CCJ1020 FINAL EXAM

Based on the decision in McNabb v. U.S., the standard maximum time by which a first appearance should be held has been set at ________ hours after arrest.

48

The federal Speedy Trial Act allows for the dismissal of charges when a trial does NOT begin within ________ working days after indictment.

70

There are ________ federal judicial districts.

94

Which of the following is a characteristic of juvenile proceedings?

A specific right to treatment

________ are ultra-high-security prisons in the federal system.

Administrative maximum

What is a federal ADMAX prison?

An ultra-high-security prison

________ evidence requires interpretation or requires a judge or jury to reach a conclusion based on what the evidence indicates.

Correct Circumstantial

A defendant who is NOT indigent and who can afford private attorney fees will have which type of defense attorney?

Correct Retained counsel

Courts that have the authority to review a decision made by a lower court are said to have ________ jurisdiction.

Correct appellate

The just deserts model of sentencing emphasizes ________.

Correct retribution

Jack violated a condition of his parole. This resulted in parole ________ and he was returned to prison.

Correct revocation

Operational capacity is ________.

Correct the number of inmates a prison can effectively accommodate based on management considerations

Prisoners' rights bear a strong resemblance to privileges because ________.

Correct the rights of prisoners are constrained by the legitimate needs of imprisonment

U.S. district courts are the ________ for the federal court system.

Correct trial courts

According to the text, the fastest-growing population of jail inmates is ________.

Correct women

Which of the following statements regarding prison privatization is TRUE?

Correctional officers working in private prisons are not covered by state laws that govern the activities of public correctional officers.

All states have a(n) ________.

Court of last resort

TV shows like The People's Court and Judge Judy are examples of which type of court?

Courts of limited jurisdiction

The defendant exercises choice in the court process in which of the following decisions?

Deciding what plea to enter

A journalist who is writing an article on prison overcrowding in the U.S. and wants to use the estimate that shows the highest amount of overcrowding would probably choose which definition of prison capacity?

Design capacity

Which of the following is a form of structured sentencing?

Determinate sentencing

________ involves suspending criminal proceedings before sentencing and referring the offender to a private agency.

Diversion

Rhodes v. Chapman dealt with which inmate issue?

Double-celling

Which of the following best describes a realist inmate?

Frank, who sees the time he spends in prison as an unfortunate cost of his involvement in crime

An indictment is filed by the ________.

Grand Jury

Under the federal home confinement program, an offender who is required to remain home at all times except for pre approved scheduled absences such as work or school has been placed under which level of restriction?

Home detention

The first juvenile court that was separate in form and function from adult criminal courts was created in ________.

Illinois

Offenders convicted of felonies in state court are most likely to receive which traditional sanction?

Imprisonment

Which goal of sentencing focuses on separating offenders from society to reduce opportunities for further criminality?

Incapacitation

The protectionist argument justifying capital punishment is fairly weak because the underlying social interest can also be met by which other sentencing option?

Incarceration

Which of the following statements regarding the state prison population in the U.S. is TRUE?

Incarceration rates are increasing while crime rates are decreasing

A formal written accusation submitted to the court by a grand jury, alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense, usually a felony, is known as an ________.

Indictment

What is often described as the strictest form of probation for adults in the United States?

Intensive probation supervision

What impact did the Ashurst-Sumners Act have on prisons?

It effectively ended prison industries.

How did the Supreme Court case of Pell v. Procunier affect prisoners' rights?

It established a balancing test to weigh individual rights against public order and protection.

What effect did the USA PATRIOT Act have on the death penalty in the U.S.?

It expanded the list of federal crimes punishable by death.

Which of the following arguments regarding the death penalty is a retentionist rationale?

Just deserts

________ guilt is established only when the prosecutor presents sufficient evidence to convince the judge or jury that the defendant is guilty as charged.

Legal

________ is a type of sentencing plan that allows no leeway in the imposition of a sentence for a person convicted of a crime.

Mandatory sentencing

Which U.S. Supreme Court case established the Court's authority as the final interpreter of the U.S. Constitution?

Marbury v. Madison

Which of the following statements regarding mentally ill inmates is TRUE?

Mentally ill inmates can be required to take antipsychotic drugs against their will.

What type of plea is most similar to a guilty plea?

Nolo contendere

________ appeals to federal appellate courts involve major questions of law and policy where there is considerable professional disagreement among the courts.

Nonconsensual

Which of the following is a characteristic of the social work model of probation and parole?

Officers assist clients meet the conditions imposed upon them by their sentences.

Which of the following is a prisoner reentry strategy?

Parole

What does research suggest about Serious Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI) programs?

Participation in SVORI programs is associated with longer times to arrest.

What is the main priority of justice reinvestment?

Prioritizing the use of alternatives to incarceration for nonviolent offenders

What is prison argot?

Prison slang

According to critics of parole, why are there so many parole violations?

Prisoners are not properly reintegrated into society.

What is the most common form of criminal sentencing in the United States?

Probation

A drug court is an example of a(n) ________.

Problem-solving court

Bob consigned all of his stock holdings to the court as collateral to ensure he would not abscond before trial. What type of bail did Bob post?

Property bond

Which of the following is considered a disadvantage of probation and parole?

Relative lack of punishment

________ hearings determine whether parolees have violated the conditions of their parole.

Revocation

Which Supreme Court case held that overcrowding in prisons is NOT by itself cruel and unusual punishment?

Rhodes v. Chapman

________ incapacitation seeks to identify the most dangerous criminals and incarcerate them to protect society.

Selective

Which sanction requires that offenders serve some time in a local jail before serving a period of supervised probation?

Split sentence

________ among female inmates is very high.

Substance abuse

Which of the following best describes female offenders?

Survivor of physical or sexual abuse as children

Which type of inmate is most likely to think of prison as his home?

The colonizer

Career female offenders who have adapted to prison life and generally keep to themselves represent which style of adaptation to prison life?

The cool

Under the indeterminate sentencing model, what is the primary determinant of the amount of time served?

The inmate's behavior while incarcerated

What is civil death?

The legal status of inmates denied certain rights because they are incarcerated felons

Which of the following is a mitigating circumstance?

The offender acted under strong provocation.

Who makes the release decision when an offender is sentenced to shock parole?

The parole board

Which of the following is most likely to be a special condition of probation, rather than a general condition?

The probationer must surrender his or her driver's license.

Which era of corrections was characterized by a lack of innovation and a focus on custody and institutional security?

The punitive era

Why are regional jails becoming more popular?

They are more economical.

Which of the following is an advantage of intermediate sanctions?

They are socially cost-effective.

What is the purpose of an external or initial classification system in corrections?

To assign new inmates to a custody level

What is the primary purpose of the preliminary hearing?

To give defendants the opportunity to challenge the legal basis for their detention

What was the original purpose of a jail?

To hold arrested suspects who are awaiting trial

Which of the following is a purpose of bail?

To prevent unconvicted suspects from suffering imprisonment unnecessarily

What was the main purpose of the 2008 Second Chance Act?

To reduce the number of parolees being returned to prison for technical violations

________ are often considered the most forgotten people in the courtroom.

Victims

When is a probable cause hearing necessary?

When the arrest was made without a warrant

The juvenile court's fact-finding process, which is similar to an adult trial, is known as a(n) ________ hearing

adjudicatory

Female officers working in jails ________.

are disproportionately skewed toward jobs in the lower ranks

Defendants who are given the option of deposit bail ________.

are required to comply with various conditions imposed by the court

Mario is a criminal attorney with a private practice. He has been appointed by the court to serve as a defense attorney for an indigent defendant and receives a fee from the court at a rate set by the state government. Mario is a(n) ________ counsel.

assigned

The ________ keeps order in the courtroom and announces the judge's entry to the courtroom.

bailiff

The standard of proof required for conviction in a criminal trial is ________.

beyond a reasonable doubt

Currently, it is NOT clear whether juveniles ________.

can waive their Miranda rights

A(n) ________ provides information about the defendant's personality, family life, business acumen, and so on, in an effort to show that the defendant is not the kind of person who would commit the crime with which he or she is charged.

character witness

During jury selection, challenges for cause ________.

claim that an individual juror cannot be fair or impartial

In juvenile court, a juvenile petition is similar to a ________ in adult court.

criminal complaint

The 1974 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act requires that any state who accepts federal funds through the Act must ________.

deinstitutionalize status offenders

Challenges to prison conditions by inmates, which are brought under the Eighth Amendment, must show ________ by the officials responsible for the conditions.

deliberate indifference

Fifteen-year-old Mary breaks into Bob's apartment and steals his TV. Mary is a(n) ________ child.

delinquent

Because Naomi's parents are unable to care for her, she is a(n) ________.

dependent child

The primary purpose of a criminal trial is to ________.

determine the guilt or innocence of a defendant

The jail strategy that eliminates traditional barriers between inmates and corrections staff is known as ________ supervision.

direct

While Bob was studying in the library, his wallet was stolen. When the thief was caught, Bob opted to resolve the case informally at a ________ staffed by volunteer mediators.

dispute-resolution center

Federal inmates are most commonly sentenced for ________.

drug law violations

A(n) ________ sentence imposes both a juvenile sanction and an adult criminal sentence on an adjudicated delinquent.

dual

Under Roman law, the ________ had absolute control over the child.

father

Medium- and low-security facilities in the federal prison system are called ________.

federal correctional institutions

Mary is sentenced to probation. The conditions she must observe apply to all probationers in the jurisdiction where she was sentenced. These are known as ________ conditions.

general

The judge ________.

holds ultimate authority in ruling on matters of law

The ________ model of prison culture suggests that inmates bring values, roles, and behavioral patterns from the outside world.

importation

A sentence of 8 to 15 years in prison is an example of ________ sentencing.

indeterminate

The first step in decision making in a case regarding a juvenile whose behavior is in violation of the law is known as ________.

intake

A subpoena ________.

is a written order requiring an individual to appear in court

A typical state prison today ________.

is fairly small, with a population of less than 500 inmates

The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that ________ must decide the facts that lead to a death sentence.

juries, not judges

Teen court is an alternative approach to juvenile justice in which alleged offenders are judged and/or sentenced by a ________.

jury of their peers

Transfer hearings are held in ________.

juvenile courts

The document filed in juvenile court alleging that a juvenile is a delinquent is called a(n) ________.

juvenile petition

An eyewitness who saw a crime being committed is an example of a(n) ________ witness.

lay

Parole boards make decisions regarding ________ parole.

mandatory

The use of ________ is increasing.

medical parole

A juvenile confined in a private facility is likely to be held for a(n) ________ offense.

nondelinquent

The juvenile court has ________ jurisdiction if the offense must begin with juvenile court authorities.

original

Joel has been sworn in as a witness in a criminal trial. When asked about the defendant's whereabouts at the time of the crime, Joel deliberately lies to give the defendant an alibi. Joel's action is known as ________.

perjury

Release on recognizance ________.

permits release on the basis of a written promise to appear.

The Missouri Plan is a ________.

plan for restructuring state courts systems to increase efficiency and reduce case backlog

One of the leading formative influences on the staff culture of corrections officers is the ________.

potential threat that inmates pose

If a judge requests information on a convicted defendant's background, the probation or parole office will conduct a ________ investigation.

presentence

The socialization of new inmates into the prison subculture is called ________.

prisonization

Weapons, tire tracks, and fingerprints are examples of ________ evidence.

real

The primary objective of the juvenile court is ________.

rehabilitation

In recent years, the juvenile justice system appears to be ________.

returning to the original principles of the juvenile court

The power of judicial review allows the U.S. Supreme Court to ________.

review lower-court decisions and state and federal statutes

An inmate organization whose members act together to pose a threat to the safety of corrections staff or the public is a(n) ________.

security threat group

Research into victim-impact statements has found that ________.

sentencing decisions are rarely affected by them

The biggest drivers of rising incarceration rates in the United States are ________.

sentencing policies

A ________ jury is isolated from the public and removed from all outside influences.

sequestered

Children who purchase cigarettes, buy alcohol, and are truant are ________.

status offenders

Juvenile courts have original jurisdiction over juveniles charged with ________.

status offenses

As a new probation officer, the most active stage of your job will involve ________.

supervision of clients

American criminal trial courts operate under a structure known as ________.

the adversarial system

The Innocence Protection Act of 2004 provides federal funds to help eliminate ________.

the backlog of unanalyzed DNA samples in crime labs

An important security tool in medium-security prisons is ________.

the count

"Rookie" correctional officers learn through socialization that ________.

the ideals of professionalism rarely translate into reality

The Supreme Court's decision in the case of Furman v. Georgia was a statement against ________.

the manner in which statutes permitted the death penalty to be imposed

Proportionality means that ________.

there should be a direct relationship between the severity of the sanction and the seriousness of the crime

A(n) ________ institution is an enclosed facility separated from society both socially and physically, where the inhabitants share all aspects of their daily lives.

total

According to the National Institute of Corrections, ________ had the largest impact on reducing recidivism.

treatment-oriented intensive supervision

Inmates who were over the age of 50 when they entered prison are most likely to have committed ________.

violent crimes

Many sexual aggressors in prison continue to participate in gang rapes because they ________.

want to avoid becoming victims themselves