry out?
he defended the Pons Sublicius against the Etruscans
How did Brutus succeed in rousing a revolt against the Tarquins?
he displayed Lucretia's corpse to rouse the people's sentiments
Why did Mezentius ally with Turnus against Aeneas and the Latins? he feared the power of the Latins Aeneas had kidnapped his daughter he had a long-standing hatred of King Latinus Turnus offered him a very large sum of money he wanted to marry Lavinia
he had a long-standing hatred of King Latinus
How did Tarquin the Proud become king? with the support of the young nobles of Rome, he named himself king. Nobody opposed him. he was elected by the citizens of Rome he was made dictator by the senate and refused to step down he had the previous king assassinated he used his large number of clients to force the senate to appoint him after the death of the previous king
he had the previous king assassinated
Name three things Tarquin did to make him a tyrant. In what ways was Tarquin an effective ruler?
he had the supporters of Servius Tullius killed; he arranged for the execution of Turnus for speaking out against him; he instructed Sextus, his son, to have the leading men of Gabii executed However, he was a very effective war leader.
• What prophecy did Brutus hear at Delphi? How did he respond? Describe how this prophecy was fulfilled. Why might Livy have included this story in his history (i.e. how does it legitimate Brutus?)
he heard that the next leader would be the first to kiss his mother, and he fell and kissed the ground immediately, recognizing that this was the mother the prophecy spoke of. Livy likely included this story to give background for the upcoming events of the monarchy falling and Brutus coming into power, but to show that this was on Brutus's mind, even though there was no reason yet.
• Name three things Tarquin did to make him a tyrant. In what ways was Tarquin an effective ruler?
he installed a sewer system and built a temple, however he also killed senators who disagreed with him, called for the murder of powerful men in neighboring cities, and didn't believe the kingship should be passed out outside of his family.
• How did Romulus die, according to Livy? Why does Livy report more than one version of Romulus' death?
he is either made a god and taken into a storm cloud, or pulled apart by senators. The first is a more valiant death.
• Why did Romulus murder Remus?
he made fun of his walls.
• How did Tullius Hostilius attempt to resolve the war between the Romans and the Albans?
he organizes a fight with the horatii and curatii brothers to fight it out. Horatii, and rome iwn.
How did Mucius Scaevola earn his name? he always cut off the hands of those he killed in battle he put his right hand into a fire as a sign of his bravery he gouged out the eye of his enemy he cut out the tongue of his enemy he lost his left arm in battle but refused to stop being a soldier
he put his right hand into a fire as a sign of his bravery
What were ways in which Tarquin the Proud attempted to regain the throne after his exile?
he sought aid from the Etruscans, Veii and Tarquinii, and encouraged conspiracy amongst the noble youths of Rome.
Where did Hannibal take his troops after Cannae? Did he have plans to march rome?
he took his troops to conquer territory in the south of Italy. He didn't have plans to take Rome.
What did Brutus do to rally support for his cause of driving the Tarquins into exile and overthrowing the monarchy? he wrote letters to the leaders of neighboring cities in Latium he broke into the Tarquins' palace, looted it, and threw their valuables in the Tiber River he traveled to Rome and gave a speech in which he described in vivid detail Sextus's rape of Lucretia and the aftermath he threatened to kill himself as well he captured Sextus and had him publicly whipped
he traveled to Rome and gave a speech in which he described in vivid detail Sextus's rape of Lucretia and the aftermath
how did Scipio Africanus become proconsul of Spain?
he volunteered for the position after the deaths of his father and uncle in Spain
• Why did Amulius send his brother into exile? Why did he force Rhea Silvia to become a Vestal Virgin? Who (supposedly) impregnated Rhea Silvia?
he wanted power, but couldn't because he was the younger brother. He didn't want Numitor to have any male descendents. She was raped by mars.
Why was Remus arrested at a festival?
he was accused of stealing cattle from Numitor
Why was Remus arrested at a festival?
he was accused of stealing cattle from Numitor context: some other thieves were upset and framed them for stealing from Numitor, however, they were reunited with Numitor and discovered their true heritage
what happened when Hasdrubal attempted to invade Italy?
he was defeated and killed at the river Metaurus
What is the irony of Collinatus's forced resignation from consulship?
he was forced to resign because he was a Tarquin, however Brutus was also a tarquin.
How did Romulus die?
he was killed by a mob of anger senators, he was taken up in a storm cloud while reviewing his troops
How did Remus die? he was drowned in the Tiber by Amulius he was struck by lightning he was murdered by Romulus he was killed in battle he was murdered by a mob of angry senators
he was murdered by Romulus
How did Remus die? he was struck by lightning he was murdered by Romulus he was drowned in the Tiber by Amulius he was murdered by a mob of angry senators he was killed in battle
he was murdered by Romulus
Why was Brutus able to fulfill the prophecy of the oracle at Delphi?
he was the first to realize that it was referring to mother earth, so he kissed the ground
Why was Brutus able to fulfill the prophecy of the oracle at Delphi? he was the first to return to Rome he was the first to realize that it was referring to mother earth, so he kissed the ground he killed the others before they could fulfill the prophecy the others were unable to leave Delphi due to torrential storms
he was the first to realize that it was referring to mother earth, so he kissed the ground
What had been the plight of the old veteran that showed up in the Forum (in Livy)?
he went into debt while in military service and became enslaved
• Describe the route Hannibal used to invade Italy. What was surprising about it to the Romans? What unusual animal did Hannibal bring on his expedition?
he went through the alps, but wasn't weakened by the climb. hannibal brought elephants.
Which of the following was NOT a strategy used by Rome to deal with uncooperative cities who resisted Roman takeover?
heavy taxes
Why was Tarquinius Collatinus exiled?
his family name was a reminder of tyranny for the Roman people
what event in Hannibal's childhood defined his career?
his father making him swear an oath to forever hate Rome
What omen indicated that Servius Tullius was destined for greatness?
his head burst into flames while he was sleeping
What happened to Camillus after he led the Roman sack of Veii?
his political views were different than the tribunes, so he was exiled. However he still came back to fight for Rome against the Gauls after they sacked Rome.
In performing a systematic moral analysis, what is the first step in the process?
identifying that an action is ethically questionable
limitations of archaeological evidence?
in comparison to literature the archaelogical evidence can only give us a guess on political, social, or religious thoughts/beliefs. Grave robbing gives us an incomplete idea of the evidence. Some older excavated sites were not properly recorded when first excavated in the 1900s
what weaknesses in Roman military strategy and political command were revealed by Hannibal's invasion?
in general, the Romans were underprepared, poorly organized, and ill-equipped to deal with an army as diverse and as well disciplined as Hannibal's forces. Hannibal used a variety of different tactics in each of his major defeats -- from elephants to imaginative counter-strategies to the Roman manipular formation -- making it difficult for the Romans to mobilize their forces beyond shows of brute strength. furthermore, Hannibal's sole command over his forces allowed for a decisiveness that the Roman consular command lacked. at Trebia, Lake Trasimene, and Cannae, the consuls were at odds over how to engage Hannibal. in each instance, one consul preferred an aggressive approach while the other advocated a more cautious approach. because of the Roman emphasis on direct confrontation, the aggressive approach tended to win out, leading to impetuousness, poor decision-making, and even panic. all of these factors played into Hannibal's astonishing success in the early years of the Second Punic War.
• How was Aeneas received by the native Latins in Larentum? What are the two versions that Livy provides about the peace negotiation between Aeneas and Latinus? How does Latinus strengthen the peace treaty with Aeneas?
in one version, he is received kindly, but in another, he uses force. He marries Lavinia, Latinus's Daughter.
why did Carthage turn its attentions to conquering cities in Spain after the 1st Punic War?
in order to gain access to Spain's wealth, especially mineral wealth
Why did Romulus dedicate the Temple of Jupiter Feretrius?
in recognition of his victory over Caenina
Why did Romulus dedicate the Temple of Jupiter Feretrius?
in recognition of his victory over Caenina context: returning from battle, Romulus gives prayer to Jupiter, and the ground becomes a temple displaying spolia opima ("rich spoils") from the war
what is notable about the Roman loss at Lake Trasimene?
in terms of numbers, it was the single largest ambush in military history
at what point did the Roman military return to the skirmish tactics of Fabius Maximus?
in the aftermath of their devastating defeat at Cannae
Where did Iron-Age Romans bury their dead?
in the valley at the base of the hills, where the Roman Forum was eventually built
Where did Iron-Age Romans bury their dead?
in the valleys at the base of the hills, where the Forum was eventually built.
How did Brutus die?
in the war against the Tarquins and their Etruscan allies
• How was Rome governed immediately after Romulus' death? Why wasn't his successor chosen immediately after his death?
interregnum, there had been no set up and the senate had to choose the next king.
Which of the following is an advantage that iron has over bronze?
iron is cheaperiron weapons are harder and can be made sharperiron ore is more commonly found
What were the advantages of iron?
iron is more commonly found, cheaper and harder to make sharper tools
Which of the following were advantages in developing iron over bronze in Italy? Mark all correct answers:
iron ore is more plentiful in Italy than the constituent parts of bronze (especially tin) tools and weapons worked with iron are harder and retain an edge better
what was a positive outcome for the Romans in the defeat at the Caudine Forks?
it compelled the Romans to reconsider their strategies and equipment, developing the so-called "manipular" style of fighting
• What is the significance of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus in the reign of Tarquin the Proud?
it is a distraction to the roman peoples for all the bad he is doing, and it is built with the money from looting other towns.
• Why was iron preferable to bronze for the production of tools and weapons?
it is stronger, cheaper, and more commonly found.
What is one significance of the Romans' sack of Veii?
it marked the first time the Romans had a permanent presence in Etruria
what was significant about the Roman sack of Veii?
it marked the first time the Romans had a permanent presence in Etruria
What was the significance of Numa's construction of a temple to Janus and then closing the temple's doors?
it meant Rome was at peace
Which of the following was NOT an advantage of iron over bronze/stone/wood for tools and weapons? it was less costly it was easier to work with these were all advantages of iron over bronze/stone/wood it was more abundant it kept a sharp edge longer
it was easier to work with
Which of the following was NOT covered in Servilius' edict on debt?
it was illegal to demand debt repayment from veterans
why was Carthage forced to leave Sicily?
it was part of Hamilcar's peace treaty
why did the Carthaginian army revolt at the end of the First Punic War?
its mercenary soldiers hadn't been paid
What did Rome do to cities (and their citizens) that resisted Roman occupation?
land confiscation, displacement or enslavement, land occupied by colonists
• Name 3 ways that elites distinguished themselves from others.
larger houses, elite graves, held dinner and drinking parties.
What year did: erection of monumental constructions e.g. the Regia, Comitium, Curia
late 7th centure BCE
According to Livy, what was the antidote to tyranny? res publica libertas civitas iustitia equalitas
libertas
What was the Latin word that described the Republican ideal of freedom of speech without repercussions?
libertas
What role did libertas play in the transition to a republic? What does libertas mean in Latin?
libertas as the antitdote as the antidote to tyranny. "Freedom of speech without fear of repercussions."
• Name three features of early Rome that seem to be Etruscan in their origin.
lictors, or body guards, augury, curule chair, purple broidered toga
Who was second in command to dictator?
magister equitum (master of the cavalry)
What was the Quaestor's role?
managed the money of the city
what did Hannibal do instead in the aftermath of his victory at Cannae?
marched on to Southern Italy to recruit these Roman allies over to the Carthaginian side
What territory did Rome control at the end of the Samnite wars?
nearly all of Italy
• How was Italy affected by the 2nd Punic War? Give one example of the positive impact of the 2nd Punic War, and one example of a negative impact.
o Rome's harsh punishment of communities that had deserted to Hannibal, the death of countless Italian soldiers, the devastation of the land wrought by Hannibal, the enormous influx of wealth into Italy brought by Rome's conquests o Positive impact would be the Italians finally got what they wanted, to vote. Tremendous amount of wealth influx into Rome. o The negative impact is the angry Italians and enormous loss of life.
What were the Licinian-Sextian reforms? Name two things that resulted from them.
office of consul open to Plebians, office of praetor created, and consul office was fixed as highest position in the republic
Battle of Cannae
one Roman consul dies, the Roman's were badly beaten and some of their allies defected
true about the Battle of Cannae?
one consul was killed it was a disastrous loss for the Romans it was a result of Rome abandoning Cunctator's strategies
how did the tyrannical character of the Decemvirs come to light?
one of the Decemvirs, Appius Claudius, attempted to wrongfully seize a free woman, Verginia, as his property
Describe the patron/client relationship.
patrons protected their clients, debt was integral, clients fought for their patrons
• What did the censor do in ancient Rome? How often was a censor elected? Length of time in office?
placed citizens in voting groups based on wealth, and they were elected every 5 years, serving a term of 18 months.
• In what region of Italy is Rome located?
po valley in western Italy.
what evidence do we have for the original hut settlements in Rome
post holes; foundations. urns where ashes were put inside the homes
What Roman magistrate governed a province?
praetor
• Who saw a vision in the aftermath of Romulus' death? What did he see? Significance of this vision?
proculus, a visionary, told him that rome would be capital of the world.
Tribe of Plebs
propose leg. block official actions could convene the senate his body was sacrosanct
What is prorogation? Why is it used?
prorogation is the practice of extending the terms of office for praetors who were managing new provinces outside of Rome. It was used to give them time to travel and manage their province.
What was one of the sources of external pressure on Rome in the fifth century BCE?
raids on crops and livestock by tribes living in the surrounding hills
what was one of the sources of external pressure on Rome in the fifth century BCE?
raids on crops and livestock by tribes living in the surrounding hills
What was a source of external pressure on Rome in the 5th century BCE
raids on crops and livestock by tribes living in the surrounding hills.
Which of the following was NOT a cause of plebeian discontent in the fifth century BCE?
required military service
plebeian discontent caused by
restricted access to religious offices debt the fact that plebeians had no recourse when patricians abused them or broke laws
• Where was Numa Pompilius from? Any other kings from outside of Rome?
sabine origins, and yes, several.
How could an inquiry be initiated in acience rome?
senate could request that a magistrate start one, or the roman people could pass a law to demand one.
what difficulties did Spain present to Rome after the 2nd Punic War?
several tribal groups strongly resisted Roman occupation and required constant military attention some cities remained loyal to Carthage
What reason did lucretia give for her suicide?
she did not want to serve as a negative example for the women of Rome, because they shouldn't be adulterous and immoral.
What treacherous act does Tullia commit?
she runs over her father's body with her chariot
• What promise did Lucretia extract from her father and Brutus before she killed herself. According to Lucretia, why did she have to commit suicide? What oath does Brutus swear after Lucretia's suicide?
she wanted them to promise to exact revenge, and she had to kill herself because she couldn't be a role model for other women and allow them to think adultery was okay. he would rid of the monarchy from rome so that no one man shall ever rule again.
• Who was Tarpeia and why did she help the Sabines? How did the Sabines reward her for her help? What monument bears her name?
she was a roman maiden, they crushed her with their shields for her treachery though she wanted gold. Te tarpeian rock, since her body was thrown off a cliff.
What happened to Rhea Silvia after she was made a Vestal Virgin?
she was raped by the god Mars
Why was Rhea Silvia made a Vestal Virgin?
so Numitor would not have any male descendents
Why was Rhea Silvia made a Vestal Virgin?
so Numitor would not have any male descendents context: since rightful rule was by the eldest son, any male descendants of Numitor had a rightful place to the throne and could potentially usurp Amulius
What difficulties did Rome face in Spain after the second punic war?
some cities remained loyal to carthage and several tribal groups resisted Roman occupation
Which of the following did Numa Pompilius NOT do?
start a war with the Etruscans in order to expand Rome's holdings north
What are the major stories and themes surrounding the foundation of Rome?
stories: Aeneas, Romulus and Remus influences: Etruscan (neighbours), Greeks and Phoenicians (trade) themes: violence and rightful rule, role of women
What did Romulus say to Proculus in a vision?
that Rome would be the capital of the world and nobody would ever conquer it
What are the mountains that divide Italy from the rest of the World?
the Alps
What is the mountain range that is the "spine of Italy"?
the Apennies
what event had earlier determined the defensive alliance among Rome and the other Latin communities?
the Battle of Lake Regillus
who was Hamilcar?
the Carthaginian commander who negotiated the treaty with Rome at the end of the First Punic War
who were Rome's principal combatants in the First Punic War?
the Carthaginians
• Why do we know so little about the Etruscans?
the Etruscan culture was adapted by the Romans and they seem to be taken over and removed into Roman society, so what we know, we must gather from what the Romans tell us.
what was the result of Camillus' public punishment of the Falerian schoolmaster?
the Falerians surrendered to Rome
who sacked Rome shortly after the fall of Veii?
the Gauls
what was the likely cause of the revolt of some of Rome's Latin allies?
the Latins were unhappy about the Samnite War and Rome's growing power
Maritime significance of Italy and Sicily?
the Mediterranean Sea is divided in half by Italy, and a popular passage betwen the two halves is the straits of Messina, which is by Sicily
Which cultures traded extensively in Italy during the Iron Age? Mark all correct answers:
the Phoenicians. the Greeks.
What area, originally a marsh, became the center of Roman political life after it had been drained?
the Roman Forum
what did Hannibal use to overwhelm the Roman battle lines at the Battle of Trebia?
the Roman army at Trebia were drawn into a trap where they expected to be able to confront the Carthaginian army head-on using tried-and-tested battle formations. Hannibal, however, used his elephants to break through the Roman lines, throwing the entire battle plan into disarray.
what happened at the Battle of Cannae?
the Romans were outflanked by the Carthaginians, with 80,000 Roman casualties
How did the war between the Romans and Sabines eventually end?
the Sabine women negotiated a truce between their fathers and Roman husbands
What is the name of the river running through the city of Rome?
the Tiber
what was the name of Rome's first written lawcode?
the Twelve Tables
what event gave the mob leverage over the senators in the episode involving Livy's veteran?
the Volscians marching on Rome
• Who joined the Tarquins in their efforts to undermine the new Republic?
the aristocratic youth
• In what ways did the Etruscans influence the Romans? Give three examples.
the augury, the curule chair, and purple broidered togas.
hat is the cave of the Lupercale? What problem in archaeology does this highlight?
the cave/grotto where Romulus and Remus were suckled by the (supposed) She-Wolf. Archaeologists want to claim items or monuments they find as dating back to important events in Rome's history, so that they can be praised, gain wealth and popularity. The Lupercale was monumentalized by the Romans, but archeologists justify their findings by saying that at least the Romans thought that the "this was the site that held Romulus and Remus at some point."
Why did the Romans get involved in the 1st Samnite War?
the city of Capua in Campania asked for their assistance
What ultimately led to the Roman defeat at Trebia and Trasimene in the 2nd punic war?
the consuls were unable to cooperate.
Who was Rhea Silvia?
the daughter of Numitor, rightful king of Alba Longa, and the mother of Romulus and Remus
Who was Rhea Silvia?
the daughter of Numitor, rightful king of Alba Longa, and the mother of Romulus and Remus context: Ascanius had two sons (older) Numitor and (younger) Amulius while rule is passed down from father to eldest son, Amulius seized power from Numitor and killed all sons, however he spared Rhea Silvia, Numitor's daughter and made her a Vestal Virgin so she would not have sons who could usurp him for rightful power
Who are the patricians?
the descendents of the original 100 senators chosen by Romulus
What was included in the provisions included in Servilius's edict?
the descendents of the soldier wouldn't be harassed, a roman citizen can't be prevented from serving in the military, a soldier's property couldn't taken while he was on campaign.
occurred when the Romans were fighting in Spain after Cannae in the Second Punic War?
the elder Scipio was killed the younger Scipio took over the command of Spain and removed the Carthaginians
NOT a cause of plebeian discontent in the 5th century BCE?
the expulsion of the kings
Who were the patres?
the first senators appointed by Romulus
Who were the patres?
the first senators appointed by Romulus context: descendants of these 100 original senators were called "patricians", ended up being very influential
• What part of Rome was first settled? Where was the forum built?
the forum was built in the valley were cemeteries were in the iron age.
who posed the greatest threat to Rome and Latium in the 5th century BCE?
the hill tribes of central Italy
what was another major cause of the Romans' defeat at Trebia and Lake Trasimene?
the lack of cooperation between the consuls leading the armies
how was a municipium (plural: municipia) governed?
the local government remained in power but was expected to be loyal to Rome
what was the source of Hamilcar's bitter hostility towards Rome?
the loss of Sicily and Sardinia
Who was the second in command to the dictator?
the magister equitum (master of the cavalry)
Who were the conscripts?
the men added to the senate by Brutus, in addition to the 100 original senators.
Who attacked Rome to enact immediate retribution for the attack on the Sabines?
the men of Caenina context: the other countries Antemnae and Crustumium wanted to attack but they were taking too long so the men of Caenina actually attacked first`
What do you make of Livy's story of Aeneas? Is this an invasion, or a peaceful merging of communities? How do you interpret Aeneas' execution of Turnus while begging for mercy, as an origin story of the Roman community?
the merger of Aeneas with Latinum and the Latins was interesting because they didn't see themselves as Latins, but they also recognized they shared common ancestry and customs Aeneas' furious killing of Turnus is seen as part of the trend of the violence inherent in the establishment of new power and foreshadows Rome's history of conquest
briefly describe why the military model of the seasonal "farmer-soldier" would not produce long-term supremacy over Rome's regional enemies.
the most significant problem was a lack of permanent gains. the army was also dependent on local territories for their food and other supplies. as well, because they were not at home to tend to their crops, they often had crops fail. this led to an accumulation of debt.
What are the Straits of Messina?
the narrow pass between Italy and Sicily
results of the Licinian-Sextian reforms...
the office of consul was opened to plebeians a new political elite, compromised of some patrician and some plebeian families the office of consul was fixed as the highest office in Rome gov the office of praetor was created
How was the right to be king passed down among the Silvan kings?
the oldest son of the previous king was the legitimate heir
What is the corvus?
the plank Romans used to get onto enemy ships with
What event directly precipitated the overthrow of the Tarquins?
the rape of Lucretia by Tarquinius Superbus' son, Sextus
The pomerium is
the sacred boundary around the city center
why did Camillus punish the Falerian schoolmaster?
the schoolmaster was handing over his students to Rome as hostages
• What is the significance of the Capitoline She-Wolf? What has recently been learned about this statue?
the she-wolf is shown suckling twins. It was actually created in the middle ages, not Etruscan times.
who were the patricians? who were the plebeians? give some specific details about their identity, rights, and privileges.
the strict definition and origins of patricians and plebeians isn't wholly clear. some believe the patricians were the descendants of the original 100 senators appointed by Romulus, who were known as the "fathers" or patres. in any case, it was clear which families were patrician; the plebeians were, by definition, everyone else. for more on the rights and privileges of patricians, see Boatwright, page 29.
how does Hannibal turn perceived negatives into positive attributes in his speech?
the unfamiliarity of the Italian landscape and the fact that the Carthaginians are trapped in enemy territory with no chance of retreat becomes an opportunity to either die gloriously or win great prizes in battle. furthermore, the Carthaginians had undergone exhausting campaigns in Spain and a long march over the Alps, but Hannibal depicts this as a strength of the Carthaginian cause, demonstrating their experience and solidarity.
what do you think were the decisive factors that secured Rome's success in the wars of the 4th century BCE?
there are many ways to explain the success of the Romans during this period, but their adaptability, ability to efficiently marshal the military support of defeated states (like the Latins), and resilience in the face of losses are noteworthy.
Rome's successes began to accumulate after the Licinian-Sextian laws of 367/6 BCE. Do you think there is a connection between these reforms and Rome's imperial expansion?
there are two likely reasons why the Licinian-Sextian laws spurred Roman military success. first, with the plebeians now more fully incorporated into the political community, there was greater social cohesion, more equitable distribution of rewards, and a greater sense of common good in the Roman Republic. second, with plebeians now vying for the highest offices, there would have been greater competition, and a corresponding higher need to demonstrate military valor and competence as a justification for political ascendance.
how did the body of the veteran become scarred?
there are two reasons why the veteran was beaten. first, he bears both wounds from war, exemplifying his courage as a Roman soldier (since he would have been facing the enemy bravely when he received the wounds); then, however, there are also the scars from his beatings as a slave (a degrading treatment for a Roman citizen).
What warring strategy did the Romans develop during the first punic war?
they adopted Carthaginian techniques and technologies to improve their own navy.
Which of the following is NOT a way that elite Italians in the archaic period displayed their social status?
they buried their dead in a separate cemetery
• Explain how Romulus and Remus were descended from Aeneas.
they came from Alba Longa, a town founded by Aeneas's son, whose descendents held the throne. They were part of the line of Silvan Kings, through Numitor.
• How did Romulus and Remus decide who would be the king of their new city? What is this process called? What was the outcome? Why was it difficult to interpret?
they consulted the augury and counted birds. Remus counted 6 before Romulus, however Romulus ended up counting 12 after a longer period. There had been no standards set as to whether or not it should be who counted the most or that it should be timed.
powers granted to tribunes of the plebs...
they could convene the senate their bodies were sacrosanct they could propose legislation they could block official actions
what were municipia under Roman control permitted to do?
they could retain their local ethnic identities they did not have to pay taxes to Rome many inhabitants of municipia had citizenship rights their ruling families could stay in power
Why did the young nobles want to restore the Tarquins to power?
they felt that they had a better prospects with a king in power
Which of the following was NOT true about cities in Latium in the 6th century BC?
they formed an alliance, the Latin League, to engage in maritime trade with North Africa
Which of the following is a way that elite Italians in the archaic period displayed their social status?
they had larger houses they acted as patrons they participated in symposia (dinner/drinking parties) they buried their dead in more elaborate tombs
How did the elite distinguish their social status?
they had larger houses, acted as patrons, buried their dead in elaborate tombs, and hosted dinner parties.
In what way did Roman expansionism affect generals on campaign?
they had more freedom to make treaties with their enemies, a decision in which the senate usually had to ratify. This begins the shift in soldiers loyalty, but also in faster expansionism of Rome.
How did the Gauls respond to Hannibal's crossing of the Alps?
they joined forces with him against Rome.
what tactics did Rome use to regain control of the war following the disaster at Cannae?
they opened a second front in Spain they focused on retaining and recapturing the Italian allies rather than confrontations with Hannibal they returned to the skirmish tactics of Fabius Cunctator
Which of the following was a practice adopted by elite Romans? they wore elaborate jewelry and other finery imported from Greece they owned bronze chariots they participated in dinner parties they lived in small, traditional huts they sacrificed their first-born child to Mars
they participated in dinner parties
What role did the senate play in the selection of a king of Rome?
they ratified the vote of citizens
What role did the senate play in the selection of the king of Rome?
they ratified the vote of the citizens
Why did some noble youths prefer monarchy?
they received preferential treatment under the monarchy because of their proximity to the king
why did the Umbrians and Gauls join forces with the Samnites and Etruscans in the Third Samnite War?
they saw Rome as a threat, and believed that the defeat of the Samnites would give Rome control over central Italy
how did Rome gain control of the island of Sardinia?
they were able to force Carthage to leave once Carthage's mercenary troops revolted against Carthage
What voting century were new citizens of conquered cities assigned? What is the significance?
they were assigned the lowest century, which voted last, and oftentimes after everything had been decided.
What happened to Brutus' sons?
they were beheaded
true about both the battles of Trebia and Trasimene in the Second Punic War?
they were fought in Italy the consuls leading the armies were unable to cooperate Rome was defeated by Carthage
What interest did Rome take in the Eastern Mediterranean in the 3rd c. BC?
they were interested in exploiting the resources, rather than looking to expand.
What is the significance of the deaths of the sons of Brutus?
they were put to death by their own father for Treason, for trying to help the tarquins reenter Rome, and it shows that Brutus doesn't pardon anyone, because the law is above all else.
• What happened to Romulus and Remus immediately after their birth? Why didn't they die? Who eventually found and raised them?
they were supposed to be cast in a river to die, but they weren't. They were found and raised by a shepherd and his wife.
what did Camillus mean when he said that Rome would win their country back by steel rather than by gold?
they would fight rather than submit and pay the indemnity
• What did Romulus say to the women to persuade them to be happy in Rome? How did their fathers respond to the loss of their wives and daughters? What was the eventual outcome?
they would gain citizenship and be honored. The fathers responded with war, however Hersilius, Romulus's wife, asked favor that Romulus make the girls families citizens of Rome.
What do we mean when we label a period as belonging to the Stone, Bronze, or Iron Age?
this was the most advanced material employed at the time, particularly in tools
According to Livy, why did Lucretia commit suicide? she was so overcome with emotion that she acted in haste to avoid being an excuse to later generations of unchaste women she was ashamed of allowing herself to be raped instead of killed by Sextus she wanted to be remembered as a virtuous woman her husband was humiliated that his wife had been raped
to avoid being an excuse to later generations of unchaste women
why did Hannibal commit suicide?
to avoid being handed over to Roman custody
why was Fabius Maximus Cunctator ("The Delayer") appointed dictator?
to deal with Hannibal after the Carthaginians' resounding defeat of the consular army at Lake Trasimene
Why did Carthage turn its attention to conquering cities in Spain after the first punic war?
to gain access to Spain's wealth, especially mineral wealth.
What is the aim of ancient roman historians?
to instruct, glorify aristocratic families, and glorify Rome. They didn't aim to actually report events with accuracy.
Why did Mucius Scaevola enter the camp of Lars Porsenna? How did he escape death?
to kill him, he escaped death by thrusting his right hand into fire.
why did Hannibal and the Romans lavish gifts upon the wounded soldier from Nola at Cannae?
to persuade him to be loyal to their cause
what task was given to Scipio as consul in 205 BCE?
to prepare the invasion of North Africa
why did the Roman senate issue a "no crying" decree?
to put a limit on public displays of grief in the aftermath of Rome's defeat at Cannae
Which of the following was NOT an aim of ancient Roman historians?
to recover and report historical events with as much accuracy as possible
What was the primary purpose of augury in early Roman and Etruscan culture?
to sanction a course of action
What was the purpose of augury?
to sanction a course of action
What was the primary purpose of augury in early Roman and Etruscan culture?
to sanction a course of action context: Augury was not used to forcast the future, instead it was more of green light to do something. The augur would decide to do something and the birds would confirm/deny the choice of action.
What was the purpose of the augury?
to sanction a course of action.
what was Hannibal's purpose in forcing his prisoners to fight to the death with the prize of freedom to the victor?
to show that the all of the Carthaginians were involved in the same struggle
Where was Aeneas from, and what was his final destination in his travels?
troy, italy
t/f? Scipio Africanus and Fabius Maximus were political opponents who disagreed about battle tactics against Hannibal.
true
T/F Although Rome's allies bore most of the burden of supplying soldiers for military campaigns, it was Rome who benefitted most from the spoils gained from war
true. This leads to discontent amongst allies
• What was the pomerium? What was its function?
wall to mark a sacred boundary around the city center
what reasons might Hannibal have had for not attacking Rome after his victory at Cannae?
we can only speculate about Hannibal's reasons for not marching north to exploit his advantage against Rome. for one thing, his army had also suffered heavy losses at Cannae. he also needed supplies, and, after defeating the Romans at several previous battles, he may not have felt rushed to secure his victory. finally, it is likely that he never intended for Carthage to occupy Italy. he was more interested in developing alliances with the cities of Southern Italy; regaining control of Siciliy, Sardinia, and Corsica; and deterring Rome's military from future conflict. given these goals, a march on Rome made little tactical sense.
• What interpretative issues are associated with using written evidence to learn about early Roman history?
we only have written history from around the 5th century onward, with most of what we have being written in the 1st century BC, so it isn't always an accurate portrayal of early Roman history because it isn't contemporary. In addition, historians in Rome worked to tell a story rather than for accuracy, so we cannot know if what we read is true.
The plebians
were everyone who was not a patrician. This included rich and poor, so they were not a homogenous group
According to Livy, how was Tiber Island created
wheat from the Campus Martius was harvested and thrown into the Tiber, where it settled
According to Livy, when is a monarchy an appropriate form of government?
when a state is newly formed
What started the first punic war?
when carthage declared war on Numidia, breaking the treaty.
When did the Romans discover the head of an unidentified man?
when digging the foundation for the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
When did the Romans discover the head of an unidentified man? while making a sacrifice before fighting the Volscians when digging the foundation for the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus at Delphi while consulting with an oracle at the foot of the Palatine, while Valerius was preparing the build his house on the hill in the Forum, before Brutus led the coup against the Tarquins
when digging the foundation for the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
What was a secession?
when the plebeians refused to participate in the military
what was a secession?
when the plebeians refused to participate in the military
What was a secession?
when the plebeians refused to participate in the military, particulary against the Volscians until Servilius promised them debt relief.
what was a secession
when the plebeians withdrew from the city, refusing in particular to participate in the military
what was democratic about Republican Rome? what was not? what was improved by the Licinian-Sextian laws?
while the voting assemblies allowed for direct popular participation, structural and practical elements, like the weighting of votes by wealth, militated against democracy. Rome was not a democracy, but an aristocracy, or an oligarchy, with democratic elements. the Licinian-Sextian laws improved the state of popular participation, however, by opening the consulship to the plebeians, expanding Rome's ruling class substantially.
when was the office of consul established as the most powerful elected office in the Republic?
with the passage of the Licinian-Sextian reforms in the fourth century BC
What was odd about Etruscan society?
women shared equal status with men.
Which of the following is NOT a source of evidence for the history of early Rome?
written historical texts that date to Romulus's era
Which of the following is NOT a contemporary source of evidence for the settlement of Italy prior to the Iron Age? stone tools clayware written texts jewelry bronze objects
written texts
Which of the following is NOT a contemporary source of evidence for the settlement of Italy prior to the Iron Age? stone tools written texts bronze objects jewelry clayware
written texts
