CDE 232: Human Development Chapter 4 Questions

True or false: Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence.

true

If a caregiver was ___, ___, and ___ the infant most likely would have a avoidant attachment.

unavailable, rejecting, irritable

In 1992, the European Union mandated a ___.

14-week paid paternity leave.

About ___ children in the US currently receive formal, licensed child care.

2 million

Which individuals are displaying self-conscious emotions? A) 4y.o Sam, who feels shame. B) 4m.o Jill, who is giggling. C) 7y.o Harry, who is embarrassed. D) 11y.o Mike, who is angry with his sister.

A, C

Which theorists developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up?

Chess and Thomas

Name a true statement about REM sleep in infancy.

Compared with non-REM sleep, a much greater amount of time is taken up by REM sleep in infancy than at any other point in the life span.

Which of the following are environmental influences that can encourage or discourage the persistence of temperament characteristics?

Cultural influences goodness of fit influences

What is a true statement about soothing a crying infant?

Developmental psychologists increasingly agree that soothing crying infants is important to help infants develop a sense of trust.

In the brain, the ___ lobe is involved in voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and intentionality or purpose.

Frontal

The ___ ___ are involved in voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and intentionality or purpose.

Frontal Lobes

The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term, ___.

Goodness of fit

Which of the following statements are true of stranger anxiety?

It appears at about 6 months of age.

___ attached infants have caregivers who are sensitive to their signals and constantly available to respond to the infants' needs.

Securely.

If a caregiver was ___, and ___ the infant most likely would have a secure attachment.

Sensitive, consistent

In general, infant fear first emerges at ___ months and peaks at about ___ months.

Six, Eighteen

From the evolutionary perspective, which of the following is true of sleep?

Sleep is essential to clearing out waste in neural tissues.

More children are in child care today than ever before, primarily because US adults ___.

cannot receive parental leave.

Jenny, an infant, gets scared and starts to cry. She is using her emotions to ___ with her parents.

communicate

When parents of children in East Asia encourage the demonstration of emotional reserve, this illustrates the influence of ___ diversity on emotional development.

cultural

When parents of children of East Asia encourage the demonstration of emotional reserve this illustrates the influence of ___ diversity on emotional development.

cultural

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) ___ child is one who reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.

difficult

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) ___ child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts readily to new experiences.

easy

Eight-month-old Roger is usually in a positive mood, is adaptive, and conforms readily to household routines. According to Chess & Thomas' classification system, he is a(n) ___ child.

easy

Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through ___.

emotions

___ play encourages infants to prefer people over objects.

face-to-face

Tara holds her two-month-old daughter, Sonia, close to her, makes eye contact, and smiles and sings softly to her. Tara is engaging in ____.

face-to-face play

True or false: Most US children have a parent who stays home to care for them.

false

Monsena is an independent and adventurous child who likes to explore new places in her environment. However, her mother is overly controlling and rigid. Developmental psychologists would say that a discussion of this discrepancy concerns:

goodness of fit

The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term, ___.

goodness of fit

If a caregiver was ___, and ___ the infant most likely would have a resistant attachment

inconsistent, unaffectionate

The ___ ___ play important roles in registering spatial location, attention, and motor control.

parietal lobes

Almost all classifications designate an emotion as either ___.

positive or negative

Emotional interactions between caregiver and child are ___, or synchronous, meaning they shape and are shaped by each other.

reciprocal

When Martha wants to feed her newborn son, she gently brushes her nipple against his cheek and, in the ___ reflex, he turns his head toward the side that was touched and immediately latches onto her breast.

rooting

An important form of reciprocal socialization is ___, in which parents adjust the level of guidance to fit the child's performance, thus allowing them to be more skillful.

scaffolding

___ involves parents who take the time to interact with a child in such a way that the child experiences turn-taking and the parents support the child's effort at any age.

scaffolding

In every culture studied so far, the most common classification of attachment is ___.

secure attachment

Which category describes Chess and Thomas' classification of a child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood?

slow to warm up

The interaction between children and caregivers is like a dance or dialog in which each successive action depends on the partner's previous behavior. The term used to describe this is reciprocal ___.

socialization

Individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic way of respond reflect the ___ of a person's personality.

temperament

Kagan believes that ___ has both physiological and experiential bases.

temperament

The ___ ___ have an active role in hearing, language processing, and memory.

temporal lobes

The family can be thought of as a constellation of ___ defined in terms of generation, gender, and role.

subsystems.

An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is his or her ___.

temperament

The reciprocal interchanges and mutual influence processes between parents and children are sometimes referred to as ___.

transactional

Which of the following terms are used to describe the interactional nature of emotional communication between parents and child when all is going well? A) Synchronous B) Reflexive C) Reciprocal D) Other-conscious

A, C

Which of the following statements is true of an infant's color vision? A) It usually mirrors that of an adult at birth. B) Its development is independent of the experience of the infant. C) Its development, in part, reflects maturation. D) It usually approximates that of an adult by four months of age.

C

Researchers are discovering that infants are more socially sophisticated and insightful at younger ages than previously envisioned, In which aspect is this sophistication and insight reflected?

In infants' perceptions of others' actions as intentionally motivated and goal-directed

What type of emotions require self-awareness and sense of 'me'?

Self-conscious emotions

Six-month-old John often reacts negatively and cries frequently. He is also not very adaptive. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n) ___ child.

difficult

Infant nighttime waking problems have consistently been linked to ___.

excessive parental involvement in sleep-related interactions with the infant.

Tiara in the Strange Situation and appears dazed, confused, and fearful. She would most likely be classified as being ___.

insecure disorganized.

Natalie is in the Strange Situation, and she clings anxiously to her caregiver. She does not explore the playroom. She would most likely be classified as being ____.

insecure resistant

If a caregiver was ___, and ___ the infant most likely would have a disorganized attachment.

neglectful, and abusive.

The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as ___.

personality

Kagan believes that children inherit a/an ___ that biases them to have a particular type of temperament.

physiology.

Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament?

Easy, Difficult, Slow-to-warm-up

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an ___.

Emotion

A feeling or affect that occurs when people are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their wellbeing is known as a/an ___.

Emotion

Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through ___.

Emotions

___ are influenced by both biological foundations and by an individual's experiences.

Emotions

How could you best describe the influences of biology and environment on emotional development?

Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture.

What term defines a process that occurs when the individuals focus on the same object and are able to rack another's behavior.

Joint attention

Patty has been classified as a slow-to-warm-up child, according to Chess and Thomas' classification system. Which of the following characteristics is she likely to display?

Low activity level Low intensity of mood Somewhat negative affect

The ___ ___ involve vision.

Occipital Lobes

In a most basic classification sense, enthusiasm, joy, and love are classified as ___ emotions, whereas anxiety, anger, and guilt are classified as ___ emotions.

Positive, Negative

___ is a dynamic process that is linked with sensory information in the skin, joints, and muscles, which tell us where we are in space; in vestibular organs in the inner ear that regulate balance and equilibrium; and in vision and hearing.

Posture

True or false: Marital relationships, parenting, and infant behavior and development have both direct and indirect effects on one another.

True

The current US policy on parental leave is to allow ___.

Up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave.

Jean Piaget believed that children ___.

actively constructs their own cognitive words

Betty and Allen are part of a theatrical group, so they travel frequently. Their child, Cara, is an 11-month-old baby and travels everywhere with them. Even though Cara is usually comfortable with strangers, a full-time nanny, who Cara grew fond of in a day, helps take care of her when her parents are performing. Cara has a regular routine but easily adapts to new eating and sleeping habits whenever the family moves across states. According to Chess and Thomas, Cara would be classified as ___.

an easy child.

The term stranger ___, describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know.

anxiety

Erik Erikson describes the second stage of personality development as the stage of ___ versus shame and doubt.

autonomy

When regarding face-to-face play it...

begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age, and includes vocalization, touch, and gestures.

Especially in infancy, emotions play important roles in ___.

behavior organization.

Your ability to process language in the left hemisphere of the brain and spatial thinking in the right hemisphere of the brain is called ___.

lateralization

Many children in the US are cared for by ___ outside caregivers.

multiple

Which of the following statements are true regarding cultural influences on emotional development? A) Japanese parents try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions. B) East Asian parents encourage their children to express emotions versus showing emotional reserve. C) Non-Latino White mothers are more likely than Japanese parents to respond after their children become distressed. D) East Asian infants display less frequent and less positive and negative emotions than non-Latino White infants.

A, C, D

Which of the following factors can result in an infant showing fear as early as 3 months? A) Abuse B) Indigestion C) Food allergies D) Neglect

A, D