Cell organelles and their functions

Nuclear membrane

-surrounds the nucleus -double membrane

Peroxisomes (animal cell only)

-A Type of vesicle involved in the breakdown of fatty acids to be used as fuel and the detoxification of alcohol and other harmful substances -breaks down acids (fatty and amino) -lipid metabolism -chemical detoxification

Chromatin

-A complex of DNA and proteins called histones -Composes eukaryotic chromosomes when a cells is preparing to divide

Extracellular Matrix (animal cell only)

-A layer that helps to hold cells together in tissues and protects and supports the plasma membrane; likely has role in regulating activities of the cell -Main components are glycoproteins (proteins bonded with carbohydrates) -Most abundant glycoprotein is collagen

Cytoskeleton

-A network of microtubules and microfilaments extending throughout the cytoplasm of a cell -Provides structural support and aids in motility -Dynamic, arrangement of protein tubules and fibers can change -helps the cell maintain its shape -helps cell move -transports materials between different parts of the cell

Chloroplasts (plant cell only)

-A plastid enclosed by an inner and outer membrane separated by a thin intermembrane space -Contain chlorophyll and has its own DNA -The stroma, thylakoids, and granum are interior features -captures energy from sunlight and converts it into food (photosynthesis)

Cell wall (plant cell only)

-A rigid layer that surrounds the plasma membrane in plant cells and provides skeletal support that keeps plants upright -Typically 10 to 100 times thicker than the cell membrane and consists of cellulose fibers -support, protect, and shape the cell -outside the cell membrane

Vesicles

-A sac-like structure that is in transit from one part of a cell to another -Smaller than a vacuole

Lysosome

-A type of vesicle that encloses digestive enzymes -Closed environment provides an acidic space for digestive enzymes -Breaks down harmful cell products, waste materials, and cellular debris -clean up and remove the "junk"

Nucleus

-Contains and protects most of the cell's genetic information or DNA -Controls cell activities by directing the synthesis of proteins -Distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells -control center of the cell -contains DNA

Nuclear envelope --nuclear pores

-Double membrane perforated with protein-lined pores that control what moves into and out of the nucleus --allow material to move in and out of the nucleus -messenger

Cell membrane

-Mainly composed of phospholipids and proteins; also contains cholesterol -Proteins can act as channels or pumps for materials to enter or exit cell -Helps maintain cellular homeostasis -thin, flexible barrier that surrounds the cell -regulates movement of materials

Vacuole

-Membranous sacs that have a variety of functions -Can store food, pigments, water, wastes, chemicals, some even have a role expelling water from unicellular organisms -store materials like water, salts, proteins, carbohydrates, -store and move materials between cell organelles and to and from the surface

Mitochondria

-Organelle that carries out cellular respiration in most eukaryotic cells -Converts chemical energy of foods such as sugars to the chemical energy of a molecule called ATP (the main energy source for cellular work) -Has two membranes each a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that creates two internal compartments, an intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix which contains the structures own DNA and ribosomes -powerhouse of the cell -converts chemical energy stored in food into the compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use

Rough ER

-Part of the endomembrane system that is continuous with the nuclear envelope and has attached ribosomes -Involved in the production of more membrane (phospholipids) -Bound ribosomes produce proteins that will be inserted into the ER membrane, transported to other organelles, or secreted by the cell -involves synthesis of proteins -exports proteins from the ribosomes -found on surface

Golgi Apparatus

-Receives proteins from ER, packages and labels them, then sends them to their destination -Consists of flattened sacs stacked on top of each other -The number of these sacs correlates with how active the cell is in secreting proteins -Structure possesses a "receiving side" and a "shipping side" -This structure receives transport vesicles from the ER, modifies the product, and ships the product out in a new vesicle -packages proteins and other materials from ER for storage in the cell or release outside the cell -transports proteins

Ribosomes

-Site of protein synthesis -May be found attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or free floating in the cytoplasm (can alternate between the two locations) -Composed of a large and small subunit

Nucleolus

-Site where ribosomal RNA is produced(rRNA) -Manufactures large and small subunits of ribosomes -assembly of ribosomes -inside the nucleus

Cytoplasm

-Suspends cell organelles in watery, gel-like material called cytosol -Pushes against cell membrane to help maintain cell shape -Provides a site for biochemical reactions of the cell -Works with the nucleus, portion of the cell outside the nucleus

Central vacuole (plant cell only)

-Takes up to 90% of a plant cell's volume -Stores substances such as water, enzymes, pigments, and salts -Helps cell and organism maintain shape -makes it possible for plants to support heavy structure

Microtubule

-The thickest fiber to compose the cytoskeleton which are straight hollow tubes composed of globular proteins called tubulins -In animal cells grow from a centrosome that contains a pair of ​centrioles​ which are involved in animal cell division -Role in shaping and supporting the cells and acting as "tracks" for organelles to move on

Smooth ER

-attached ribosomes -Involved in the synthesis of lipids (oils, phospholipids, and steroids) -Stores calcium ions -Human liver cells have large amounts of this cell part due to their amount of detoxifying enzymes -where ribosomes are not found on the surface -contains enzymes, which perform specials tasks including the synthesis of membrane lipids and detoxification of drugs

Centrosome/ Centrioles (animal cell only)

-organizes cell division -located near nucleus -protects the DNA inside the nucleus

Flagella and Cilia

Appendages that can propel cells