Cell Mediated Immunity (T cells) (Exam 4)
proliferation; differentiation
After the Helper T cells are activated, they undergo _____________ and _______________ into helper, cytotoxic and memory T-cells.
helper (Th1 and Th2); cytotoxic; memory
After the Helper T cells are activated, they undergo proliferation and differentiation into ___________, _____________ and ______________ T-cells.
proliferation; differentiation
Cell mediated immune response begins with recognition of a particular antigen by a small number of T cells. - Once antigen is recognized and co-stimulation occurs, T cells undergo ______________ and ________________.
T cells; TH1 (is this correct?); T cells
Cell mediated immune response begins with recognition of a particular antigen by a small number of _____________. - Once antigen is recognized and co-stimulation with ____________ occurs, ______________ undergo proliferation and differentiation.
CD8
Cell mediated immunity involves the __[CD4+/CD8+]__
intracellular pathogens
Cell mediated immunity is co-stimulated by Type 1 helper T cells (aka TH1) which secrete IL-2. - This is effective against __________________.
IL-2
Cell mediated immunity is co-stimulated by Type 1 helper T cells (aka TH1) which secrete _______________.
Type 1 helper T cells (aka TH1)
Cell mediated immunity is co-stimulated by __________________ which secrete IL-2.
cell-mediated immunity
Cellular immunity is also called...
body cells, APC cells
Cytotoxic T cells (Tc) are able to recognize foreign antigens bound with MHC-1 molecules on the surface of _______________. Vs. Helper T cells (Th) are able to recognize foreign antigens bound with MHC-2 molecules on the surface of ________________.
T-cells; CD8 surface protein
Cytotoxic T cells (Tc) develop from the _____________ that display the ________________.
Tc
Cytotoxic T cells are abbreviated as...
apoptosis
Cytotoxins are non-specific toxins that produce ____________ in the target cell
BOTH MHC-I and MHC-II molecules
For cytotoxic T cells (Tc) become a killer T-cell they need co-stimulation by IL-2 or other cytokines produced by the helper T-cells - Which means, maximal activation of killer T-cells (NK) requires presentation of antigen associated with ________________________.
Pinocytize foreign material; Act as antigen presenters; Activate T-cells
What are the 3 functions of Dendritic cells?
Perforin; Granzymes
What are the two types of cytotoxins released by Tc cells?
Targets cell DNA fragmentation leading to apoptosis
What do the Granzymes do to the target cell (X)?
Cell lysis
What do the Perforin do to the target cell (Y)?
Secretes IL-2 to assist activation of the naive Tc cell and activate CELL mediated immune responses
What does TH1 do?
Secretes IL-2 to assist activation of the naive Tc cell and activate cell mediated immune responses
What does TH1 do?
Tc cells
What releases cytotoxins?
T-cells
____________ act directly against the foreign cell by lyses, or indirectly by promoting the inflammatory response via released chemicals
cytotoxins
_______________ are non-specific toxins that produce apoptosis in the target cell
Tc cells (Cytotoxic T cells)
________________ are able to recognize foreign antigens bound with MHC-1 molecules on the surface of body cells infected by viruses, tumor cells or tissue transplants.
Cytotoxic T cells (Tc), Helper T cells (Th)
________________ are able to recognize foreign antigens bound with MHC-1 molecules on the surface of body cells. Vs. ________________ are able to recognize foreign antigens bound with MHC-2 molecules on the surface of APC cells.
Cytotoxic T cells (Tc)
_________________ develop from the T-cells that display the CD8 surface protein.
Cell mediated immunity
_________________ is co-stimulated by Type 1 helper T cells (aka TH1) which secrete IL-2.
pinocytosis (dendritic cells do this)
__________________ is the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane (like endocytosis).
Cell mediated immune response
____________________ begins with recognition of a particular antigen by a small number of T cells.
IL-2
(TH cell activation) What is X?
IL-4 (released by NK creating TH2)
(TH cell activation) What is X?
IL-4; IL-5; IL-6
(TH cell activation) What is X?
MHC-2
(TH cell activation) What is X?
Naive Tc cells
(TH cell activation) What is X?
Natural killer cell (Releases the IL-4 creating TH2)
(TH cell activation) What is X?
TCR
(TH cell activation) What is X?
TH0
(TH cell activation) What is X?
TH0 (non-activated helper T cell)
(TH cell activation) What is X?
TH1
(TH cell activation) What is X?
TH2
(TH cell activation) What is Y?
B7 molecules on APC ligate the CD28 receptor on Th0
(TH cell activation) What is happening in this picture after the first arrow?
Once co-stimulation signals of IL-12 and IL-4 are received, the Th cell undergoes proliferation and differentiation into cytotoxic (Tc), memory, and helper T-cells (Th1 and Th2).
(TH cell activation) What is happening in this picture after the second?
CD4 recognizes antigen and TCR binds to antigen fragment on MHC-2 receptor on APC.
(TH cell activation) What is happening in this picture?
1st signal (of Helper T cell activation
(TH cell activation) What is the process in this picture called specifically?
2nd signal (of Th cell activation)
(TH cell activation) What is the process in this picture called specifically?
CD8+
(Tc cell activation) What is X (the grey object)?
Ag fragment
(Tc cell activation) What is X?
Body cell
(Tc cell activation) What is X?
MHC-1
(Tc cell activation) What is X?
TCR
(Tc cell activation) What is X?
Tc cell (aka cytotoxic T cell)
(Tc cell activation) What is X?
The Tc cell is co-stimulated by IL-1 released by TH1 (helper T cells)
(Tc cell activation) What is happening after the first arrow (after the Tc cell recognizes antigen presenting body cell)?
CD8+ recognizes and TCR binds to antigen fragment on MHC-1 receptor on body cell.
(Tc cell activation) What is happening in this picture?
1st signal
(Tc cell activation) What is the process in this picture called specifically?
2nd signal
(Tc cell activation) What is the process in this picture called specifically?
Perforin, Granzymes
(Tc cell activation) What are X and Y respectively?
Tc cells undergo PROLIFERATION and DIFFERENTIATION, then turns into killer T cells
(Tc cell activation) What happens after the antigen on the body cell is recognized (1st signal) and co-stimulation with IL-2 occurs (2nd signal)?
Killer T cell
(Tc cell activation) What is X?
perforin
(Tc cell activation) What is X?
Granzymes
(Tc cell activation) What is Y?
MHC-1
*Tc cells* are able to recognize foreign antigens bound with ______________ molecules on the surface of body cells infected by viruses, tumor cells or tissue transplants.
Dendritic cells
The major function of __________________ is to pinocytize foreign material and act as antigen presenters and to activate T-cells.
granules of PERFORIN; exocytosis
(One of two kinds of cytotoxins released from Tc cells) Cytotoxic T-cell (Tc) binds to target cell and releases ________________ via _______________ → cell lysis
cell lysis
(One of two kinds of cytotoxins released from Tc cells) Cytotoxic T-cell (Tc) binds to target cell and releases granules of perforin via exocytosis leading to ________________.
target cell DNA fragmentation
(One of two kinds of cytotoxins released from Tc cells) Cytotoxic T-cell (Tc) releases Granzymes which __________________ leading to apoptosis.
apoptosis
(One of two kinds of cytotoxins released from Tc cells) Cytotoxic T-cell (Tc) releases Granzymes which target cell DNA fragmentation leading to ________________.
Granzymes
(One of two kinds of cytotoxins released from Tc cells) Cytotoxic T-cell (Tc) releases ________________ which target cell DNA fragmentation → apoptosis.
Cytotoxic T-cell (Tc)
(One of two kinds of cytotoxins released from Tc cells) _______________ binds to target cell and releases granules of perforin via exocytosis → cell lysis
Cytotoxic T-cell (Tc)
(One of two kinds of cytotoxins released from Tc cells) _________________ releases Granzymes which target cell DNA fragmentation → apoptosis.
TH1, TH2
(TH cell activation) What are X and Y, respectively?
CD4
(TH cell activation) What is X (red)?
APC
(TH cell activation) What is X?
APC B cell
(TH cell activation) What is X?
Ag fragment
(TH cell activation) What is X?
B7 molecule
(TH cell activation) What is X?
CD28
(TH cell activation) What is X?
IL-12 (released by APC creating TH1)
(TH cell activation) What is X?
IL-2 (from TH1); both MHC-I and MHC-II; CD8; proliferation; activated TH1 cells
For cytotoxic T cells (Tc) to become a killer T-cell they need co-stimulation by ________________ or other cytokines produced by the helper T-cells (thus maximal activation of killer T-cells requires presentation of antigen associated with _______________ molecules). - After antigen recognition by the ___________ on the Tc, IL-2 is the major cytokine responsible for _______________ of the antigen activated Tc cells. - Note: the primary source of IL-2 is __________________.
MHC-2, MHC-1
Helper T cells (Th) are able to recognize foreign antigens bound with ______________ molecules on the surface of APC cells. Vs. Cytotoxic T cells (Tc) are able to recognize foreign antigens bound with ______________ molecules on the surface of body cells.
7 days
In ________________ a single activated Tc cell can produce a few thousand Killer T cells
froms more highly specialized cells
In cell-mediated immunity, Differentiation is when the T cell ...
divides several times into clone cells
In cell-mediated immunity, Proliferation is when the T cell ...
Differentiation
In cell-mediated immunity, ______________ is when the T cells from more highly specialized cells.
Proliferation
In cell-mediated immunity, _______________ is when the T cell the divides several times into clone cells.
phagocytize; act as APC to activate T-cells
Major function of *macrophages* is to _______________ antigens and _____________________.
phagocytize, pinocytize
Major function of *macrophages* is to _______________ antigens and act as APC to activate T-cells. Vs. The major function of Dendritic cells is to ______________ foreign material and act as antigen presenters and to activate T-cells.
macrophages
Major function of ________________ is to phagocytize antigens and act as APC to activate T-cells.
CD4+; Th0
Naive helper T lymphocytes are referred to as ________________ or ________________.
Tc cells
Perforin and Granzymes are the two types of cytotoxins released by ________________.
pinocytize; antigen presenters; T-cells
The major function of *Dendritic cells* is to ______________ foreign material and act as _______________ and to activate _________________.
lyses; promoting the inflammatory response; released chemicals
T-cells act directly against the foreign cell by _____________, or indirectly by ___________________ via __________________.
antigen-MHC combination
T-cells have a unique receptor (called TCR) capable of binding with a specific __________________.
TCR
T-cells have a unique receptor (called ___________) capable of binding with a specific antigen-MHC combination.
Cytotoxic T cells
Tc =
cytotoxins (non-specific toxins that produce apoptosis in the target cell)
Tc cells release _________________.
Perforin; Granzymes
Tc cells release cytotoxins (non-specific toxins that produce apoptosis in the target cell) Two main types of cytokines released by the killer T. What are they?
