CE ARE AU FULL
*Administration of the Contract (A201; Article 4)
"Architect will be the owner's representative during construction ...[and] have authority to act on behalf of the Owner only to the extent provided in the Contract Documents."
*force majeure
"Greater force". Describes situations where damages or delays are caused by forced beyond the control of either party to a contract. Allows contractor to request an extension to contract time. Must initiate claims within 21 days of the event per A201
*Privity (B101; Article 10)
"Nothing contained in this Agreement shall create a contractual relationship with or a cause of action in favor of a third party against either the Owner or Architect." Principal that a contract can not be used as the basis of a legal claim except by those who are parties to it.
*Waiver of Consequential Damages (B101; Article 8)
"The Architect and Owner waive consequential damages for claims, disputes or other matters in question arising out of or relating to this agreement..." This limits claims (by both the Owner and Architect) to damages arising directly from a breach of the contract.
*Standard of Care (B101; Article 2)
"The Architect shall perform its services consistent with the professional skill and care ordinarily provided by architects practicing in the same or similar locality under the same or similar circumstances. The architect shall perform its services as expeditiously as is consistent with such professional skill and care and the orderly progress of the Project."
*Actions Initial Decision Maker (IDM) must take (within 10 days of receiving a claim.) (A101; Article 6)
-Request addt'l info as needed -Reject the claim in whole or part -Approve claim -Suggest a compromise -Advise the owner and contractor that the IDM is unable to resolve claim.
*Additional Services where owner can decide on compensation (B101; Article 4)
-Reviewing submittals out of sequence -Responding to excessive RFI's -Prepping CO's or CCD's that req. eval of contractors proposals -Evaluating extensive number of claims -Evaluating substitutions proposed by owner or contractor and revising drawings -Providing construction services 60 days or more after substantial completion date.
*Common compensation methods for construction
-Stipulated Sum -Guaranteed Maximum Price -Cost-plus-fee -Unit Price
*Specifications
-identify, in narrative form, the qualitative, performance, and installation requirements for products, materials, and workmanship, as well as the administrative procedures that govern each trade. -can be open, closed, or performance. -Open specifications allow for a list of manufacturers that can be used and allow for substitutions. -Closed specifications are proprietary and are used when a certain product is the only one that meets the design intent. -Performance specifications list specific performance metrics but leave product selection to the contractor. -Open and performance specifications allow for the contractor to use the best value product without sacrificing quality.
*Addenda
-prepared and Issued by the architect prior to owner-contractor agreement has been signed (but after documents issued for bid) that will modify the bidding documents by addition /deletion /clarification/ correction. -Essentially, it's a change everyone is made aware of -Usually these result after contractors begin looking at the drawings closely, noticing errors or need answers. -Addendums are issued to all contractors involved in the bidding no later than 4 days before receipt of final bids. They become part of the contract documents.
*Answers to significant questions at a pre-bid conference should be formalized in an...
...addendum.
*The contract documents are:
...complementary and what is required by one shall be as binding as if required by all. The contractor is to provide what is reasonably inferable but should consult the architect, whose responsibility it is to interpret and decide matters concerning the contract documents if conflicts are discovered.
*Because alternates are priced along with the base bid, they are a flexible way of deleting or substituting alternative materials, or construction elements to reduce...
...costs.
*The impact assessment attempts to characterize the effects of the process found in the inventory analysis in terms of their impacts on the...
...environment.
*Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) may involve more objective measures such as...
...environmental monitoring, space measurement and cost analysis.
*If a performance bond is used the surety company will...
...hire another contractor to complete the project, or supply the additional money to the defaulting contractor to allow construction to proceed.
*The Contractor may stop work if the Owner fails to provide evidence that he can...
...make payment.
*Most often submittals are prepared by _______, _______ and _____, and reviewed by the _______ before being submitted to the _______.
...prepared by subcontractors, vendors and material suppliers, and reviewed by the contractor before being submitted to the architect.
*The statute of limitations for errors and omissions by the architect begins with...
...substantial completion.
*Royalties and license fees are paid by...
...the Contractor
*Decisions by the Initial Decision Maker (IDM) are final, unless...
...the contractor or owner demand mediation or arbitration.
*Under AIA B133, the owner-architect agreement, CMR edition, the architect's start of construction phase services begin with...
...the owner's acceptance of the CM's guaranteed maximum price (GMP) proposal.
*The architect must keep a log of submittals. For each submittal the log must include...
...the submittal name, the date it was received by the architect, the date it was sent to a consultant (if necessary), the date it came back from the consultant, the date it was returned to the contractor, and the action taken on the submittal.
*When finding in favor of the contractor against the owner, based on research that uncovers errors in the contract documents, the architect acting as Initial Decision Maker (IDM) is harming his client. Nonetheless, the architect must not try to tip the outcome in favor of the owner because...
...this will lead to more expensive methods of dispute resolution, slowing progress, and dissolving the architect's effectiveness in settling claims and disputes
*An Architect's signature on a certificate for payment indicates that the Architect has...
...verified that the contractor is entitled to payment for work performed to date.
*wythe
.A continuous section of brick wall is called a...
*Which division of the MasterFormat covers final cleaning?
01, General Requirements.
*Which division of the MasterFormat covers site remediation?
02, Existing Conditions.
*Which division of the MasterFormat covers typical wood framing?
06 Wood, Plastics and Composites.
*Which MasterFormat division covers dampproofing, as well as roofing specialities like smoke vents, roof pavers, and roof hatches?
07 - Thermal and Moisture Protection.
*Which division of the MasterFormat covers insulation?
07, Thermal and Moisture Protection.
*Which division of the MasterFormat covers store fronts and curtain walls?
08, Openings.
*Which MasterFormat division would include requirements for metal studs for interior partition walls?
09 Finishes. Metal studs are specified as part of gyp. board assemblies.
*Which division of the MasterFormat covers acoustical ceilings?
09, Finishes.
*What are the five main types of project delivery systems?
1. DBB 2. CM as Adviser 3. CM as Constructor (cmc) 4. Design-Build 5. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD)
*What are the four phases of an life-cycle assessment LCA?
1. Defining the goals and scope of the study. 2. Performing an inventory analysis. 3. Performing an impact assessment. 4. Performing an improvement analysis, or interpretation, and reporting the results of the study.
**(5) Contract elements between Owner and Architect
1. Description of Services Provided 2. Fees of Services 3. Name, Address, and License Number of Architect 4. Provisions for Additional Services 5. Termination Clause
*What items is a Construction Manager (CM) responsible for?
1. Determine Work is performed in accordance with construction documents. 2. Inform Owner of the progress of the Work. 3. Endeavor to guard Owner from defects in Work. 4. Owner/Contractor communicate through the CM. Review and certify Applications for Payment. Prepare Change Orders and Construction Change Directives. Architects still approves Change Orders and Applications for Payments.
*What specific responsibilities does the Architect have in bidding the project?
1. Distribute Bidding Documents to prospective bidders, maintaining a log of distribution. 2. Organizing and conducting a pre-bid conference for bidders. 3. Preparing responses to questions from bidders and issuing addenda. 4. Organizing and conducting opening of the bids and distributing the bid results.
*What services is the Architect responsible for regarding the negotiated proposals?
1. Distribute proposal documents to prospective contractors. 2. Organize and participate in selection interviews with the prospective contractors. 3. Participate in negotiations with prospective contractors. 4. Prepare a summary report of the negotiation results.
*Contractor provides protection to (A201; Article 10)
1. Employees on the Work and other persons 2. The Work and materials and equipment 3. Other property at the site or adjacent to
*In terms of the design professional lien laws, what (4) groups are considered design professionals?
1. Licensed Architect 2. Licensed Landscape Architect 3. Registered Professional Engineer 4. Licensed Land Surveyor
*How to choose design builder
1. Lowest competitive bid or, 2. Value-based, with criteria such as schedule and quality in addition to cost
*What duties must the Owner complete during project Close Out?
1. Makes final payment to Architect. 2. Makes final payment to Contractor. 3. Files Notes of Completion.
**(4) Conditions outside the Architect's control in developing cost estimates
1. Market Conditions 2. Inflation and the Cost of Goods & Services 3. Contractor Means & Methods of Construction 4. Unknown Site Conditions
*What steel components or assemblies require special inspections?
1. Material verification for high strength bolts. 2. High strength bolts. 3. Material verification of structural steel. 4. Welding of structural steel. 5. Steel joint frame details for compliance with construction documents.
*Additional Conditions separate from contract
1. Matters pertaining to bidding are in bid docs 2. Admin and procedural requirements are explained in detail in Division 1 of specs.
*If a Construction Change Directive provides for an adjustment to the Contract Sum, what is the adjustment based on?
1. Mutual acceptance of a lump sum properly itemized and supported by sufficient data. 2. Unit prices states in the Contract Documents or subsequently agreed upon. 3. Cost to be determined in a manner agreed upon by the parties and mutually acceptable fixed or percentage fee. [See AIA A201 7.3.3]
*Modifications to Contract Documents (A201; Article 1)
1. a written amendment to the Contract signed by both parties 2. a Change Order 3. a Construction Change Directive 4. a written order for a Minor Change in the Work issued by the Architect.
*what are five of the most common variables that can affect the cost of a project when bidding occurs?
1. actual costs to the contractors and subcontractors 2. current competitiveness of the market 3. project schedule 4. desire of a contractor to get the job 5. level of profit required by the contractor
*bidding documents
1. advertisement or invitation to bid 2.instructions to bidders 3. supplementary instructions to bidders 4. bid forms 5. bid security information 6. performance bond 7. labor and material payment bond, 8. Prequalification Forms 9. Information available to Bidders (specification, drawings, and any addenda issued by the architect during the bid period.)
*Relationships not created by Contract Documents (A201; Article 1)
1. between the Contractor and the Architect or the Architect's consultants, 2.between the Owner and a Subcontractor or a Sub-subcontractor, 3. between the Owner and the Architect or the Architect's consultants 4.between any persons or entities other than the Owner and the Contractor.
*What are the parts of a Project Manual?
1. bidding requirements. 2. parts of the contract. 3. general and supplementary conditions of the contract. 4. technical specifications
*what is the basic process for getting approval on submittals from subcontractors or suppliers?
1. first, the submittal is sent to the general contractor, who reviews it and then sends it to the architect for approval. 2. if the submittal also requires review by one of the designer's consultants, it is sent to the consultant for review. 3. the submittal is then sent back to the contractor, who returns it to the party who originally made the submittal.
*Factors that contractors take in consideration when doing a construction schedule
1. how well prepared Construction Documents are 2. how demanding are The Architect - engineer 3. Subs Ability to perform on time 4.The skills of the contractor's organization 5. Material dealers 6. Size and Complexity of the project 7. Site Conditions 8. The weather 9. The possibility of labor troubles 10. Possibility of material shortages
*What's included in the instructions to bidders
1. procedures for submitting bids (Date/Time/Location/Exact Form) 2. where to obtain bidding documents 3. procedures for opening bids 4. submittals required with the bids 5. bidders' representation statements 6. required bonds 7. procedures for issuing addenda and other modifications 8. Date and location of pre-bid conference 9. Last date when bidders can ask questions 10. Process for submitting questions
*At the closeout of a project, the GC typically submits?
1. the bonds 2. all warranties and manuals 3. any extra stock of materials 4. a set of record drawings 5. the certificate of occupancy 6. documentation required by the final application for payment 7. maintenance contracts and equipment operating instructions. 8. Release of Liens
*what are the six things the architect is NOT responsible for during contract administration?
1. the means, methods, or techniques of construction 2. safety on the jobsite 3. fabrication, shipment, or installation of construction elements or furnishings 4. acts or omissions of the contractors, subcontractors, or suppliers 5. stopping the work if there are problems 6. receipt, inspection, and acceptance of furniture or fixtures 7.Exhaustive or continuous on-site inspections
*what are the four primary advantages of negotiating a contract?
1. the owner can use a specific contractor 2. a realistic project cost is developed from the beginning 3. the contractor can assist in reducing the cost of the project 4. the contractor can point out potential problems in the design
*IBC and ADA requirements for operating hardware for most egress doors to be mounted between
34" and 48" above the finished floor (AFF) Locks used only for security purposes and not used for normal operation are excluded
*A T-shaped turning clearance must be 60" long and have arms at least ____" wide.
36"
*ADAAG requires _____" minimum clear for passage.
36"
*Addendums issued no later than (blank days) before bids received
4 days
*Min tread and riser dimensions
4 in high max 7 in high max 11 in deep min
*Backfill should be placed in lifts of what heights?
4 to 12 inches. The backfill is laid in thin layers called lifts and is compacted after each lift.
*Temperature at which sand and water must be heated to ensure they don't freeze in concrete! Concert must be heated for 7 days after placement, during early curing stages
40 degrees
*Ramps clear width with handrails
405.5 the clear width between handrails shall be 36 inches (915 mm) minimum.
*At what temperatures do workers need to protect the concrete when cold weather is predicted?
40F
*If a building has 10 entry doors, how many of the 10 must be accessible?
5, or 50%.
*In a slump test what is the accepted amount of slump for mortar?
5-8"
*Classrooms with an occupant load of more than _______ people require panic hardware.
50
*Ramps with runs greater than what shall have handrails?
6 in
*Minimum Waiting Period Between Conflict and Binding Mediation
60 days
*circular turning clearance must be _____" minimum clear in diameter.
60"
*Ramps shall have landings at the top and bottom of e ramp run of what dimensions
60" by the widest ramp run dim (min 36") 60"x 60" when a landing that changes the ramp direction
*According to the AIA A201 §9.6.2 the Contractor has ______ days to issue payment to Subcontractors after receiving payment from the Owner.
7 days
*Either party can terminate the agreement on no less than _______ days written notice if the other party fails to perform according to the terms of the agreement.
7 days
*How many days prior to receipt of bids is the contractor permitted to ask questions for clarification?
7 days
*Arch lets all bidders know decision has been made (blank days) after bids received
7-10 days
*Max Distance of Travel for Fire Extinguishers
75'
*In a slump test what is the accepted amount of slump for grout?
8-10"
*Labor and materials (constitute what % of construction cost)
80%
*If the Owner suspends the project for reasons other than the fault of the Architect, what number of days must pass before the Architect can terminate their agreement, according to AIA B101?
90 cumulative days
*According to AIA B101 the architect must revise the construction cost estimate if bidding does not commence within _______ days after the architect submits the construction documents to the owner.
90 days
*In a masonry wall, describe weep holes
@ 2' o.c. One row on top of flashing or in same row Used at the base of a cavity (drainage) wall and at all relieving angles. Allow air into cavity (to equalize pressure) while allowing water to drain out
*If an architect changes insurance carriers and he previously had a "claims-made" liability insurance policy, what kind of coverage should he get with the new carrier?
A "prior acts" policy.
*Kelly Ball test
A 6-inch-diameter, 30-pound ball is dropped into a fresh concrete mixture. is used to determine the workability of fresh concrete. Consisting of a hemispherical ended cylinder with a guide frame and handle graduated in quarter inches. This field test determines the depth to which the apparatus will sink under its own weight into fresh concrete. The ball is lowered into the concrete and the penetration measured. It can be used on site or in the laboratory.
*A soil sieve analysis is conducted with soil from a job site. What result would indicate stable soil?
A Dense gradation A dense gradation refers to a sample that is approximately of equal amounts of various sizes of aggregate. By having a dense gradation, most of the air voids between the material are filled with particles. This results in the most stable soil. Narrow gradation Also known as uniform gradation, a narrow gradation is a sample that has aggregate of approximately the same size. Gap gradation A gap gradation refers to a sample with very little aggregate in the medium size range. This results in only coarse and fine aggregate. Open gradation An open gradation refers an aggregate sample with very little fine aggregate particles. This results in many air voids, because there are no fine particles to fill them. Rich gradation A rich gradation refers to a sample of aggregate with a high proportion of particles of small sizes.
*How does a Notice of Non-Responsibility protect the Owner?
A Notice of Non-Responsibility is utilized when a tenant (not Owner) of a space is performing work and the Owner (landlord) wants to protect themselves from any liens stemming from the failure of the tenant to pay contractors and vendors. The Notice of Non-Responsibility is completed by the Owner and physically posted at the construction site.
*What are methods the Architect uses to conduct a Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE)?
A POE usually involved gathering feedback from the building occupants, through surveys, questionnaires, interviews and workshops, but may also involve more quantitative measures, such as cost analysis, usage statistics and temperature, air quality or acoustical qualities.
*Pro-forma
A Pro-forma is a financial analysis of the building project showing costs and return on investment. This report is typically done by the client at the beginning of the project to determine if the project will be profitable.
*Who performs Special Inspections?
A Special Inspector shall be a qualified person who shall demonstrate competence, to the satisfaction of the building official, for inspection of the particular type of construction or operation requiring special inspection. The Owner shall employ one or more special inspectors to provide inspection during construction.
*Vapor retarder
A _______ impedes the passage of water vapor into the roofing assembly.
*bid log
A bid log is used to record the bids as they are opened by the Architect, and to help the Owner evaluate them.
*What is considered a non-responsive bid
A bid with an incomplete bid form
*Performance bond
A bond in which the contractor and the contractor's surety guarantee the owner that the work will be performed in accordance with the contract documents. pays for completion of the project in the event that the GC defaults on their obligations. ensures that, should the contractor default during construction, there are sufficient funds to complete the project.
*completion bond
A bond obtained by the contractor or owner, which guarantees that the project will be completed free of liens.
*If a penalty clause is included in the contract, what must also be included?
A bonus provision.
*Bracing
A braced frame is a structural system designed to resist wind and earthquake forces. Members in a braced frame are not allowed to sway laterally (which can be done using shear wall or a diagonal steel sections, similar to a truss).
*If a project passes the substantial completion inspection, what document must the architect prepare?
A certificate of substantial completion.
*option
A choice given to the contractor to provide specified alternates without prior approval of the architect.
*Mechanic's Lien
A claim against a property made by a contractor, material supplier, or architect for unpaid debt of the property owner. Clear title to the property cannot be obtained until the claim is settled. According to A201 the Contractor is required to submit documentation that the work is free of liens before receiving payments to ensure the owner will have clear title to the property upon final payment. A lien only applies to an owners project-related assets. Not allowed on public projects. Does not affect the ability to pursue other remedies.
*concealed or unknown conditions
A claim made by the Contractor for more time or money, based on a subsurface or otherwise concealed condition causing the site to differ from what is in the contract.
*Slurry wall
A concrete wall cast in a trench to serve as sheeting and often as a permanent foundation wall.
*fast track
A construction technique by which construction on each element of a project is begun as soon as the design for that element is completed, without waiting for completion of the design for the entire project. Its principal objective is to shorten the overall construction time. Also called accelerated or telescoped. CD's are issued in phases. Requires coordination and precludes against major design revisions. Requires staged bidding - may get many contractors and therefore makes it hard to get a fixed price early on. Usually needs a CM to oversee.
*Contingency - Construction (Pluralsight; Project Execution)
A contingency for general unforeseen changes that can occur when a project is being built. Usually higher for rennovations(Pluralsight; Project Execution)
*Price Escalation (Contingency)(Pluralsight; Project Execution)
A contingency in case costs increase between when the architect's estimate is made and when bidding begins. (Pluralsight; Project Execution)
*Contingency -Design (Pluralsight; Project Execution)
A contingency that accounts for inaccuracies and unknowns that may arise throughout construction that were not accounted for in the design, especially useful when the design is still incomplete during the bidding phase. (Pluralsight; Project Execution)
*single prime contract
A contract for building construction under which one prime contractor is responsible for the entire project, in contrast to having separate contracts.
*Indemnification
A contractual obligation whereby one party agrees to guarantee another party against loss or damage from specified liabilities. Also called the hold harmless clause.
*Functional Area Method (Pluralsight; Project Execution)
A cost estimating method that involves using historical data and market research to gather cost information based on the specific usages of spaces within a project. average cost per unit of program area is used to estimate total cost (i.e. classroom space vs laboratory space), accurate to within 5-15%
*Substitutions for Lower-Cost Products
A credit Change Order should be issued to the Owner; however, this only includes the reduction in the price of materials, not GC overhead and profit
*Black mold (stachybotrys chartarum)
A dangerous type of microbial growth that can grow well on the paper of gypsum board.
*waiver of lien
A document by which one relinquishes the right of mechanic's lien against the property of another. See mechanic's lien and release of lien. Required by contractor along with affidavit of payments of all debts and an affidavit of release of liens before receiving final payment
*Certificate of Substantial Completion/G704
A document prepared by the architect stating that the work is substantially complete, thereby establishing the date of substantial completion. • Fix the time the contractor must complete the unfinished work in punch list • Defines responsibility of both the O and C for security, maintenance, heat, utilities, and liability for damages to the work • Defines responsibility to provide insurance white the contractor complete the work on punch list • The doc is sign by O, A and C
*Preliminary 20 Day Notice
A document that aids subcontractors, vendors, and material suppliers protect their lien rights in the event they are not paid for services rendered or materials supplied. Within 20 days of furnishing labor or materials, subcontractors must serve this notice to Owner, by certified first class mail or in person, which allows the Owner to made aware of the lien rights of the subcontractors, vendors, and material suppliers.
*Davis-Bacon Act
A federal law that requires the Department of Labor to set prevailing wages for government-financed construction projects.
*Firewall
A firewall is an assembly of materials used to separate transformers, structures, or large buildings to prevent the spread of fire by constructing a wall which extends from the foundation through the roof with a prescribed fire resistance duration and independent structural stability.
*Stipulated-sum (contractor)
A fixed price that the owner agrees to pay the contractor for the work as shown in the contract documents. aka fixed fee. • Unit prices are permitted. Unit prices may be used when portions of the work are difficult to establish at bidding Actual construction cost and construction bid difference is absorbed as profit or loss by the contractor • Owner is permitted to select alternates which are variations in materials or construction components that increase or reduce the base bid construction cost.
*Elemental Methods (Pluralsight; Project Execution)
A form of cost estimating that is a hybrid between a full unit based estimate method and one that accounts for a moderately detailed estimate. UNIformat can be used to berak elements down into element estimate categories. (aka Assemblies and Subsystems) (Pluralsight; Project Execution)
*Arbitration (B101; Article 8)
A formal, legally binding process for resolving disputes without litigation. Arbiters with experience in construction industry will hear the arguments of both disputing parties and render a legally binding decision. More difficult to appeal than litigation.
*Brownfield
A former industrial or commercial site where future use is affected by real or perceived environmental contamination.
*Tremie
A funnel-shaped hopper and tube arrangement that is used to place wet concrete.
*Sustainable Objective (B101 SP)
A goal to be achieved by incorporating sustainable measures into the design, construction, maintenance, and operations of the project. Could be based on Code or could be voluntary.
*release of lien
A legal document signed by a supplier or subcontractor demonstrating that they have been paid for their materials or work put into the project. The release is so they can no longer file a Mechanics Lien against the property.
*Letter of Intent (Memorandum of Understanding/Agreement)
A letter signifying intention to enter into a formal agreement and setting forth the general terms thereof. Owner may use this to give the successful bidder authorization to begin work before a formal contract has been signed
*Winter conditions
A line item in the schedule of values that provides an allowance to be used by the general contractor to abate winter weather impact on the site, such as the use of temporary heating.
*The Architect is submitting the Certificate of Substantial completion to the Owner. Which items might be attached to the certificate?
A list of uncompleted punch list items A list of any Owner-accepted non-conforming work The certificates of substantial completion of any of the Architect's consultants
*From the Architect's standpoint, what is the disadvantage of the percentage of construction cost compensation method?
A low cost project may require more work than an expensive one.
*Electric field vector mapping
A low-voltage, nondestructive testing method used to identify potential water infiltration in waterproofing membrane applications. Water applied on the surface of a membrane is used as the conductive medium, and a low-voltage current is applied between the waterproofing membrane and the conductive structural deck. Breaches in the membrane will cause an electrical connection to occur, allowing leaks to be located.
*MERV rating
A measurement scale designed to rate the effectiveness of air filters.
*Sustainability Workshop (B101 SP)
A meeting where team members confirm the sustainable objective, establish the goals and expectations for the project, and discuss possible sustainable measures.
*vapor barrier
A membrane that prevents the passage of water vapor through a wall or roof.
*Certificate of Insurance
A memorandum that outlines the types and limits of the insurance coverage carried by the contractor for a project.
*Slump test
A metal mold called a slump cone is filled with fresh concrete. The mold is then removed and the "slump," or vertical difference between the top concrete and the top of the form, is measured. This easy and inexpensive test is done to determine workability and uniformity of the mixture.
*Proctor tests
A method for determining the moisture-density relationship in soils subject to compaction. generally consist of compacting soil at a known moisture content into a cylindrical mold of standard dimensions using a compactive effort of controlled magnitude. The soil is usually compacted into the mold to a certain amount of equal layers, each receiving a number of blows from a standard weighted hammer at a specified height. This process is then repeated for various moisture contents and the dry densities are determined for each. The graphical relationship of the dry density to moisture content is then plotted to establish the compaction curve. The maximum dry density is finally obtained from the peak point of the compaction curve and its corresponding moisture content, also known as the optimal moisture content. 90-95% compaction is ideal.
*Accommodation Units (Pluralsight; Project Execution)
A method of Area and Volume cost estimating that takes into account the number of rooms, or even beds in a project. (Pluralsight; Project Execution)
*Uniformat
A method of arranging construction information based on functional elements...without regard to the materials and methods used to accomplish them.... It is often seen in performance specifications and preliminary project descriptions (PPD). Its most notable use is as a format for estimators to present cost estimates during the schematic design phase.
*Gantt chart
A method of scheduling used by contractors that allows for laying out tasks based on deadline, allows for identification of float, and shows overlapping tasks. While it includes many of the same items as the critical path method, it does not include tasks' dependencies on one another.
*Earned Value Management
A methodology that combines scope, schedule, and resource measurements to assess project performance and progress. Determines percentage of project completion of each line item on the schedule of values. The actual time and money expended can be compared to the budgeted amounts to determine how the project is progressing
*Crazing
A network of hairline cracks caused by shrinkage on or under a surface. It can occur in newly finished plaster, concrete, ceramic, and paint.
*Agent
A person acting on behalf of another entity. During construction administration, the architect acts as the owner's agent.
*base bid with an approved equal
A prescriptive specification that allows an equal product to be substituted, but only after review and approval by the Architect.
*proprietary specification
A prescriptive specification that calls for a specific manufacturer's product. products are specifically listed by name and # and there's no substitutions allowed.
*May a private entity open bids privately, or must all bids be opened publicly.
A private entity may open and read bids privately.
*Benchmarking
A process that compares the performance of a project to established norms or metrics. It can be used to gauge the overall performance of the building.
*Approved equal
A product proposed as a substitution by the contractor and reviewed by the architect. If acceptable to the architect (as being equivalent to what was originally specified), the product then becomes an approved equal and can be used.
*Business Entry Rule (aka business records exception to the hearsay rule)
A project record must have been made during the normal course of business, it must have been made at or shortly after the act, event, or transaction being recorded, and it must be the regular course of business for such a record to be made.
*additive alternate
A proposal by a bidder for an amount to be added to the base bid if the corresponding change in the work is accepted.
*B101 comp methods: cost plus fee
Actual expenses plus a fee for profit. Includes multiple of direct personnel expense method, multiple of direct salary expense, and the hourly billing rate method (includes "not to exceed" amt )
*Architect's Pre-construction responsibilities when delivery is Construction Manager (CM) as Adviser (AIA B132)
Architect is not responsible for cost estimates Architect prepares design schedule and submits to Owner and CM Architects submits SD drawings to CM and Owner to be used as preliminary cost estimate Architect must consider alternative materials and building systems advised by the CM Architect submits outline specifications during DD If at the end of DD, cost estimate exceeds the budget, the architect must revise drawings without additional compensation If the project is sent out for competitive bidding, the responsibilities for the architect are similar in a DBB. If the project bidding is negotiated, the architect assists the owner and CM in selecting contractor and reproduction of proposal documents The basis of payment is the cost of the work plus fee, either with or without a GMP. At a time mutually agreed on by the CM and owner, CM prepares a GMP proposal. During this review the architect is not responsible for discovering errors and omissions for the assumption of any of the CM's responsibilities but if there are any owner and CM should be notified
*Withholding Payment
Architect may withhold all or part of GC's application for payment and must notify the Owner and GC; Architect can also nullify a previous certificate to protect Owner
*G711
Architect's Field Report
*Final inspection
An inspection by the architect to determine that all parts of the project are complete per the contract documents. This differs from substantial completion because the project typically has some defects/minor issues to be corrected from the punch list at substantial completion. At final completion, all punch list items should be complete
*invitation to bid
An invitation to a selected list of contractors soliciting bids for a project. Sent to pre-qualified contractors only
*Certificate of Occupancy
An official document from the local building code enforcement department stating that the project has met all applicable codes and is ready for it's designated purpose (ready to move in).
*Statute of Limitations
An ordinance that specifies the period within which legal action must be brought to obtain legal relief for damage or injury.
*Quality Control (aka Quality Management, Quality Planning, or Quality Assurance)
An organized set of procedures, systems and tools established by an office that aid in meeting the expectations of the client, maintaining a high level of professional service, and reducing risks and liabilities.
*percentage agreement
An owner-architect agreement under which the professional fee is based upon a percentage of the construction cost of the project.
*Environmental Site Assessment
Analysis typically addressing both the underlying land as well as physical improvements to a property.
*Purpose of stem wall
Anchors the foundation to the wall A building is strenghtened by a well-constructed stem wall Like roots to a plant
*prime contractor
Any contractor on a project who has a contract directly with the owner.
*Which bids may the Owner reject?
Any or all.
*G702
Application and Certificate for Payment -Contractor applies for payment to owner -Architect certifies -Show status of contract sum to date and work completed, the amount of retainage, and previous payments, change orders. -It is usually accompanied by the contractor's sworn statement and schedule of values, along with subcontractor backup for the work performed
*Stored materials
Applications for payments include a list of all materials stored on-site; Materials that are on the job site but not yet installed. The value of these materials can be included on the contractor's G702. Materials stored at a contractor's warehouse (or offsite) do not count and cannot be included unless authorized authorized by owner.
*Why is Arbitration a preferable method of dispute resolution over Litigation?
Arbitration tends to be less expensive than Litigation and it is also faster. The decision of the arbitrator, though binding, is private information while litigation is public.
*According to AIA B101, the _______ shall establish and periodically update the Owner's budget for the Project.
Architect
*Who is responsible for organizing a Pre-Construction Meeting during a DBB delivery?
Architect
*Who typically organizes Project Meetings?
Architect
*Who's responsibility is it to determine that a proj is substantially complete
Architect
*Who should attend Project Meetings?
Architect design consultants as required contractor's and their rep major subs if required specialty subs Owner may be required to attend
*Who should attend a Pre-Construction Meeting
Architect owner personnel from the contractor's office (PMs, supervisors, etc) major subs design consultants as required
*Who prepares the Statement of Special Inspections?
Architect develops, then submits to AHJ officials for review and approval; Owner must hire and pay an independent (not GC) firm to do the inspection work; results are submitted to code officials for approval
*Right to Photograph (B101; Article 10)
Architect is allowed reasonably to time to photograph completed work for marketing materials, unless client has previously notified architect in writing that subject is confidential or proprietary.
*During construction, why must the Architect speak directly to the GC and not the subcontractors?
Architect is an agent of the Owner who does not have a contractual relationship with subcontractors
*Architect's Pre-construction responsibilities when Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) using transitional forms AIA B195
Architect's pre-construction activities are fairly limited. Pre-construction is the phase that includes Agency Review and Buyout Agency Review: includes the standard building code check by the AHJ as well as any other reviews by permitting agencies. If BIM is used this process can be streamlined and may employ the use of electronic plan checking. Buyout: process of selecting suppliers and finalizing prices from any remaining subs and vendors that are not part of the IPD process. Architect may be involved in the remaining bidding or negotiation efforts but the contractor and owner finalize these arrangements.
*CA Architect's responsibilities when Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) is used
Architect's responsabilities are almost identical to those in AIA A201 and B101. The tasks are more focused on quality control and cost monitoring because most of the design and coordination work has been done prior to this phase. In theory there should be fewer on-site problems.
*G710
Architect's supplemental instruction form used to order minor changes in the work that do not alter the terms of the contract. (ASI)
*Regarding submittals, the Contractor shall perform no portion of the work until the respective submittal has been approved by the _______.
Architect.
*Which parties are exempt from sending a Preliminary 20 Day Notice to the Owner?
Architects and General Contractors. They do not have to send a Preliminary 20 Day Notice as they have a direct contract with the Owner.
*Basic Services (B101; Article 3)
Article 3 of B101 contract: Describes the activities of the architect during each phase of a traditional design-bid-build project. usually consisting of schematic design, design development, construction documents, bidding or negotiation, and construction contract administration. (struct,mep design services, scheduling and budgeting services)
*Additional Services (B101; Article 4)
Article 4 of B101 contract: Describes other services that an architect may perform in addition to basic services. These can be performed in exchange for additional compensation. Programming; BIM; LEED (and the like); post-occupancy evalutations; detailed cost estimating... many more...
*According to AIA B101, when should site visits take place?
As appropriate to the stage of the contractor's work.
*Returned Unopened
As bid are received, architect or owner's rep stamp bid with date and time of receipt. Any bids received after the stipulated time of the bid should be...
*Asbestos
Asbestos is a set of six naturally occurring silicate minerals. Shi Mian; Some of those properties are sound absorption, average tensile strength, affordability, and resistance to fire, heat, and electricity. It was used in such applications as electrical insulation for hotplate wiring and in building insulation.
*Plysheets in a built-up roofing system are placed with _____ or ______.
Asphalt or bitumen (tar)
*In which contract document may the architect find their duties associated with bidding?
B101 Stand Form of Agreement Between Owner and Architect
*Built-up roofing consists of a _______, ________, and a _______.
Base sheet, plysheets, cap sheet
*What are the disadvantages to the owner of hiring a CM?
Because the CM is hired before the design work is finished, there is no competitive bidding, which could result in higher costs for the owner. And, a more complicated management system, due to having one more person on the team.
*From the architect's standpoint, why is it better to contract a Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) after substantial completion, rather than have the POE in the owner-architect agreement?
Because the statute of limitations will begin at the substantial completion date, and not at the completion of the POE.
*Name (2) requirements of the Contractor prior to execution of the Contract.
Before commencing the work, the Contractor is required to: 1. Visit the site. 2. Become familiar with the Contract Documents. - Execution of the Contract by the Contractor is a representation that he/she has performed these actions. [See AIA A201 3.2.1]
*A310
Bid Bond
*Duration for Bids to be Held Open
Bidder agrees to continue to honor the bid price for a stated period of time; usually 30 days for private, 60-90 days for public
*Bid Amount Discrepancy
Bids must be submitted with the amount in words and numbers; when there is a discrepancy, words prevail
*Batter Boards
Boards held horizontally by stakes driven into the ground to mark the boundaries of a proposed building. They hold wires that indicate the excavation line for a building site
*With the CM as Adviser (CMa) delivery method, who reviews submittals?
Both the Architect and the CM.
*With the CM as Constructor (CMc) delivery method, the architect must consult with who during construction?
Both the Owner and the CM.
*May an ASI include drawings, text, or both?
Both.
*What three activities take place after the building is complete?
Building commissioning Project follow-up Post-occupancy evaluation
*BIM
Building information modeling (BIM) refers to the process of generating and managing building date during its life-cycle. BIM can incorporate non-graphical statistical data modeling as well as geometric modeling. Computer modeling facilitates linking non-graphic data to a 3-D graphic model.
*Bid date
Date by which all bids need to be received. In general, bidders are given 2-6 weeks to prepare bids and ask for clarifications and substitutions.
*If a bid is going to be read publicly, what should the instructions indicate?
Date, time, and place where the bids will be opened and read
*The owner may stop work due to:
Deficiencies in performance, safety violations, andor nonconformance with contract documents. The Owner may carry on the work under their own forces and may deduct the cost of the corrections from the contract sum.
*Who pays for the bid docs
Depends on what's mentioned in agreement 1. Can be paid directly by owner or 2. By architect as reimbursable expense 3. Client may choose to charge bidders for printing docs (typ. When it is an open bid, if thru invitation or prequalified bidders, owner typ. pays)
*Means and methods
Describes how the contractor will be installing/constructing the project, and is outside the architect's scope of work.
*Environmental Impact Statement
Describes the positive and negative environmental effects of a proposed action and usually lists one or more alternative actions that may be chosen instead of the described actin.
*What is not possible for public sector clients that is for private?
Design - Negotiate - Built method. If the bids exceed the project budget, private sector clients may negotiate with any of the bidders to arrive at a final bid amount. Owners of privately funded projects may select DNB because it gives them more opportunity to prequalify contractors and to weigh factors other than cost when making their decision
*Which project delivery method offers reduced design and construction time?
Design Build.
*B143
Design Builder/Architect Agreement
*the services of a commissioning agent in design phase
Design Phase 1. Assisting with development of specific owner's project requirements. 2.Perform independent design review of plans and specifications to help meet Owner's goals. Discuss and evaluate energy saving opportunities. 3. Create commissioning specifications for inclusion in bid documents 4.Assist design team with developing comprehensive training program.
*What are the QA/QC submittals?
Design data, test reports, certificates, manufacturers' instructions, manufacturer's field report
*Detailed Design Documents (IPD)
Design development set
*What other construction delivery method is most similar to the Construction Manager as Constructor (CMc) with regard to the many roles and responsibilities of the Architect?
Design-Bid-Build
*Which project delivery method is most traditional?
Design-award-build.
*In what delivery method the owner gets to shed all spearin gap risks?
Design-build Because there are "no plans and specs"
*Cost estimating method used during the Design Development
Detailed pricing based on the actual components being considered, including windows, curtain walls, finishes and equipment.
*As-built drawings - record drawings
Documents compiled at the end of construction that reflect all changes that occurred during construction. Contractors should record changes in the field on a set of drawings at the site, and those notes will be transferred into these drawings. This is not typically covered as the architect's responsibility in A201 and, if required by the owner, would be considered a change in services. the correct term is record drawings.
*When there is a conflict between the drawings and the specifications, which takes precedence?
The specifications.
*How does the arch approve a proposed substitution request before bids
Through an addendum
*How does one know if a piece of equipment meets a performance specification?
Through testing.
*How to sub bidders get bidding documents
Through the contractor (sometimes directly through arch if specifically offered in Advertisement or invitation to bid)
*ADA accessibility guidelines (titles)
Title 1- employment Title 2- public services and transport Title 3- public accommodations and buildings Title 4- telecommunications Title 5- miscellaneous
*All responses to a substitution request, either acceptance or rejection, must be distributed to who and issued as what?
To all bidders Issued as an addendum to the bid docs, making it part of the CDs
*Why would an owner hire a construction manager as an adviser (CMa)?
To assist in project delivery by providing cost estimating, scheduling, and construction contract management services to the owner.
*What is the architect's only responsibility in reviewing shop drawings?
To check for conformance with design intent.
*Why is it important that arch be involved in developing owner-contractor agreement?
To determine if its consistent w provisions of the contract documents, general conditions, and the owner-architect agreement. Clauses and conditions that prevent the architect from performing its contracted duties must be brought to the owner's attention.
*Why do public projects use open specifications?
To encourage competitive bidding.
*The primary purpose of the pre-construction conference is?
To establish acceptable ground rules for all parties concerned.
*Architect will also produce a waiver of lien why?
To get paid Issue to owner
*What is the role of the mediator?
To guide the parties toward reaching their own settlement. The mediator defines and limits issues, puts issues in perspective, and sees that both sides understand the opposing point of view.
*What provides an objective basis for determining prices for changes of scope
Unit prices
*Examples of significant variations from AIA General Conditions that would affect CA services:
Unreasonably short submittal review time. - Change order extension without the architect's approval. - Excessive site visit requirements. - Deletion of submittal review.
*Smoke pencil
Used to identify drafts and air leaks and verify air flow and currents. The smoke shows where air leakage is occurring.
*Grade Stakes
Used to indicate how much cut or fill is required at a specific location to reach finish grade
*Project Monitoring Chart
Used to predict both time and money needed to complete certain tasks. Actual time and money spent can be compared to this prediction to see if within budget.
*An executed copy of the owner-contract agreement is required for the architect do determine what?
Which CA services are appropriate for the project
*When does the Architect issue a Certificate for Payment?
Within (7) days after receipt of the Contractor's Application for Payment, the Architect shall either issues to the Owner a Certificate for Payment, with a copy to the Contractor, for such amount as the Architect determines is properly due, or notify the Contractor and Owner in writing of the Architect's reasons for withholding certification in whole or in part.
*Owner's Right to File Claim for Damages
Within GC's warranty period (1 year after substantial completion) Owner must give the GC an opportunity to correct a problem or the Owner waives the right to file a claim for damages
*MasterFormat Division 06
Wood, Plastics, and Composites
*Notice of Completion/Cessation
Work has formally been completed. • File to County Recorder's Office • Reduce the length of the lien period
*The architect must not certify work that is provided by who?
Work provided by consultants who are contracted directly with the owner. Agreeing to pay for such work will increase risk on the architect.
*During agency review, what is the Architect's role in an IPD project?
Working with AHJ to show code compliance related to the BIM model
*Certified Value Specialist (CSV)
Works with design team to facilitate explorations into a full range of VE solutions
*Notice of Award
Written notice from the Owner to inform bidders of the Owner's intent to award a contract to the successful bidder
*Final certificate for payment
Written notice provided by contractor that the work is ready for final inspection and acceptance. sent by the contractor to the architect. Upon receipt of final application for payment, the architect will make an inspection and if agreed upon, the ______________ is issued to the owner.
*Are the specifications part of the Project Manual?
YES.
*An Architect is hired to renovate an existing historic building on the National Register. Is the building required to have an elevator to comply with ADA regulations?
Yes, the historic building must comply with ADA regulations. The ADA guidelines (ADAAG) state that alterations to historic building shall comply with all requirements, including elevators and accessible routes, unless compliance would threaten or destroy the historic significance of the building.
*Are bidders generally required to put down a deposit for documents received prior to bidding?
Yes.
*Can the contractor request a change order if the architect's modifications of shop drawings result in an increase in project time or cost?
Yes.
*Does a base bid with alternates allow the Contractor to substitute products he deems equal
Yes.
*Does it violate copyright law to modify another designers work?
Yes.
*If a subcontractor is rejected, and a more expensive one is accepted by the Owner or Architect, is the Contractor entitled to more money?
Yes.
*If an Architect's consultant makes a mistake on his documents, can the Architect be held vicariously liable?
Yes.
*In the Fast-Track method, does the design process overlap the construction process?
Yes.
*Is a pro forma required by lenders?
Yes.
*Is it against the NCARB rules of conduct to modify another designer's work without their consent?
Yes.
*Is registering a sustainable project with the certifying authority a reimbursable expense, for the architect?
Yes.
*May the Architect issue a minor change (one that does not involve time or money) without the approval of the Owner or Contractor?
Yes.
*May the Owner or Architect object to a subcontractor, preventing the Contractor from hiring them?
Yes.
*Must the Contractor give the name and qualifications of the superintendent to the Owner, through the Architect, in writing, prior to appointing him?
Yes.
*Must the Contractor prepare a submittal schedule and submit it to the Architect for approval?
Yes.
*Must the contractor notify the architect about field tests, so he may observe them?
Yes.
*Prior to bidding, are documents sometimes loaned without a deposit?
Yes.
*Under arbitration, do the parties agree to abide by the arbitrator's decision?
Yes.
*Can the Owner accept work that is NOT in accordance with the requirements of the Contract Documents?
Yes. If the Owner prefers to accept Work that is not in accordance with the requirements of the Contract Documents, the Owner may do so instead of requiring its removal or correction, in which case the Contract Sum will be reduced as appropriate and equitable. [See AIA A201 12.3]
*Yield testing
Yield measures volume (in cubic feet) of concrete. A better number to know is relative yield. It's important because you expect a load of concrete to fill a certain volume in your forms or slabs.
*Drips and cavities
_____ and _____ form capillary breaks between two surfaces wide enough to prevent the capillary action of moisture through the space.
*Wales
______ are continuous horizontal elements that support sheeting piling and soldier beams with lagging.
*Concealed
_______ flashing within a construction assembly may be of sheet metal or a waterproofing membrane such as bituminous fabric or plastic sheet material.
*Interlocking
_______ seams form a labyrinth that inhibits the passage of water.
*Rakers
________ are diagonal steel elements that support sheet piling and soldier beams with lagging.
*Underlayment
_________ protects the roof sheathing from moisture until the roofing shingles are applied.
*Tiebacks
_________ secures to rock or soil anchors may be used if cross bracing or rakers would interfere with the excavation or construction operation.
*Eave flashing
__________ is required when there is a possibility that ice might form along the wave and cause melting ice and snow to back up under the roofing shingles.
*Drip edges
__________ of corrosion-resistant metal are applied over underpayment along the rake, and directly to the roof deck along the eave.
*Sheet piling
___________ consists of timber, steel, or precast concrete planks driven vertically side by side to retain earth and prevent water from seeping into an excavation.
*The National Fenestration Rating Council
a 3rd party testing organization that verifies the manufacturer's claims and provides a label stating the window assembly's U-factor and SHGC. The label may also include info on the assembly's performance in visible transmittance and air leakage tests
*Target Price
a bid pricing method where that allows the owner to identify the greatest project scope that can be built for a given construction cost. Used most often for Design-Build.
*incentive clause
a clause in a cost-plus-fee contract between the owner and contractor in which the savings between the guaranteed maximum cost and the actual product cost are proportionately shared
*Claims
a demand or asseration by the contractor or owner seeking payment of money, an extension of time, an adjusment or interperatation of the contract terms, or other relief from the terms of the contract
*Bid Deposit for Documents
a deposit of money required for each bidder as security for the bidding documents, to ensure the return of the documents by unsuccessful bidders (if in good condition deposit is returned to contractor within 10 days)
*Convergent photogrammetry
a method of surveying that uses multiple photos taken at different angles. Software stitches the photos together so that measurements can be taken from them. Below an image shows 4 different camera angles with an overlapping area that can be used to stitch everything together.
*Polymer Modified (PM) EIFS
a mineral based systems that have high impact resistance and provide good insulation. They consist of a base and finish coat of synthethic stucco applied over extruded polystyrene (XPS) insulation board
*Constructive Acceleration
a situation may occur that causes an excusable or unavoidable delay, such as caused by weather (force majeure), deliveries, or change orders, but the extra time is neither requested by the contractor nor granted by the owner. the contractor may choose to file a claim for damages if the extra time is warranted but if not given the contractor has to incur extra expenses to complete work on time.
*percolation test
a test to determine the water absorption rate of soil (that is, its capacity for percolation) in preparation for the building of a septic drain field (leach field) or infiltration basin.
*What information should a field report contain?
Done after Site Observations, to include: 1. Report Name 2. Architect's project Number 3. Owner, Contractor Number if Applicable 4. Field Report Number - Weather & temperature - Estimated % completion - Conformance with schedule +/- - Work in progress - Observations - Date & time **Name of person making report *Number of workers on site *List of items to verify *Action or information needed from owner, contractor or consultants *List of any attachments
*If arch walking oN site and sees they are painting the wall with the wrong color, what should he say and what should he not say?
Dont: "Stop, you are painting it the wrong coloR" architect became responsible for schedule Do: "Why are you painting it the wrong color?" Then converse w contractor to figure out why.
*Types of door hardware recommended
Door hardware that can be operated with a closed fist or a loose grip accommodates the greatest range of users. Hardware that requires simultaneous hand and finger movements require greater dexterity and coordination, and is not recommended.
*E-Series Documents
Exhibits
*MasterFormat Division 02
Existing Conditions
*direct expense
Expense items directly incurred by, or attributable to, a specific project.
**A contractor requests extra time to complete a project. The time is warranted, due to unavoidable delays, but the time is not granted. What action can the contractor take?
File a claim for damages, to cover the extra expenses incurred, while completing the work on time.
*On matters of interpreting the building code, the decision of the code official is:
Final
*Project Closeout
Final portion of construction administration, building work is completed and ready for occupancy Primary purpose of the closeout is to formalize project completion and disseminate information to project participants
*MasterFormat Division 09
Finishes
*builder's risk insurance
Fire and property damage insurance for a project during construction, usually purchased by the owner. Also called "property insurance."
*According to the ICC, exterior walls shall be
Fire-resistance rated and have opening protection as required
*Concrete gains most strength when?
First few days after pour
*Mediation
First line of conflict resolution if parties are unable to resolve it themselves. It is a form of alternative dispute resolution and it must take place before Arbitration. - A neutral third party aims to assist two (or more) parties in reaching an agreement. Both parties share the expenses. - An important distinction is that this method is NON-BINDING. -using rules established by the American Arbitration Association. -No dispute resolution proceedings with binding outcomes may be held before at least 60 days from the date request for mediation was filed.
*If the Contractor does not correct rejected work, what must the Owner do to have someone else fix it?
First the Owner must give the Contractor seven days written notice that the work must be corrected, or it will be fixed by someone else. The Owner must then follow up with another three-day notice to the Contractor.
*(3) reasons why owner would select multiple prime
First, some states require publicly funded projects to have multiple prime contractors. Second, if schedule is an important factor for a publicly funded project that must be competitively bid, then MP may be the best option for an accelerated schedule. And third, some owners have the capacity to manage the work of multiple contractors.
*All claims and disputes must be submitted to a _______ for an investigation and written decision before going to arbitration or mediation.
First-fact-finder.
*How long after substantial completion, must an architect retain project records?
Five years.
*B101 comp methods: stipulated sum
Fixed fee but doesn't include reimbursable exspenses like printing and transport etc
*A101 compensation: stipulated sum
Fixed price. Used with competitive bidding
*Special Inspections
Required by Ch. 17 IBC, verifies that work is being performed in accordance with AHJ-approved plans and specifications (ex. pre-fab items, steel, concrete, spray-fireproofing) . Special Inspections are inspections as required of the materials, installation, fabrication, erection of placement of components and connections requiring special expertise to ensure compliance with approved construction documents and reference standards. They can be continuous (full time observation of the work) or periodic (part time or intermittent observation of the work).
*B101 evaluation of budget and cost of work
Required prep of prelim estimate of cost of work by arch during cd phase. Arch and owner do not guarantee bid or gen prices , only the contractor guanrantees prices
*Certificates of testing
Required to be submitted to architect after each test
*Closed proprietary specification
Requires a particular brand or trade name for one product, and do not permit substitution.
*Which of the following issues are caused by hydrostatic pressure?
Hydrostatic pressure forces water in through cracks in foundation walls, and through openings caused by expansion and contraction of the footing-foundation wall joint, or up through floor cracks. Hydrostatic pressure can cause major structural damage to foundation walls, and is likely to contribute to mold, mildew, decay, and other moisture-related problems.
*B101 article 2 standard of care
Requires arch to perform job with standard of care consistent of architects practicing in similar conditions and locations. Also maps out insurance requirements. Owner must reimburse arch for cost of any insurance beyond what he traditionally carries.
*In the CSI MasterFormat, what are divisions 15-19?
Reserved for Future Expansion
*What is the Contractor subject to if he/she knowingly performs Work in violation of laws, codes, and/or regulations?
If the Contractor knowingly performs Work in violation of laws, codes and/or regulations, the Contractor shall assume responsibility of the Work and bear the costs of correction. [See AIA A201 3.7.3]
*What does it mean if a submittal is marked: approved with changes noted, approved as noted, or note markings?
If the changes indicated are made, the product may be used on the project. And they DO NOT require resubmission.
*Architect Internal Closeout Activities
Retain and store valuable project information. - Keep information accessible. Important documents and information useful for the owners future needs and marketing purposes. - Internal dissemination of project information. - Maintenance of client/project contact file.
*If the uncovered nonconforming work was the result of the Owner or a separate contractor, who is responsible for the expense of correcting the work?
If the condition of the non-conforming work uncovered by the Contractor was the result of the Owner or a separate contractor, the Owner shall be responsible for payment of such costs and expenses related with uncovering and correction of the work. See AIA A201 12.1.2
*When may a neutral third party be named as Initial Decision Maker (IDM)?
If the owner and contractor agree to it in the owner-contractor agreement.
*Value based selection VBS
In some jurisdictions, GCs can be selected through this process that considers more than just lowest cost, but also quality, schedule, and personnel. the owner selects a contractor based on the weighted values of multiple criteria, including 1. construction cost or fee and 2. proposed schedule, 3. as well as qualifications-based criteria such as past experience on similar projects and proposed personnel.
*Where should the RFI procedures be discussed
In the pre-bid meeting
*Where can submittal requirements be found?
In the specifications.
*Agency Review (IPD)
Includes the standard building code check by the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) as well as any other reviews by permitting agencies.
*One way to prevent or remedy sick building syndrome:
Increase the quantity of outdoor air into the hvac system
*Commissioning can be expected to provide
Increased energy efficiency Improved indoor air quality Training program for maintenance staff Operation/maintenance manuals
*Under arbitration, is the case decided by a single arbitrator, or an arbitration board?
It can be either a single arbitrator or a panel of three arbitrators.
*Multiple Prime Contract
More than 1 contractor selected through competitive bidding. Often used when the project is public, or there is a fast track schedule, or the owner has the capacity to manage multiple contractors. Owner engages architect for design and documentation Architect prepares separate bid packages Owner executes sep agreements w 2 or more contractors Separate prime contracts may be for: General construction, structural systems, mechanical systems, plumbing, electrical If construction accelerated, architect may need to prepare separate bid packages for certain trades such as: demo, excavation, foundations
*Design assist
Model in which shop drawings by subcontractors are incorporated directly into the architect's construction documents, and the architect is not required to document those systems as traditional "design intent" deliverables.
*Transitional Forms (IPD)
Modeled after existing construction manager agreements; Multi-Party Agreement is a single agreement that can be used to design and construct a project utilizing IPD
*Qualifications
Modifications by the contractor to drawings and specifications. These can modify the products used, remove scope from the contractor's portion of the work, and modify specifications. They are reviewed by the architect and owner before becoming an exhibit in the contract.
*Control Estimate
Monitors the project during construction; establishes: - Budget estimate for financing - Budgeted cost after contracting but prior to construction - Estimated cost to completion during the progress of construction
*How often are applications for payment usually processed?
Monthly.
*Is arbitration more or less expensive than mediation?
More expensive.
*A101 compensation: cost plus fee
More flexibility than fixed fee work allowing for fast tracking. Issue is unknown cost which can be mitigated with gmps, target prices with shared savings of hit, or partial cost guarantees (from subs or may suppliers)
*Spearin factor of DB with bridging
More spearin liability than pure DB since bridging documents are to an extent " plans and specs"
*Quantity Survey Method (Pluralsight; Project Execution)
Most detailed form of cost estimating. Accounts for all of the components in a building including labor and materials. This estimate gets down to a unit price level such as linear feet or cubic yards. (Pluralsight; Project Execution)
*C191
Multi-Party Agreement for IPD
*Is fast track construction single-prime or multi-prime?
Multi-prime.
*Convert working days into Calendar Days
Multiply the working days by 7 and divide by 5
*Owner's Property insurance (A201; article 11)
Must be an all-risk policy that protects property against fire, theft, vandalism, and other hazards not specifically excluded. Must cover the full value of the Work.
*Submittal Schedule
Must be approved by Architect; coordinated and concurrent with construction schedule, prepped during bidding and require a lead time for substitution review. They help prepare a plan for the selection of materials and products. Helps ensure that submittals are distributed appropriately throughout project.
*The Contractor may make substitutions when which conditions are met? Check the three that apply.
NOT When the substitution will not affect the construction schedule or contract sum When consent is given by the Owner When the substitution has been evaluated by the Architect When the substitution has been issued as a change order or change directive
*Open proprietary specification
Names several (usually 3) acceptable materials, products, or systems. Contractors may use any one of them. They are most often used on public-funded projects because they promote competition. If the specs include an approved equal clause, the contractor is allowed to substitute to products of equal quality and performance if reviewed and approved by the architect. The architect approves based on aesthetics intent, impact on cost, compliance with codes, etc.
*Does tort refer to a criminal act, or negligence?
Negligence.
*What is an alternative to competitive bidding?
Negotiation, where the owner and architect work out a price with the contractor.
*In shop drawing review, what are the similarities and differences between the "revise and submit" and "rejected" designations assigned by the architect?
Neither submittal complies with the contract documents as submitted. "revise and submit" - contract may provide additional information or make corrections "rejected" - it is unsuitable for use in the project and may not be resubmitted.
*When making decisions about compliance of the Work in relation to the Contract Documents, which party should the Architect favor?
Neither. When making interpretations or decisions about compliance of the Work in relation to the Contract Documents, the Architect shall endeavor to secure faithful performance by both the Owner and Contractor and will not show partiality to either party and not be responsible for decisions rendered in good faith. See AIA A201 4.2.12
*Does the owner/architect provide procurement documents to the subcontractors?
No
*In a contractor-led design build, does the architect determine substantial completion?
No Architect works for contractor and does not determine subs compl. AIA Document G704DBTM-2004, Acknowledgment of Substantial Completion of a Design-Build Project, is a form of owner's certificate of substantial completion because, according to the document's instructions, "the project owner assumes many of the CA duties performed by the architect in a traditional project."
*How many days does the bidder have to furnish bonds covering the contract?
No latter than 3 days after the contract award
*B101 third party claims
No one but the architect and owner can sue to enforce the agreement or claim damages based on it.
*What requirements stipulate the form for the subcontractor's bids to contractors
No requirements It is the contractor's responsibility to determine requirements if any
*Most often do clients pay for a Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE)?
No they are usually undertaken at the architect's expense, for the benefit of the firm.
*Does a Contract allowance cover labor, installation or overhead costs?
No, a Contract allowance shall cover the cost to the Contractor of materials and equipment delivered to the site and all required taxes. The Contractor's costs for unloading and handling at the site, labor, installation costs, overhead, profit and other expenses shall be included in the Contract Sum, but not in the allowances. See AIA A201 3.8.2
*Is AIA B201 a standalone document?
No, it must be incorporated into an Owner-Architect Agreement, such as AIA B102.
*Can you use aluminum or lead flashing if wall needs cement mortar i.e. brick, stone?
No, it reacts chemically w cement mortar
*With the CM as Adviser (CMa) delivery method, is the architect the only person who can reject work?
No, the CM can also reject work?
*Does the Contractor review the Contract Documents for compliance with applicable laws, codes and regulations?
No, the Contractor is not required to determine that the Contract Documents are in accordance with applicable laws, statutes, ordinances, codes, rules, regulations or lawful order of public authorities, but should notify the Architect of any nonconformities. See AIA A201 3.2.3
*Does the Owner pay for the building permit?
No, unless otherwise provided in the Contract Documents, the Contractor shall secure and pay for the building permit as well as for other permits, fees, licenses, and inspections by government agencies necessary for proper execution and completion of the Work. See AIA A201 3.7.1
*Are submittals and shop drawings contract documents?
No.
*Can a mediator force the parties to settle?
No.
*Can the Contractor change superintendents without the Owner's consent?
No.
*Can the results of arbitration be appealed?
No.
*Does a 32 inch door have a clear width of 32 inches?
No.
*Does a descriptive specification use trade names?
No.
*Does arbitration have rules of evidence, like litigation?
No.
*Does malpractice insurance cover the Architect against intentionally wrongful acts?
No.
*Does the architect's review of a submittal relieve the contractor of the responsibilities set down in the contract documents?
No.
*In mediation, does the mediator decide the dispute?
No.
*Should the architect make suggestions about how to remedy safety violations?
No.
*Commissioning services are part of architects basic services?
No. See B211 Architects services: Commissioning
*Are liens allowed on public projects?
No. Bonds are used, instead.
*Should the word "supervision" be used to describe an Architect's duties during construction administration?
No. Supervision is the Contractor's responsibility and the Architect should not use language that could confuse the roles defined in the contract.
*Does the Architect have authority to stop the Work?
No. The Owner, Contractor (if payments not received) and the Local Building Official have the authority to stop the Work. The Architect does not have authority to stop the Work.
*The architect is authorized to reject, and the owner is authorized to accept, what kind of work?
Nonconforming work
*What does N.I.C. stand for?
Not in Contract. It refers to items not part of the contract and not provided or installed by the Contractor.
*Privately funded bids
Not opened in public Opened by owner w assistance of architect Final selection is at discretion of owner Architects reveals results under owner's instructions
*Informational submittals
Not reviwed by architect, only submitted to inform contractor did his job Ex. Coordination dwgs, performance based engineering calculations
*G801
Notification of Amendment to Professional Services
*If the architect observes nonconforming work, what must he do?
Notify the contractor AND owner by documenting his observation in a field report (AIA G711).
*The following affect a subcontractor's proposed price
Number of times the equipment must be mobilized umberof workers needed to complete the work scope of the work and quantity of material required insurance and bonding requirements
*Where are the arch's construction phase services described in?
O-a agreement Gral conditions Suppl gral conditions Specs div 1
*Once notified of human remains, archeological sites, or wetlands, what must the Owner do?
Obtain governmental authorization to resume operations.
*Partial occupancy
Occupancy by the owner prior to completion of the entire project.
*Where should the contractor note accepted, nonconforming work?
On the as-built drawings.
*What information should the Architect report to the Owner during construction?
On the basis of the site visits, the Architect will keep the Owner informed about the progress and quality of the Work and report to the Owner: 1. Known deviations from the Contract Document. 2. Defects and deficiencies observed in the Work. [See AIA A201 4.2.3]
*observation
On-site examination of the contractor's work by the architect to determine in general if it is proceeding in the accordance with the contract documents. done by the architect throughout construction to review work and report progress and conformance to the owner.
*When does the Owner make payments to the Contractor?
Once the Owner receives the approved Application and Certificate of Payment from the Architect, he/she makes payment to the Contractor.
*What is the disadvantage of design-award-build?
One phase must be competed before the next one can begin. This is a problem if the Owner needs the building quickly.
*Separate Contractors (A201; Article 6)
Owner can hire their own forces to perform construction. Owner must coordinate their work with work of Contractor. Contractor must work with owner's forces in coordinating schedules. Owner responsible for costs incurred by Contractor from damages due to work of their own forces and vice versa.
*Coordination Between Separate Contractors
Owner is responsible for coordinating the activities of the Owner's own forces and those of each separate Contractor hired directly by the Owner with the work of the GC
*Reasons the owner can terminate the contract (A201; article 14)
Owner may terminate the contract within (7) days' written notice if Contractor: 1. Repeatedly refuses or fails to supply enough workers or proper materials. 2. Fails to make a payment to Subcontractors. 3. Repeatedly disregards applicable laws, codes, etc. 4. Is guilty of substantial breach of the Contract Documents. [See AIA A201 14.2] 5. Or because they want to
*During the construction phase, who may make a claim on the project?
Owner or GC may take action if they seek an adjustment to the time or payment of money or other relief from the terms of the contract
*G612
Owner's Instructions to the Architect: Helps owner gather initial information for project.
*Notice to proceed
Owner's authorization informing the contractor to proceed with construction, typically given in a letter format. Can be sent by the architect on behalf of the owner at the owner's directive. It should include requirements for completion as stated in the owner-contractor agreement. establishes the date of commencement of the work.
*Who participates in building Commissioning?
Owner, mechanical engineer, electrical engineer, elevator contractor.
*B101 SP
Owner-Architect Agreement for a Sustainable Project
*Contracts in which construction phase services are described
Owner-Architect Agreement. - General Conditions. - Supplementary General Conditions. - Specifications Division 1.
*B-Series Documents
Owner-Architect agreements
**A-Series Documents
Owner-Contractor agreements
*B132
Owner/Architect Agreement for CMa
*B133
Owner/Architect Agreement for CMc
*What are the responsibility of the CM and not the Architect where the CM acts as the Owner's adviser?
Preparation of change orders
*Notice of Proposed Change
Prepared by architect and sent to contractor; fully describes a change in the work; leads to a Proposed Change Order, then a Change Order
*What are the two types of specifications?
Prescriptive (closed) Performance (open)
*Which type of specifications tell the contractor exactly what kind of product or material to use?
Prescriptive specifications.
*When are addenda issued?
Prior to bidding.
*When does the contractor review submittals?
Prior to submission to the architect
*According to ADAAG, changes in level greater than 1/2" must be ________.
Ramped
*Instruments of Service (A201; Article 1)
Representations, in any medium of expression now known or later developed, of the tangible and intangible creative work performed by the Architect and the Architect's consultants under their respective professional services agreements.
*Material is stored off site. What should he architect verify before certifying payment?
Request copies of bills of sale and insurance Visit the location to verify materials and conditions Verify contractor has secured insurance Verify storage conditions comply with specs
*B101 article 1 initial information
Required arch and owner to give certain info about the project as known at the contract start. (Project objective, scope, program , site information, financial, legal, and time parameters.) encourages communication but requires updating as info changes
*Who is responsible for preparing Change Orders and Construction Change Directives?
The Architect. She may also authorize minor changes in the work that do not affect Contract Time or Sum. [See AIA A201 4.2.8]
*If an architect works with a CM as adviser, who develops the cost and schedule of the project?
The CM.
*With the CM as Adviser (CMA) delivery method, who is the go-between for the Owner and Architect?
The CM.
*With the CM as Adviser (CMA) delivery method, who prepares change orders?
The CM.
*Construction Manager at risk (CMR) vs. CM agency
The Construction Manager at Risk is a delivery method which entails a commitment by the Construction Manager to deliver the project within a Guaranteed Maximum Price. An agency CM does not contract with subcontractors, and is responsible exclusively to the owner and acts in the owner's interests throughout each stage of the project. CMA allows for multiple prime contracts. It requires a bidding and negotiation phase.
*If a Construction Manager CM is brought on during Contract Administration, what responsibilities does the Architect retain?
The Construction Manager will endeavor to keep the Architect in the loop, particularly in matters of communication between the Owner and Contractor. The Architect is still responsible for the following: 1. Approving Applications for Payment 2. Approving Change Orders and Construction Change Directives
*Under the provisions of AIA C401 Standard Form of Agreement Between Architect and Consultant, who is responsible for code compliance regarding the Consultant's area of work?
The Consultant.
*What is the Contractor entitled to if the Work is stopped due to non-payment?
The Contract Time shall be extended appropriately and the Contract Sum shall be increased by the amount of the Contractor's reasonable costs of shut-down, delay and start-up, plus interest as provided for in the Contract Documents. [See AIA A201 9.7]
*When using a base bid with alternates to specify a product, what is the danger?
The Contractor could substitute a less expensive product that he thinks is equal, but actually is not.
*If the contract documents state that certain work must be observed by the Architect before being covered, but the Contractor covers the work before the Architect gets to see it, what must happen if and when the Architect requests to see the work?
The Contractor must uncover the work at no charge to the Owner, and if the work is rejected by the Architect, it must be fixed at the Contractor's expence.
*What is presented to the Owner and Architect when the Contractor submits shop drawings, product data and samples?
The Contractor represents that he/she has: 1. Reviewed and approved the documents. 2. Determined and verified materials, field measurements and field construction criteria, or will do so. 3. Checked and coordinated information with the Contract Documents. See AIA A201 3.12.6
*Who is responsible for the supervision and construction procedures of the Work?
The Contractor shall be solely responsible for the construction means, methods and techniques, sequences, and procedures and for coordinating all portions of the Work, unless the Contract Documents give other specific instructions. See AIA A201 3.3.1
*What must the Contractor do before commencing each portion of the Work?
The Contractor shall carefully study and compare various Contract Documents (drawings, specifications, etc.) before starting each portion of the Work. See AIA A201 3.2.2
*Cleaning Up (A201; Article 3)
The Contractor shall keep the premises and surrounding area free from accumulation of waste materials or rubbish caused by operations under the Contract. If contractor doesn't, has to reimburse owner.
*Which is a prerequisite for the Owner moving in to part of the work before it is substantially complete?
The Owner receives consent from the insurance company The Contractor and Owner have accepted in writing the responsibilities assigned to each of them for security, maintenance, payments, retainage, heat, utilities and damage to work The local building department has issued a Certificate of occupancy
*Who performs Structural Observations?
The Owner shall employ a registered design professional to perform structural observations (usually the structural engineer). At the conclusion of the work included in the permit, the structural observer shall submit to the building official a written statement that site visits have been made and identify any reported deficiencies that have not been resolved.
*What documents is the Owner required to give to the Contractor?
The Owner shall furnish surveys, legal limitations, utility locations and a legal description of the site. The Owner must also furnish all information or services required by the Contract Documents. [See AIA A201 2.2.3]
*Who prepares the Owner Contractor agreement.
The Owner's attorney.
*Which parties must approve a change order?
The Owner, Architect and Contractor.
*Which parties may suggest a change order?
The Owner, Architect or Contractor
*PRIOR to execution of the contract, who pays for fees and permits?
The Owner.
*Whose responsibility is it to furnish a site survey, under both AIA B101 and AIA A201?
The Owner.
*The Project (A201; Article 1)
The Project is the total construction of which the Work performed under the Contract Documents may be the whole or a part and which may include construction by the Owner and by separate contractors.
*B102
The Standard Form of Agreement between the Owner and Architect, without a Predefined Scope of Architect's Services. This document provides agreement terms only and does not include a scope of the Architect's services. This must be inserted into Article 1 or attached as an Exhibit. B102 also contains provisions for mediation and arbitration of claims and disputes.
*With the CM as Adviser (CMA) delivery method, who provides administration of the contract?
The architect and CM, jointly.
*In Design - Award - Build, who does the owner have contracts with?
The architect and the contractor.
*Rejection of work
The architect has the right to reject work done by the contractor, provided it does not conform to the construction documents. The architect's right to reject work is limited to acting as the owner's agent and in the owner's best interest. The architect can instruct the contractor to redo work found to be nonconforming.
*Cost Control in Integrated Project Delivery (IPD)
The architect has very little ability to control the project cost during pre construction, because the contractor has already been chosen and a GMP would have been provided by DD. Architect will revise drawings if after DD the cost exceeds GMP
*During construction, who pays the electrical bill?
The contractor. That is part of means and methods
*If the contractor installs the wrong product, but the owner chooses to accept the nonconforming work, what happens if the product is more expensive, or if it is less expensive?
The cost of a more expensive product will be absorbed by the contractor. If the product is less expensive than the one specified, the owner may request a credit for the difference.
*For a large, complex building project, who usually hires the commissioning agent?
The owner
*Who should the architect report safety violations to?
The owner and contractor.
*Who is responsible for damage to the building not included on the punch list after substantial completion?
The owner because the cause can not be established. If on the punch list than the contractors responsibility.
*Owner-accepted nonconforming work
The owner has a right to accept nonconforming work instead of requiring its removal and replacement, in which case the contract sum should be reduced by change order as appropriate and equitable. If the work conflicts with the code or endangers safety, the architect must object to the acceptance and insist on completion or correction.
*What action may the owner take upon the acceptance of the substantial completion by the parties?
The owner move in or utilize the work for its intended purpose.
*Some special tests are required by the IBC, for prefabricated items, steel, concrete, sprayed in fire resistant material, and seismic resistant systems. Who pays for the tests, and who must the test results be submitted to?
The owner pays, and the results are submitted to the code official.
*Clerk of the Works
The owner's job site representative.
*Owner's Responsibilities (B101; Article 5)
The owner's primary responsibility is to make payments to those that are contracted directly to the owner. - Program, schedule, budget - Land Survey - Geotechnical Engineer - Tests, inspections and reports req'd by law - Legal, Insurance and Accounting services req'd for project
*If the Initial Decision Maker (IDM) consults experts who have knowledge relevant to the situation, who pays the consultation fees?
The owner.
*Who pays for tests required outside the contract documents?
The owner.
*general conditions
The part of the contract documents that states the rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the parties involved, usually by means of a standard document published by the American Institute of Architects.
*Working Drawings
The part of the contract documents, prepared by the architect that graphically illustrates the construction required for the project.
*Critical Path Method
The path with the longest required time is the Critical Path and the activities on that path are called Critical Activities. Reducing the critical path reduces the whole schedule and increases job costs, but decreases overhead costs. all events and operations are charted in a way that establishes the optimum sequence and duration of operations.
*Conformed Construction Documents
CD set + addenda
*G704
CERTIFICATE OF SUBSTANTIAL COMPLETION -Parties agree that the project is substantially complete. -Owner can occupy or utilize the work for its intended use. -When warranties start, unless others that do not commence- will list. -Attach punch list of item to be completed.
*Architect should always————when certifying a pay app
Check the math-common source of error
*Spalling
Chipping or scaling of a hardened concrete or masonry surface, caused by freeze-thaw action or deicing salts.
*U-Factor
Coefficient of heat transmittance; lower U-Value = better insulator
*When water vapor reaches a surface cooled by the colder outside air, condensation occurs. This can be visible in a window or it can
Collect in concealed roof, wall, or floor paces.
*What post-construction activity is a prerequisite for LEED certification?
Commissioning of the energy systems
*Design Bid Build Advantages:
Competitive Bidding allows the owner to elect the lowest bid Value Based Selection (VBS) considers cost, quality, schedule—not always the lowest bid. Negotiation of bid w/ the help of the architect Allows for contractor interview before the agreement is signed Subcontractors of the contractor can also be selected through competitive bidding
*In CMc , how does owner select subcontractors if its a publicly funded project?
Competitive bidding
*Typical requirements of federal, state, and local procurement laws
Competitively bid. Lowest Responsive and Responsible Bidder is selected.
*Cost estimating method used during the Construction Documents
Complete and final pricing of the project, based on direct quotes from suppliers, installers, sub-contractors and manufacturers. Requires great deal of effort and can only be done once nearly everything in the building has been specified. This pricing is a final check before construction begins/allows for revision to the design as needed to meet the budget.
*What must the contractor do after substantial completion?
Complete final cleaning. Instruct the owner on operation of equipment. Turn over keys to the owner. Turn over attic stock.
*MasterFormat Division 03
Concrete
*Contractor's indemnification if owner and architect (A201; Article 3)
Contractor shall indemnify and hold harmless the Owner & Architect, from claims resulting from performance of the Work, provided that such claim is attributable to bodily injury, sickness, disease or death, or to injury to or destruction of property (other than the Work itself), but only to the extent caused by the negligent acts or omissions of the Contractor or anyone for whose acts they may be liable...
*Interpretation or correction of bidding documents
Contractor to study documents and examine the site and local conditions and report any errors to architect
*G706
Contractor's Affidavit of Payment of Debts and Claims
*A305
Contractor's Qualification Statement - To be filled out by the contractor -Questionnaire to provide information about a contractor's background
*Who notifies the surety of a change order? Why?
Contractor. So insurance coverage may be increased or decreased as necessary.
*Causes of Action (B101; Article 10)
Contracts can change statues. B101 places a cap of 10 years on owner's ability to file claim against architect.
*MasterFormat Division 14
Conveying Equipment
*RFI type 2
Coordination/Missing Information RFI count as 5-hour points
*Core Cylinder Test
Core is drilled out of a slab (destructive) and analyzed in a lab. can give the strength of hardened concrete, and sample needs to be tested in a laboratory
*Means of combating condensation include
Correct placement of thermal insulation and vapor retarders Ventilation of concealed spaces such as attics and crawl spaces
*Assembly Method (Estimating)
Cost estimate is based on major subsystems individually, such as foundations, superstructure, HVAC, etc., accurate to around 10%
*ENR 20 Cities Building Cost Index
Cost estimating with Parameter Costs can be adapted to a city by using ______ or adding an inflation factor.
*Which compensation structure would encourage a builder to be most efficient?
Cost-plus with a fixed, lump sum fee for overhead and profit.
*appraisal costs
Costs are associated with measuring and monitoring activities related to quality. These costs are with the suppliers and customers evaluation of purchased materials, products, and services to ensure that they conform to specs
*Costs for what do unit prices include
Costs for each specific unit of work including: Materials Labor Fees Overhead Profit
*Final Payment (A101; Article 5)
Covers payment of unpaid balance of the contract sum to contractor at the end of the project.
**A moisture barrier is usually required to retard the migration of ground moisture into a ______.
Crawl space
*Cutting and Patching
Cutting into existing construction to provide for the installation or performance of other work and subsequent fitting and patching required to restore surfaces to their original condition
**A life-cycle assessment (LCA) primarily is concerned with _______ impact.
environmental
*An improvement analysis suggests ways to improve _______ impacts.
environmental
*CA Architect's responsibilities when Design Build Delivery is used
exact language from provisions from AIA A201 & b101 except for - review requests by the contractor for additional information and issue supplementary drawings or specs - make site visits on behalf of the design builder but only to cover the scope of the architect's services - reject work non conforming work - review contractor's applications for payment and make recommendation for payment to the owner as needed review and approve submittals only for the architect's portion - make the substantial completion observations - process final payment request - receive from the contractor and forward to design builder various docs including: release or waivers of liens or bonds indemnifying the owner and design builder, etc
*on the certificate of substantial completion, non-conforming work should be listed as what?
exceptions
*If your parking lot has 150 parking spaces, you would need how many ada spaces?
five of those spaces to be reserved for accessible parking. Of those five accessible spaces, one would be a "van accessible" space.
*It is generally accepted for Architects to keep project files for what duration?
for the same time period as the state statutes governing claims. This varies by state and some states don't have a statue of limitation on claims. According to the Architect's Handbook of Professional Practice, a popular timeframe for keeping project document is 15 years.
*The Project Manual is divided into _______ parts.
four
*The involvement and responsibilities of all team members can be best tracked with a _______ _______ schedule.
full wall schedule.
*When would you need a zone for accessible pick-up and drop-off
if the lot is accessed by the public (for picking up impounded vehicles, for example).
*Construction cost does/does not include
included element designed, specified, selected and labor and materials provide by the owner not included Architect/consultant's fee and Land fees
*who has the authority to stop construction
only the owner can authorize this action
*On a project with a Construction Manager CM what are one of the Architect's responsibilities?
review submittals with the CM review application of payment with CM NOT issue certificate of payment NOT prepare change order or change directives sign change order or change directive with CM remain as the decision maker
*Under the traditional construction method the owner hires an architect and a contractor under _______ contracts.
separate
*hydration
simply the chemical process of the hardening of concrete when water mixes with cement
*In a full set of drawings, the normal sequence is as follows...
site drawings, civil engineering drawings, architectural, structural, plumbing, mechanical, electrical.
*If an existing parking facility undergoes a planned alteration,
then it must be brought up to the newest ADA regulations, including the addition of accessible parking spaces, to the "maximum extent feasible."
*Per AIA Document A201-2007, General Conditions of the Contract for Construction, if the contractor is delayed by causes beyond the contractor's control,
then the contract time shall be extended via change order. Ex. Weather delays are certainly outside the contractor's control.
*shop drawings
these are detailed drawings, diagrams, and other data, prepared by a contractor, subcontractor or supplier, that show exactly how the provider intends to supply and install the work to meet the contract requirements. They are submitted to the contractor and architect for approval. Review by the architect for conformance with the construction documents
*Laitance
thin, weak Surface deposit of low strength material containing cement and fine aggregates; caused when concrete mixture has too much water, which results in water bleeding in the concrete mix
*Change Order (A201; Article 7)
this is a form used to authorize a change in contract time, contract cost, or both, made after the execution of the contract. It is generally prepared by the architect and must be signed by the architect, owner, and contractor. If prepared by the contractor the architect reviews this document against the contract documents and advises the owner to either proceed or deny it. Contractor will proceed with change promptly.
*retainage
this is a percentage (usually 10%) of each payment to a contractor or vendor that is withheld by the owner (until the final completion of the work) for the purpose of protecting the owner against incomplete or defective work. Once a project milestone is reached, typically 95%, retainage can be reduced or released with consent of surety.
*unit price
this is a set cost for providing a portion of the construction work that is based on an individual quantity, such as per unit or per square foot. Good for repetitive jobs. Many renovation jobs where added scope is anticipated may require that unit cost be given by the contractor and incorporated as an exhibit in the contract. Unit pricing permits an adjustment in cost to the owner when the exact volume of work isn't known at the outset (but type, materias, and quality is known) owner pays a fixed amount on an unknown quantity.
*Quantitative Calcium Chloride Test
this test uses a quantity of calcium chloride sealed under a plastic dome placed on the concrete for 60-72 hrs. The amount of moisture the chloride absorbs is mathematically converted to a moisture emission expressed in pounds per 1000ft2 per 24 hr period
*direct damages (A201; article 15
those damages that flow directly from the contract and include the cost of repairing defective work or completing unfinished work.
*For public work, a base bid must list at least _______ manufacturers.
three
*Indemnify means...
to compensate someone for harm or loss.
*What are the different construction type?
type 1 and 2 are non combustible and 3,4,5 are combustible. Combination with the occupancy group, the construction type will effect the allowable height and area of the building.
*direct shear test
used to measure the shear strength of cohesionless soils
*Submittal Tracking
• AIA G712 Shop Drawing and Sample Record (Manual tracking) • Track all submittal log or database • Each submittal should have a unique control number • Check to be sure that all specif ed submittals, and only specif ed submittals, have been included
*Progress payment can be modified by
• Adding a sum to increase total payments to the full amount of the contract sum, up to substantial completion • Adding a sum sufficient for final completion of the work, delayed through no fault of the contractor • Subtracting an amount, if the architect finds work to be incomplete • Subtracting an amount if retainage is released to the contractor with the consent of the surety • Subtracting an amount if there are unsettled claims
*Additional service after construction is completed
• Advisable to use AIA G802 • If the additional service is contracted separately from the original services, the statute will not begin to toll until the additional services have ended.
*Project Overhead
• Any and all costs that can be charged to a job other than labor, materials, equipment. • Typically 4-10% of construction cost
*Submittals
• Architect determines which part of the work requires submittals • Submittals must be submitted to the architect for review and approval • Submittals includes detailed drawings(shop dwgs), detailed info or data from product manufacturers, physical product samples • Architect does not verify details(dimensions, fasteners or fastening methods)
*CA Architect's responsibilities when Construction Manager as Constructor (CMc) Delivery is used
• Architect works w/ CMc during design phases as CMc provides cost, schedule, construction feasibility..etc. Cost estimating is not part of Architect's services with a CMa or CMc (B132/B133) • Architect submits design schedule and SD to CMC &Owner
*List of services that an owner may request after construction is completed
• Architectural Interior Design (AIA B252) • Conformed construction documents • As-designed record drawings • As-constructed record drawings (based on GC-provided info) • Postoccupancy evaluation • Facility Support Services (AIA B210) • Tenant-related services • Security Evaluation and Planning (AIA B206TM) • Commissioning (AIA B211) • LEED Certification (AIA DB214) • Furniture, Finishing, and Equipment Design (AIA B253)
*When do O and C agree to mediation and/or arbitration
• At the beginning of the relationship, when they sign the A101
*Bid tabulation form
• Breakdown of the bid received on a project by company by price. Usually completed by architect, owner or owner's rep. Should include each bidders contact info, bid security form, base bid, unit prices, and alternates. Responsible bid will be tabulated with pricing info for comparison • Bid tabulation form includes bidder's name, address, and phone number • Contract being bid • Form of bid security provided • the base bid • Unit prices • Alternates
*Alternative Construction Procurement Method
• By Invitation. Architect helps to prepare a list of qualified contractors for the owner to invite • Public Notice. Public agency posts an announcement for RFP including description of the project and instructions for submitting a bid. Often posted in local newspaper and agency's website • Bidding/Procurement websites.
*Bid documents can be made available in the following ways:
• Can be held as a hard set in architect's office • Send the bid documents directly to the contractors - If being distributed, include CD's, specifications, bid forms • Some firms require a deposit to pick up the CD's, money is returned when drawings are returned • Documents can be made for purchase in printing companies • Electronic Copies-Make digital versions of the bid documents available through a project website
*Cost-cutting
• Change the original design to something the CMc hopes is similar but costs less
*Indemnities benefit the architect
• Client indemnity to the architect for claims arising from the presence of hazardous materials on the job site • Client indemnity to the architect for claims from the client's misuse of the architect's drawings • Mutual indemnities between the architect and consultants, making each party legally responsible for their own mistakes and not for the mistakes of the other
*Construction Manager Advisor (CMA)
• Constructability and cost management consultant • Can be delivered under any of the method
*Reasons of Substitutions
• Contractor has more experience with specific product or brand • Specified material is not easily available, or there is a local alternative with lower shipping costs • Specified material is not available or has a long lead time • Contractor knows of alternative materials that have the same feature or performance Substitution is common when using proprietary spec
*DBB: Cost plus fixed fee
• Contractor is selected at the completion of contract doc. • Added incentives may be added to the fee if the project finishes early or under original budget
*Qualifications-based Selection/QBS
• Contractor is selected on the basis only of the contractor's qualifications for performing the work
*Contractor approve submittal
• Contractor must put a stamp of approval • materials, field measurements, field construction criteria • Dimension, quantities, installation, performance of equipment or system related to the submittals • Submit required submittals to the architect
*Contractor's insurance
• Property (reimbursable) • Worker's compensation • General liability • Professional liability • Personal injury • Property damage(except explosion, underground damages) • Automobile liability • Contractual liability • Products and completed operations coverage insurance(cover claims for bodily injury or property damage arising from accidents that may occur after the construction work has been completed and turned over to the O) • Performance, labor, and material payment bond
*Owner's insurance
• Property insurance(fire/property;temporary structures, materials, equipment, supplies, tolls and equipment located w/i 100ft, property in transit or stored off-site, theft, vandalism, malicious mischief. No flood or earthquake) • Boiler and machinery • Loss of use(protects against financial losses arising out of delays or other events prevent the O from using a project when as intended. Such as repairs, fire, replacing damaged property) • General liability
*RFQ/RFP
• RFP include fees and cost • Both include info for the site, project timeline and other req. • For public funded project(school/gov), RFQ/RFP is open for anyone to apply • Private companies can send RFQ/RFP to selected firms.
*Manipulate Guaranteed Maximum Price (GMP)
• Scope that should have been included in the project is cut due to cost, albeit artificially inflated. • The inflated estimate is leaked to bidders, who then raise their bid in response, thinking that perhaps they are missing some scope. • The suppressed estimate goes to bid, and when the numbers come in the extent of the budget shortfall is revealed, leading to a delayed start while the team scrambles to reduce cost
*Performance specifications
• Similar to an open specification, Describe products by how they are to perform rather than narrowly defining a manufacturer or material. • This approach works well for technically driven subcontracts, such as air handlers, chillers, transformers, and other mechanical or electrical equipment. • With a performance specification, the CMc can obtain pricing from contractors who specialize in the work described
*Outline Specification
• Simple way to define building components at the schematic level. • Organized by CSI division, the outline should include material descriptions, quality level and actual proposed product data whenever possible. • Periodic expansion and updating of the outline will ensure that the design intent is well described and accurately priced
*Bid Forms
• Standardized form to enter info • Include bid, alternates, proposed unit price, and number of calendar days needed to complete work • Space for bidder to acknowledge receipt of addenda • Signed by legally empowered entity—often includes a corporate seal • bidder is considered nonresposive if this is incomplete
*LEED Goal
• Sustainable sites • Water efficiency • Energy and atmosphere • Materials and resources • Indoor air quality • Innovation and design practice The design decisions have to improve the building's performance against an established standard in percentages.
*Contractor shall pay
• Taxes • Permits • Fee • Licenses • Inspections by government
*Why CM
• The CM is experienced in the valuation of construction processes and materials. • The CM is already providing other preconstruction services. • The CM has business relations with subcontractors that can assist in fine-tuning an estimate. • Where the CM is constructor cmc, they will have an incentive to provide an accurate estimate.
*Indirect Cost
• The contractor's overhead - insurance, payroll taxes and benefits, general and administrative expenses • General conditions costs - project signs, drawings and photos, permits, repairs, clean up, engineering surveys and inspections, tests, repairs • Contingency amount- construction escalation and unforeseen conditions • Contractor's profit- as a percentage of total direct construction costs
*Cost of money/Debt service
• The money used for construction is typically borrowed (financed) and must be paid back with interest. • This cost is the principal loan payment, plus interest payments.
*By submitting a bid, each bidder stating that they_____
• Understand the bidding req • Visited the project site(if available) • Familiar with the local condition • Basing their bid on info provided (including addenda)
*Properly configured and staffed project by CMR
• Up-to-date cost estimates with real-world numbers that reflect the CMc's insight about market conditions. • Constructability advice that can reduce requests for information during construction. • Document review to help reduce change orders during construction. • Advice on packaging documents for multiple bids to make the AE team's work more efficient. • With multiple bid packages, the ability to deliver a project much more quickly than would otherwise be possible. This is one of the CMc's greatest contributions to the owner.
*Establish Project Req
• What is to be designed and built • Where • Level of quality • Role of the project (office, etc) • Schedule • Target completion date • Budget and financing source • Team member
*General Obligation Bond
• When a state or local government wants to raise money for a project, they issue this type of municipal bond. • Shareholders are guaranteed to be repaid using future tax revenue
*CMc's basic service for Guaranteed Maximum Price (GMP)
• When mutually agreed by owner, architect, and CMc, the CMc will prepare a guaranteed maximum price (GMP) proposal. • The GMP will be the sum of the CMc's estimate of the cost of the work, including contingencies and the CM's fee.
*Date of commencement or contract time begins
• date of signing the contract • date stated in contract doc • Notice to Proceed
*Which division of the MasterFormat covers grading?
31, Earthwork.
*Which division of the MasterFormat covers exterior plants?
32, Exterior Improvements
*B101 causes of action/statute of limitations
Action cannot be taken 10 years after the substantial completion. Sof A usually starts when prob is noticed
*Contractor's overhead and profit is usually what percentage of the construction cost?
15% to 40%
*Contingencies - Types of (Pluralsight; Project Execution)
-Price Escalation -Design Contingency -Construction Contingency (Pluralsight; Project Execution)
*Firewalls shall be continuous horizontally from ext to ext wall and shall extend at least
18 in beyond the exterior surface of exterior walls
*According to the ADA standards, ramps should have a running slope not steeper than
1:12
*Accessible routes consist of walking surfaces with a maximum slope of _______.
1:20
*According to the ADA standards , Cross slope not steeper than
1:48
*In a slump test what is the accepted amount of slump for concrete?
2-6"
*Hazardous Materials (B101; Article 10)
"...Architect shall have no responsibility for the discovery, presence, handling removal or disposal of, or exposure of persons to, hazardous materials or toxic substances in any form at the Project site."
*The IECC establishes performance and area requirements dependent upon
- geographic location - orientation of the assembly - whether the element is fixed or operable
*what are the architect's obligations during construction observation?
"The Architect will visit the site at intervals appropriate to the stage of construction, or as otherwise agreed with the Owner, to become generally familiar with the progress and quality of the portion of the Work completed, and to determine in general if the Work observed is being performed in a manner indicating that the Work, when fully completed, will be in accordance with the Contract Documents." Architect has no say on means and methods or safety precautions. The Architect will not be required to make exhaustive or continuous on site inspections.
*Contract Time (A201; Article 8)
"The period of time, including authorized adjustments, allotted in the Contract Documents for Substantial Completion of the Work...Contractor confirms that the Contract Time is a reasonable period for performing the Work." Architect decides when building is substantially complete.
*Waiver of Rights (aka Waiver of Subrogation)(B101; Article 8)
"To the extent damages are covered by property insurance, the Owner and Architect waive all rights against each other and against the contractors, consultants, agents and employees of the other for damages, except such rights as the may have to the proceeds of such insurance as set forth in AIA Document A201-2007..." Owner and Architect cannot sue each other for damages if they are covered by property insurance. Prevents insurance company from suing any principal participants to recover what has been paid for an insured loss.
*Cost of the Work (Pluralsight; Project Execution)
"Total cost to the owner to construct all elements of the project designed or specified by the architect and shall include Contractor's General Conditions, costs, overhead, and profit...does not include compensation of architect, cost of land, rights of way, financing or other costs that are responsibility of owner." (Pluralsight; Project Execution)(B101)
*Base Bid with Alternates
(Closed Specifications) Proprietary product but allows substitution of products the contractor thinks are equal. Usually 3 different manufacturers listed by architect (burden on the architect). Considered open to interpretation which doesn't guarantee a desired performance level.
*stakeholder groups
* The people who occupy the building. * Project sponsors, or the people who produced the building (architects, engineers, and contractors.) * The people who maintain the building. * Future generations who will be affected by the building.
*Reasons an architect may withhold a certificate for payment
*Amount of work/materials stored does not match application *Defective work not remedied. *Third party claims or probable claims. *Known failure of the contractor to pay subcontractors. *Reasonable evidence that the remainder of the work cannot be completed for the unpaid balance of the contract sum. *Damage to the owner or another contractor. *Reasonable evidence that the work will not be completed on time, and that the unpaid balance will not cover the damages due to the delay *Repeated failure of the contractor to carry out the work in accordance with the contract documents. If an agreement cannot be reached, the Architect will issue the Application of Certificate of Payment to the Owner for the amount the Architect believes to be accurate.
*Instructions to bidders should stipulate a date after which and why
*No RFIs or substitution requests will be considered To give bidders sufficient time to include addenda modifications in their bids
*How may an architect mark shop drawings?
*No exceptions taken *Marked corrections should be made *Submittals should be revised and resubmitted *Rejected
*After bid is awarded, GC submits...?
- A305 Contractor's Qualification Statement - Summary of work to be performed with GC's own forces - Manufacturers/suppliers of the principal items proposed for the project - Persons/companies proposed to perform major portions of the work
*Final payment is not due until
- AIA G706 an affidavit stating that payrolls, materials, and other debts for which the owner might be responsible have been paid - a certificate showing that insurance required by the contract documents to remain in force after final payment will not be cancelled or allow to expire without at least 30 days written notice to the owner - a written statement that the contractor knows of no reason that the insurance will not be renewable - the consent of surety to final payment if applicable (AIA G707) - Submit Contractor's Affidavit of Release of Liens. AND Proof of release of all applicable liens from Subcontractors, material suppliers, and vendors. - Warranties, maintenance contracts, instructions - As-Built drawings, if required - Certificate of Occupancy - Attic stock
*Architect's 4 Submittal Responses
- Approved - Approved w/ changes - Revise and resubmit - Rejected
*Bid Log includes:
- Base bid amount - Alternate amounts - Whether receipt of addenda was acknowledged - Made available to bidders in both open and private bidding
**(2) Most Common Claims
- Claims for additional time - Claims for concealed or unknown conditions
*When is the contractor allowed to submit a request for payment of a construction cost directive to the owner on the Application and Certificate for Payment?
- upon agreement of the additional cost of work by the contractor and owner. - completion of work
*Mechanisms in construction contracts to ensure Contractor's responsibility for quality of work.
-Obligation of contractor to perform work with in contract docs -Adherence to product warranties. -Site visit one year post subst. completion to review and correct work,
*What is the Architect's primary obligation during the construction phase?
- Conduct scheduled site visits. // -endeavor to guard the owner against defects in the work - Monitor progress and Quality of work and keep owner informed. - Determine work conformance with contract docs. - Participate in project meetings. - Issue site observation reports. - Send/answer RFIs. - Review contractor submittals. - Review Value analysis substitutions. - Prepare change orders. - Review applications for payment. - Monitor allowances. - Monitor contingencies. - Monitor progress and Quality of work. - Approve minor changes. - Review Quality control reports. - Cooperate with owner's consultants. - Review change order pricing.
*Construction Documents / Contract Documents
- Contract between owner & contractor (A101) - Conditions of the contract (A201) (including general and supplementary conditions) - Working Drawings - Specifications - Addenda - Modifications (Change Orders, CCDs, Minor Changes)
*Control functions of an architect in a design build project
- Cost estimate of the architect's segment of the work -Provide evaluations of the design-builders budget for the works (designerhacks)
**(6) Factors Influencing a GC's Bid
- Cost of subcontractor bids - Cost of GC's labor and materials - Equipment rental - GC's indirect costs - Overhead - Profit
*Commissioning Plan includes (8):
- Description of scope - List of systems to be commissioned - Responsibilities of team members - Schedule - Protocols - Documentation - Test procedures - Checklists
*Bidder Pre-Qualification Criteria
- Financial qualifications - Personnel - Experience - References - Capacity of firm - Bonding capacity - Method of work (in house/sub out)
*Architect's Basic Services for Project Closeout (5)
- Forwarding documents (written warranties and consent of surety) from GC to Owner - Issuing Certificate of Substantial Completion - Review final application for payment and Issuing Final Certificate for Payment w/ Reconciled allowances and contingencies. Prepare final change order. - Meeting with Owner to determine need for facility operation services - Post-occupancy walk through within 1 year -Completes final walk through with Owner and Contractor. -Submit final Architect's invoice to Owner. -Assemble and file for future reference complete project and cost records for both construction and professional services.
*Architect's insurance (required per B101)
- General Liability - Automobile Liability - Worker's Compensation - Professional Liability
*Architect's Role in Design Build (As Consultant to Design Builder)
- If estimating services aren't selected, Architect is only obligated to base the design on the design-build documents, schedule, and budget provided by DB - If DB's estimate exceeds the budget for the Architect's portion of the work, Architect may be entitled to additional compensation for revisions
*Requisition Certificate (6)
- Original contract sum - Changes that have been made - Current contract sum - Summary of work to date - Payments to date - Amount due
*Design Build Documents
- Project criteria established by the Owner and Design-Builder - Budget established by Design-Builder
*Jurisdictions/Laws covering Disputes
- Project-related claims: state in which project is located - Owner-architect claims: principal place of business of the architect
*CA Architect's responsibilities when Construction Manager as Adviser (CMA) Delivery is used
- Provide Administration of the contract jointly with the CM - Advise and report to CM and Owner - Reports to the CM results of the site visits, but the M also has a rep at the site and reports to the architect - Unlike DBB owner and Contractor communicate through the CM with copies to the architect - The CM not the architect prepares change orders and construction change directives, but Change Orders must be still signed by CM , architect and Owner and contractor - The CM receives and reviews RFIs and forwards each to the architect with the CM's recommendation ** Architect remains the Initial Decision Maker on claims between the Owner and Contractor
*Name 4 types of submittals the GC must make to the Architect
- Shop drawings - Samples - Product data - Sustainability documents
*Who is responsible for the costs related to tests and inspections?
- The Contractor shall make arrangements for tests and inspections and shall bear all related costs of tests, inspections and approvals as indicated in the Contract Documents. - The Owner shall bear costs of tests, inspections or approvals that do not become requirements until after bids are received or negotiations concluded; and tests, inspections or approvals where building codes prohibit the Owner from delegating costs to the Contractor. [See AIA A201 13.5]
*who can be a building commissioning agent?
- an independent third party, or a CM adviser who is not a contractor to the project - Commissioning provider - architect - MEP engineers - GC - Owner, Owner's personnel -others involved w the construction process, owner's agent, code officials, etc
*Drafting a commissioning plan
- determining the scope of the commissioning activities - establishing a budget - setting a schedule - establishing a testing and inspection plan - developing specifications - determining special testing needs - writing a commissioning plan
*Architect's CA Responsibilities during in a Sustainable Project
- during the site visits, notify in the field report if there are any deviations from Contract documents that might impact achievement of sustainable measures/Advise and consult w/ Owner about progress of sustainable measures, including changes that may affect sustainability - respond to Contractor's RFIs questions regarding how a product or material is intended to satisfy sustainability measures - Architect must register project w/ certifying authority. Any fees to be reimbursed - collect sustainability documentation from the owner and contractor, submit documentation to certifying authority - architect must prepare and submit the application for certification and follow up w/ comments if necessary - Prepare and file necessary documentation to appeal a ruling denying a requirement to achieve sustainable certification if required
*When is cost plus typ chosen?
- for small-scale projects - for proj where existing conditions may be unknown - where scope of construction is difficult to define - for change orders within a stipulated sum or GMP
*Substitution Request
---Name, and complete description including: drawings, performance, tests, and other info the arch needs to evaluate (also includes a statement of why the change has to be made, and what else would be affected by the change)---- • A substitution request form, provided in the procurement documents, must be completed by the bidder making the substitution request. • Documentation that demonstrates compliance with the performance criteria and design intent of the contract documents, including: • A statement indicating why the specified product, fabrication, or installation cannot be provided. • Coordination information, including a list of all changes to other portions of the work that will be necessary to accommodate the proposed substitution. • A list of all modifications needed to other parts of the work, including construction performed by the owner and separate contractors. • Detailed comparison between the significant qualities of the proposed substitution and those of the work specif ed, including an annotated copy of all applicable specif cation sections. Significant qualities may include attributes such as performance, weight, size, durability, visual effect, sustainable design characteristics, warranties, and other specific features and requirements indicated. • Product data, including drawings and descriptions of products and of fabrication and installation procedures. • Samples of the proposed product, where applicable or requested. • Certificates and qualification data, where applicable or requested. A list of similar installations in completed projects with project names and addresses, along with names and addresses of the projects' architects and owners. • Material test reports from a qualified testing agency indicating compliance with specified requirements. • Research reports showing compliance with applicable building codes. • A letter from the manufacturer stating the lack of availability or delays in delivery that will not allow the specif ed product or method of construction to be provided within the contract time. • The contractor's certification that the proposed substitution complies with the requirements in the contract documents, except as indicated in the substitution request; that it is compatible with related materials; and that it is appropriate for applications indicated. • The contractor's waiver of rights to additional payment or time that may become necessary because of failure of the proposed substitution to produce indicated results. 10 days prior to bid date
*How to keep a stem wall waterproofed
-3. Keep floor slab min 6" above finish grade -2. Capillary break over the top of stem wall, blockflash, and mortar -1. Overflashing carried up to underside of stucco lath or other. Overflashing bottom to overlap underflashing and the extend outside or wall. 0. Underflashing from wall tp continue down to lap over stem wall 1. Have ground slope away, 5% (6" over 10ft)and ground should be impermeable backfill 2. Provide 3' ofmulch and then drought resistant plants 3. On outside side of stem wall, provde rigid insulation or protection board 4. On outside of stem wall, inside #3, provide waterproofing . Terminate waterproofing 3in above grade 5. Provide free draining backfill on outside side of stem wall (alternatevely, use free-draining membrane or board). Groundwater will flow downward through it and reach the 6. Filter fabric above and below drain pipe 7. Drain pipe , 4in , perforated, located below floor slab level, conected to sump
*What does the Certificate of Substantial Completion establish?
-A date of issuance -Require its subconsultants to issue a certificate of substantial completion for their respective portions of the work -A list of uncompleted punch list item. The O and C sign the certificate to indicate acceptance of individually agreed-upon responsibilities -A list of accepted nonconforming work -AIA doc do not req AHJ issued CO as condition for issuing the certificate. But owner may include such as a condition -Release of retainage, with a balance of funds retained for completion for punch list items -The responsibilities of the Owner and Contractor for security, maintenance, heat, utilities, and damage to the work and insurance (typically transferred to Owner). -Warranty period begins for work. -Statute of Limitations time clock begins. // -Early completion bonuses or liquidated damages // -the change of construction cylinder and keys
*Pre-Bid Conference
-A meeting with the Owner, Bidders, and Architect gives contractors opportunity to ask questions, visit the site. Architect and Owner can emphasize important conditions of the project. -Answers provided during the meeting are recorded and typically issued to all prospective bidders in the form of an addendum
*Causes of Scope Creep
-Abundant "Minor" Requests -Project Perfection Syndrome -Employees not aware of services in original agreement.
*Final change order is intended to resolve:
-Allowances -Completion bonuses or penalties -Contingencies -Outstanding architect additional services -Outstanding changes -Owner rebates or credits -Unit prices
*Architect's authority over the work (A201; Article 4)
-Architect can reject work that doesn't conform to Contract Documents -Can require testing and inspections
*Methods of Cost Estimating (Pluralsight; Project Execution)
-Area, volume and Other Single Unit Rate Methods -Elemental Methods -Quantity Survey Method (Pluralsight; Project Execution)
*Additional Services that require compensation (B101; Article 4)
-Changes to Initial Information -Material Changes to project (schedule, budget. delivery method, etc) -LEED, or similar -Changes to Instruments of Services that have already been prepared due to change in laws or code. -Preparing digital data for transmission -Preparing design documentation for alt bids -Attending/Prepping for Public Meetings -Attending/Prepping for dispute resolutions where architect is not party to -Evaluation qualifications of bidders -Consultation about replacement of work due to fire, etc. -Assisting IDM, if not architect -Any services necessary b/c owner failed to make decision on time.
*Architects Supplemental Instructions (ASI)
-Goes hand in hand with change orders, the architect may issue an order for such minor changes without the approval of either the owner or contractor (A means for the architect to address minor changes to the extent that A201 authorizes, may include both written instructions and drawings). -Clarify information in the construction documents or make minor changes to the work that do not alter the contract. AIA Doc G710. -Additional instructions or interpretations by the Architect. -They call for minor changes in the Work and assist the Architect in performing obligations as interpreter of the Contract Documents. There is NO change in contract time or sum and this document only requires the Architect's signature.
**2h Fire Rated
-Joint compound should be applied to screw heads -2 layers of gyp board, extend to underside of deck , add continuous sealant at perimeter (top and bottom) -When extending to the exterior, cross until touch second/exterior gyp/sheathing -Add tape and joint compound at corner where meeting/intersecting gyp from inside perp wall
*Cost Control in Design Bid Build
-Knowing the bidding climate - Well developed Construction Docs - Use of Alternates - Use of Unit prices - Use of Allowances - Value Engineering
*Types of Specification Structures
-MASTERFORMAT -UNIFORMAT
*"Locks used only for security purposes" means
-Not specific -Up to AHJ (authority having jurisd) -The IBC Commentary gives the example of an unframed glass door at the front of a tenant space in a mall, with a lock in the bottom rail. // -Deadbolts mounted at other heights may be accepted by the AHJ, depending on the occupancy type.
**1 hr fire rated
-Popular wall type -5/8" gyp + studs + 5/8" gyp
*Post-Commissioning Testing happens when?
1 year after initial occupancy to verify that systems continue to operate as intended
*At public bid opening, which 2 items are announced by the architect after each bid is opened?
1) Written amount of the bid 2) Whether the bidder has submitted the required supporting documentation.
*What 2 parties should each receive a copy of the architect's field reports?
1) owner 2) contractor
*What are the advantages to the Owner of design build?
1. A single source of responsibility. 2. A fixed price early in the process. 3. Reduced design and construction time.
*Describe the flow of Design-Bid-Build (DBB)
1. A. designs proj. 2. A. finishes CDs 3. A. writes specs. 4. A. completes cost estimates.
*How do you make the bidding environment fair
1. All docs and addenda distributed equally, same time, timely, to all.
**(3) ways in which the Contract may be changed or modified
1. Architect's Supplemental Instructions 2. Change Order 3. Construction Change Directive
*the services of a commissioning agent Post-Acceptance Phase
1. Assist with and help coordinate Owner training. 2. Provide Owner with all commissioning-related documentation and disposition of all issues and deficiencies. 3. Conduct seasonal testing with the assistance of installing Contractors and provide end-of-warrant review of new building.
*Application and Certificate for Payment - procedure
1. At least 10 days before the established date for each progress payment, the Contractor completes and submits the Application and Certificate for Payment to the Architect. 2. - Value of work (labor & materials) completed up to date of application - Value of materials purchased and in acceptable storage but not yet incorporated into the work If approved in advance by the Owner, payment may be made for materials and equipment stored off the site.
*Factors that can have an effect on cost estimates
1. Availability of labor & material, labor rates, material prices, resources to produce the material, convenience of transportation, location (more remote = more costly), less predictable costs of rural areas. 2. High Interest Rates = less housing construction = lower material prices Increased cost of living = increased union wages and higher labor costs
*What could be some of the supplements to the Bid Forms?
1. Bid Security Form 2. Subcontractor List 3. Substitution List
*If there is a selected list of bidders, then bidders, subs, and material suppliers can receive and review documents in which ways?
1. Can send docs to bidders at no charge 2. Docs can be put on file in a central plan room. 3. Docs may be available for purchase at a printing company, plan rooms, or similar places 4. Digital versions of the central plan room or docs may be available on a proj. website
*Change Order Process
1. Contractor notifies in writing of the proposed change (Owner or Architect may request as well). 2. Architect completes a Proposal Request detailing changed work and sends to Contractor. 3. Contractor submits an impact of Cost & Time of proposed work to Architect for review. 4. If Owner decides to go ahead with Work, Architect prepares the Change Order and all three parties sign. (If O decides not to go ahead, A notify C and nothing happens)
*Final Completion and Final Payment.
1. Contractor submits the final Application for Payment to the Architect. 2. Architect makes inspection to determine Final Completion, that all remaining Work is completed in accordance with the Contract Documents. 3. Architect issues final Certificate of Payment to the Owner, which states that the work has been completed in accordance with the Contract Documents and the outstanding balance is now due. [See AIA A201 9.10]
*What process is required in order to issue the Certificate of Substantial Completion?
1. Contractor submits to Architect a punch list of items to be completed prior to final payment. 2. Architect makes inspection to determine if Work is substantially complete. If not, Contractor shall complete the Work prior to the issuance of a Certificate of Substantial Completion. 3. Once complete, Architect issues Certificate of Substantial Completion to Owner & Contractor.
*Who has the rights to file a Mechanics Lien?
1. Contractors 2. Subcontractors 3. Material Supplier 4. Laborer 5. Design Professional
*the services of a commissioning agent Construction Phase
1. Create construction phase commissioning plan. 2. Review submittals for commissioned systems. 3. Conduct commissioning meetings to coordinate with contractors and discuss schedule, open items, etc. 4. Perform site visits to review systems installation conformance to drawings and specifications. 5. Attend equipment start-ups for major MEP/FP systems 6. Monitor all issues and deficiencies and assist with resolution
*What items does the Architect assist the Owner with during the Bidding & Negotiation Phase?
1. Establishing a list of prospective contractors. 2. Obtaining either competitive bids or negotiated proposals. 3. Confirming responsiveness of bids or proposals. 4. Determining the successful bid or proposal. 5. Awarding and preparing contracts for construction.
*What does the issuance of a Certificate of Payment NOT represent on behalf of the Architect?
1. Exhaustive or continuous on-site inspections. 2. Reviewed construction means, methods, techniques, sequences or procedures. 3. Reviewed copies of requisitions received from subcontractors and material suppliers. 4. Made examination to ascertain previous payments on account of the Contract Sum.
*Consequential damages waived by contractor (A201; article 15)
1. Expenses in running principal office 2. Loss of financing 3. Loss of profit other than that anticipated arising directly from the work
*When PREQUALIFICATION is allowed in public works, it is usually based on WHAT?
1. Financial assets of firm (GC or A???) 2. Size of the firm
*commissioning agent services Acceptance Phase
1. Functionally test systems and document compliance with drawings and specifications. 2. Review operations and maintenance manuals.
*Name the three parts of a specification
1. General, which deals with the scope of the specification section in the project. 2. Materials, which describes the performance and quality requirements for materials used. 3. Execution, which describes how to install the material.
*What are the five steps included in the process of imposing a Design Professionals Lien?
1. Has construction commenced? - if yes, lien does not apply, must use mechanics lien. 2. Determine governmental approval - if no building permit or other government approval has been granted, lien is not available. 3. Send Demand Letter - 10 days prior to recording lien, issue landowner payment demand. 4. Record Lien - in County of project location, no later than 90 days after knowledge that work will not commence. 5. Enforce Lien - file suit within 90 days of recording the lien.
*What are (5) ways an Architect can help protect an Owner from liens being filed?
1. Have the Owner request the General Contractor to purchase a Performance Bond and Payment Bond. 2. Received a signed lien release from subcontractors at time of payment. 3. Architect should process Contractor's request for payment in a timely manner. 4. Collect and hold retainage. 5. Recommend the Owner file a Notice of Completion with the County Recorder to reduce the window in which liens may be filed.
*Owner's disadvantages when Guaranteed Maximum Price (GMP)
1. He assumes risk because construction docs are incomplete and aspects of proj not known
*Communications Facilitating Contract Administration (A201; Article 4)
1. Owner and Contractor communicate through architect about matters relating to the Contract. 2. Communications to Subs and Suppliers will be through Contractor. 3. Communications to separate contracts will be through Owner
*Benefits of IPD (fundamental concepts)
1. Owner, designers, builders, share common goals focused on the project rather than their individual interests 2. Risks and rewards shared among all 3. Project success measured against redetermined objective targets, rather than individual profit 4. Breaks down collaboration barriers inherent in the other delivery methods
**(5) phases used by firms to help in cost estimating
1. Pre-planning/Proposal Phase: Cost is broken down by units, which would come from the occupancy of the building. 2. Programming Phase: Function of spaces and unit costs come from similar buildings. 3. Schematic Design: Determines major elements in the building, such as number of plumbing fixtures, electrical layout, structure, and mechanical systems. 4. Design Development: Defined materials like windows, doors, dropped ceilings, and cabinets are added. 5. Construction Documents: Finishes are in place and should reflect the pre-bid cost breakdowns.
*Architect's basic responsibilities during Construction Documents
1. Prepare construction documents. 2. Prepare written specifications. 3. Prepare the project manual. (specs, general/supplementary conditions) 4. Prepare the drawings for submittal to local agencies. 5. Coordination of consultants' drawings. 6. Invitation to Bidders / Instructions to Bidders 7. Update cost of work
*Architect's responsibilities during Schematic Design
1. Prepare preliminary evaluation of Owner's program. 2. Exploration of different design alternatives. 3. Meeting with local officials. 4. Meeting and preliminary coordination with consultants. 5. Submit to the Owner an estimate of the Cost of Work.
*Contractor request the Owner to provide evidence of financial ability to fulfill the requirements of the contract
1. Prior to commencement of the work 2. Owner fails to make payments to the C as the Contract Document requires 3. A change in the Work materially changes the Contract Sum 4. The Contractor identifies in writing a reasonable concern regarding the Owner's ability to make payment when due
*Procurement documents (3)
1. Project manual 2. Contract Drawings 3. Addenda
*The Architect is responsible for coordinating these (9) documents during the Construction Administration phase
1. Proposal Request 2. Architect's Supplemental Instructions 3. Change Order 4. Construction Change Directive 5. Application & Certificate of Payment 6. Certificate of Substantial Completion 7. Architect's Field Report 8. Shop Drawings and Sample Record 9. Responses to Request for Information (RFI)
*What are the Contractor's responsibilities during Close Out?
1. Provides punch list. 2. Submits warranties, maintenance contracts & instructions to Owner. 3. Deliver replacement & maintenance stock of material as required to Owner. 4. Instruct Owner in maintenance & operations. 5. Clean-up construction debris. 6. Submits final Application for Payment. 7. Submits full lien releases.
*What types and components of concrete require special inspections?
1. Reinforcing steel and welding. 2. Bolts, anchors and formwork. 3. Verifying use of required design mix. 4. Sample concrete during placement for subsequent strength testing (core test). 5. Shotcrete (sprayed on concrete mixture). 6. Proper curing temperatures & techniques.
*Consequential Damages Waived by the Owner (A201; article 15)
1. Rental expenses 2. Loss of use, income, profit, etc 3. Loss of management or productivity
*What other assemblies, components and site conditions require special inspections?
1. Seismic resistance and structural systems. 2. High load diaphragms in wood frame construction (shear walls). 3. Structural masonry. 4. Pile foundations. 5. Smoke control systems. 6. Sprayed fire-resistant materials (thickness, etc.) 7. Exterior insulation and finish systems.
*What (3) steps are involved in issuing a Mechanics Lien?
1. Serve Notice of Mechanics Lien - must serve on the Owner by registered mail prior to recording the lien. 2. Record Mechanics Lien - at County Recorder's office in County where project is located. 3. Enforce Mechanics Lien - file lawsuit within 90 calendar days from date of recording.
*The owner shall furnish the contractor within ___ after receipt of a written request, information necessary and relevant for the contractor to evaluate, give notice of or enforce mechanic's lien rights.
15 days
*Guidelines for Proper Construction Documents
1. Single source of control 2. Use industry standards 3. Use professional standards. 4. Encourage communication of proj team 5. Use checklists and standard details 6. Do the appropriate research 7. Evaluation and feedback
**(7) Steps in Project Development Budget
1. Site Acquisition & Purchase 2. Construction: Off-Site and On-Site 3. Professional Services (Architect, Engineers, and Consultants) 4. Miscellaneous Fees (bids, permits or reports) 5. Inspection and Testing 6. Contingencies 7. Financing Costs
*What information is contained within the Project Manual?
1. Specifications 2. Conditions of the Contract for Construction: - General Conditions - Supplementary Conditions - Other Conditions 3. Invitation to Bidders / Instruction to Bidders 4. All contract and noncontract documents for a project, except the drawings.
*Steps for evaluating and awarding bids (publicly funded project)
1. Stamp (time/date) 2. Review bid form quickly to determine all info provided 3. Complete bid forms read aloud In a forum open to public, including bidder and owner(Quickly review to determined req'd info is provided. if bid form incomplete, disqualified for non responsive) (Bid log to be made public) 4. Final evaluation by owner/arch may take days or weeks following opening 5. Bid administrator(owner, arch, CM as consultant) will tabulate all pricing info for a comparison of pricing info 6. Negotiations 7. Contract awarded 8. successful Bidder to submit proof of compliance with builder's risk, workers' compensation and related insurance requirements, a performance and payment bond (if required), and evidence of compliance with licensing laws and incorporation in the state of the project. For publicly funded projects, evidence of compliance with equal employment opportunity laws in the project's jurisdiction is often needed. 9. O-C agreement executed
*Two categories of Project Documentation
1. The Construction Documents - are unique to each project and represent the sum total of the architects creative and technical work 2. Everything else related to the project - generated from standard forms such as contracts that are repeated between projects.
*What two things are covered by copyright protection?
1. The drawings or other graphic representations of the Architect's work. 2. The building itself.
*What happens when a bid exceeds the budget?
1. The owner chooses to increase the budget. 2. The owner rebids or negotiates the project. 3. The owner abandons the project. 4. The owner chooses to reduce the scope and/or quality of the project (part of the architect's basic services).
*What three conditions must be met to prove negligence?
1. There must be a legal *duty* between the parties. 2. It must be shown that the Architect *breach*ed that duty. 3. It must be shown that the breach of duty *cause*d *damage* or injury.
*What two criteria must a claim for time or money, due to unknown conditions, meet?
1. They must be subsurface or otherwise physically concealed, causing the site to differ from what is shown in the contract documents. 2. They must be of an unusual nature, differing from what is normally found in that project type.
**(3) ways cost estimates can be performed during Programming
1. Unit cost system. 2. Historical data on similar types of projects. 3. Cost per square foot.
*What are the TWO key ways to notify (or advertise) for prospective bidders?
1. When ANY contractor is permitted to submit a bid, an ADVERTISEMENT FOR BIDS is published in one or more newspapers, trade journals, or online publications. 2. When contractors must be prequalified, the owner may send EACH SELECTED contractor an INVITATION TO BID.
**(4) Negative effects possible from shortening a schedule
1. Work overtime - costly and inefficient. 2. Hire more people - new to project, inexperienced, requires time to train. 3. Reduce man hours - poor quality of drawings. 4. Overall - causes higher costs for Design and Construction, and lower quality project.
*Process of resolving a claim (A201; article 15)
1. Written notice given to parties and Initial Decision Maker (IDM) with in 21 days of event or after discovery 2. IDM renders a decision 3. Mediation 4. Legally binding resolution such as arbitration or litigation
*In CMa, the construction manager provides some of the construction contract administration services typically provided by A/E.
1.representing the owner during the construction stage 2.Observing project progress for review of contractor applications for payment 3.reviewing and approving contract modifications 4.attending project meetings 5.serving as the communication link between the A/E and the contractor
*The roofing membrane on a flat roof should be sloped at least ______ per foot (1:50) to transport rainwater to the roof.
1/4"
*Up to a _____" change in level may be vertical, according to ADAAG.
1/4"
*If the Initial Decision Maker (IDM) requests a party to respond to a claim or provide additional information, they must do so within ——-days after receipt of the request.
10 The party must either provide the requested info, respond when it will be provided, respond that none will be provided.
*Which CSI MasterFormat division covers toilet compartments, access flooring, lockers, flag poles, signage and shelving, among other things?
10 - Specialities
*According to AIA A201, if a Contractor fails to correct a deficiency, within how many days can the Owner issue a Change Order and deduct the cost from the Contract?
10 days
*Initial Decision Maker (IDM) must respond within ___ days of a Contractors claim
10 days
*Substitutions must be submitted————days before the date of receipt of bids.
10 days
*Time it takes to return deposit (note: optional during bidding)
10 days (after receipt of bid)
*Application and Certificate for Payment # of days it needs to be submitted before pay date and #of days for architect to review application
10 days to submit 7 days for arch to review
*How many days prior to the established payment date, must the contractor submit a notarized application for payment?
10 days.
*Days for bid substitutions to be made before bid. Days for arch to issue an addendum
10, 4 days before due date
*Which division of the MasterFormat covers exterior sun screens?
10, Specialties.
*Which CSI MasterFormat division contains information on vaults?
11 - Equipment
*Which division of the MasterFormat covers vending machines?
11, Equipment.
*Which division of the MasterFormat covers art and interior plants?
12, Furnishings.
*Which division of the MasterFormat covers lightning protection?
13, Special Construction.
*Which MasterFormat division covers Elevators and Escalators?
14 - Conveying Equipment.
*After the award of the contract, the contractor shall furnish in writing to the owner through architect the name and qualification of a proposed superintendent. the architect may reply within ___ to the contractor in writing stating objections or additional time to review
14 days
*What is the typical profit margin factored into the Construction Cost estimate?
15 - 20% for smaller projects 10 - 15% for large 5 - 10% for very large
*Contractor's insurance - Types of insurance held by contractor (A201; article 11)
2. Bodily injury or death (employees) 3. Bodily injury or death (non-employees) 5. Damage to the work 7. Bodily injury and property damage (completed project)
*The instruction to bidders should state the time period in which the bid shall be held open by the prospective contractors for acceptance, and this period of time may be irrevocable. Once this period has elapsed, a prospective contractor may withdraw a bid without penalty. What is the length of this time period?
30 or 35 days
*According to ADA guidelines, what is the minimum clear space for one stationary wheelchair?
30"X48".
*ADAAG requires ____ x _____ minimum clear floor space required for either forward or parallel approach to an object.
30"x48"
*As a general rule, dead end corridors are allowed if they do NOT exceed _______ feet in length.
20
*Sprinkling a building with more than one story above grade lets you add how many stories?
200% (multiply by 2).
*How long does the contractor have to report unusual subsurface conditions to the Owner?
21 days, after the first observance.
*How many days (after recognizing a problem) does a person have to file a claim?
21 days.
*If concealed conditions are found on a site, how long does the Contractor have to report them?
21 days.
*Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing (TAB)
3 major steps used to achieve proper operation of HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems
*Rise for any ramp run shall be no more than
30 in
*Alternate
A proposal by the bidder to add or deduct from the base bid. This could include alternates for additional scope as required by the owner/architect over the base bid, deducts for removal of scope or substitution of materials at the owner's direction to reduce cost, etc. They are provided as separate line items so that the base bid provides the price of the work for equal scope from all bidders. Unlike allowances, these are usually known quantities that the client would like priced in bidding before making a final decision. i.e. hardwood floor is specified in the based bid, but carpet is specified as an option
*bonus and penalty clause
A provision in the construction contract for payment of a bonus to the contractor for completing the project prior to a specific date, and for a charge (penalty) against the contractor for failing to complete the project by that date.
*Project Files (Project documentation)
A record of how the entire job progressed. Documents the sequence of events of a project to ensure project meets client's objectives and helps to defend the architect from legal action.
*Superintendent (A201; Article 3)
A representative of the contractor who is in attendance at the site during performance of the work. Communications from them are binding as if given by contractor. Cannot be changed without owner's consent. responsible for coordinating trades and completing the project on schedule.
*Commissioning provider/agent
A representative who facilitates the process of commissioning for the owner to help determine requirements and performance objectives. Independent 3rd party who specializes in this service and is hired by the Owner
*Evaluation of alternates
A request made by the owner for the contractor to provide options for materials, products, and systems to reduce costs. Also known as value engineering.
*Sketch
A revision to the contract documents by the architect, focusing on a specific portion of the documents and associated with the architect's supplemental instructions. Instead of reissuing a revised sheet, the sketch is issued showing the minor change in work and is incorporated into the as-built set.
*Draw down
A sample of paint from the actual can of paint to be used. It is submitted to provide a sample of the color as well as the sheen of the paint.
*Mock-up
A sample of the work provided in the field by the contractor for review and final approval by architect. It can include anything from paint samples to mock-ups of exterior wall conditions and detailing.
*sheepsfoot
A sheepsfoot is a tool used to compact soil.
*Sustainable Measure (B101 SP)
A specific design or construction element, or a post-occupancy use, operation or monitoring requirement, that must completed to achieve sustainable objective.
*Occupant comfort survey
A survey distributed to building occupants to determine their comfort level regarding building temperature, airflow, acoustics, and lighting.
*CSI MasterFormat
A systematic listing of construction trades, materials, systems, and administrative requirements published by the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) for the purpose of organizing construction specifications.
*Sick building syndrome
A term used to describe situations in which building occupants experience acute health and comfort effects that appear to be linked to time spent in a building, though no specific illness or cause can be identified. The complaints may be localized in a particular room or zone or may be widespread throughout the building. In contrast, the term "building-related illness" (BRI) is used when symptoms of diagnosable illness are identified and can be attributed directly to airborne building contaminants. When building occupants exhibit physical symptoms (dizziness, skin irritation, nausea, etc.) for at least 2 weeks; caused by polluted outdoor air, not enough circulation, or mold growth
*What things, other than money, can a claim be filed for?
A time extension, an adjustment or interpretation of contract terms, or other relief from terms of the contract.
*Revenue Bond
A type of municipal bond, but rather than being repaid by taxes, the shareholders are promised payment from the revenue collection of the project (such as the tolls from a new bridge). Since this is not as secure as a General Obligation Bond, the revenue bonds typically offer a slightly higher interest rate.
*In some jurisdictions, contractors (for publicly funded proj.'s) can be selected through a ___________________.
A value-based selection (VBS), this is where more is considered than just the lowest cost. This also factors in QUALITY, SCHEDULE, AND CONTRACTOR PERSONNEL.
*Bridging
A variation of design-build in which the owner engages an architect to prepare design documents. These documents are used by design-build teams to prepare their proposals for completing the design and constructing the project.
*Hearsay
A written or oral statement that was made outside of the court, usually by another person or witness. Not allowed as evidence in a court. Project records considered this unless found under Business Entry Rule.
*Name the series/types of AIA contract documents
A-series: contracts between owner and contractor. B-series; Contracts between owner and architect. C series: contracts between architect and consultants. D-series: architect industry documents. E-series: exhibits. G-series: administration documents.
*What are the AIA documents for construction manager CM project delivery method?
A121 / CMR, agreement between owner and construction manager as constructor; B141/CMa, between owner and construction manager as agent; B144/ARCHCM, owner and architect where architect provide CM services as adviser to the owner
*Subcontractor Requests for GC's Completion %
A201 allows Architect to provide the subcontractor with percentages of completion or amounts applied for by the GC if the sub suspects the GC has been paid but they have not
*What doc is most commonly associated with Design-Bid-Build (DBB)?
A201, A. is obligated to assist with preconstruction tasks, mainly assisting owner with the bidding process.
*Which AIA document should the Architect issue to Contractors to assess their qualifications?
A305
*Which document states that bids received after the time and date established for receipt of bids must be returned unopened, even if the late bid is delivered before any bids have been opened?
A701, Instructions to Bidders
**A local code official would have the authority to enforce all codes and standards except:
ADA. Is federal legislation whose guidelines for building design can be adopted into building code.
*Which AIA document, other than the B101, provides the Architect's Scope of Basic Services?
AIA B201 - Standard Form of Architect's Services: Design and Construction Contract. This is based on the five traditional phases: Schematic Design, Design Development, Construction Documents, Bidding/Negotiation, and Construction Administration.
*What is the warranty period for work performed after Substantial Completion?
According to the A201, General Conditions, the one-year period for correction of Work shall be extended with respect to portions of Work first performed after Substantial Completion by the period of time between Substantial Completion and the actual completion of that portion of the Work. See AIA A201 12.2
*Application and Certificate for Payment
AIA Document 702. The form on which a payment request is made by the contractor and certified by the architect. Contractors includes signed and notarized certification that work is in conformance and all contractors have been paid for previous amounts received. Submitted by the Contractor to the Architect. Itemized and prepared in accordance with Schedule of Values. Architect (and consultants) reviews and submits to the owner so that they can pay the contractor, or withholds for valid reasons. Progress payments take into account current completed work and any materials stored on-site. Also called a "request for payment."
*Which document defines the lines of communication among the parties during construction administration?
AIA Document A201, "General Conditions of the Contract for Construction", controls this during construction administration
*Field report
AIA Document G711, prepared by the architect, that records site visits during construction with date and time, current weather conditions, and site activity. Includes site observations, items to verify, and information or actions required. The report also notes percent completed and conformance with the construction schedule.
*G716
AIA Document for Request for Information.
*Management of retainage is listed in which AIA document?
AIA G612 (Owner's Instructions to the Architect)
*Which AIA document would a contractor submit to show that a project is free of liens?
AIA G706.
*Bid Bond/Bid Deposit
AIA document A310 -A guarantee by the contractor to the project owner that the winning bidder will take on the project under the terms at which they bid. -should the low bidder withdraw after the selection but before the execution of the contract, the owner will be reimbursed by the low bidder for the difference between the low bid and the next lowest bid. -aka bid security. -Is usually a percentage of the construction cost. -Can be issued as a certified check, a bid bond or a cashier's check.
*Instructions to Bidders
AIA document A710 Tells the bidders what constitutes a responsive bid. Usually includes the date when bids are due, the date and location of a pre-bid conference, the last date when bidders an ask questions, and the process for submitting questions. Outlines the procedures and requirements that the bidders must follow in submitting bids, how the bids will be considered and submittals required of the successful bidder
*In mediation, the mediator's uses techniques in compliance with...
Model Standards of Conduct for Mediators.
*When a Contractor or Subcontractor accepts final payment, what rights are they essentially waiving?
Acceptance of final payment by the Contractor, a Subcontractor or material supplier shall constitute a waiver of claims by that payee except those previously made in writing and identified by that payee as unsettled at the time of the final Application for Payment. [See AIA A201 9.10.5]
*According to AIA B101, which two anticipated dates must be indicated in Article 1?
According to AIA B101, Article 1, Commencement of Construction date, Substantial Completion Date should be indicated.
*What is the warranty period for the Contractor's work?
According to the A201, General Conditions, the Contractor must correct any work not found to be in compliance with the Contract Documents within 1 year of Substantial Completion. See AIA A201 12.2
*According to the AIA A201, when does the construction phase end?
According to the AIA 201 the construction phase ends when the contractor has received the final payment.
*Add Alternates vs Deduct Alternates
Add is when proposed alternate is more expensive Deduct is when proposed alternate is less expensive
*According to AIA B101, coordination of Owner's consultants is considered a(n)
Additional Service
*After a project has been completed the Owner wishes to enlist additional services of the Architect to create record drawings. Which AIA form would be most appropriate for this task?
Additional services that are an extension of a project should be completed under the AIA G802, Amendment to the Professional Services Agreement. If the Architect has been contractor to perform record drawings but had not been a part of the original project the AIA B102, Standard Form of Agreement Between Owner and Architect without a Predefined scope of Architect's Services would be appropriate.
*Construction phase services outlined in the owner-architect agreement
Advise and consult with the owner. // - Have authority to act on behalf of the owner to the extent provided in contract. - Responsible for the architect's negligent acts or omissions. - Visit site at intervals appropriate to the stage of construction and Evaluate the work through observations. - Architect has authority to reject work that does not conform to CDs. - If necessary, the architect can request inspection or testing of work. - Interpret and decide matters concerning performance . // • Inspecting the work at substantial completion and final completion • Processing Submittals • Evaluation and preparation of change orders • Certification of payment application
*Reasons a contractor can terminate the contract (A201; article 14)
After 30 days: 1. Court Order 2. Act of Government 3. Architect failed to issue Certificate of Payment or owner fails to pay 4. Owner doesn't provide proof they can pay Or if the work has stopped for 60 days. if delays add up to more than 100% of days scheduled for completion or 120 days in 365 day period. gives 7 days notice.
*When is the optimum time to hold a pre-construction meeting?
After most of the subcontracts have been awarded, but before the beginning of actual construction.
*When is the withheld retainage released and paid to the contractor?
After the final punch list inspection, the contractor notifies the architect that the work is ready for final inspection and submits a final application for payment. If after a final inspection, the architect determines that the work is complete and acceptable, a certificate for final payment is issued to the owner, and the withheld retainage is paid to the contractor. The withheld retainage gets paid to the contractor when the final certification of payment is approved.
*When are shop drawings usually prepared?
After the subcontractor or material supplier has signed a contract with the general contractor.
**A141
Agreement for Design build
*Regardless of the bidding process used, what must be established by client and architect
An information control plan to guide the bidding process that is consistent w privacy policies, clealry defines the docs distribution process, defines quality contro process to allow all bidders to receive the appropiate info, oral inquiries to be documented and responses distributed to all.
*RFI responses should be distributed to
All bidders, not just the one requesting the info
*What does "time is of the essence" mean in a contract?
All work must be completed by the dates in the contract, or the Contractor has breached the agreement.
*What type of insurance must the Owner carry?
All-risk
*all-risk insurance
All-risk insurance covers all hazards except those that specifically excluded from the policy.
*G802
Amendment to Professional Services Agreement. Used to add scope to professional services?
*What is the difference between action submittals and informational submittals?
An action submittal requires the architect's review and approval before a product may be used on a project. Informational submittals do not require a response from the architect.
*Why is filing a Notice of Completion advantageous to the Owner?
An advantage to the Owner in filing the Notice of Completion is it reduces the period in which claimants can file a lien, thus reducing the Owner's window of liability. If the Notice of Completion of Notice of Cessation is filed, the lien period is reduced from 90 days to: - 60 days for Prime Contractors - 30 days for Subcontractors
*multiple of direct personnel expense agreement
An agreement providing for payment for professional services based upon the direct personnel expense multiplied by an agreed factor.
*lump-sum contract
An agreement under which the architect or contractor is paid a specific amount of total fee for services performed. Also called a "stipulated sum contract."
*Substitution
An alternate product not in the contract documents requested for use by the general contractor. The architect compares the substitution to the product in the construction documents and reviews for conformance to the contract documents, code, design intent, etc.. Items such as durability, VOC content, and aesthetics are reviewed. the request must be submitted to the architect at least 10 days before the bid date. If the substitution is approved, the architect will issue an addendum to all bidders 4 days prior to bid date.
*Guaranteed Maximum Price (GMP)
An amount established in an agreement between an owner and contractor as the maximum cost of performing specified work. Also called an "upset price." Is similar to a cost-plus contract, but here the contractor guarantees that the final cost of the project will not exceed a maximum amount, except in case of changes desired by the owner/ developer. GMP developed by contractor before completion of CDs Inclues line item prces and allowances Open book accounting process
*Allowances (A201; Article 3)
An amount set aside to cover the cost of certain items not yet specified. For example, an allowance of $1000 was put into the bid since the actual dishwasher has not yet been selected. Hardware and other finish items are often handled in this manner. Usually an unknown special material or furnishing. This portion of the bid is equal for all bidders. Include cost of materials (and delivery) only; GC must include overhead and profit in the overall contract sum. Decision left for a later date. let the owner make decisions about how some amount will be spent during construction. If what the owner ends up selecting costs more or less than the allowed amount, the contract price adjusts automatically. "Covers the cost of materials and equipment delivered to site and all required taxes..Whenever costs are more than allowances, the Contract Sum shall be adjusted accordingly by Change Order"
*Total Quality Management (TQM)
An approach to the delivery of goods or services in which quality is determined by customer satisfaction and conformance to requirements.
*If an owner fails to substantially perform according to contract, what must an architect do to terminate the contract?
An architect must give the owner 7 days' written notice.
*quasi-judicial
An architects interpretations of the contract documents when rendered in good faith. Reliant on the architects responsibility to make impartial decisions in securing faithful performance by both Owner and Contractor.
*Work status representations
An express warranty to the owner and architect that the materials and equipment under the contract are new and the work is free from defects and conforms to the requirements of the contract. The architect's payment certification is based on __________ and is made to the best of the architect's knowledge, information, and belief.
*indirect expense
Overhead expense, that is, expenses indirectly incurred and not chargeable to a specific project.
*IBC section classifications
Assembly (see Section 303): Groups A-1, A-2, A-3, A-4 and A-5. 2.Business (see Section 304): Group B. 3.Educational (see Section 305): Group E. 4.Factory and Industrial (see Section 306): Groups F-1 and F-2. 5.High Hazard (see Section 307): Groups H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4 and H-5. 6.Institutional (see Section 308): Groups I-1, I-2, I-3 and I-4. 7.Mercantile (see Section 309): Group M. 8.Residential (see Section 310): Groups R-1, R-2, R-3 and R-4. 9.Storage (see Section 311): Groups S-1 and S-2. 10.Utility and Miscellaneous (see Section 312): Group U.
*Regardless of project delivery method, the architect's duties will also included what?
Assisting in the SELECTION of a contractor and in controlling the costs.
*Where does a measurement of exit access travel distance begin?
At the most remote point within a space.
*Claims-made professional liability insurance policies require that the policy be in effect, when?
At the time of the incident, and when the claim is made
*What is the best way to modify a standard AIA document?
Attach supplementary conditions or amendments.
*In a masonry wall section, how do you describe placement of flashing
Building paper laps over flashing Flashing is attached to the wall sheathing or backing wythe, bridges the air gap, and ends on the outside of the wall with a lip Flashing is typ a the bottom of a wall, at the bottom of a sill, at the header resting on the steel angle lintel, bridging the parapet with the roof, at the height of every floor, Flashing should be turned up a min of 8" If steel stud, flashing at base will be attached to foundation through a reglet cut into the foundation. A supporting lintel reversed will hold the brick wall at bottom
*Two major types of membrane systems
Built-up and single-ply roofing
*buyout
Buyout is one of the contractor's pre-construction activities between the award of the contract and the actual start of the construction. During buyout, the contractor issues subcontracts, supply contracts, and purchase orders for the work to be done. Selecting suppliers and finalizing prices from subcontractors and vendors who are not part of the IPD process.
*What documentation is give to subcontractors and by who?
By bidding contractor They must provide construction documentation to allow complete and thorough subcontract bids including procurement docs and addenda that applies to the subcontractor's trade
*In what ways can bids be evaluated?
By checking references, confirming insurance, rejecting bids with incomplete documentation, and other review the owner thinks is needed. THE A AND O DO NO SIMPLY LOOK FOR THE LOWEST PROPOSED CONTRACT SUM! They also review the prices quoted for alternates, substitutions, lists of proposed subs, qualification statements, and the other docs required by the instruction to bidders.
*How does the contractor begin project closeout?
By notifying the architect in writing and submitting a comprehensive list of items that need to be completed or corrected. Architect verifies or adds to the list
*Access to Work (A201; Article 3)
Contractor has to allow architect and owner to visit the work.
*Potential pitfall with CMR
CMR proposal of an unrealistically fast schedule in order to reflect the owner's deadlines • Unfamiliarity with the building type retarding realistic constructability analysis during design • Cost estimates that are not based on careful design documents • Adjustments to the GMP that don't reflect agreed-upon design intent • Lack of coordination between fast-tracked bid packages • Undocumented subcontractor direction, before or after bids, not aligned with design intent • Lack of adherence to the GMP without ramifications
*Which CSI document is effective in helping the Architect manage project substitutions?
CSI form 13.1A is an effective tool in helping the Architect manage project substitutions. The form should be completed by the party requesting the substitution (often the Contractor) and submitted to the Architect for approval.
*Parameter Method (Estimating)
Calculates an estimated cost per square foot for many types of materials so that the designer can understand cost implications of each
*Bidding environment
Can be either positive or negative. Items that impact the bidding environment include contractor and skilled worker availability, materials and methods availability, having a realistic or fast-paced construction schedule, and avoidance of arbitrary specification requirements.
*Addendum requesting a change or postponement of the date for receipt of bids
Can happen at any time (not limited to the 4 day minimum for addendums)
*Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
Cancer causing Toxin found in older electrical equipment
*Sustainability Certification (B101 SP)
Certification of a sustainable design, construction, environmental performance, or energy performance, issued by a certifying authority such as USGBC
**A bid security may be in what forms?
Certified check, cashier's check, or bid bond.
*G701
Change Order. Agreement between Owner, Architect, and Contractor, complete description of the change in the work This form describes the change to both monetary value and time (if required) to the contract. It is accompanied by all associated backup, such as subcontractor breakdown of pricing and architect's sketches. Implementing changes in the work agreed to by the owner, contractor, and architect
*If an item delivered to the job site costs more or less than the allowance provided for it in the contract, the contract sum is adjusted by what method?
Change order.
*Submittal schedule to be prepared by
Contractor in collaboration w architect
*The Contractor has just finished excavation. Which construction sequence would be the most productive moving forward?
Concrete - Pouring slabs and foundations Structural steel - The structural bones of the building to make sure it stands up Walls - to support the floors and roof Roofing - to finish of enclosing the space and protect it from the elements Drywall - to finish the inside Painting - paint before carpet is put in so that paint doesn't get on the carpet Carpet - the finish floor NOT Footings, walls, toilet partitions, roofing, carpet, painting (read the construction schedule)
*The Architect's review of shop drawings does not relieve the GC of what?
Conformance with the contract documents (responsibility for deviations)
*G707
Consent of Surety to Final Payment
*G714
Construction Change Directive
*A101 compensation: Guaranteed Maximum Price (GMP)
Construction Manager (CM) or GC guarantee fixed max price and give owner difference if completed for less
*CSI stands for...
Construction Specifications Institute.
*Implementation Documents (IPD)
Construction documents set
*Cold-Weather Construction
Construction switches into cold-weather mode at 40°F; concrete can still be poured, but must be heated to stop freezing during pouring and 7 days of hardening; temp sensitive materials such as sealants should not be applied
*Mechanical Engineer
Consultant that designs and produces the drawings and specs for heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system, as well as plumbing systems. Can design fire protection systems as well.
*Electrical Engineer
Consultant that designs and produces the drawings and specs for the power system and lighting system. Often will design telephone system, signal systems, and security systems as well.
*Structural Engineer
Consultant that designs any new structure or structural modifications. Produces and drawings and specifications for the structural portion of project.
*Architect vs Consultant's Right to Uncover Work
Consultants may be responsible for site observations, but only the Architect has the contractual right to require work to be uncovered and corrected
*Project Manual (definition and items (3))
Contains the procurement requirements and text based contract documents. A document containing information required for bidders to review, including bid requirements, drawing list, contract conditions, contract forms, and specifications. 1. Owner-contractor agreement 2. Conditions of the contract 3. Specs
*G703
Continuation sheet for G702 application and certificate for payment. It is typically used as backup to the G702, providing a breakdown of costs incurred by the contractor to do the work in accordance with a schedule of values prepared by the contractor as required by the general conditions.
*It is important that the vapor retarder be ______, sealed at all roof penetrations, and tied to the wall assembly around the perimeter of the roof.
Continuous
*G-Series Documents
Contract administration & project management forms
*Competitive Bidding (Open Bidding)
Contract documents are put out to bid, and successful bidder (usually lowest cost) is awarded the project. Popular with owners because it results in lower costs. Can be public or private and involves more than 1 contractor
*Who collects the waivers of lien from all subs
Contractor Architect only gets involved because he wants things to go smoothly, to keep project going
*Owner carries all the Spearing Gap risk in what delivery methods?
DBB MPC (multiple prime contractors) In theary DNB, but not in reality
*Which method of compensation for Architectural services reduces the risk to the Architect?
Direct Personnel Expense.
*What is the difference between a claim and dispute?
Dispute often occur when the A/E's decision on a claim is not accepted by one or both parties and the claim can not be resolved through negotiation
*Which division of the MasterFormat covers gypsum board and flooring?
Division 09, Finishes.
*Guidelines to substitutions
Division 1
*According to the ADA standards, what is the clear width of doors, doorways, and gates
Door openings shall provide a clear width of 32 inches (815 mm) minimum. Clear openings of doorways with swinging doors shall be measured between the face of the door and the stop, with the door open 90 degrees. Openings more than 24 inches (610 mm) deep shall provide a clear opening of 36 inches (915 mm) minimum. There shall be no projections into the required clear opening width lower than 34 inches (865 mm) above the finish floor or ground. Projections into the clear opening width between 34 inches (865 mm) and 80 inches (2030 mm) above the finish floor or ground shall not exceed 4 inches (100 mm).
*What was MasterFormat division 08 called before its name changed to Openings?
Doors and Windows.
*Addendums can modify
Drawings and/or project manual
*B352
Duties, Responsibilities and Limitations of Authority of the Architect's Project Representative
*Exception to the 1:12 rule
EXCEPTION: In EXISTING sites, buildings, and facilities, ramps shall be permitted to have running slopes steeper than 1:12 complying with Table 405.2 where such slopes are necessary due to space limitations. If steeper than 1:10 but no more than 1:8, max rise should be 3 in If steeper than 1:12 but no more than 1:10, max rise 6 in
*What is the project management technique that is used to find the schedule of values during the construction phase of a project?
Earned value management/earned value analysis
*What two things are involved in a change order?
Either PRICE, TIME, or both.
*Termination (B101; Article 9)
Either party can terminate agreement with no less than 7 days notice if other party fails substantially to perform according to terms of the agreements. Architect can suspend within 7 days if owner fails to pay fees. Architect must be compensated for prior work if project is suspended or terminated. Owner can terminate per their convenience.
*Purpose of architects certification of payment
Endeavor to protect the owners interests by not releasing payments until work is properly completed by contractor
*Structural, Mechanical and Electrical (B101; Article 3)
Engineering services Architect is responsible for
*What is essential when the CD's go out to bid? (in order to protect owner)
Ensuring that the bidding process is conducted with clearly defined guidelines THAT PROTECT THE OWNER FROM SHADY CONTRACTORS and unethical bidding practices.
*entitlement
Entitlement is defined as the right to benefits specified by law or contract
*MasterFormat Division 11
Equipment
*Who select Project Delivery method
Owner Architect recommend appropriate method based on their req.
*attic stock
Extra material that is contractually required to be purchased for a job. The purpose of attic stock is to ensure that identical materials can be used for future repairs and replacements.
*Negligence
Failure to meet the ordinary Standard of Care expected from the Architect (or any professional) in fulfilling their responsibilities.
*What are the consequences of not sending a Preliminary 20 Day Notice to the Owner?
Failure to send the Preliminary 20 Day Notice can cause the subcontractors, vendors, or material suppliers to lose some or all of their lien rights.
*The bidding environment must be
Fair
*Duct Blower
Fan attached directly to ductwork to check for leaks
*Blower Door
Fan that mounts to a door frame used to pressurize or depressurize a building to measure air infiltration. Used to measure airtightness of buildings by blowing air into or out of a building and creating a difference in pressure. Locates air leakages and assesses ventilation of a building.
*Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Federal civil rights legislation that establishes the right of persons with disabilities to equal access to sites and buildings, and sets design guidelines for it's implementation.
*Depreciation
Federal tax benefit given for the decrease in the value of assets over time.
*B101 comp methods: unit costs
Fees are based on definable unit like sqft or per house or per unit. Best for repetitive work
*Would a hurricane be considered "named peril" or "force majeure?"
Force majeure means "greater force" and is used to describe damages or delays caused by forces beyond the control of either party to a contract.
*Estimate
Forecast of the likely cost of a the work (as opposed to a firm bid).
*Statement of Special Inspections
Form submitted by the Special Inspector, stating the project information, the nature of the inspection and compliance with codes & regulations, and the intent of the Special Inspection.
*MasterFormat Division 12
Furnishings
*Continuation Sheet
G703. Lists every trade of work, percentages complete, and the amount due. The forms require the contractor to show the status of the contract sum to date, including the total dollar amount of the work completed and stored to date, the amount of retainage (if any), the total of previous payments, a summary of change orders, and the amount of current payment requested.
*Request for Information (RFI)
G716 Request for information: A Standard form that the owner, architect, and contractor may use to request further information from another during construction.. RFIs are used to resolve gaps, conflicts, and ambiguities in the drawings and specifications. They are a fundamental part of a smooth project delivery.
*Who pays for additional field testing if the work does not conform with the contract documents?
GC pays to correct the work, subsequent testing, and compensation for Architect's services related to the issue
*GC's Project Schedule End Date
GC's schedule ends at Substantial Completion; early completion bonuses or liquidated damages are based on this date
*Which party produces an RFI?
GC, Owner, or Architect
*Pricing strategy often used for projects requiring accelerated schedules
GMP guaranteed max price
*Concrete Curing Time
Gains most compressive strength in 0-3 days, full strength in 28
*A232
General Conditions for CMa/Owner Agreement
*A295
General Conditions of the Contract for Integrated Project Delivery
*MasterFormat Division 01
General Requirements
*Alternates cannot be selectively chosen to
Give any bidder an advantage
*What is the advantage to the owner of using a construction change directive?
Gives the owner a way to order changes in the work before agreeing to an adjustment to the cost and/or time with the contractor.
*RFI type 1
Graphic/Confirming RFI count as 2-hour points
*A503
Guide for Supplemental Conditions. Provides guidance and model language for developing supplemental conditions.
*When is an initial decision maker not required?
Hazardous materials discovered on site Emergencies on site Losses covered by insurance
*What should an architect do if he or she finds an unsafe condition on the project site?
He or she must immediately notify the owner & contractor.
*Latent Defect
Hidden defect by reasonable inspection, becomes apparent after time has passed.
*Interest rate as price factor
High Interest Rage = Less housing construction = Lower material prices Increased cost of living = increased union wages and higher labor cost
*Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
How much radiation is admitted through a window, higher SHGC = more solar heat
*Preconstruction conference agenda
I. Introductions A. Communications/contact information II. Project start-up requirements A. List of subcontractors and material suppliers B. Schedule of values C. Construction schedule D. Submittal schedule E. Site usage/access F. Quality control III. Bonds and insurance A. Bonding B. Insurance IV. Project procedures A. Shop drawings, product data, and samples B. Payment applications C. Changes in the work D. Requests for information E. Time extensions F. Closeout requirements V. Site observations A. Scheduled visits B. Reporting C. Nonconforming work VI. Miscellaneous items A. Separate contracts by owners B. Partial occupancy C. Field office D. Project sign or banner E. Owner requirement for certifications F. Other
*Honeycombing (of concrete)
Identified by a coarse and stony texture at the surface of concrete. caused by poor consolidation of the concrete, poor mixing, or insufficient fines. Small or shallow areas of honeycombing are unsightly but not dangerous; however, larger areas can be problematic if moisture is allowed to penetrate and expose the reinforcing steel, subjecting it to corrosion and reducing its strength.
*Basis of Design
Identifies a product or spec that meets the performance need and acts an example for the criteria needed, i.e. sets a standard that any substitutions must meet. A contractor can then find another product if performance is comparable.
*What timeframes are important to be aware of regarding Mechanics Liens?
If a Notice of Completion or Notice of Cessation (work has formally stopped) is NOT filed by the Owner, the lien filing period is 90 days from completion of construction. If the Notice of Completion or Notice of Cessation is filed, the lien period is reduced to: • 60 days for Prime Contractors • 30 days for Subcontractors
*During a site visit, the Architect discovers a portion of the Work was covered prior to a required inspection. What can the Architect require of the Contractor?
If a portion of the Work is covered contrary to the Architect's request or to requirements specifically expressed in the Contract Documents, it must, if requested in writing by the Architect, be uncovered for the Architect's examination and be replaced at the Contractor's expense without change in the Contract Time. See AIA A201 12.1.1
*How does nonconforming work get noted ?
If accepted, the architect notes this on the certificate of substantial completion, and the contractor is typically required to document the deviation on the contractor's as-builts.
*Architect's request of testing
If an architect suspects a portion of the work is nonconforming, the architect, with owner consent, can request that the owner have testing completed . If the test shows the work conforms with the contract documents, the owner pays for the testing. If the work is found to be nonconforming, the testing is at the contractor's expense .
*Spec'd Hazardous Material Responsibility
If contract docs require hazardous materials to be brought on site, owner is responsible, unless contractor is negligent in handling or using them
*Hazardous Materials (A201; article 10)
If found on site, and reasonable precautions against injury are inadequate, contractor must stop the work immediately and report the condition to owner and architect in writing. Owner is responsible for having it tested and contained or removed. Owner is also responsible if they are to be brought onsite unless contractor is negligent in handling them.
*Under what conditions is the Contractor liable for errors or omissions in the contract documents?
If he recognizes them and fails to report them.
*Who has the ultimate responsibility for cost of uncovering, testing, and replacing questioned work?
If its requested to uncover work that wasn't listed in CDs, and 1) work is compliant, costs to be payed by owner, or if 2) work is not compliant, payed by contractor , or if 3) work not compliant by fault of separate contractor, costs by owner
*What conditions must be present in order for the Contractor to stop the Work?
If the Architect does not issue a Certificate for Payment through no fault of the Contractor, or if the Owner does not pay the Contractor within 7 days after the date established in the Contract Documents, then the Contractor may, upon 7 additional days' written notice to the Owner and Architect, stop the Work until payment of the amount owed to the Contractor is received. See AIA A201 9.7
*What is the next step if the Initial Decision Maker is unable to settle a conflict between the Owner and Contractor?
If the Architect is unable to resolve a conflict between the Owner and Contractor, or if doing so would be a conflict of interest to the Architect, the next step would be a formal process of Mediation administered by the American Arbitration Association. See AIA A201 15.2.5
*Owner's right to carry out the work (A201; Article 2)
If the Contractor defaults or neglects to carry out the Work in accordance with the Contract Documents and fails within a 10 day period after receipt of written notice from the Owner to commence and continue correction of such default or neglect with diligence and promptness, the Owner may, without prejudice to other remedies then Owner may have, correct such deficiencies. C.O. will be issued deducting payments from contract sum, must be approved by Architect.
*Concealed or Unknown Conditions (A201; Article 3)
If the Contractor encounters conditions at the site that differ materially from those ordinarily found to exist...Contractor shall promptly provide notice to the Owner and the Architect before conditions are disturbed and in no event later than 21 days after first observance of the conditions. Architect determines if conditions are materially different enough to effect contract sum or time.
*A Contractor discovers a wetland on the site not indicated on the Contract Documents. What must he/she do?
If the Contractor encounters human remains, archeological sites or wetlands not indicated in the Contract Documents, he/she shall immediately suspend Work and notify the Owner and Architect. Upon receipt of such notice, the Owner shall take action to obtain governmental authorization required to resume operations. See AIA A201 3.7.5
*What rights does the Owner retain in regards to stopping the Work?
If the Contractor fails to correct Work that is not in accordance to the Contract Documents or repeatedly fails to carry out the Work, the Owner may issue written order to stop the Work until the cause of the order has been eliminated. [See AIA A201 2.3]
*Under what circumstances would the Owner contact a Subcontractor directly?
If the Contractor fails to furnish written evidence that the Subcontractors have been properly paid, after a request from the Owner to do so, then the Owner shall have the right to contact Subcontractors to ascertain whether they have been properly paid. See AIA A201 9.6.4
*Why are bids usually rejected?
If they are not accompanied by the required bid bond or other documentation, or if they are incomplete or irregular OR LATE
*When may a client be willing to pay for a Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE)?
If they intend to construct additional, similar facilities.
*Human Remains or Wetlands (A201; Article 3)
If, in the course of the Work, the Contractor encounters human remains or recognizes the existence of burial markers, archaeological sites or wetlands not indicated in the Contract Documents, the Contractor shall immediately suspend any operations that would affect them and shall notify the Owner and Architect.
*A Contractor is held liable by a government agency for remediation of hazardous materials discovered on the project site. What action must the Owner take in this situation?
If, without negligence on the part of the Contractor, the Contractor is held liable by a government agency for the cost of remediation of a hazardous material or substance solely by reason of performing Work as required by the Contract Documents, the Owner shall reimburse the Contractor for all cost and expense thereby incurred. See AIA A201 10.3.6
*Where can the contractor find the time that he must allow for the architect to review submittals?
In Division 01 of the specifications.
*what part of a contract agreement may be used to include unique contract elements that modify the General Conditions of the Contract for Construction
In a contract agreement, the Supplementary Conditions are used to modify these.
*A year after substantial completion the Contractor's warranties expire and the Owner wants to use the Architect's expertise to verify that everything is in working order. What is true of the Architect's services and compensation in this capacity?
In a standard AIA B101, B103 or B201, the Architect is required to meet with the Owner prior to expiration and without compensation if the contractor's one-year warranty if requested.
*Architect's Criteria for when assisting Owner during Contractor Selection
In addition to cost, should consider: - Previous experience w similar project types - references from past clients - experience of personnel - sufficient personnel - financial qualifications - bonding capacity - ability to obtain the insurance required - history of past claims - history of work with subs and vendors - history of ability to complete jobs - knowledge and experience w special construction methods - possession of special licensing or certificaion if required
*How is contract time measured?
In calendar days, without exceptions for weekends or holidays.
*How long does the architect have to process and return submittals?
In general, 10-14 days or another predetermined amount of "reasonable time." If no action is taken by the architect within that time, a contractor may consider the submittal approved.
*Describe a proper assembly of a stucco wall
In order from outside to inside: 0. (For warm humid climate) elastomeric finish 1. x3 stucco coats (finish 1/8", brown 3/8", scratch 3/8"). Water will exit throigh the bottom edge of finish coat 2. Metal lath/wire 2.5 (opt) rainscreen drainage mat 3. Waterproof building paper or vapor barrier x2 (space between papers (bond break and drainage plane)) 4. Metal drip/weep screed extends out up to brown coat stucco depth. 4" min H To soil or 2" min to pavers (for drainage and ventilation) 5. Wall sheathing (gyp, plywood, osb) or rigid insulation 6. Wall framing with insulation *include horizontal and vertical control joints, vertical joints must be continuous and dominant over horizontal
*Simultaneously to all bidders
In order to maintain a fair bidding environment, all information regarding bidding process must be released ________ ___ _____ ______, including all graphic and written documents, RFIs, supplementary information, addenda, and additional instructions.
*Describe a masonry wall (focus on moisture control)
In order: Wood stud Insulation between studs Sheathing Flashing adhered to sheathing and extends past face of wall Building paper/drainage plane/sheathing paper/ weather-resistive barrier (protects wall from moisture and extends down to lap over flashing 6" about Air space Open weave mesh (prevents excess mortar falling behind as being constructed from blocking drain holes) Brick Weep holes (with open weave mesh for insect blocking)
*Risks from spearing gap may be mitigated for what delivery methods
In reality, DNB (because owners often request proposals from contractors with whom they have a past successful relationship) CMc (since the CMc has an active role in the design and documentation phase)
*Substantial completion tasks for architect
Inspect project for substantial completion. - Review contractors' punch lists. - Prepare certificates of substantial completion. - Document owner-accepted nonconforming work. - Monitor building start-up and commissioning.
*What (2) inspections does the Architect conduct?
Inspection to determine the date of substantial completion. Inspection to determine the date of final completion.
*What documents are not included in the contract documents
Instructions to bidders Bid bond Bid form
*A701
Instructions to bidders. Used to provide instructions to bidders on procedures including bonding requirements and instructions for bidders to follow in preparing and submitting their bids.
*professional liability insurance
Insurance that financially protects an architect against claims for damages resulting from professional negligence. Also called errors and omissions insurance.
*liability insurance
Insurance that financially protects the insured against liability on account of bodily injury or property damage sustained by another.
*What delivery method promotes the greatest level of team integration
Integrated Delivery Method (IPD)
*Which kind of project delivery method are the architects duties and responsibilities during preconstruction most limited?
Integrated Project Delivery (IPD)
*What does the submittal stamp look like?
It has a series of check boxes, indicating the possible responses, and a place for initials and the date. The stamp should also include a statement that the submittal has been checked for conformance with design intent and requirements, and states that the contractor is responsible for coordinating dimensions, quantities and construction techniques.
*Why is creating a basis of design (BOD) document in building commissioning important?
It is important to create basis of design (BOD) because it details and reasons out how the Owner's project requirements (OPR) have been met.
*Liquidated Damages
It is included in the Owner/Contractor agreement. It is an amount of money stipulated in the contract that is chargeable against the contractor as reimbursement for damages suffered by the owner because of the contractor's failure to fulfill contractual obligations, such as the failure to achieve Substantial Completion on time or for bonus payments for early completion of the Work . Liquidated damages are not a penalty to be inflicted on the contractor. If liquidated damages are to be assessed because delayed construction will result in actual loss to the owner, the amount of damage due for each day lost should be provided for in the Supplementary Conditions of the contract. (exceptions for uncontrollable circumstances)
*Why is competitive bidding popular with owners?
It is popular because it usually results in the lowest construction cost.
*What happens when an addendum is issued?
It is transmitted to ALL bidders no later than FOUR TO FIVE DAYS before receipt of bids to give the bidders ample opportunity to study it and modify their proposals accordingly.
*Why would an architect provide a post-occupancy evaluation free of charge to the owner?
It provides valuable information to the architect after the owner has occupied the building. It is also a good marketing effort by the architect and maintains contact with the owner for potential future work.
*MBE/WBE
Minority Business Enterprise/Women's Business Enterprise. Many publicly funded projects will require a percentage of subcontracts to go to MBE and WBE subcontractors, which can have an impact on the value of the bid/contract.
*Unforeseen conditions
Items that impact the contract documents even with due diligence of the architect, typically resulting in a change order. These items could include an unknown underground condition such as an old storage tank, or old foundation walls not found on the survey or in soil testing.
*Joint checks
Joint checks form a more lateral type of payment system. Instead of money filtering down through every party, the prime contractor releases payments to individual parties. Read more on joint checks here.
*What has the most influence in the construction cost?
Labor and Materials
*Cost of the work includes
Labor costs for contractor's on-site supervisory/administrative personnel, and the contractor's workers executing the work Subcontractor contract amounts Contractor-purchased products incorporated into the work, including transportation, storage, handling, and insurance costs Allowances identified in the procurement documents Mock-ups and samples that do not become part of the work Specialized tools or equipment required to execute specific portions of the work Rental charges for tools and equipment Vehicle fuel Safety and security procedures and personnel Special training Temporary facilities, utilities, and controls, such as field offices, temporary heat and light, and signage Waste removal, recycling, and disposal Administrative costs, such as document reproduction and distribution, data processing, telephone and Internet charges, postal and delivery costs, submittals, and closeout costs Fees for permits, inspections, and approvals by the AHJs Field engineering and testing procedures Project coordination Mobilization and start-up costs Costs resulting from site restrictions, including off-site storage and parking Royalties, licenses, and fees to use specific patented designs or products Design costs for work delegated to the contractor or subcontractors Insurance and bonds Applicable taxes Deductions for discounts and rebates, salvage value of waste, and shared savings with the owner from value analysis
*Warranty
Legally enforceable assurance of the quality of materials and labor furnished for a project, or the length of time that a project or a part thereof will perform satisfactorily. Also called a guarantee.
*Is arbitration more or less expensive than litigation?
Less expensive.
*Contractor's Liability Limits (A201; article 11)
Liability limits must be maximum specified by contract or required by law. Whichever is greater.
*What is the difference between life-cycle cost analysis and life-cycle analysis?
Life-cycle cost analysis is concerned with economic performance. Life-cycle analysis is concerned with environmental impact.
*Single ply membrane roofing may be applied in _____ or _____ form.
Liquid or sheet
*G705
List of Subcontractors
*Bill of Materials
List of raw materials, sub-assemblies, intermediate assemblies, sub-components, parts and the quantities of each needed to construct the project
*D-Series Documents
Miscellaneous documents
*What items would prevent an architect from signing the certificate of substantial completion?
Missing code elements such as: A stairwell, A railing Walls not finished that are fire rated walls
*What is the first step of the contractor's first activity?
Mobilization, entails setting up temporary facilities at the site.
*What is the one benefit of Litigation over Arbitration?
Litigation is when a dispute is resolved in court. It is an expensive and long process involving attorneys. However, unlike Arbitration, the judge's decision can be appealed.
*Consequential Damages
Losses that are not the immediate result of the a breach of contract, but are losses that the breaching party has reason to know the other party will likely incur when the contract is breached. A201 contains a waiver of consequential damages. Waived by contractor and owner
*Chain restaurants most probably use what type of cost method
Lump sum Plans are 100% complete and there are no unknowns, like with a restaurant chain or retail store that builds the same structure over and over, then it makes sense to use a lump sum contract.
*Project delivery method
Manner in which the owner contracts for design and construction services.
*MasterFormat Division 04
Masonry
*sample
Material or assembly submitted for the architect's approval prior to manufacture or delivery to the project. A physical example of a portion of work, intended to show how a material, finish or piece of equipment will look in the completed job.
*MSDS
Material safety data sheet: lists all compounds found in a product and its toxicity, flammability, corrosiveness, volatile compounds, etc. It is reviewed along with product ta . Many green rating systems require this documentation as part of their certifications. The MSDS helps the architect assess the product's impact on the health, safety, and wellness of the end user.
*A201 states that Allowances cover the costs of ———- only.
Materials.
*Close-out documents
May include warranties, operations manuals, submittals and RFIs, record drawings, and final application for payment. These documents are submitted by the contractor for review by the architect for completeness. After review, they go to the owner for their records.
*Design-Bid-Build Disadvantages
May make for a hostile environment—contractor has a financial stake in the process and will take advantage of architect's omissions Price increases during the life of the project
*Nanometer
Measures differences in pressure between two spaces
*Typical fees of Engineering Consultants (Struc., MEP, Civil)
Mechanical: 15% Electrical: 12.5% Civil: 10.5% Structural: 9.4% (% Construction Cost)
*According to AIA Document B101 what form of dispute resolution must be tried before owner & architect can go into arbitration?
Mediation must be tried before resorting to arbitration.
*Pre-installation meeting
Meeting held with the architect, contractor, and relevant sub-contractor(s) prior to performance of work. This meeting is an opportunity for the architect to explain design intent to other team members.
*MasterFormat Division 05
Metals
*Life-cycle costing
Method of comparing design alternatives that takes into account the performance of various systems relative to their lifespan maintenance and energy use.
*direct personnel expense (DPE)
Method of compensation for Architectural Services that reduces risk to the Architect . Instead of a multiple of employee salaries, the client is billed for the salaries of staff working on the job, plus the cost of their benefits and set amount for overhead and profit. Since this is the exact cost of the employee for the Architect, this approach is best for new clients with speculative work, minimizing the risk for the Architect.
*Steiner Tunnel Test
Method of testing interior wall and ceiling finishes for ability to support and propagate fire and tendency to emit smoke. determines surface burning characteristics
**A fire barrier and a partition have a (IBC)
Min 1 hr fire resistance rating
*How many van accessible spaces for every?
One van accessible space for every 6
*Responsible Bidder
One who demonstrates the financial capacity to perform the work; determined by Owner's values, may have a legal meaning depending on state. Ex. Min number of years on similar project, minimum bond capacity.
*Subcontractor
One who has a contract with a prime contractor to perform a portion of the work.
*AIA A201 outlines the contractors correction period. How long is that period?
One year and runs concurrently with the warranty. The contractor must fix any work not in accordance with the CDs reported by the Owner free of charge.
*How many copies of the drawings must the Contractor keep at the site?
One.
*Which phases of construction are certified by the Architect?
Only substantial completion is certified by the Architect.
*Under AIA A201, who has the authority to stop work?
Only the Owner
*Stopping the work
Only the owner can order the contractor to stop work and has the right to do so if the contractor fails to correct work that is nonconforming or is failing to carry out the work in accordance with the construction documents. The architect cannot order the contractor to stop work.
*MasterFormat Division 08
Openings
*Mobilization
Operations undertaken for a contractor's physical and human resources to be transferred to a construction site before work begins.
*Preconstruction conference
Organized by Architect; Most important meeting during the construction phase. It outlines project startup requirements, bonds and insurances, project procedures, site observations and miscellaneous items such as field office information, project signs, and owner requirements for certifications.
*Who is responsible for organizing a preconstruction conference, and which parties are required to attend?
Organized by the architect & should be attended by the architect, owner, contractor's personnel (project manager, account executive & superintendent), major subcontractors, and members of the design team (structural, mechcanical, electrical, civil & plumbing engineers, etc.)
*Project Meetings
Organized by the architect, contractor, or owner but typically by the archtiect. All should attend. Major contractors and subconstractors, vendors are required to attend for vital progress in the project.
*Plans, sections and elevations are what kinds of drawings?
Orthographic.
*C-Series Documents
Other agreements
*The architect should not review the submittals that are the responsibility of...
Other design professionals
*issues/items you would discuss with the landscape architect
Overall design intent, Types of planting to be used, Water conservation methods, Shading requirements are the BEST four issues/items with the landscape architect. Budget, Schedule, and Contract requirements are also relevant topics of discussion, but the most important thing is to look at the type of consultant and what is most applicable or unique to that particular consultant. Budget, Schedule and Contract requirements are applicable to any consultant and as a result are not considered the BEST answer for this question.
*What items can be completed after substantial completion? This is remaining work that must not prevent the owner's use of the building.
Paint touch ups Damaged baseboards Wrong threshold material at door Lightbulb needing replacement Replace HAVC filter and damaged grill Missing window screen Missing shelf bracket
*Who completes the paperwork and files the Notice of Completion?
Paperwork completed by the Owner and filed with the county recorder's office after the project is finished
*Requirements for testing of a specific product and individual material are where in the Specifications?
Part 2 of each technical section
*Requirements for testing of installed systems are where in the Specifications?
Part 3 of each technical section
*Construction Documents (Quality Control)
Part of a project most responsible for claims of negligence. Typically generated when time is running out, fees are low, and less experience staff members are assigned to complete them.
*Sustainability Plan (B101 SP)
Part of contract documents when B101/A201 SP (Sustainable Project) are used; describes: -Sustainable Objective -Sustainable measures used to achieve objective -Strategies used to implement sus. measures -Associated responsibilities of Owner, Arch and Contractor -Details about design reviews -Details about testing to verify sus measures -Details about sustainability documentation/*The documentation and format required.
*special conditions
Part of the contract documents, other than general and supplementary conditions, describing unique conditions of a project and cannot be used again. Provided in a separate document.
*Progress Payments (A101; Article 5)
Payments made periodically (e.g. monthly) as the project progresses. Contractor submits applications for payment to architect. Amount due is based upon percentage of completed work, plus amount allocated for materials and equipment purchased and stored on site. Payments that ensure the orderly progress of work. Paid to the contractor, who then pays subcontractors, sub-subcontractors, and suppliers. Delays can threaten the balance of the contractor payment sequence and cause disruption or possible work stoppage.
*Ducts and air transfer openings shall not
Penetrate fire walls . Exceptions allowed though
*In project completion the architect must
Perform inspections to determine date of substantial completion and final payment Forward to owner any warranties from contractor that work is in conformance with contract documents Consent of the surety to release retainage and make the final payment Releases or waivers of liens or binds indemnifying the owner against liens Architect must prepare final certification of payment
*A312
Performance and Payment Bond
*What type of specifications do public projects generally use?
Performance specifications.
*Which type of specifications give the contractor some choice in how the final construction assembly achieves the required results?
Performance specifications.
*Vapor Barrier Placement
Placed on the warm (interior) side of thermal insulation to prevent water vapor (humidity) from diffusing into the insulation where it could condensed into liquid
*Flow Hood
Placed over a register or diffuser to measure output
*Legionnaires Disease
Pneumonia caused by bacteria spread through mist, such as from air-conditioning units for large building
*Concrete tests to measure moisture content. These tests are meant for slabs that are to receive moisture-sensitive finishes
Polyethylene sheet test electrical resistance test quantitative calcium chloride test hygrometer test (relative humidity test)
*Delegated design
Portions of the work not specifically designed by the architect that are delegated to the contractor and reviewed by the architect through shop drawings.
*RFI type 3
RFI Type __: Code/Contract Information RFI count as 10-hour points
*Public and Private Bidding
Private: Prospective contractors may be prequalified or preselected based on client-defined criteria. Private: "Invitation only" bids may be solicited. Private: Enforcement of bidding rules and deadlines may be more flexible. Private: Clients are not required to award the contract to the lowest responsive and responsible bidder but may weigh other criteria in the selection. Private: The bids received can remain private and not be made public. Private: The client may reject any of the bids for any reason. • Public work usually includes competitive bidding, performance bond and other statutory req. • Private work typically use lump sum method. • Private organization with large stakeholders(churches/school) often required to use sealed bids and formal bidding procedures, similar to public projects
*Dewatering
Process of lowering a water table or preventing an excavation from filling with groundwater.
*What is division 00 of the MasterFormat?
Procurement and Contracting Requirements.
*Percentage of Construction Cost (B101; Article 11)
Professional fee is a percentage of the overall cost of construction. No longer popular...Owner sees it as giving architect incentive to raise construction cost; For architects, inexpensive buildings can be as much or more work than expensive ones.
*Construction Manager (CM)
Professional service that uses specialized, project management techniques to oversee the planning, design, and construction of a project, from its beginning to its end. The purpose of CM is to control a project's time, cost and quality.
*Quantity Surveyor
Professional with expert knowledge on construction costs and contracts
*D200 (QC Techniques)
Project checklist.
*Construction Manager as Constructor (CMc)
Project delivery method where contractor is brought on early. CM then negotiates a GMP with owner and takes on construction responsibilities.
*Design Negotiate Build
Project delivery method where the owner and contractor negotiate a construction contract in order to achieve mutual benefit and avoid inherent risks of competitive bidding. Not usually permitted on public projects. Owner requests proposals instead of bids from one or more prospective contractors. Contractor is selected early in the design process and certain contract terms are determined prior to CD. Final contract amount is determined based on the final doc and calculated using the pre-negotiated terms
*Basic means of controlling heat loss and gain
Proper selection of building materials Correct construction and insulation of building enclosure Orientaton of building on site
*What does general liability insurance cover the Architect against?
Property damage, personal injury caused by the Architect, employees, consultants, and on some policies it covers the posibility that the Contractor, or one of his subcontractors does not have insurance.
*G709
Proposal Request
*Surety Bond (A201; article 11)
Protection for the owner against default by the contractor (Aka contract bond). Surety is responsible to the obligee (owner) for the default or debts of the principal (contractor in this case).
*Loss of use insurance (A201; article 11)
Protects the owner in case of loss of use due to fire or other hazards. Owner waives right to take action against contractor.
*supplementary conditions
Provide project-specific modifications to the general conditions. These can include additions, subtractions, local requirements, etc., to A201. Customized to meet specific needs of each project No AIA standard form A503-2007 provides guidelines for developing them
*Examples of addenda
RFIs Substitutions Revisions to the construction documents by arch or owner
*Common ways to distribute documents and information to all bidders
Providing documents and information at the client's or architect's office. - if bidders are known through invitation or prequalification, sending documents directly to the prospective bidders. - making documents available for purchase by prospective bidders at a printing company, builders exchange, or distribution point. - Allowing bidders to acquire electronic versions of documents through project websites.
*Minority/Disadvantaged Business Enterprise
Public authorities might be required to set aside a percentage of a project for minority or disadvantaged business participation
*On what types of projects are performance bonds required?
Public work.
*Advertising for Bids
Published in newspaper, trade journal or online publication if it's an open bid (any contractor can bid) Owner selects desirable contractors and sends an invite to bid (private bid) Advertisement for bid is usually written by Architect Public works usually require an advert for bids
*In CMc, how does owner select the CM usually?
Qualifications-based
*In CMc , how does owner select subcontractors if its a privately funded project?
Qualifications-based or Value-based
*A project architect assigns two interns to do construction drawings based on his sketches. He answers occasional questions during the development of the drawings, and checks the drawings at 20%, 50% and 90% complete. What type of quality management did he use?
Quality assurance.
*Commissioning is a——————check
Quality control - does not relieve design professionals or contractors of their responsibilities to design,install, and test systems
*A project architect assigns two interns to do construction drawings based on his sketches. He answers occasional questions during the development of the drawings, but does not check them until they are 95% finished. What type of quality management did he use?
Quality control.
*Specifications are used to define the ———— of products to be used in a project, whereas the drawings define the ———- and ———— of materials.
Quality; quantity
*Addenda can be issued in response to
Questions to bidders or to reflect arch or owner initiated changes
*To have a responsive bid. Each bidder must acknowledge
Receipt lf all addenda
*Reducing project scope through redesign may:
Reduce final cost but will extend the schedule and may not have extensive savings due to design fees etc
*green building certification
Refers to the evaluation of a building's design, construction methods, and post-occupancy performance in comparison to a set of predefined criteria related to the sustainable building practices, consequently achieving specific performance thresholds. Examples of green rating systems include ENERGY STAR, Green Globes, LEED, and BREAM.
*Bleeding (of concrete)
Refers to water in the concrete mix rising to the surface due to the settling of heavier particles. Some bleeding is to be expected, but excessive amounts can be problematic.
*Backfill
Refilling an excavation or trench with fill. Laid in lifts.
*Site Observation reports
Reflects the status of construction at the time of the site visit; wording should accurately reflect the construction. • Dated • Sequentially numbered • Distributed to designated parties • Use same reporting format • AIA G711 Architect's Field Report
*barrier-free provisions
Regulations that provide for accessibility to buildings and sites for persons with disabilities.
*In the design build project delivery method, typically, who do the architect and engineer have contracts with.
The contractor, not the owner.
*What is normally withheld from a progress payment until work is completed?
Retainage
*What may the Architect do if he receives submittals not required by the contract documents?
Return them without action.
*Bid Shopping
Revealing the sub-bid of one subcontractor to obtain a lower price from another subcontractor
*When preparing for CA services, before construction begins, the architect should meet with owner to review,confirm, and ensure what?
Review the CA services agreed upon in the o-a agreement and any additional services the owner may need that are appropiate with the chosen delivery method Confirm that the CA services agreed upon in the o-a agrement are appropiate Ensure exepctations align
*Design Professionals Lien
Right to record a lien on a property before construction begins IF a building permit or other governmental approval has been obtained. Design Professionals Liens are available on public or private projects.
*Flashing where?
Roof edges, valleys, ridges, hips, and changes in roof slope Roof penetrations, chimneys, roof drains, skylights, vent pipes Window ,door openings Roof eaves and rakes Floor and wall intersections Intersections between roods and vertical surfaces Where bldng meets ground. Where materials change in the same plane.
*Bulletin
Same as an Addendum, but after contract has been awarded
*Cylinder Test
Sample of concrete is taken from the mix and poured into a test cylinder. A standard 6- by 12-inch cylinder is filled with concrete mix and allowed to harden. The cylinder is then tested in a lab by applying loading. The testing, which can be done at 7 days, 28 days, or another time, measures the compressive strength of the concrete.
*What cost estimating method is used during the Schematic Design phase?
Schematic Design Phase: preliminary, but still rough, estimates are based pricing on the major elements, such as structural system selected, and the mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems used.
*Who verifies field measurements in shop drawings?
The contractor.
*bid - Additional info required for bid
Separate prices for phases and alternates Specific unit costs Proposed staff List of suppliers and subcontractors
*Materials ideal for concealed flashing
Sheet metal Water proofing membrane such as: Bituminous fabric Plastic sheet material *depends on climate and structural reqs
*Temporary supports
Sheeting, slurry walls, bracing, and underpinning.
*G712
Shop Drawing and Sample Record
*Submittals (A201; Article 3)
Shop Drawings, Product Data, Samples with the purpose to demonstrate the way by which the Contractor proposes to conform to the information given and the design concept expressed in the Contract Documents for those portions of the Work for which the Contract Documents require them. They are not themselves a part of the contract documents. Must be approved by the Architect.
*What type of drawings must the architect keep a log of?
Shop drawings
*Action vs information submittals
Shop drawings, samples, and cut sheets must be reviewed before implementation Data sheets on hazardous material etc required to be submitted to the architect by OSHA REQUIREMENTS. Arch not required to review
*Shoring
Shoring is the process of temporarily supporting a building, vessel, structure, or trench with shores (props) when in danger of collapse or during repairs or alterations. Shoring comes from shore a timber or metal prop. Shoring may be vertical, angled, or horizontal.
*Cut sheet
Short-format summary of a material or product's properties and characteristics and is often included in product data
*Flashing
Should be used to prevent water from leaking into a roof assembly and eventually inside Must be installed along roof edges, where roofs change slope or about vertical planes Where there are penetrated by chimneys, vent pipes, skylights Exterior walls must also be flashed where leakage might occur - door and window openings, along joints where materials meet in the plane of the wall Continuous pieces of sheet mtl or other impervious material to prevent passage of water into structure from an angle or joint. Upturned edges and sloping surfaces use gravity to lead water to the outside Interlocking seams form labyrinth inhibiting water passage. Exposed flashing is made of sheet metal.
*Reducing scope through alternate finishes may:
Significantly reduce costs given the amount of material and quality specified. Can be made with little or no redesign.
*Reference specification
Similar to an open specification, items have to meet specific testing authority requirements (UL, ASTM, ANSI). The contractor is responsible. They are usually used in conjunction with other types of specifications.
*What additional documents might be included with the procurement documents for the bidder's information
Site survey Geotechnical report Hazardous material survey
*Piles
Soldier ______ or beams are steel H-sections driven vertically into the ground to support horizontal lagging.
*CMc's basic service in Construction Phase
Solicit and obtain bids from subcontractors for the work. Review with the owner and architect to determine which bids should be accepted. • Administer the work of subcontractors in accordance with the contract documents. • Schedule and conduct meetings to discuss procedures, progress, coordination, scheduling, and status of the work. The CMc will prepare and distribute minutes to the owner and architect. a. The owner's representative and the architect should also attend these meetings on a regular basis. The CM's ability to direct the subcontractors often relies on the involvement of the design team to clarify the documents and their intent. • Maintain a schedule of the work, including submittals to the architect. • Track the cost of work measured against the GMP.
*Under which circumstances are the Architect's decisions final?
The Architect's decisions on matters relating to aesthetic affect will be final if consistent with the intent expressed in the Contract Documents. See AIA A201 4.2.13
*Who is responsible for resolving a dispute between the mechanical engineer and the electrical engineer?
The Architect, who must coordinate all consultants drawings.
*Who is responsible for preparing a punch list?
Some places say owner and some places say contractor. It is prepared when the contractor believes the project is or is nearly substantially complete, then submitted to the architect who performs the first inspection to verify whether or not the contractors assessment is correct or not.
*MasterFormat Division 13
Special Construction
*MasterFormat Division 10
Specialties
*Milestones
Specific points along a project timeline, signaling start/end/progress dates, critical dates to hit along the critical path to ensure the project is not delayed, etc.
*Impact Hammer Test
Spring-loaded plunger is snapped against a concrete surface to measure the amount of rebound determining concrete strength- a non destructive way to test concrete
*Substantial Completion (A101; Article 3 & A201; Article 8)
Stage at which the work is sufficiently complete so that the owner can occupy it or use it for its intended purpose. Can be expressed with a specific calendar date or a number of calendar days from commencement. Certified by architect. After this , the warranty begins , and the owner may occupy the building. also the termination of the contractors schedule. statute of limitations for errors and omissions caused by the architect begin. a few minor items may yet need to be finished or corrected. work is complete in accordance with the contract documents
*Once bids are received, what is the first thing the architect or owner's rep should do?
Stamp each bid with the date and time of receipt (using clocks synchronized w. nat time standards)
*C401
Standard Form of Agreement Between Architect and Consultant
*B195
Standard Form of Agreement Between Owner + Architect for Integrated Project Delivery
**A132
Standard Form of Agreement Between Owner , Contractor and construction Manger as Adviser
*B101
Standard Form of Agreement Between Owner and Architect
**A133
Standard Form of Agreement Between Owner and Construction Manager as Constructor basis of payment is Cost of the Work Plus a Fee w/ a GMP
**A195
Standard Form of Agreement Between Owner and Contractor for Integrated Project Delivery
*A101
Standard Form of Agreement Between Owner and Contractor where the basis of payment is a Stipulated Sum
*B200 Series
Standard Form of Architect's Services. Used to provide additional services.
**A134
Standard form of Agreement Between Owner and Construction Manager as Contractor basis Of payment is the cost of work plus a few w/o a GMP
*B211
Standard form of Architect's services : Commissioning
*Date of Commencement (A101; Article 3)
Start of construction phase of project. Used to measure the construction completion time (aka contract time).
*In design-bid-build, who provides construction administration services.
The Architect.
*Who assists the Owner in evaluating bids?
The Architect.
*Who issues certificates for payment?
The Architect.
*What is the Statute of Limitations for latent (hidden by reasonable inspection) defects in the Work?
Statute of Limitations for latent defects is (10) years. No action shall be brought to recover damages from any person performing or furnishing the design, specifications, surveying, planning, supervision or observation of construction or construction of an improvement to real property more than (10) years after the Substantial Completion of such improvement.
*What is the Statute of Limitations for patent (visible or apparent by reasonable inspection) defects in the Work?
Statute of Limitations for patent defects is (4) years. No action shall be brought to recover damages from any person performing or furnishing the design, specifications, surveying, planning, supervision or observation of construction or construction of an improvement to real property more than (4) years after the Substantial Completion of such improvement.
*In AIA A101 what kind of compensation method is used?
Stipulated Sum.
*Competitively bid projects such as publicly funded (dbb, db), typ rely on this pricing approach
Stipulated lump sum (fixed sum)
*What fee method should be used when the Owner has identified a specific set of services?
Stipulated sum
*What does "acceptable storage" usually refer to when storing materials?
Stored at the site.
*(3) Services, other than Architectural Services, that are part of the Architect's Scope of Basic Services, per AIA B101.
Structural, Mechanical, and Electrical engineering services are part of the Scope of the Architect's Basic Services.
*Submittal Chain of Command
Subcontractors and suppliers > GC > architect > consultants > architect > GC
*The procurement documents should define procedures for contractors to
Submit questions to the owner or architect
*Responsive Bidder
Submits a bid that satisfies all of the requirements and follows all of the instructions outlined in the bidding documents
*Action Submittals
Submittals that require the approval of the Architect (shop drawings, samples, cut sheets)
*If waivers of lien are not received,
Subs and contractor do not get payed
*Liquidated damages and completion bonuses are dependent on what date?
Substantial completion.
*Substitutions for cause
Substitutions a contractor is allowed to make due to unavailability of a product, regulatory changes, or prohibitive warrant conditions.
*Convenience Substitutions
Substitutions a contractor may make for their own benefit. If GC requests a substitution during construction due to shorter lead-times, etc, benefiting them, they pay the difference of the change order
*Substitutions Post-Bid
Substitutions are often not accepted after the bid period, Division 1 of specs gives guidelines for when substitutions can be proposed
*equal to or better than
Substitutions must be______ in relation to the product that is being replaced
*Commissioning Report
Summarizes results of construction-phase commissioning tests and provides detailed operations and maintenance instructions for each system
*Owner's Project Requirements (OPR)
Summary of critical planning requirements and Owner expectations, used to determine system requirements for commissioning, turns into a BOD
*If Work uncovered at the Architect's request is found to be in accordance with the Contract Documents, who is responsible for the expense of the Change Order?
The Architect may request to see Work and it shall be uncovered by the Contractor. If such Work is in accordance with the Contract Documents, costs of uncovering and replacement shall, by appropriate Change Order, be at the Owner's expense. If such Work is NOT in accordance with the Contract Documents, such costs and the cost of the correction shall be at the Contractor's expense. See AIA A201 12.1.2
*Transit
Surveyors laser or scope for elevation marking
*What approach is used most often for design build projects?
Target price, where the owner identifies the construction cost as part lf the procurement process.
*Action Items Reports (PluralSight; Resource Mgmt)
Tasks are listed on a tracking sheet and are assigned to specific people with due dates. Tasks are not removed until completed. (PluralSight; Resource Mgmt)
*What responsibility does the Architect have regarding Requests for Information (RFI)?
The Architect shall review and respond to RFIs about the Contract Documents in writing within any time limits agreed upon or otherwise with reasonable promptness. See AIA A201 4.2.14
*A Subcontractor requests direction from the Architect. How should he/she respond?
The Architect should inform the Subcontractor that he/she is not responsible for directing subcontractors or employees of the Contractor and should ask the Contractor for guidance. Any issues or concerns should then be communicated by the Contractor to the Architect.
*Who normally submits a change order to the Contractor?
The Architect.
*If a Contractor submits a claim for additional time, on the basis of weather conditions, what must he submit evidence of?
That weather conditions were abnormal for the time period, could not have been anticipated and had an adverse effect on the construction schedule. he must provide evidence from a reputable source, such as the National Weather Service.
*A201
The "General Conditions of the Contract for Constructions," which sets out the duties, responsibilities and relationships of the three parties (Owner, Architect & Contractor) during construction. Used with A101-2017- agreement.
*What happens when a architect finishes reading the bids aloud to the crowd?
The A. thanks everyone for coming and then states that the submissions will be evaluated and a decision of award will be made within a certain time, USUALLY seven to ten days. The architect should NOT announce the apparent lowest bid at the opening.
*How are AIA Contracts different than Law?
The AIA Contracts are simply a form of agreement between two parties. The terms of the contract is agreed upon when signed by both parties. State Law comprises rules and regulations that each state adopts to govern within the individual states. AIA Contracts must follow all local, State, and Federal laws.
*Who has the final say on Aesthetics?
The Architect (A201; Article 4)
*Which AIA document can be used to track Application and Certificate of Payments?
The Architect can use the AIA G703 Continuation sheet to track Application and Certificate of Payments.
*What language is used in AIA G702 when the Architect states to the Owner that the Architect's professional opinion is based on the information available.
The Architect certifies to the Owner that to the best of the Architect's knowledge, information and belief, the work has progressed to the point indicated...
*During which type of project delivery method does the Architect NOT determine substantial completion?
The Architect does not determine substantial completion for contractor-led design-build.
*Who established the requirements for the construction schedule?
The Architect generally establishes the requirements for the construction schedule, while the Contractor prepares the actual schedule of how the work will be performed.
*When does the Architect have the authority to reject Work?
The Architect has the authority to reject Work that does not conform to the Contract Documents. The Architect may also require inspection or testing of the Work whenever he/she considers it necessary or advisable. See AIA A201 4.2.6
*Who is responsible for making sure the drawings comply with the building codes and other regulations?
The Architect is responsible for ensuring all applicable codes, laws, and regulations have been addressed in the drawings. The Contractor is only responsible to build per the contract documents
*What is a drawback (to the Owner) to the percentage of construction compensation method?
The Architect may be encouraged to increase the cost of construction to increase the fee.
*Who owns and retains the copyright to the instruments of service?
The Architect.
*As-built drawings - record drawings (A201; Article 3)
The Contractor shall maintain at the site for the Owner one copy of the Drawings, Specifications, Addenda, Change Orders and other Modifications, in good order and marked currently to indicate field changes and selections made during construction, and one copy of approved Shop Drawings, Product Data, Samples and similar required submittals. These shall be available to the Architect and shall be delivered to the Architect for submittal to the Owner upon completion of the Work as a record of the Work as constructed.
*Design Services by Contractor (A201; Article 3)
The Contractor shall not be required to provide professional services that constitute the practice of architecture or engineering unless such services are specifically required by the Contract Documents for a portion of the Work or unless the Contractor needs to provide such services in order to carry out the Contractor's responsibilities for construction means, methods, techniques, sequences and procedures...the Owner and the Architect will specify all performance and design criteria that such services must satisfy.
*What should the Contractor do if he/she discovers inconsistencies with the Contract Documents?
The Contractor shall promptly report to the Architect any errors, omissions or inconsistencies discovered by or made known to the Contractor regarding the Contract Documents.
*Who is responsible for paying for labor and materials?
The Contractor shall provide and pay for labor, materials, equipment, tools, construction equipment and machinery, water, heat, utilities, transportation and other facilities and services necessary for proper execution and completion of the Work, unless otherwise provided for in the Contract Documents. [See AIA A201 3.4.1]
*Who is responsible for receiving and approving shop drawings before they are sent to the Architect?
The Contractor shall review shop drawings, product data and samples for compliance with the Contract Documents, approve and submit to the Architect for review.
*Role of the Contractor (A201; Article 3)
The Contractor shall supervise and direct the Work, using the Contractor's best skill and attention. The Contractor shall be solely responsible for, and have control over, construction means, methods, techniques, sequences and procedures and for coordinating all portions of the Work under the Contract, unless the Contract Documents give other specific instructions concerning these matters.
*The Contractor warrants that the title to all Work shall be transferred to the Owner at what point?
The Contractor warrants that the title to all Work shall be transferred to the Owner no later than the time of payment.
*What warranties are included with materials and equipment furnished under the Contract?
The Contractor warrants to the Owner & Architect that materials and equipment furnished under the Contract will be of good quality, free from defects, except for those inherent in the quality of the Work. [See AIA A201 3.5]
*What must the Contractor warrant upon submittal of an Application and Certificate for Payment?
The Contractor warrants upon submittal of an Application for Payment that all previous Work shall be free and clear of Liens. This means the Contractor would need to submit lien releases from previous work with the submittal of the new Application for Payment.
*According to AIA A201, who must file a certificate of insurance before the commencement of work?
The Contractor.
*Who answers to the Owner, if a subcontractor does bad work?
The Contractor.
*Who determines the testing method for meeting a performance specification?
The Contractor.
*Who has control over construction means, methods, techniques, sequences and procedures?
The Contractor.
*Who is responsible for arranging and coordinating field tests?
The Contractor.
*Who is solely responsible for job site safety?
The Contractor.
*Who pays for fixing work rejected by the Architect?
The Contractor.
*Who pays sales, consumer use and similar taxes?
The Contractor.
*In a sustainability plan who's definition of sustainability is used?
The EPA's definition.
*Who is responsible for cost control in design build delivery?
The GC (Architect is responsible for controlling cost of design services)
*Division 1
The General Requirements Division of the specifications that establishes the administrative and procedural duties of the contractor, architect, and owner during construction
*How is communication between the Owner and Contractor provided for in AIA A201?
The Owner and Contractor shall communicate with each other through the Architect, unless otherwise provided in the Contract Documents. Communication by and with Architect's consultants shall be through the Architect. Communication by and with subcontractors shall be through the Contractor. [See AIA A201 4.2.4]
*What is the advantage to the Architect and Owner of the single prime contract?
The Owner has a single source of responsibility (the Contractor).
*If the Contractor fails to clean up as provided in the contract documents, what can the Owner do?
The Owner may clean up, and get reimbursement from the Contractor.
*When may the Owner terminate the Contract for convenience?
The Owner may, at any time, terminate the Contract for the Owner's convenience and without cause. Upon receipt of written notice from the Owner of such termination, the Contractor shall cease operations, take actions necessary for the protection and preservation of the work, and terminate all existing subcontracts except for Work directed to be performed prior to the effective date of termination.
*Under what conditions can the Owner suspend the project?
The Owner may, without cause, order the Contractor in writing to suspend, delay or interrupt the Work. The Contract Sum and Time shall be adjusted for increases in the cost and time caused by suspension, delay or interruption, unless the suspension was due to a cause by the Contractor. [See AIA A201 14.3]
*Initial Decision Maker (IDM)
The architect is the initial decision-maker for claims between the owner and the contractor, unless a third party is named in the owner-contractor agreement. intended to prevent minor claims that could be resolved with simple research from going to mediation or arbitration or becoming a lawsuit. An IDM is typically asked to verify the contents of the contract documents and render a decision. in evaluating claims, may consult with or seek information from either party or from anyone with special knowledge or expertise relevant to the situation.
*What is the next activity after the contractor has completed the punch list?
The architect makes an inspection to determine whether the project is substantially complete.
*What activity must take place if the architect determines the project is not substantially complete after a site inspection?
The architect must notify the contractor of the work that must be completed to achieve this.
*The contractor asks the architect to provide direction for the sequencing and installation of a particular product. How should the architect proceed?
The architect should never give direction in matters of means and methods; doing so opens the architect up to liability. This responsibility falls to the contractor.
*If shop drawings are submitted to the architect without a stamp of approval from the contractor, what action(s) should the architect take?
The architect should not review the shop drawings. The architect should reject them or return them to the contractor, instructing the contractor to review, modify if needed, and send the shop drawings back for review once the contractor has stamped them.
*Who conducts public bid meetings?
The architect with the O and bidders present.
*comprehensive services
The architect's basic services expanded to include certain additional services, such as programming, land use studies, etc.
*When does an Architect's scope of Basic Services end?
The architect's responsibility terminates on the date the Architect issues the final Certificate for Payment
*During a sustainable project, who must register the project with the certifying authority?
The architect.
*Who files an appeal, should a project be denied a sustainability certification?
The architect.
*Who is required to maintain records of applications and certificates of payment?
The architect.
*Who receives field reports from design consultants and forwards them to the owner?
The architect.
*Who reviews and approves billing by design consultants?
The architect.
*Who sets up a site visit schedule based on project and contract requirements.
The architect.
*Who verifies that the contractor issues certificates of insurance to the owner?
The architect.
*Compared to cross-lot bracing, in raked bracing system
The central portion of the work area is relatively uncluttered
*Final completion
The completion of all work in accordance with the terms and conditions of the contract documents. Documented by Architect's issuance of Final Certificate for Payment to GC (Architect's consultants may issue separate certificates of completion for their portions of the work) The final certificate of payment is not a certification of work completed because the contractor is solely responsible for the work and its final completion.
*Cost Plus Fee
The contractor is compensated for the actual expenses of labor, materials, and subcontractors in addition to a fixed fee. Used for small projects, , projects where existing conditions are unknown, where scope is difficult to define, or change for change orders. Actual expenses include salaries, benefits, direct expenses, and office overhead. aka Time and material or T&M pricing
*What happens if a contractor does not get the architect's approval before installing a product, and the product does not meet the contract requirements?
The contractor must replace it at his own expense.
*Architect's Pre-construction responsibilities when delivery is Design Build and architect is a consultant to the design builder AIA B143
The design-builder, architect and owner select services from a list which the architect will provide: if only design services are provided the architect would have no roles in bidding and CA If design services and construction procurement and administration is provided architect's duties would be the same as in a DBB delivery. If the cost exceeds the lowest bid or negotiated proposal, the Design Builder has 4 options: - Written approval of an increase budget - May authorize rebidding - may terminate the agreemnt w the architect - may cooperate w the architect to revise the project scope and quality as needed without architect's additional compensation
*Trade Discount
The difference between the list price and the actual price paid.
*means of egress
The elements that comprise an exit to the outside, including aisles, corridors, doors, and stairways.
*Off-gassing
The emittance of volatile organic compounds from building elements such as flooring, wall coverings, furniture, paints, adhesives, and sealants.
*XCU
The exclusion from insurance coverage for liability arising out of (X) explosion or blasting, (C) collapse of or structural damage to a building, and (U) underground damage caused by mechanical equipment.
*Float
The extra amount of time accounted for in the contractor's schedule that allows for any delays in the critical path without impacting the overall job and contract completion date.
*Which inspection comes just before the substantial completion inspection?
The final punch list inspection.
*Who is the only party who guarantees by contract all construction costs?
The general contractor
*What states if the bids will be opened publicly or privately?
The instructions to bidders
*inventory analysis
The inventory analysis involves determining all of the inputs and outputs of the product under study, such as energy required to obtain raw materials, energy for transportation of the finished product, polution involved in manufacturing, etc.
*What are the (3) conditions that will cause a Design Professional Lien to expire?
The lien automatically expires if: 1. Design professional does not file lawsuit to enforce lien. 2. The work commences on the project. 3. Landowner partially or fully satisfies the lien, design professional shall execute and record a document as applicable.
*How is the low bidder determined?
The low bid is determined by adding the sum of the base bid and the cost of additive alternates, and subtracting the cost of deductive alternates. Unit cost estimating cannot be used to determine the low bidder.
*lowest acceptable bona fide bid
The lowest bid which complies with all the stipulated requirements.
*During the buyout phase of an integrated project delivery, what are the main responsibilities of the Architect?
The main responsibilities of the Architect during the buyout phase of an IPD project would include ensuring integrity of the design and answering questions from bidders.
*Issuance of a waiver of lien should happen at
The monthly payout review
*If the lowest bidder withdraws his bid due to a clerical or mathematical error, what happens?
The next lowest bidder wins.
*At substantial completion, who pays electrical bills
The owner
*Issuance of the final waivers of lien should happen at
The point of final completion
*What is the primary obligation of the Contractor?
The primary obligation and responsibility of the Contractor is to perform the Work in accordance with the Contract Documents. [See AIA A201 3.1.2]
*The legal concept of agency involves what three parties?
The principal, the agent and the third party.
*Evidence-based design
The process of basing decisions about the built environment on credible research to achieve the best possible outcomes. It is derived from architecture, neuroscience, environmental psychology, and behavioral economics.
*Underpinning
The process of rebuilding or strengthening the foundation of an existing building, or extending it when a new excavation in adjoining property is deeper than the existing foundation.
*Flush-out
The process used to remove airborne contaminants from a building, caused by off-gassing of furniture, paints, adhesives, sealants, carpets, wall-coverings, and other building materials, by flushing out all the interior air several times without outdoor air.
*What does it mean when a submittal is marked: rejected?
The product does not comply with the contract documents and may not be used. And the submittal is returned to the contractor and he must revise and resubmit it.
*What does it mean if a submittal is marked: approved, no exceptions taken, or reviewed?
The product may be incorporated into the work as submitted. And they DO NOT require resubmission.
*What does it mean when a submittal is marked: revise and resubmit?
The product may be suitable for use, but there is not enough information for a thorough review OR there are errors conflicts in the submittal. And the submittal is returned to the contractor and he must revise and resubmit it.
*Owner's benefits of Guaranteed Maximum Price (GMP)
The real value for owners in using this type of contract is that by the time the construction documents are complete, the guaranteed maximum price is within their budget, and there won't be a need for time-consuming strategic cost-cutting, also known as value engineering. Contractor involved from the beginning (schem) 1. better understanding of costs 2. ability to Negotiate favorable prices 3. engage the contractors to control costs (open book accounting) For when you dont have a complete set of plans
*Contemporaneous Documentation (Project documentation)
The recording of communications, decisions and other actions that are not normally relegated to a standard form or whose occurrence cannot be predicted to take place at a given time or circumstance (such as a regularly scheduled project meeting. Records written and spoken communication. Can be recorded in daily journal or project website.
*standard of care
The requirement that a professional exercise reasonable ability and judgment in a specific circumstance, the absence of which constitutes negligence. also called due care.
*CA Architect's responsibilities when Construction Manager as Constructor (CMR) Delivery is used
The responsibilities of the Architect are almost identical to when a traditional Design Bid Build delivery is used. There are only 3 differences 1) the architect must advise and consult with both CM and Owner during construction 2) The Architect's responsibilities for the Construction Phase start with the owner's approval of the CM's GMP proposal, the owner's approval of the control estimate or the owner's issuance of a notice to proceed. 3) applications for payment are still submitted to the architect for his/her review but a more complex method is used to calculate the amount of each progress payment
*Scope Creep
The result of uncontrolled changes to the original list of services set forth in the owner-architect agreement.
*Open specification
Three to five appropriate materials/products/systems are given, and the contractor can use any of them or suggest his own if he can prove performance and quality are equal. Typically used in public projects. This is best for competitive bidding.
*An Architect receives a revised submittal for an acrylic water repellent CSI Division 07 19 13. This is the 20th submittal that the Architect received. To keep the submittals organized, what number should the Architect give to the submittal?
The submittal naming methodology taught in the AHPP is: [Specification Division] - [Number of submittal (in 2 digits with any leading zeros)] [Alphabetic Version of Submittal] ######-##X For the above example the acrylic water repellent would be: Specification division: 071913 Number of submittal: 20 Alphabetic version of submittal: B since this is a revised submittal 071913-20B
*subrogation
The substitution of one entity for another with regard to legal rights.
*Project 's budget
The sum established by the owner as available for the entire project, Include direct cost of a project, amount of contingencies, land acquisition, professional fees, insurance, financing, construction taxes, and the owner's legal fees, staff, and fees for outside consultants, demo, site work, landscaping, FFE and special equipment
*Commissioning team
The team that consists of: -The Owner -The Design Team -Contractors -Commissioning Agent
*bidder's representation
The term used to indicate that a Contractor fully understands the bid documents and has make site visits to become familiar with the site conditions in order to propose an accurate bid. the bidder represents that the documents & specs have been read and understood, the site has been visited, and that the bid is based on the documents without exception.
*Contract Sum (A101; Article 4)
The total amount payable by the owner to the contractor, as stated in the owner-contractor agreement, for performing the work under the contract documents.
*Design-Bid-Build (Design-Bid-Award)
The traditional method, very popular with public institutions/federal government Architect is responsible for design, CD's, Specifications and estimation of costs and assisting in the bidding process. Further responsibilities are outlined in A201 "General Conditions of the Contract" When complete the documents are issued to interested contractors to prepare bids to construct the work. Once bid is awarded, owner signs the owner-contractor agreement. Architect provides construction administration services.
*Which factor most reduces the impact of inclement weather?
The use of prefabricated elements.
*What information should the Application and Certificate for Payment include?
The value of the work (both labor and materials) completed up to the date of the application, in addition to any materials purchased that will eventually be incorporated into the work.
*If your parking lot or garage is only used for buses, delivery vehicles, law enforcement vehicles, impounds, or trucks, then how many ada spaces do you need?
There are exceptions to the need for reserved accessible parking, In this case, no requirement for accessible spaces needed
*MasterFormat Division 07
Thermal & Moisture Protection
*Site Visits
These allow the architect to observe the progress and quality of the work, determine its conformance to the design, and to report those findings to the owner. A specific number of these should be established in the agreement.
*Multiple of Direct Salary Expense, Direct Personnel Expense, and Hourly Billing Rate are all examples of what type of billing method?
These are all Time Based methods of billing.
*What are the advantages of using reference standard specifications?
They are easy to write, are short, chances for errors are reduced and liability is minimized.
*RFI responses are not part of the contract documents unless
They are issued as an addendum to all bidders
*Descriptive specification
They describe all components and products, their arrangement and method of assembly, physical and chemical properties, arrangement and relationship of parts, and numerous other details and requirements. This specification must be avoided if possible due to substantial liability. Architect Assumes total responsibility for this.
*What may the GC do during the negotiation (bidding) process?
They may point out potential problems, make suggestions, or propose changes to the design or specifications to reduce the cost of the project. If the agreement is negotiated with a GC, the subs may still be open to competitive bidding.
*What kind of response must the owner or contractor give the Initial Decision Maker (IDM), if they do not have the requested supporting data?
They must tell the IDM that no supporting data will be provided, or when the supporting data will be provided.
*According to AIA 701 (instructions to bidders) what must be done with bids submitted after the established deadline for receipt of bids?
They should be returned unopened.
*Average review time—submittals
This allows a reasonable allotment of time for more and less lengthy or complicated submittals while maintaining the average time.
*Final change order
This is intended to reconcile outstanding changes, allowances, contingencies, unit prices, alternates, owner rebates or credits, outstanding architect additional services, completion bonus or penalty assessments, owner accepted non conforming work and any other outstanding mon-related item that affects the final construction cost. highly unusual for a project to not have a this.
*Negotiated Bidding
This is the process in which the owner (with assistance from the Architect) works out a final contract price with one contractor. (subcontracts may still be competitively bid) The contractor that is being negotiated with can be selected in TWO ways. ONE: The owner may know these people. TWO: The owner may select several possible contractors to be considered for the job. Each contractor is selected based on qualifications (and possibly a fee proposal).
*Punch list
This list is required from the contractor in the AIA owner-contractor agreement. It specifies items that remain to be completed or corrected at the time of substantial completion. The architect is required to determine and certify substantial completion. The architect inspects the project for conformance with the construction documents and generates a list of deficient/missing items to be corrected by the contractor.
*How could the bid opening time and the methods of submitting and receiving the bids be changed?
Through an addenda
*What is the point of pre qualifications for bidders?
To weed out the ill-fitted candidates. O. needs to ensure that the contractors MEET the basic needs and special skills/experience to do these projects.
*Project Notebook
Tool that allows PM to immediately access information for planning, coordinating, and monitoring the project.
*Total Float
Total of all individual float times added together; does not influence the critical path time interval
*Flashing in a parapet key points Masonry or concrete parapet
Turn up 2" min inside brick Cap flashing terminates ina continuous reglet in conc walls or interlocks with a through wall cap receiver in masonry walls Cap or counterflashing should lap base flashing at least 4" Base flashing should extend 8-12" above highest anticipates waterline
*Inspections
Two of these are made on project, one to determine substantial completion (certified by the architect) Architect is not responsible for certifying final completion only for the issuance of final certificate for payment.
*Joint venture
Two or more contractors may create a new entity for the sole purpose of bidding on a job together. This new entity, the joint venture , will be the prime contractor. This can occur when GCs want to bid on a project but don't have the capacity in-house for the project or when there are MBE/WBE requirements for the prime contractor, among other situations.
*Stem wall key points
Typ H of 3 cmu Cmu reinforces q steel rods and concrete Concrete poured at the same time as concrete slab that tops foundation so there is no separation bet foundation and stem wall Gravel packed either side of the base to prevent growth vegetation
*Criteria evaluated to determine whether or not a submitted glazing product meets the IECC prescriptive fenestration requirements
U factor and SHGC
*Who creates the ADVERTISEMENT FOR BID, and where does it go?
USUALLY written by the architect, and it is typically placed in newspapers or other publications by the A. or O. It can ALSO be delivered to a physical or online plan room, advertised on the O's website, or even sent to a construction trade association that can distribute the information to its membership through it comm. channels.
*When may materials be stored off site?
When agreed to in advance, in writing.
*When does the contractor's warranty period start?
When the project has reached substantial completion.
*Polyethylene Sheet Test
Uses a plastic sheet taped tightly to a concrete floor; after 16 hours the underside of sheet is inspected for moisture
*How is a bid security or bid bond usually calculated?
Usually about 5% of estimated cost of construction.
*In warm, humid climates, the ________ may have to be placed closer to the outer face of the construction.
Vapor retarder
*Commissioning does not ensure
Verification of 100% of building systems ( contractors responsibility) Record drawings
*Protocol if Architect Observes Site Safety Violation
Violation should be called to attention of both GC and Owner, and followed up w/ a notice in writing; Architect should never suggest how the violation can be corrected
*Patent Defect
Visible or apparent defect by reasonable inspection.
*Testing of welds
Visual, ultrasonic.
*If the contractor fails to submit a submittal schedule they:
Waive the right to any increase in contract cost or time based on the required time for submittals.
*The vapor retarder is placed on the predominantly ______ side of an assembly.
Warm
*Moisture is normally present in the interior spaces of a building in the form of _________.
Water vapor
*In gral, every wall needs a
Water-resistive barrier Thick insulation One or more air barriers
*Wall flashing is installed to collect any moisture that may penetrate a wall and divert it to the outside through _______.
Weep holes
*Pencil Draw Review
When Owner/Architect and GC meet to go over % complete and what to bill on the project prior to the GC fully developing their draw (invoice) for the month
*Bid Protest
When a losing bidder challenges the award of the contract for construction to another bidder
*Construction change directive
You need a change order, but there is a dispute bet owner and GC. Thus, you use the construction change directive to demand the change, you tell the contractor basically , do it anyway, we will figure it out later at the end. It must be signed by the architect and the owner, and the contractor is obligated to perform the work as directed. It can also be used to expedite the contract modification process rather than waiting for a change order to be completed. Mandated change order. It becomes a change order after negotiation. Contractor must keep itemized accounting together with supporting data for costs. It will eventually go to arbitration, mediation, litigation, or a negotiation, to figure out who is right. It helps keep the project going because you can't just stop the project for 3 months and resolve it - there are weather issues, contract issues, milestones to be met.
*Efflorescence
a white, crystalline deposit of water soluble salts on the surface of masonry and sometimes concrete. It is caused when water seeps into masonry and dissolves soluble salts ,which are brought to the surface. When water evaporates, the salts are left on the surface.
*The key concept of in the traditional relationship between the owner, the architect and the contractor is that of _______.
agency
*What is IDP terms of preconstruction?
agency reviw(code compliance and coodinating) and buyout( selecting supplier and finalizing prices from remaining subcontractors)
*Division 13, Special Construction covers...
air-supported structures, special purpose rooms, seismic control, radiation protection, lightning protection, pre-engineered structures, hot tubs and kennels.
*what form does a contractor use to request a payment from the owner?
an application for payment, form G702
*Architect's project representative
architects representative at the site who assists in the general administration of the construction contract for a project. is part of the architect's services. Those responsibilities are included in the owner-architect agreement under Additional Services.
*Polymer Based (PB) EIFS
are made up of a very thin base coat of portland cement and polymer over a fiberglass mesh
*Communications given to the superintendent are [ as binding, not binding ] as those given to the Contractor.
as binding
*Directed Acceleration
the owner instructs the contractor to speed up the schedules and agrees to pay additional costs associated with the change, which is directed through a change order.
*Litigation
the process of taking legal action
*Contractor's failure to meet the stated date for substantial completion constitutes a what?
breach of contract (contractor)
*Product Data
brochures that inlcude charts, instructions, performance data, catalog pages and other information that illustrates some portion of the work.
*The actual time spent and money expended can be compared to _______ to determine how the project is progressing.
budgeted amounts
*Derivative works
buildings designed after the original that are very similar, or modifications to the original.
*segregation
the separation of the constituent parts of the concrete when the concrete is either dropped too far or moved excessively in the horizontal direction while it's being placed
*Zero change order
changing previously selected colors (knowing that the change in color = same cost as original color) used when there is a change in the scope of work that needs documented & approved by all parties (that is, it is not a minor change in the work that the Architect can take care of on his/her own through an ASI)
*The RFI is also useful for tracking the information provided by the contractor, such as
the submittal schedule, the construction schedule, the list of subcontractors, and contractor change pricing,
*base bid
the sum of money stated in the bid for which the bidder offers to do the work, not including any alternate bids.
*public bidding requires that the bidding be advertised in...
newspapers and/or trade publications.
*The Work (A201; Article 1)
the construction and services required by the Contract Documents, whether completed or partially completed, and includes all other labor, materials, equipment and services provided or to be provided by the Contractor to fulfill the Contractor's obligations. The Work may constitute the whole or a part of the Project.
*Who can use the RFI AIA form to request information from whom?
the contractor, owner, architect can all use it.
**A reference to 3000 psi. concrete refers to...
design strength, after curing for 28 days.
*hygrometer test (relative humidity test)
determines moisture emission by measuring the relative humidity of the atmosphere confined adjacent to the concrete floor
*electrical resistance test
determines moisture in concrete by measuring the electrical conductivity between meter probes
*phase II environmental assessment
intrusive investigation that collects original samples of soil, groundwater, or various building materials to analyze for quantitative values of various contaminants.
*phase III environmental assessment
investigation involving remediation at a site with the win to delineate the physical extent of containers in based on the recommendations made in phase || assessments
*Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE)
is a review of a completed project, typically made 3-6 months after occupancy. Additional services but usually paid by the architect for their own benefit of the firm. Allows for the architect to gauge the performance of the building against the design intent. used to improve the ways that buildings are used to support productivity and wellbeing
*ASHRAE 55
is a standard that provides minimum requirements for acceptable thermal indoor environments. It establishes the ranges of indoor environmental conditions that are acceptable to achieve thermal comfort for occupants
*Slug test
is a variation on the typical aquifer test where an instantaneous change (increase or decrease) is made, and the effects are observed in the same well. This is often used in geotechnical or engineering settings to get a quick estimate (minutes instead of days) of the aquifer properties immediately around the well.
*ASHRAE 90.1
is an international standard that provides minimum requirements for energy efficient designs for buildings except for low-rise residential buildings.
*Aquifer Test
is conducted to evaluate an aquifer by "stimulating" the aquifer through constant pumping, and observing the aquifer's "response" (drawdown) in observation wells. Aquifer testing is a common tool that hydrogeologists use to characterize a system of aquifers, aquitards and flow system boundaries.
*Voluntary Acceleration
is when the contractor may decide to accelerate the work because the work has fallen behind the original schedule, or, the Construction company is trying to finish early to collect a bonus, or they want to move personnel to another job.
*who issues and pays for the certificate of occupancy?
issued by the building department, paid by contractor. The Building Official issues the Certificate of Occupancy after conducting final inspection and walk through with the Contractor. Once the Certificate of Occupancy is issued, the Owner can legally occupy the building.
*Under the Architectural Works Copyright Protection Act, an owner cannot...
make unauthorized copies of a building that was designed by the architect, or make dirivitive works.
*Describe the difference in roles between a mediator and an arbitrator.
mediator - facilitates a discussion for the parties to reach their own settlement arbitrator - allows the parties to submit their evidence and hears witness testimony before making a decision or ruling on the matter.
*Public projects that use prevailing wage rates, may require the submission of _______ _______ with applications for payment.
payroll records
*Descriptive specifications are a type of _______ specification.
performance (open)
**A base bid with alternates is a type of _______ specification.
prescriptive
*Types of Quality Costs
prevention, appraisal, internal failure, external failure
*triaxial load test
principal method for determining the shear strength of soil
*B101 separates the the architect from the contractor with_______ .
privity
*deductive alternate
proposal by a bidder for an amount to be subtracted from the base bid if the corresponding change in the work is accepted
*Worker's compensation
protects employees from medical costs and lost income due to work-related injuries , usually required by law.
*Lagging
refers to the heavy timber planks joined together side by side to retain the face of an excavation.
*Convergent photogrammetry (characteristic, compared with laser scanning)
relatively inexpensive slower than laser scanning has an accuracy of about ±0.05% NOT Faster than laser scanning NOT Often cost-prohibitive NOT Relatively expensive
*phase I environmental assessment
report prepared for a real estate holding that identifies potential or existing environmental contamination liabilities
*Parking facilities are to be treated separately for scoping purposes if they are either
structurally different (e.g., surface lot versus parking garage or deck); dedicated to, and separately serve, different facilities on a site; segmented and separated by guard rails, fencing, or barriers, particularly where they serve different users; or separated by streets or roadways (as opposed to drive aisles on a site). Surface lots that are contiguous or that are segmented by landscaping or drive aisles (i.e., vehicular passageways located within parking areas), but not streets or roadways, typically can be treated as a single parking facility.
*VE changes should be managed as _____, using Masterspec and an effective substitution request form.
substitutions
*In life-cycle cost analysis, costs incurred before the baseline date are called...
sunk costs.
*Field Tests
tests and inspections required by contract documents, laws, regulations or orders of the public authorities (building departments).
*The change in service article allows...
the Architect's services to be modified after the execution of the original agreement, without invalidating it.
*Communications to the Architect's consultants by the Owner shall be through _______.
the Architect.
*If the Architect certifies that sufficient cause exists, the Owner may give seven days written notice and terminate the contract if...
the Contractor fails to supply enough skilled workers or proper materials, fails to pay subcontractors, disregards laws or ordinances, or breaches the provisions of the contract.
*Communications to subcontractors and materials suppliers by the Owner shall be through _______.
the Contractor.
*Which document requires that certain portions of the work be subject to special inspections?
the International Building Code (IBC) requires special inspections of structural systems, prefabricated items, and certain materials.
**A construction change directive requires the signatures of...
the Owner and Architect. (contractor doesn't need to sign off)
*contingencies
the amount included in a construction budget, normally 5% to 10%, to provide for unforeseen or unpredictable costs covers: 1. Incomplete documents, particularly for GMP contracts. 2. Errors made in the contractor's pricing due to a large amount of information in drawings and little time to prepare bids. 3. Anticipated costs that may be related to dispute resolution, legal fees, and claims against client or subcontractors. 4. Default or failure of a subcontractor or supplier to perform their portion of the work. 5. Contractor errors during construction.
*Which party determines what part of the work requires submittals?
the architect
*If an owner accepts nonconforming work that conflicts with code requirements or endangers life safety the architect should....
the architect should object to the acceptance and insist on completion and correction. Should be noted as an exclusion to the cert of substantial completion.
*Final completion is documented only be the architect's issuance of what?
the architect's final certificate for payment.
*Under AIA B101, the owner-architect agreement, the architect's start of construction phase services begin with...
the award of the contract for construction.
*Who must evaluate and approve the Statement of Special Inspections?
the building official must review this document before special inspections can be incorporated into the project.
*If a property carries a lien it cannot be sold or transferred until...
the lein is disposed of, except through foreclosure.
*laser scanning
uses pulsing medium-range laser beams that scan 3d spaces to create a 'point cloud'. view this video to see some of the point clouds created from laser scans accuracy ranges from ±0.05% to ±0.01% (for instance an actual 1′-0″ measurement could show up as 1′-0 5/8″ [a 0.05% accuracy]) laser scans can be taken from one or a number of points to collect more data about the spatial environment. laser scanners range widely is cost. Handheld and small laser scanners can be around $300.00 while high quality laser scanners like the one depicted below can be upwards of $100,000. laser scanning is faster than convergent photogrammetry
*Indirect liability imposed on a party resulting from the acts or omissions of another person for whom the party is responsible is called...
vicarious liability.
*minor change in the work
when a change does not involve modification of the contract sum or time is consistent with the contract documents , the architect may issue a written order directing the contractor to make a minor change. An example is moving a door over 6", before the wall is framed. (AIA g710)
*How is a negotiated contract different from a bid (or tendered) contract
with a negotiated contract, the owner selects a contractor to do the work, and the two discuss the cost and terms of the contract with a bid contract, several contractors view the contract documents and submit cost proposals
*Permits, Fees, Notices and Laws (A201; Article 3)
§ 3.7.1 Unless otherwise provided in the Contract Documents, the Contractor shall secure and pay for the building permit as well as for other permits, fees, licenses, and inspections by government agencies necessary for proper execution and completion of the Work that are customarily secured after execution of the Contract and legally required at the time bids are received or negotiations concluded.
*Prior start of construction, the contractor should submit
• A construction schedule for the work-CPM or bar graph • Schedule of values(if contract is based on a stipulated sum or GMP) before the first application for payment is issued to be reviewed by the architect. The schedule of values will be used as a basis to review the contractor's application for payment.) • Submittal schedule
*Schedule of Value
• A detailed statement furnished by the General Contractor, outlining the portions of the contract sum. • Allocates values for the various parts of the work and is also used as the basis for submitting and reviewing progress payments. • The Architect uses this as a basis for determining monies due the Contractor. • agreed upon at contract execution.
*Integrated Project Delivery (IPD)
• A formal, binding multiparty contract structure that includes, at minimum, the architect, owner, and builder • Shared risk and reward by these stakeholders • Support of key IPD principles • Participation of all project stakeholders early in the design/decision-making process • Design and construction processes focused on optimal outcomes • Collaboration among the owner, architect, and contractor working as one team • Indemnification from litigation for those on the project delivery team -by agreeing to not sue each other, primary stakeholders help create a safe working environment for the project. -Traditional delivery methods often encourage self protective behavior designed to shift or avoid risk; such behavior discourages collaboration -reduce delivery times, reduce costs, reduce wastes, and eliminate litigation. -promotes the greatest level of team integration.
*What is the basic information that an ADVERTISEMENT FOR BID includes?
• A name, location, and description of the project (INCLUDES building type, size, principal construction materials and systems, and other important info) • The name and address of the owner and architect • Instructions for obtaining a set of bidding doc and/or locations where bid doc may be viewed (such as plan rooms, the architect's office) • The date, time and location of the pre-bid conference • The date, time, and location the bids are due and procedure for submitting • The type and amount of bid bond required. • The date and time of the bid opening and whether or not the bids will be read publicly • Any other information that the owner or the owner's attorney feels should be included. ADDITIONAL SECTION: May include, the owner's right to waive irregularities of the bidding process or to accept bids OTHER THAN the lowest.
*Commissioning
• A standardized process lead by a professional, commonly referred to as a Commissioning Authority (CxA), who is knowledgeable in the design, construction, and operation of systems. • The The CxA typically leads a team of system experts trained and certified in the facility commissioning field. • Documents system verification checks during the construction phase, noting any deficiencies that need to be corrected and retested • Building commissioning can be expected to provide increased energy efficiency, improved indoor air quality, a comprehensive training program for maintenance staff(conducted either by the commissioning agent or the contractor) • Organized operations and maintenance manuals (assembled by the contractor, design professional, or commissioning agent) • Building commissioning does not ensure verification of 100% of building systems (that responsibility lies with the contractor) • Does not include record drawings.
*Contractor's Construction Schedules (A201; Article 3)
• Coordinated the numerous trades and subcontractors • Use equipment efficiently • Order, and store materials • Use materials in a logical sequence • Record accurate time schedules and costs Created promptly after Contractor is awarded project...shall not exceed time limits current under the Contract Documents, shall be revised at appropriate intervals as required by the conditions of the Work and Project, shall be related to the entire Project to the extent required by the Contract Documents, and shall provide for expeditious and practicable execution of the Work. Contract might use 1. CPM, 2. Bar graphs, 3. Fast track scheduling. shows the sequence and duration of activities required to construct a project. Architect need not approve.
*Unit cost could based on
• Cost per Square Foot • Cost per Unit (such as per hospital bed, per hotel room, or per desk) • Comparable buildings that are similar in function, or located in the same region • Historical data from similar projects the Architect has previously done
*Narrative specifications
• Describe work in words rather than in drawings or in the more technical language of the CSI format. • The narrative can describe finishes in the various rooms of the building without providing a complete room finish schedule. • The descriptions can be easily revised, but the narrative provides enough information to compile an early cost estimate
*IPD benefits to the Architect
• Design and facilitate the process • Lead collaborative teams • Communicate with others in a myriad ways • Develop, analyze and evaluate a model more quickly • Analyze and develop options until a decision is made at the last responsible moment • Share knowledge and data to address the full life cycle of the project • Participate in project beyond a purely design role • Reduce risk while potentially increasing profit • Improve chances of achieving high-performance building putcomes and other goals.
*Action upon receipt of the submittal
• Determine if the submittal is required. • Return without review submittals not required. • Mark the required submittals received with date. • Determine if a control number is affixed. • Enter the submittal into the tracking log or database.Tracking of the date of receipt and distribution of the submittal. • Determine appropriate routing for review. • Forward the submittal for appropriate review. • Verification that the contractor reviewed the submittal before submitting it to the architect • Notation of action taken: "return and resubmit" "approved as noted" "not reviewed" If portion of submittal contains the work of another contractor or work included in a separate contract.
*Negotiated Proposals
• Distribute proposal doc to prospective contractors • Organize and participate in selection interviews with prospective contractors • Participating in negotiations with prospective contractors • Preparing a summary report of the negotiation results
*Construction Manager Agent (CMA)
• Early consulting and act on behalf of the owner • Fixed fee
*Bidder Qualification Criteria
• Financial responsibility and capacity • Ability to provide the required bond security during the bid process • Ability to secure performance and payment bonds required by the contract • Payment of taxes and other obligations to public authorities • Ability to secure insurance required by the contract • Demonstration that current workload allows the project to be properly staffed • Previous experience with projects of similar scope • Special training, licensing, or certif cation • Experience of personnel • Specialized equipment, construction processes, or techniques • History of claims and disputes
*Legal Barrier to IPD
• Fluid info sharing(intellectual property sharing. raises question of confidentiality) • Unsupportive insurance policies • Collaborative rather than distinct responsibilities and liabilities • Inconsistent state licensing law
*Bid-Opening
• For public projects, bids are opened and read publically—typically by the architect • Architect will prepare a bid log (spreadsheet of bidders and their bids, alternates..etc) • Architect should not make the lowest bids known to other bidders • Architect should let bidders know that a decision of award will be made within 7-10 days
*Conditions of the contract
• General Conditions • Supplementary Conditions • Special Conditions (if any)
*Contract Forms
• General Conditions of the Contract for Construction A201 • Performance Bond(if any) • Certificates of Insurance
*IPD benefits to the Architect
• Having an influence on construction input early in the design process • Being made aware of and contributing to design direction and decisions by the entire project team • Having potential to influence construction efficiency, resulting in lower overall construction cost and reduced project schedule • Eliminating change orders by clearly defining the design documentation necessary for construction • Working collaboratively, lessening the possibility of creating adversarial relationships
*labor and material payment bond
• If contractor does not pay subs, they can put a lien on the property (issue for owner) which can result in lawsuit for compensation. • Protects owner against claims by subcontractors and suppliers, by giving them the right to collect payment from the surety, rather than filing a mechanics lien.. • Guarantees payment for subcontractors and material suppliers in the case of GC default
*Additional Service triggered by a change from the O
• If the owner makes a change after previously approving something, architect is entitled to charge the owner • Revision to initial info (budget/schedule/project size/project quality) • Revisions to architectural doc prior approved by O. (O deciding to add a second floor after approved the design for one-story bldg) • Revision caused by new law, code or regulation after the design is submitted • Extra work caused by a performance failure by the O • Extra work req'd due to fire or water damage • Additional site visits
*Before executing the A101, contractors must have proof of what?
• Proof of compliance with builder's risk, workers' compensation and related insurance requirements • Performance and payment bond (if required) • Evidence of compliance with licensing laws and incorporation in the state of the project. For publicly funded projects, evidence of compliance with equal employment opportunity laws in the project's jurisdiction.
*Value engineering
• Introduces materials and products that will achieve the design intent at a lower cost • Same intent at a lower cost • Process of analyzing aspects of the project's program, proposed solution, and budget to determine whether refinement or modifications to the design may result in increased value. • The objective is to realize as many of the owner's goals as possible at the lowest cost. • The earlier in the project that value engineering analysis is conducted, the greater the potential savings. • Value engineering can be beneficial at all stages of design and construction.
*Factors may affect the bidding environment
• Law of supply and demand for products and services • Labor rules and construction method. Not enough skilled labor or unusual construction methods not specific to a locale, will result in higher bid cost.
*Special project requirement
• Listed in the supplementary conditions • Explained during a pre-bid conference • Answers typed up and sent out as addendum
*CMc's constructability expertise
• Local building conventions • Building systems. • Site selection (Cost of material delivery, staging, laydown, and workforce deployment) • Scope limitation (warning the team if it seems to be growing beyond budget or schedule)
*Selecting Construction Team
• Low Bid • Best Value Bid: based on some weighting of the total cost and other criteria such as qualifications • Qualifications-based selection: Cost is one of many things to be considered. Qualification and experience are to be considered.
*Contractor's express warranty
• Material furnished under the contract are new and the work is free from defects.
*Unusual requirements
• Must specified in supplementary conditions • Explained during the pre-bid conference by the architect to avoid misunderstandings • If answers to question are still needed, they must be formalized in an addendum to become part of the bid doc.
*Principles of IPD
• Mutual respect and trust • Mutual benefit and reward. In multiparty agreements, incentives are sometimes tied to achieving project goals and to rewarding behavior that promote success. Team members share project losses and gains from the same profit pool. • Risk identified and accepted early. • Collaborative innovation and decision making • Early involvement of key participants • Early goal definition • Intensified planning • Open communication • Appropriate collaboration technology • Organization and leadership
*Owner shall pay
• Necessary approvals • Easements • Assessments and charges req'd for construction • Use or occupancy of permanent structures • Changes in existing facilities
*Issues affecting services fee
• Number of shop drawing review per submittal • Submittal schedule • Extensive punch list requirements • Extensive site visits
*Who determineS project schedule
• O and C agree upon in their contract • Days between commencement and substantial completion • C then prepare and submits the schedule for the work based on the parameters established in the agreement
*Life-Cycle Cost
• Operational costs • Maintenance costs • Taxes • Financing • Replacement • Renovation
*Construction Manager at risk (CMR)
• Overlapping phases. Fast track • CMR hired early to provide advice during design phase • Pre-construction services(constructability review/bid management) • Specific contractual arrangement determines the roles of players • Clear quality controls from the use of prescriptive spec
*Owner-Architect-Contractor Meetings
• Owner - architect - contractor: a meeting in which all parties get together on-site to go over construction progress during the construction phase to report the project status to the owner and to discuss and resolve key project issues.. • Conducted on regular intervals • Action item report • Topics are carried over from mtngs to mtngs until resolution is achieved
*CMc's basic service in Preconstruction Phase
• Perform a preliminary evaluation of program, schedule, and budget. • Maintain ongoing consultation on matters pertaining to construction, constructability, and materials and labor availability. • Prepare and periodically update the project schedule. • Provide recommendations for phased construction. • Provide preliminary cost estimates. As the design develops, the estimates will be updated with increasing detail until a guaranteed maximum price can be established. • Develop subcontractors and suppliers' interest in the project. Where demanded by schedule and market conditions, pre-purchase materials for the project.
*CMc's services
• Pre-Construction Services during the design phase • Project Scheduling • Value Engineering • Timely purchasing of critical materials or materials with long lead time • Coordination of subcontractors
*Cost estimating in each phase
• Pre-Planning/Proposal Phase: using general unit costs • Programming Phase: based on unit cost, using similar building type as guides • SD: based pricing on major elements (structure/mech/elect/plumbing) • DD: actual components being considered (window/curtain wall, finishes and equipment) • CD: based on direct quotes from suppliers, installers, sub-contractors and manufacturers
*IPD benefits to the Owner
• Predictability • Reduced risks • Improved overall experience • Greater flexibility • Better overall project experience • Increased owner value
*Architect cost control
• Project size • Finish quality • Detail complexity • Program requirements • Number of trades used (carpenters, welders, masons)
*Factors that affect time allotted for bidding
• Project size • Project complexity • Number of similar projects being bid at the same time • Access to sets of contract documents
*Design Build
• Project-by-project basis for establishing and documenting roles • Continuous execution of design and construction • Overlapping phases: design and build occur at the same time (fast track) • Two prime players: Owner and design build entity • Carefully crafted legal and procedural guidelines for public owners • Some construction-related decisions can be made after the start of the project • Construction planning and scheduling is done with the design process