Cells (Ch. 3)

Select the correct statement regarding the stem cells of connective tissue

"Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells

The gylcocalyx

"Sugar covering" at cell surface -lipids and proteins with attached carbohydrates (sugar groups). Every cell type has different patterns of sugars. -Specific biological markers for cell to cell recognition. -Allows immune system to recognize "self" and "non-self." -Cancerous cells change it continuously.

Centrosome and centriole

"cell center" near nucleus. contains paired centrioles,

Which of the following will speed up the net rate of diffusion for glucose into a cell? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY) *

-Decreasing the concentration of glucose within the cell. -Increasing the concentration of glucose outside of the cell. -Increasing the number of glucose transport proteins within the plasma membrane.

Which of the following would assist in establishing a resting membrane potential? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY) *

-Having greater concentration of glycolipids on the outside surface of the membrane. -Selective diffusion allowing fewer positively charged ions to diffuse into the cell. -Selective diffusion allowing more positively charged ions to diffuse out of the cell.

Nonmembranous

-cytoskeleton -centriole -ribosomes

Membranous

-mitochondria -peroxisomes -lysosomes -endoplamic reticulum -golgi apparatus

Beta cells in the pancreas produce and secrete the protein hormone insulin. You would expect to see a relatively large amount of which organelles in these cells? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY) *

-rough ER golgi apparatus

. If a tRNA had an AGC anticodon, it could attach to a(n) ________ mRNA codon.

. UCG

. Crenation (shrinking) is likely to occur in blood cells immersed in ________.

. a hypertonic solution

. Which type of cell junction acts as anchors and distributes tension through a cellular sheet and reduces the chance of tearing when it is subjected to great mechanical stress

. desmosomes

30. Which of the following is NOT a function of lysosomes?

. forming acid hydrolases which are necessary to help form cell membranes

Which of the following is NOT a role of cell adhesion molecules:

. initiators of cell-to-cell signaling for muscle contraction

Which of these is an inclusion, not an organelle?

. melanin

. Passive membrane transport processes include ________.

. movement of a substance down its concentration gradient

Which vesicular transport process occurs primarily in some white blood cells and macrophages?

. phagocytosis

. Some hormones enter cells via ________.

. receptor-mediated endocytosis

A red blood cell placed in pure water would ________

. swell and burst

Six functions of membrane proteins

1. Transport 2. Receptors for signal transduction 3. Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix 4. Enzymatic activity 5. Intracellular joining 6. Cell-cell recognition

An acid with a pH of 6 has _______hydrogen ions than pure water

10 -fold more

The region of molecule B that encodes a polypeptide is 24 nucleotides in length. Consider another such molecule with a coding region of 300 nucleotides. What is a reasonable estimate for the length of the corresponding polypeptide that will be produced during protein synthesis?

100 amino acids

Membrane lipids

75% phospholipids (lipid bilayer) -phosphate heads: polar and hydrophilic. -Fatty acid tails: non-polar and hydrophobic. 5% gylcolipids -Lipids with polar sugars on outer membrane surface. 20% cholesterol -Increases membrane stability.

By which mechanism would a steroid molecule diffuse into the cell?

A

Cells may be said to be "sugar-coated" because of the presence of __________. glycocalyx phospholipids sphingolipids cholesterol

A

Definite changes in the __________ of the cell membrane can be seen in a cell that is becoming cancerous. glycocalyx cholesterol lipid rafts phospholipids

A

Exocytosis move substances ... a. out of the cell via vesicular transport b. in the cell, packed in a vesicle and brought inside the cell c. moves across or within the cell

A

Golgi apparatus function a. modifies, concentrates, packages proteins lipids from rough ER b. lipid metabolism, cholesterol, and steroid based hormone synthesis detox of drugs, storage and release of calcium c. external surface studded with ribosomes, synthesize proteins

A

Proteins in the cell membrane that bind hormones and relay messages into the interior of the cell __________. perform a function known as signal transduction are known as carrier proteins provide cell identification are known as transmembrane proteins

A

Smooth ER function ... a. lipid metabolism, cholesterol, and steroid based hormone synthesis detox of drugs, storage and release of calcium b. external surface studded with ribosomes, synthesize proteins

A

Some transport processes use transport proteins in the plasma membrane, but do not require ATP. This type of transport is known as _____. View Available Hint(s) facilitated diffusion active transport simple diffusion exocytosis endocytosis

A

The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the ribosome for protein formation is ________. tRNA mRNA rRNA ssRNA

A

Tight Junctions... Help prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells. Type of anchoring junction. Allows ions and small molecules to pass through from one cell to another. Present in electrically excitable tissues. Abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress.

A

What are the three integral protein subgroups? a. channel proteins, glycoproteins, and carrier proteins b. active proteins, channel proteins, carrier proteins c. channel proteins, integral protein, glycoproteins

A

What cellular structure is responsible for forming the boundary of a cell and maintaining its integrity? a. plasma membrane, lipid bilayer b. plasma membrane, cytoskeleton c. cytoskeleton, membrane

A

What is a membrane potential? a voltage or electrical charge across the plasma membrane cooperation between cells the ability of the cells to perform their specialized functions the possibility of cell activity

A

Which of the following organelles produces secretory vesicles? Golgi apparatus ribosome mitochondrion centrosome rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Which of the following statements is true? During exocytosis, substances from inside the cell are moved outside. Exocytosis involves infolding of the plasma membrane. Endocytosis and exocytosis are passive transport mechanisms. Unlike endocytosis, exocytosis does not rely on protein interactions with the plasma membranes.

A

Which type of membrane transport process uses ATP as a source of energy? primary active transport facilitated diffusion filtration osmosis simple diffusion

A

Which of these describes the plasma membrane

A complex phospholipid Byler containing cholesterol and proteins that surrounds the cell

B. a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain

A gene can best be defined as ________. Select one: A. a three-base triplet that specifies a particular amino acid B. a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain C. an RNA messenger that codes for a particular polypeptide D. noncoding segments of DNA up to 100,000 nucleotides long

D. a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain

A gene can best be defined as ________. Select one: A. a three-base triplet that specifies a particular amino acid B. noncoding segments of DNA up to 100,000 nucleotides long C. an RNA messenger that codes for a particular polypeptide D. a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain

Once solid material is phagocytized and taken into a vacuole, which of the following statements best describes what happens

A lysosome combines with the vacuole and digests the enclosed solid material

. Once solid material is phagocytized and taken into a vacuole, which of the following statements best describes what happens?

A lysosome combines with the vacuole and digests the enclosed solid material.

Transfer RNA

A molecule that binds to a specific codon and specific amino acid simultaneously

What describes the plasma membrane?

A phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell.

Amino acid

A polypeptide is a sequence of

molecules move through transport proteins that have been activated by ATP

A primary active transport process is one in which __________.

swell and burst

A red blood cell placed in pure water would ________. Select one: A. swell initially, then shrink as equilibrium is reached B. neither shrink nor swell C. shrink D. swell and burst

D. swell and burst

A red blood cell placed in pure water would ________. Select one: A. swell initially, then shrink as equilibrium is reached B. neither shrink nor swell C. shrink D. swell and burst

false

A resting membrane potential is a sign of a depolarized membrane.

A gene can best be defined as

A segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide

epithelial tissue

A substance received or given off by your body will likely pass through which tissue type? Select one: A. epithelial tissue B. nervous tissue C. muscle tissue D. connective tissue

B. tight junction.

A type of intercellular junction that stops materials from crossing an epithelium between cells is called a(n) Select one: A. gap junction. B. tight junction. C. desmosome. D. intermediate junction. E. All of the other answers are correct.

a symporter

A type of transport protein found in the plasma membrane of cells lining the inside of the intestine allows sodium ions to diffuse down their concentration gradient. The ions move through the transport protein, and into the cell. These transport proteins will use the kinetic energy of the diffusing sodium ions to bring glucose into the cells as well. This transport protein would best be described as ________. Select one: A. a pump B. a channel C. a symporter D. a carrier protein

C. Stopping the activity of the sodium potassium pump.

A type of transport protein found in the plasma membrane of cells lining the inside of the intestine allows sodium ions to diffuse down their concentration gradient. The ions move through the transport protein, and into the cell. These transport proteins will use the kinetic energy of the diffusing sodium ions to bring glucose into the cells as well. Which of the following would stop transport of glucose through this transport protein? Select one: A. Increasing the number of digestive enzymes in the digestive tract. B. Lowering the energy of activation. C. Stopping the activity of the sodium potassium pump. D. Increasing the concentration of glucose outside of the cell.

B. Stopping the activity of the sodium potassium pump.

A type of transport protein found in the plasma membrane of cells lining the inside of the intestine allows sodium ions to diffuse down their concentration gradient. The ions move through the transport protein, and into the cell. These transport proteins will use the kinetic energy of the diffusing sodium ions to bring glucose into the cells as well. Which of the following would stop transport of glucose through this transport protein? Select one: A. Lowering the energy of activation. B. Stopping the activity of the sodium potassium pump. C. Increasing the number of digestive enzymes in the digestive tract. D. Increasing the concentration of glucose outside of the cell.

What is a membrane potential?

A voltage or electric charge across the plasma membrane.

cell theory

A widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things

Once solid material is phagocytized and taken into a vacuole, which of the following statements best describes what happens? A) A lysosome combines with the vacuole and digests the enclosed solid material. B) A ribosome enters the vacuole and uses the amino acids in the "invader" to form new protein. C) Nitrogen enters the vacuole and "burns" the enclosed solid material. D) The vacuole remains separated from the cytoplasm and the solid material persists unchanged.

A) A lysosome combines with the vacuole and digests the enclosed solid material.

Which of the following is true regarding cells in humans? A) Cells can be as long as 1 meter. B) All cells of an adult have a very short life span. C) Organelles are independent life forms. D) Maximum cell diameter is limited to 2 micrometers.

A) Cells can be as long as 1 meter.

Which of these is the passage of water and solutes through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure? A) Filtration B) Active diffusion C) Facilitated transport D) Osmolarity E) Tonicity

A) Filtration

If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen? A) The cells will lose water and shrink. B) The cells will show no change due to diffusion of both solute and solvent. C) The cells will swell and ultimately burst. D) The cells will shrink at first, but will later reach equilibrium with the surrounding solution and return to their original condition.

A) The cells will lose water and shrink.

Which of the following statements is correct regarding net diffusion? A) The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate. B) The lower the temperature, the faster the rate. C) The rate is independent of temperature. D) Molecular weight of a substance does not affect the rate

A) The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate.

Which of the following describes the plasma membrane? A) a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell B) a membrane composed of tiny shelves or cristae C) a double layer of protein enclosing the plasma D) a single-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell

A) a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell

Peroxisomes ________. A) are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action B) also called microbodies, contain acid hydrolases C) sometimes function as secretory vesicles D) function to digest particles ingested by endocytosis

A) are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action

Phospholipids ________. A) are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic in nature B) form the lipid bilayer, with tails directed to the outside C) are exclusively hydrophilic molecules D) contain polar tails and nonpolar head groups

A) are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic in nature

Which of the following is a function of a plasma membrane protein? A) molecular transport through the membrane B) forms a lipid bilayer C) circulating antibody D) oxygen transport

A) molecular transport through the membrane

Which of these is isotonic? A) solutions with the same solute concentration as that of the cytosol B) Solvation C) solutions having lesser solute concentration than that of the cytosol D) solutions having greater solute concentration than that of the cytosol

A) solutions with the same solute concentration as that of the cytosol

Which set of membrane proteins in the figure depicts the transport of solute molecules? A B C D

A. Panel A shows both passive and active transport processes mediated by integral membrane proteins

Which of the following solutions may be infused intravenously to help rehydrate a severely dehydrated patient (i.e., a patient suffering from cellular dehydration)? A. 0.45% saline B. 5% saline C. 5% glucose D. 0.9% NaCl

A. 0.45% saline

Which of the following statements is true? A. During exocytosis, substances from inside the cell are moved outside. B. Exocytosis involves infolding of the plasma membrane. C. Endocytosis and exocytosis are passive transport mechanisms. D. Unlike endocytosis, exocytosis does not rely on protein interactions with the plasma membranes.

A. During exocytosis, substances from inside the cell are moved outside.

Two genetic diseases, Hunter and Hurler syndromes, are caused by an inability of cells to break down and recycle mucopolysaccharides, which are substances found in the extracellular areas of the body. Which organelle is responsible for performing this function in normal cells? A. Lysosomes B. Endoplasmic reticulum C. Mitochondria D. Golgi apparatus

A. Lysosomes

Assume that Na+ is being transported across a membrane via facilitated diffusion. Which of the following conditions would allow for the most transport of Na+ across that membrane? A. Na+ diffusing toward the side of the membrane with Cl− and 50% less Na+ B. Na+ diffusing toward the side of the membrane with K+ and 50% less Na+ C. Na+ diffusing toward the side of the membrane with K+ and 5% less Na+ D. Na+ diffusing toward the side of the membrane with Cl− and 5% less Na+

A. Na+ diffusing toward the side of the membrane with Cl− and 50% less Na+

Ions are transported across plasma membranes using __________, which requires __________. A. channel-mediated facilitated diffusion; kinetic energy B. channel-mediated facilitated diffusion; chemical energy from ATP C. carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion; chemical energy from ATP D. simple diffusion; kinetic energy

A. channel-mediated facilitated diffusion; kinetic energy

The nucleolus __________. A. is the site of ribosome assembly in a cell B. is a dark-staining spherical body found within the mitochondria C. is the site of lipid production in a cell D. is the primary site of protein synthesis

A. is the site of ribosome assembly in a cell

Which of the following is a component of the plasma membrane that creates a physical barrier between the inside and the outside of the cell? A. phospholipids B. cholesterol C. proteins D. water

A. phospholipids

Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins? A. ribosomes B. Golgi apparatus C. smooth endoplasmic reticulum D. rough endoplasmic reticulum

A. ribosomes

By which mechanism would a steroid molecule diffuse into the cell? A B C any of the three mechanisms

A: Steroid molecules are nonpolar fat-soluble molecules, which would be expected to diffuse directly across the phospholipid bilayer. Such solutes do not require a membrane protein to facilitate transport.

Each number above molecule B refers to a codon. If an RNA codon was UAG, what would the corresponding DNA codon be?

ATC

Provides the energy needed for synthesis reactions.

ATP

Tonicity

Ability of solution to alter cell's water volume. -isotonic: solution with same no-penetrating solute concentration as cytosol. Ex: 0.9% NaCl, 99.1% H2O. Equal. -hypertonic: solution with higher non-penetrating solute concentration than cytosol. Ex: 2% NaCl, 98% H2O. Shrink. -hypotonic: solution with lower non-penetrating solute concentration than cytosol. Ex: 100% H2O. Burst.

What is the difference between active and passive transport across the plasma membrane?

Active transport is ATP dependent, whereas passive transport uses only the kinetic energy of the particles for movement across the plasma membrane

What is the difference between active and passive transport across the plasma membrane?

Active transport is ATP dependent, whereas passive transport uses only the kinetic energy of the particles for movement across the plasma membrane.

What is the difference between active and passive transport across the plasma membrane? Active transport implies that the cell is busy moving molecules across the plasma membrane, whereas passive transport means that the cell moves some things across the plasma membrane but does not work at the transport process all of the time. Active transport means that the cell is actively going after substances that it wants to bring into the cell, whereas passive transport means that the cell just waits for the substance to cross the membrane. Active transport implies that the cell is working with other cells, whereas passive transport implies that the cell does not cooperate with other cells. Active transport is ATP dependent, whereas passive transport uses only the kinetic energy of the particles for movement across the plasma membrane.

Active transport is ATP dependent, whereas passive transport uses only the kinetic energy of the particles for movement across the plasma membrane.

Primary active transport

Active transport that relies directly on the hydrolysis of ATP.

Generalized cell

All cells have some common functions. Human cells have three basic parts: plasma membrane- flexible outer boundary. Cytoplasm- intracellular fluid containing organelles. Nucleus- control center.

membrane proteins

Allow communication with environment. 1/2 mass of plasma membrane. Most specialized membrane functions. Some float freely. Some tethered to intracellular structures. Two types: -integral proteins, peripheral proteins.

Gap junctions

Allows ions and small molecules to pass through from one cell to another

Gap junction

Allows ions and small molecules to pass through from one cell to another. Present in electrically excitable tissues.

Because the lipid Byler is very Impermeable to water, the membrane has transmembrane proteins called...blank...to allow water to enter or exit the cell

Aquaporins

Translation

Assembly of amino acids according to the genetic information carried by mRNA is called ________.

Synthetase enzymes

Attaches the correct amino acid to its transfer RNA

pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura and pain is from irritation and friction as lungs are correct

Aunt Jessie woke up one morning with excruciating pain in her chest. She had trouble breathing for several weeks. Following a visit to the doctor, she was told she had pleurisy. What is this condition and what did it affect?

Crenation takes place when a cell is placed in a(n) __________. normal saline hypertonic solution hypotonic solution isotonic solution

B

DNA Replication occurs at what stage of cell cycle? a. g1 B. S C. G2

B

Desmosomes are.. Help prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells. Type of anchoring junction. Allows ions and small molecules to pass through from one cell to another. Present in electrically excitable tissues. Abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress.

B

Endocytosis move substances ... a. out of the cell via vesicular transport b. in the cell, packed in a vesicle and brought inside the cell c. moves across or within the cell

B

Rough ER functions. a. lipid metabolism, cholesterol, and steroid based hormone synthesis detox of drugs, storage and release of calcium b. external surface studded with ribosomes, synthesize proteins

B

Simple diffusion is best described as substances __________. moving passively against a concentration gradient moving passively down a concentration gradient moving actively down a concentration gradient moving actively against a concentration gradient

B

The majority of water molecules moving across plasma membranes by osmosis do so via a process that is most similar to ____. View Available Hint(s) active transport facilitated diffusion cotransport simple diffusion a process that requires energy from the cell

B

The underlying cause of Tay-Sachs disease is __________. ingestion of too many lipids the lack of the enzymes needed to break down a glycolipid abundant in nerve cell membranes the lack of lysosomes in the nervous system nerve cells storing too much lipids

B

What is the force driving all of these transport mechanisms? active transport diffusion down a concentration gradient diffusion against a concentration gradient endocytosis

B

What type of plasma membrane protein provides the means of moving materials across the plasma membrane? A. Channel Proteins b. integral proteins c. carrier proteins

B

Which letter is pointing to an mRNA molecule?

B

Which of the following cell structures is the largest organelle in the cell and functions as the control center of the cell? mitochondrion nucleolus centrosome lysosome nucleus

B

Which of the following organelles possesses oxidase enzymes that function in neutralizing harmful free radicals? mitochondrion peroxisome centriole nuclear envelope ribosome

B

Which organelle below is the nucleus? A) Stacked and flattened membranous sacs that functions as the UPS of the cell B) Contains nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin, and distinct compartments rich in specific protein sets C) Whiplike, motile cellular extensions on exposed surfaces of certain cells D) Membranous sacs containing oxidases and catalases E) Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes

B) Contains nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin, and distinct compartments rich in specific protein sets

If the nucleotide or base sequence of the DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNA synthesis is ACGTT, then what would be the sequence of bases in the corresponding mRNA? A) ACGTT B) GUACC C) UGCAA D) TGCAA

B) GUACC

Which organelle below is the mitochondrion? A) Whiplike, motile cellular extensions on exposed surfaces of certain cells B) Long single cellular structure that moves the sperm C) Membranous sacs containing oxidases and catalases D) Contains nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin, and distinct compartments rich in specific protein sets E) Produces lots of ATP: the powerhouse of the cell

B) Long single cellular structure that moves the sperm

Which of the following statements is correct regarding RNA? A) There is exactly one specific type of mRNA for each amino acid. B) Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA play a role in protein synthesis. C) If the base sequence of DNA is ATTGCA, the messenger RNA template will be UCCAGU. D) rRNA is always attached to the rough ER.

B) Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA play a role in protein synthesis.

Which of the following is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure? A) Phospholipids consist of a polar head and a nonpolar tail made of three fatty acid chains. B) Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules. C) All proteins associated with the cell membrane are contained in a fluid layer on the outside of the cell. D) The lipid bilayer is a solid at body temperature, thus protecting the cell.

B) Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules.

Which of the following statements is correct regarding diffusion? A) The lower the temperature, the faster the diffusion rate. B) The greater the concentration of gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion. C) Molecular weight of a substance does not affect the rate of diffusion. D) The rate of diffusion is independent of temperature.

B) The greater the concentration of gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the membrane potential? A) The resting membrane potential is determined mainly by the concentration gradients and differential permeability of the plasma membrane to K+ and Na+ions. B) The resting membrane potential is maintained solely by passive transport processes. C) The resting membrane potential occurs due to active transport of ions across the membrane due to the sodium-potassium pump. D) In their resting state, all body cells exhibit a resting membrane potential

B) The resting membrane potential is maintained solely by passive transport processes.

Which of these is gap junction? A) a place between two cells far apart across the range of cells B) a nexus that allows chemical substances to pass between cells C) an anchoring junction scattered along the sides of cells D) an impermeable junction that encircles the cell

B) a nexus that allows chemical substances to pass between cells

Riboswitches are folded RNAs that act as switches to turn protein synthesis on or off in response to ________. A) specific codes from the DNA B) changes in the environment C) the presence or absence of ubiquitins D) specific tRNAs

B) changes in the environment

Riboswitches are folded RNAs that act as switches to turn protein synthesis on or off in response to _________.

B) changes in the environment

Mitochondria ________. A) are always the same shape B) contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function C) synthesize proteins for use outside the cell D) are single-membrane structures involved in the breakdown of ATP

B) contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function

Which of the following is not a subcellular structure? A) membranes B) intercellular material C) organelles D) cytoplasm

B) intercellular material

Mitosis ________. A) creates diversity in genetic potential B) is division of the genetic material within the nucleus C) is always a part of the cell cycle D) is the formation of sex cell

B) is division of the genetic material within the nucleus

Which of these is an inclusion, NOT an organelle? A) cilia B) melanin C) microtubule D) lysosome

B) melanin

Which of the following is a function of a plasma membrane protein? A) oxygen transport B) molecular transport through the membrane C) forms a lipid bilayer D) circulating antibody

B) molecular transport through the membrane

Which transport process is the main mechanism for the movement of most macromolecules by body cells? A) secondary active transport B) receptor-mediated endocytosis C) pinocytosis D) phagocytosis

B) receptor-mediated endocytosis

A red blood cell placed in pure water would ________. A) neither shrink nor swell B) swell and burst C) swell initially, then shrink as equilibrium is reached D) shrink

B) swell and burst

You are explaining the causes of smoker's cough to a client, including altered function of the cilia in the lining of large respiratory passages. Which of these is true? A. Toxins in cigarette smoke irritate nerves under the cilia, causing a cough. B. Smoking damages the cilia, rendering them unable to sweep mucus out of the respiratory passages, resulting in coughing. C. Smoking causes the cilia to produce more mucus, resulting in coughing. D. Cigarette smoke causes an overgrowth of cilia, leading to cough.

B. Smoking damages the cilia, rendering them unable to sweep mucus out of the respiratory passages, resulting in coughing.

What can we infer if we see a large number of mitochondria in a cell? A. The cell produces a great deal of protein. B. The cell has a great metabolic demand. C. The cell builds a lot of cholesterol. D. The cell packages a great deal of proteins for secretion.

B. The cell has a great metabolic demand.

As you look under a microscope you see a nucleus with a large density of nucleolus. What inference can you make about that cell? A. The cell is preparing for autophagy. B. The cell is producing a large amount of proteins. C. The cell has a large energy demand. D. The cell is entering mitosis.

B. The cell is producing a large amount of proteins.

Which of the following statements is not one of the four major concepts of the cell theory? A. The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. B. The function of a cell dictates the chemical structure and organelles of the cells. C. The activity of an organism emerges from the individual combined activities of the different cell types within an organism. D. Cells only arise from other cells.

B. The function of a cell dictates the chemical structure and organelles of the cells.

Phospholipids have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends. How does this structure make the phospholipid ideally suited to the selectively permeable structure needed by the plasma membrane? A. The hydrophobic heads create a boundary that prevents water-soluble polar molecules from crossing the membrane. B. The hydrophobic tails create a boundary that prevents water-soluble polar molecules from crossing the plasma membrane but allows lipid-soluble nonpolar molecules. C. The hydrophobic heads create a boundary that prevents lipid-soluble nonpolar molecules from crossing the membrane. D. The hydrophilic heads create a boundary that prevents water-soluble polar molecules from crossing the membrane.

B. The hydrophobic tails create a boundary that prevents water-soluble polar molecules from crossing the plasma membrane but allows lipid-soluble nonpolar molecules.

Which of the following describes tight junctions? A. junctions within electrically excitable tissues, such as the heart and smooth muscle B. junctions among epithelial cells lining the digestive tract C. junctions where cells are held together by cadherins D. cell junctions in areas that are subjected to great mechanical stress, such as the skin and heart muscles

B. junctions among epithelial cells lining the digestive tract

Which of the following organelles is correctly paired with its function? A. lysosome: protein synthesis B. smooth endoplasmic reticulum: metabolism of lipids C. Golgi apparatus: produce energy for the cell D. mitochondrion: packaging proteins and lipids

B. smooth endoplasmic reticulum: metabolism of lipids

__________ is a molecule that brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation. A. rRNA B. t-RNA C. DNA D. mRNA

B. t-RNA

Bone is a connective tissue that provides support for the body with its strength and rigidity. Which of the following provides the best explanation for how this is so? *

Bone cells secrete an extracellular matrix that when combined with minerals becomes rock hard.

Bones cells secrete an extracellular matrix that when combined with minerals becomes rock hard.

Bone is a connective tissue that provides support for the body with its strength and rigidity. Which of the following provides the best explanation for how this is so? Select one: A. Bone cells are very dense and therefore resist physical stress. B. Bones cells secrete an extracellular matrix that when combined with minerals becomes rock hard. C. Bone cells have extensive cytoskeleton that makes them ridged. D. The bone cell's plasma membrane contains a high degree of cholesterol that stabilizes the cell membrane, giving it strength.

D. Bones cells secrete an extracellular matrix that when combined with minerals becomes rock hard

Bone is a connective tissue that provides support for the body with its strength and rigidity. Which of the following provides the best explanation for how this is so? Select one: A. Bone cells are very dense and therefore resist physical stress. B. The bone cell's plasma membrane contains a high degree of cholesterol that stabilizes the cell membrane, giving it strength. C. Bone cells have extensive cytoskeleton that makes them ridged. D. Bones cells secrete an extracellular matrix that when combined with minerals becomes rock hard

Bone is connective tissue that provides support for the body with its strength and rigidity. What provides the best explanation for how this is so?

Bones cells secrete an extracellular matrix that when combined with minerals becomes rock hard.

Which of the following is true regarding the generation of a membrane potential?

Both potassium and sodium ions can "leak" through the cell membrane due to diffusion.

A primary active transport process is one in which __________. View Available Hint(s) molecules pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane molecules move across the plasma membrane without an input of energy molecules move through transport proteins that have been activated by ATP an intracellular vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents to the extracellular fluid the plasma membrane folds inward to form a vesicle containing extracellular material

C

All of the following are functions of membrane receptors EXCEPT __________. chemical signaling G-protein linking cell adhesion contact signaling

C

All of the following cells are considered "footloose," as they lack cellular junctions, EXCEPT __________. phagocytic cells blood cells epithelial cells sperm cells

C

Gap Junctions.. Help prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells. Type of anchoring junction. Allows ions and small molecules to pass through from one cell to another. Present in electrically excitable tissues. Abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress.

C

Lysosomes function a. lipid metabolism, cholesterol, and steroid based hormone synthesis detox of drugs, storage and release of calcium b. external surface studded with ribosomes, synthesize proteins c. contain digestive enzymes, digest ingested bacteria, viruses, toxins

C

Peroxisomes ________. are functionally the same as lysosomes function to digest particles ingested by endocytosis are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action sometimes function as secretory vesicles

C

Pinocytosis a. moves substances our of the cell b. moves substances across or within the cell c. cell drinking, plasma membrane fold in bringing fluid and dissolved solutes inside

C

The resting membrane potential is mainly determined by __________. the concentration of Na+ the concentration of Cl- the differential permeability of the plasma membrane to K+ and other ions the concentration of protein anions outside the cell

C

Which nucleic acid molecules are involved in transcription but not translation in the synthesis of a particular polypeptide? rRNA tRNA DNA mRNA

C

Which of the following are considered anchoring junctions? tight junctions gap junctions desmosomes connexons

C

Which of the following molecular components of the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane possesses a charged polar phosphate "head" and uncharged nonpolar fatty acid "tails"? glycoprotein cholesterol phospholipid glycolipid integral protein

C

Which of the following statements is correct regarding net diffusion? Molecular weight of a substance does not affect the rate. The rate is independent of temperature. The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate. The lower the temperature, the faster the rate.

C

Which of the following structures would aid a cell in allowing more nutrients to be absorbed by the cell? stereocilia flagella microvilli primary cilia

C

Which of the following would not be a constituent of a plasma membrane? glycolipids glycoproteins messenger RNA phospholipids

C

Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins? smooth endoplasmic reticulum rough endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes Golgi apparatus

C

transcytosis move substances ... a. out of the cell via vesicular transport b. in the cell, packed in a vesicle and brought inside the cell c. moves across or within the cell

C

Which of these is a method to transport substances by binding them to carrier proteins or pass them through protein channels? A) Simple diffusion B) Tight diffusion C) Facilitated diffusion D) Osmosis E) Active diffusion

C) Facilitated diffusion

Which statement is the most correct regarding transcription/translation? A) The nucleotide sequence in a mRNA codon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for it. B) The nucleotide sequence in a tRNA anticodon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for it. C) The nucleotide sequence in a tRNA anticodon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for it except that uracil is substituted for thymine. D) The nucleotide sequence in a mRNA codon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for it except that uracil is substituted for thymine.

C) The nucleotide sequence in a tRNA anticodon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for it except that uracil is substituted for thymine.

The electron microscope has revealed that one of the components within the cell consists of pinwheel array of 9 triplets of microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube. This structure is a ________. A) centrosome B) ribosome C) centriole D) chromosom

C) centriole

Lysosomes ________. A) maintain a highly alkaline internal environment B) are the major site of protein synthesis C) contain acid hydrolases that are potentially dangerous to the cell D) are always used for the cell to "commit suicide"

C) contain acid hydrolases that are potentially dangerous to the cell

Which of the following is not a factor that binds cells together? A) special membrane junctions B) glycoproteins in the glycocalyx C) glycolipids in the glycocalyx D) wavy contours of the membranes of adjacent cells

C) glycolipids in the glycocalyx

Which of the following would NOT be a constituent of a plasma membrane? A) glycolipids B) phospholipids C) messenger RNA D) glycoproteins

C) messenger RNA

Which of the following would not be a constituent of a plasma membrane? A) glycoproteins B) glycolipids C) messenger RNA D) phospholipid

C) messenger RNA

The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the ribosome for protein formation is ________. A) mRNA B) rRNA C) tRNA D) ssRN

C) tRNA

In certain kinds of muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in ________. A) the cytoplasm B) both smooth and rough ER C) the smooth ER D) the rough E

C) the smooth ER

On your first pediatrics rotation you meet a young boy diagnosed with a mitochondrial disorder. Which of these would most likely be symptoms of his disorder? A. Digestive problems B. Seizures C. All of the choices are correct. D. Muscle weakness

C. All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following is characteristic of cilia? A. They are used for cellular adhesion. B. They increase the surface area of absorptive cells in the kidneys and intestines. C. They are whiplike, motile cellular extensions that occur in large numbers on the exposed surfaces of certain cells. D. They are substantially longer than flagella, and are less common than flagella in humans.

C. They are whiplike, motile cellular extensions that occur in large numbers on the exposed surfaces of certain cells.

Which of the following names the three main parts of a human cell? A. mitochondria, lysosome, and centriole B. cytosol, nucleus, and membrane C. cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and nucleus D. plasma membrane, mitochondria, and nucleus

C. cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and nucleus

Which of the following would NOT diffuse through the plasma membrane by means of simple diffusion? A. a lipid-soluble vitamin B. a steroid hormone C. glucose D. oxygen

C. glucose

In a patient with severely burned skin, the damaged cells that have lost fluid cannot be properly rehydrated because _________. A. selective permeability prevents water molecules from entering these damaged cells B. selective permeability allows too many water molecules to enter these damaged cells, resulting in ionic imbalances within these cells C. the disruption of selective permeability allows water molecules that enter these damaged cells to also leave the cytoplasm D. none of the above

C. the disruption of selective permeability allows water molecules that enter these damaged cells to also leave the cytoplasm

cells of the immune system recognizing the tumorous cells as foreign and destroying them

Cancerous cells can divide so rapidly that they will often produce a glycocalyx that is different than the other cells in the body. This may result in ________. Select one: A. a decrease in the permeability of the tumor cell's plasma membrane preventing the uptake of chemotherapy drugs B. cells of the immune system recognizing the tumorous cells as foreign and destroying them C. allowing the cancer cells to bind to their healthy, neighboring cells D. the cancer cells conserving energy for more growth

Tissue necrosis factor alpha is a cytokine that activates cysteine-dependent aspartrate-directed proteases, which are also known as executioner proteins for their role in apoptosis. This family of enzymes is known by the acronym

Caspases

Peroxisomes

Catalysis and synthesis of fatty acids

When tissues are injured or infected, chemical signals can be releases that affect the plasma membrane of cells that line the nearby blood vessels. These blood vessels cells (endothelial cells) respond to the chemical signals by displaying a type of glycoproteins on their surface. These proteins will attach to circulating white blood cells bringing them to the site of injury or infection. These glycoproteins would best be described as _______.

Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)

Which of the following statements about cells is FALSE?

Cells join together to form organelles, which then form our organs and organ systems.

Plasma membrane cont..

Cells surrounded by interstitial fluid -contains thousands of substances, e.g, amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, vitamins, hormones, salts, waste products. Plasma membrane allows cells to -obtain from interstitial fluid exactly what it needs, exactly when it is needed. -Keep out what it does not need. Plasma membrane is selectively permeable.

Electron microscope has revealed a pinwheel array of nine triplets of microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube within cells. The structure is called

Centriole

Early prophase

Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell

Riboswitches are folded RNAs that act as switches to turn proteins on or off in response to

Changes in the environment

extracellular matrix

Characteristics of epithelia include all of the following except Select one: A. regeneration. B. attachment. C. extracellular matrix. D. polarity. E. avascularity.

Anaphase

Chromosomal centromeres split and chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell

Metaphase

Chromosomes align on the spindle equator

Telophase

Chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin

Cilia and flagella

Cilia move substances across cell surfaces. Longer flagella propel whole cells.

D. epithelium.

Close examination of a healthy organ reveals a lining of several layers of cells. The layers do not contain any blood vessels and one surface of the cells lines the cavity of the organ. This tissue is a type of Select one: A. connective tissue. B. fat tissue. C. neural tissue. D. epithelium. E. muscle tissue.

It will arrest mitosis by preventing the formation of spindle microtubules.

Colchicine is a drug that can prevent the formation of microtubules. Which is the most likely affect colchicine would have on cell division? Select one: A. It would delay mitosis by preventing S phase. B. It would have little no effect on mitosis. C. It will enhance mitosis by moving chromosome toward the spindle equator. D. It will arrest mitosis by preventing the formation of spindle microtubules.

fibers and ground substance

Connective tissue extracellular matrix is composed of ________. Select one: A. cells and fibers B. all organic compounds C. ground substance and cells D. fibers and ground substance

Peroxisomes

Contain enzymes capable of detoxifying substances

Mitochondria

Contain some of the DNA and RNA necessary for their own function

Secondary active transport

Cotransport- always transports more than one substance at a time. -symport system: substances transported in same direction -antiport system: subatances transported in opposite directions.

Which of the following statements is most correct regarding the intracellular chemical signals known as second messengers

Cyclic AMP And calcium maybe second messengers

What statement is most correct regarding the intracellular chemicals signals known as "second messengers"?

Cyclic AMP and calcium may be second messengers.

Which of the following statements is most correct regarding the intracellular chemical signals known as "second messengers"?

Cyclic AMP and calcium may be second messengers.

Which of the following statements is most correct regarding the intracellular chemical signals known as "second messengers"? Second messengers act through receptors called K-proteins. Second messengers usually act to remove nitric oxide (NO) from the cell. Second messengers usually inactivate protein kinase enzymes. Cyclic AMP and calcium may be second messengers.

Cyclic AMP and calcium may be second messengers.

If mitosis is the division of the nucleus, then--- blank ---is the division of the remaining cytoplasmic mass into two cells

Cytokinesis

Which cell component helps to maintain the structural integrity of the cell?

Cytoskeleton

A red blood cell placed in pure water would ________. shrink neither shrink nor swell swell initially, then shrink as equilibrium is reached swell and burst

D

A vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents to the extracellular fluid. This statement describes _____. View Available Hint(s) simple diffusion endocytosis facilitated diffusion exocytosis active transport

D

Cristae are found in which of the following cell organelles? cilia ribosomes the nucleus the mitochondria

D

Gap Junctions 2 .... Help prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells. Type of anchoring junction. Allows ions and small molecules to pass through from one cell to another. Present in electrically excitable tissues. Abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress.

D

The sodium-potassium pump uses ATP to move sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This statement describes _____. View Available Hint(s) facilitated diffusion exocytosis secondary active transport primary active transport simple diffusion

D

Vesicular transport is involved in all of the following transport processes EXCEPT __________. endocytosis exocytosis transcytosis solute pumps

D

What is the function of the organelle indicated by B? assembling proteins from amino acids catabolism of fats and sugars cellular division modification and packaging of proteins

D

Which of the following cell structures are involved in propelling substances across cell surfaces? flagella microfilaments vaults cilia intermediate filaments

D

Which of the following is a component of the plasma membrane that creates a chemical barrier between the inside and the outside of the cell? proteins cholesterol water phospholipids

D

Which of the following organelles is responsible for generating most of the energy the cell uses to perform work? nucleolus Golgi apparatus smooth endoplasmic reticulum mitochondrion centriole

D

Which of the following organelles serves as the site of protein synthesis? mitochondrion centriole lysosome ribosome Golgi apparatus

D

Which of the following statements best describes the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane? a single layer of proteins with lipid molecules dispersed within a single layer of lipids surrounding a layer of proteins a protein bilayer sandwiching a layer of lipids a lipid bilayer with protein molecules dispersed within it a single layer of proteins surrounding a single layer of lipids

D

Which of the following transport mechanisms specifically involves the movement of water? facilitated transport secondary active transport filtration osmosis primary active transport

D

Which of the following types of RNA contains regions that act as a switch to turn protein synthesis on and off for the protein they code for? tRNA antisense RNA microRNA riboswitches

D

Which vesicular transport process occurs primarily in some white blood cells and macrophages? exocytosis intracellular vesicular trafficking pinocytosis phagocytosis

D

Which of the following is a concept of the cell theory? A) Only higher organisms are composed of cells. B) The subcellular organelle is the basic unit of life. C) Simple cells can arise spontaneously from rotting vegetation. D) A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.

D) A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.

Which of the following statements is most correct regarding the intracellular chemical signals known as "second messengers"? A) Second messengers act through receptors called K-proteins. B) Second messengers usually act to remove nitric oxide (NO) from the cell. C) Second messengers usually inactivate protein kinase enzymes. D) Cyclic AMP and calcium may be second messengers.

D) Cyclic AMP and calcium may be second messengers.

Which of these is NOT a function of the plasma membrane? A) It acts as a site of cell-to-cell interaction and recognition. B) It encloses the cell contents. C) It is selectively permeable. D) It prevents potassium ions from leaking out and sodium ions from crossing into the cell.

D) It prevents potassium ions from leaking out and sodium ions from crossing into the cell.

Which of the following statements is correct regarding RNA? A) rRNA is always attached to the rough ER. B) If the base sequence of DNA is ATTGCA, the messenger RNA template will be UCCAGU. C) There is exactly one specific type of mRNA for each amino acid. D) Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA play a role in protein synthesis

D) Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA play a role in protein synthesis

Which type of vesicular transport moves substance from the cell interior to the extracellular space? A) vesicular trafficking B) phagocytosis C) transcytosis D) exocytosis E) endocytosis

D) exocytosis

Which of these is an inclusion, not an organelle? A) lysosome B) microtubule C) cilia D) melanin

D) melanin

Which of the following structures would aid a cell in allowing more nutrients to be absorbed by the cell? A) stereocilia B) flagella C) primary cilia D) microvilli

D) microvilli

Cell junctions that promote the coordinated activity of cells by physically binding them together into a cell community include all of the following except ________. A) gap junctions B) tight junctions C) desmosomes D) peroxisomes

D) peroxisomes

During DNA replication, the covalent bonding of nucleotides into a new strand of DNA is performed by __________. A. primase B. RNA polymerase C. DNA ligase D. DNA polymerase

D. DNA polymerase

Which of the following is not a step in polypeptide (protein) synthesis? A. RNA processing B. transcription C. translation D. DNA replication

D. DNA replication

Under a microscope you view a cell with an extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum present. What could this indicate? A. The cell is making a large amount of protein. B. The cell is about to divide. C. The cell has a high energy demand. D. The cell is involved in detoxifying drugs.

D. The cell is involved in detoxifying drugs.

Which of the following molecules might change over time in a cancer cell? A. membrane glycolipids B. membrane glycoproteins C. glycocalyx sugars D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Which of the following is LEAST like the other three? A. cerebrospinal fluid B. plasma C. interstitial fluid D. cytosol

D. cytosol

Which of the following allows for communication and the passage of small molecules between adjacent cells? A. tight junctions B. glycocalyx C. desmosome D. gap junction

D. gap junction

Which of the following processes allows cells to concentrate material that is present only in very small amounts in the extracellular fluid? A. phagocytosis B. transcytosis C. pinocytosis D. receptor-mediated endocytosis

D. receptor-mediated endocytosis

How would a small, nonpolar molecule likely diffuse across a cell membrane? A. active transport B. carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion C. channel-mediated facilitated diffusion D. simple diffusion

D. simple diffusion

Which of the following correctly states the functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? A. storage of calcium ions B. absorption, synthesis, and transport of fats C. lipid metabolism, cholesterol synthesis, and synthesis of the lipid components of lipoproteins D. synthesis of cellular membrane components

D. synthesis of cellular membrane components

Babies with Tay-Sachs disease cannot be treated by injecting the missing enzyme into their blood because _________. A. the enzyme is a protein and, therefore, is not soluble in the blood B. the enzyme is a protein that is digested by glycolipids in the blood C. blood is not capable of delivering substances directly to nerve cells D. the enzyme functions only in lysosomes and not in the blood

D. the enzyme functions only in lysosomes and not in the blood

Transcription

DNA info coded into mRNA. Transfers DNA gene base sequence to complementary base sequence of mRNA.

Which of the following will NOT speed up the net rate of diffusion for glucose into a cell?

Decreasing the number of phospholipids in the plasma membrane

What will NOT speed up the net rate of diffusion for glucose into a cell?

Decreasing the number of phospholipids in the plasma menbrane.

Nucleoli

Dense spherical bodies in the nucleus that are the synthesis site for ribosomal RNA

Cell

Depending where the cell is located, the function can be very different.

tendon

Derived from mesenchyme.

Abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress.

Desmosome

Type of anchoring junction.

Desmosome

Which type of so Junction asked anchor cells and distribute tension to reduce the chance of tearing when a group of cells are subjected to shear forces, mechanical stress

Desmosomes

Lysosomes

Digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

Cytokinesis

Division of cytoplasm.

Mitosis

Division of nucleus. 4 stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Translation

Does tRNA transfer amino acids during transcription or translation?

pinocytosis

Drinking liquids

Anaphase

During ______, the shortest phase of mitosis, chromosomes are pulled toward the poles of the cell.

Which of the following statements is true? During exocytosis, substances from the inside of the cell are moved outside. Endocytosis cannot occur unless exocytosis has occurred. During endocytosis, substances from the inside of the cell are moved outside. Endocytosis and exocytosis are passive transport mechanisms.

During exocytosis, substances from the inside of the cell are moved outside.

E. anticodon

During the synthesis of proteins, amino acids are assembled in the proper sequence because each tRNA molecule that brings them to the ribosome has a(n) ________ that binds to a complementary codon in the mRNA. Select one: A. transporter B. nucleotide C. enzyme D. promotor E. anticodon

Prophase

During this phase of mitosis, the mitotic spindle forms and the nuclear envelope fragments.

A site

During translation, the incoming tRNA, that is bound with an amino acid and anticodon binds to the ____________ on the large ribosomal subunit.

Desmosomes.... 2 Help prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells. Type of anchoring junction. Allows ions and small molecules to pass through from one cell to another. Present in electrically excitable tissues. Abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress.

E

Lysosomes perform which of the following cellular functions? formation of microtubules generate energy protein synthesis lipid synthesis intracellular digestion

E

The mRNA start codon, AUG, matches up with a tRNA anticodon, __________. GUA ATG GAC CAU UAC

E

Which item below is NOT a function or role performed by proteins found in the plasma membrane? joining of adjacent cells attachment site for cytoskeleton transport of solutes receptor for chemical messenger molecules synthesis of proteins

E

Which of these is a method to pass water across a semipermeable membrane? A) Active diffusion B) Tight diffusion C) Simple diffusion D) Facilitated diffusion E) Osmosis

E) Osmosis

Which organelle below is the ribosome? A) Large organelle that manufactures all secreted proteins B) Selectively permeable double membrane barrier containing pores which mRNA can pass through C) Dark-staining spherical bodies within the nucleus that is the site of ribosome synthesis D) Small barrel-shaped organelles located in the centrosome E) Small non-membranous organelle that is involved in synthesis of protein

E) Small non-membranous organelle that is involved in synthesis of protein

Which below is secondary active transport? A) hydrolysis of ATP phosphorylates the transport protein causing conformational change B) Dr. Sweet is the trickster, all of these are wrong C) two substances are moved across a membrane in opposite directions D) two substances are moved across a membrane in the same direction E) use of an exchange pump (such as the Na+-K+ pump) indirectly to drive the transport of other solutes

E) use of an exchange pump (such as the Na+-K+ pump) indirectly to drive the transport of other solutes

A. areolar tissue soaks up excess fluid in an inflamed area

Edema (swelling) occurs when ________. Select one: A. areolar tissue soaks up excess fluid in an inflamed area B. adipose cells enlarge by pinocytosis C. collagen fibers enlarge as they change from dehydrated to hydrated shape D. reticular connective tissue invades the area

Resting membrane potential (RMP)

Electrical potential energy produced by separation of oppositely charged particles across plasma membrane in all cells

Plays a role in the synthesis of steroid-based hormones and proteins.

Endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following organelles plays a role in steroid based hormone and protein synthesis

Endoplasmic reticulum

Active Transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

Caveolae are closely associated with all of the following except

Enzymes involved in cell metabolism

----Blank---are amino acid coding sequences of DNA, while ----blank ---are non-coding segments that provide a reservoir of ready to use DNA segments for evolutionary changes

Exons/introns

Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because ______

Eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months

True/False A chemical that inhibits DNA synthesis has yet to be found in aging cells

F

True/False Aquaporins are believed to be present in red blood cells and kidney tubules, but very few other cells in the body

F

True/False Chromatin consists of DNA and RNA

F

True/False DNA transcription is another word for DNA replication

F

True/False Facilitated diffusion always requires a carrier protein

F

True/False Hyperplasia generally means that an organ will increase in size due to the excessive formation of extracellular fluids

F

True/False In osmosis, movement of water occurs toward the solution with the lower solute concentration

F

True/False In their resting stat, all body cells exhibit a resting membrane potential ranging from -50 to about 50 millivolts

F

True/False Microfilaments are thin strands of the contractile protein myosin

F

True/False Most organelles are bounded by a membrane that is quite different in structure from the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane

F

True/False Pressure caused by gravity is necessary for any filtration pressure to occur in the body

F

True/False Telomeres are the regions of chromosomes that code for the protein ubiquitin

F

True/False The genetic information is coded in DNA by the regular alternation of sugar and phosphate molecules

F

True/False The glycocalyx is often referred to as the cell coat, which is somewhat fuzzy and sticky with numerous cholesterol chains sticking out from the surface of the cell membrane

F

True/False The spindle is formed by the migration of the chromatin

F

Channel-mediated diffusion is a form of active transport.

False

DNA transcription is another word for DNA replication.

False

In osmosis, movement of water occurs toward the solution with the lower solute concentration. True False

False

In their resting state, all body cells exhibit a resting membrane potential ranging from -50 to about +50 millivolts. True False

False

Microfilaments are thin strands of the contractile protein myosin. True False

False

Osmosis is the passive movement of water but it follows almost completely opposite laws of physics when compared to the diffusion of ions or other small particles

False

The genetic information encoded in DNA by the regular alternation of sugar and phosphate molecules.

False

The glycocalyx is often referred to as the "cell coat," which is somewhat fuzzy and sticky with numerous cholesterol chains sticking out from the surface of the cell membrane. True False

False

True or False: A resting membrane potential is a sign of a depolarized membrane.

False

True or False: Aquaporins are believed to be present in red blood cells and kidney tubules, but not in any other cells in the body.

False

True or False: Channel-mediated diffusion is a form of active transport.

False

True or False: DNA transcription is another word for DNA replication.

False

True or False: Osmosis is the passive movement of water but it follows almost completely opposite laws of physics when compared to the diffusion of ions or other small particles.

False

True or False: The genetic information encoded in DNA by the regular alternation of sugar and phosphate molecules.

False

True or False: The glycocalyx is composed of glycolipids, glycoproteins and cholesterol molecules that are displayed on the outside surface of the plasma membrane.

False

True or False? Channel-mediated diffusion is a form of active transport.

False

True or False? Hormones and neurotransmitters are examples of second messengers used in chemical signaling.

False

True or False? Prophase has a series of checkpoints that determine whether a cell will undergo all stages of mitosis.

False

True/False Aquaporins are believed to be present in red blood cells and kidney tubules, but not in any other cells in the body.

False

True/False DNA transcription is another word for DNA replication.

False

True/False Microfilaments are thin strands of the contractile protein composed of myosin.

False

True/False Osmosis is the passive movement of water but it follows almost completely opposite laws of physics when compared to the diffusion of ions or other small particles.

False

True/False Telomeres are the regions of chromosomes that code for the protein ubiquitin.

False

True/False The genetic information encoded in DNA by the regular alternation of sugar and phosphate molecules.

False

True/False The glycocalyx is composed of glycolipids, glycoproteins and cholesterol molecules that are displayed on the outside surface of the plasma membrane

False

Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and the golgi apparatus functionally act in sequence to synthesize and modify proteins for secretory use only, never for use by the cell. This statement is

False; integral cell membrane protiens are synthesized this way

Integral proteins

Firmly inserted into membrane (most are transmembrane ). Have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. - Can interact with lipid tails and water. Functions as transport proteins (channels and carrier, enzymes, or receptors.

Which of the following is not a function of lysosomes

Forming acid hydrolysis that are necessary to help form cell membranes

Ribosomal RNA

Forms part of the subunits for the protein synthesizing organelle

centriole

Forms the mitotic spindle.

Centrioles

Forms the mitotic spindle. Replicate for cell division

Interphase

From the time it is formed until it reproduces, the cell undergoes growth and carries out its functions in the body. What is the name for this portion of the cell's life cycle?

Select the statement that is correct

Ganglia associated with afferent nerve fibers contain cell Bodies of sensory nerves

Allows ions and small molecules to pass through from one cell to another.

Gap Junction

Present in electrically excitable tissues.

Gap Junction

A. endocrine

Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as ________. Select one: A. endocrine B. ceruminous C. exocrine D. sebaceous

Which of the following would not diffuse through the plasma membrane by means of simple diffusion? Glucose A small, non-charged molecule Water A lipid soluble molecule

Glucose

Why are protein channels and carriers required for the movement of glucose into or out of the cell? The phospholipid region of the membrane is impermeable to all organic molecules. Glucose is a relatively large chemical structure. Glucose is repelled by the polar heads of the membrane phospholipid molecules. Glucose is a hydrophilic molecule.

Glucose is a hydrophilic molecule: Glucose and other monosaccharaides are polar hydrophilic molecules that are not able to traverse the hydrophobic region of the phospholipid bilayer.

Why is it necessary for glucose to be pumped into the cell rather than diffusing in?

Glucose may have to be moved against a concentration gradient.

The ---blank---is the sticky, carbohydrate rich area on the cell surface. It helps bind cells together and provides a highly specific biological marker by which cells can recognize each other

Glycocalyx

Which of the following is not a factor that binds cells together

Glycolipids in the glycocalax

What is not a factor that binds cells together?

Glycolipids in the glycocalyx.

Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin?

Glycolipids that are secreted by keratinocytes into extracellular spaces

Beta cells in the pancreas produce and secrete the protein hormone insulin. You would expect to see a relatively large amount of which organelles in these cells?

Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum

Beta cells in the pancreas produce and secrete the protein hormone insulin. You would expect to see a relatively large amount of which organelles in these cells?

Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes.

skin epidermis

Has a surface to which nothing is attached

What is NOT a function of lysosomes?

Help in the formation of the cell membranes.

Tight junction

Help prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells.

Tight junctions

Help prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells.

Proteins called ---blank---act as spools around which DNA is rep to protect it

Histones

1

How many codons equal one amino acid, 1 or 3?

---blank---is the pressure of water exerted on a cell

Hydrostatic

Drinking alcohol can cause dehydration, which makes the blood hypertonic. Which option best describes the consequences of this hypertonic blood?

Hypertonic blood draws water out of the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypertonic. This, in turn, draws water out of the cells.

Drinking alcohol makes the blood hypertonic. Which option best describes the consequences of this hypertonic blood?

Hypertonic blood draws water out of the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypertonic. This, in turn, draws water out of the cells.

Crenation (shrinking)is likely to occur in blood cells immersed in

Hypertonic solution

receptor-mediated endocytosis

If a cell is selectively reducing the concentration of a particular enzyme in the extracellular fluid it will likely utilize ________. Select one: A. phagocytosis B. pinocytosis C. receptor-mediated endocytosis D. exocytosis

B. The plasma membrane would become more stable, less fluid and less permeable.

If a human cell were to increase the amount of cholesterol embedded within its plasma membrane which of the following would most likely happen? Select one: A. The plasma membrane would become more permeable to ions and less permeable to lipids. B. The plasma membrane would become more stable, less fluid and less permeable. C. The cell would form a plaque that could potential block a blood vessel. D. The plasma membrane would become more fluid and the phospholipids less stable.

The cells will lose water and shrink

If a person is severely dehydrated, their extracellular fluids will become hypertonic to the intracellular fluid. What do you predict will happen to the person's cells?

D. UCG

If a tRNA had an AGC anticodon, it could attach to a(n) ________ mRNA codon. Select one: A. TCG B. UGA C. AUG D. UCG

potential energy that can be harnessed when molecules passively diffuse down the concentration gradient

If active transport establishes a concentration gradient with the use of ATP, then the concentration gradient can be looked at as ________. Select one: A. unwanted pressure that will be alleviated by channel mediated facilitated diffusion B. potential energy that can be harnessed when molecules passively diffuse down the concentration gradient C. an unusable byproduct of active transport that will simply diffuse away D. a byproduct of active transport that will be alleviated by pinocytosis

Your patient has a respiratory disease that has literally paralyzed the cilia. Why would this patient be at an increased risk for a respiratory infection?

If cilia are paralyzed then mucus-containing particles, including bacteria, will remain in the lungs and may cause a respiratory infection.

Your patient has a respiratory disease that has literally paralyzed the cilia. Why would this patient be at an increased risk for a respiratory infection? The patient would not be at an increased risk of respiratory infection. If cilia are paralyzed then the cells of the respiratory system cannot phagocytose the particles, including bacteria; these bacteria will remain in the lungs and may cause a respiratory infection. If cilia are paralyzed then the particles, including bacteria, cannot be moved to the bottom of the lungs and cannot be phagocytosed by the cells in the lungs; bacteria remain in the lungs and may cause a respiratory infection. If cilia are paralyzed then the phagocytosed particles, including bacteria, cannot be moved to fuse with the lysosomes for destruction; the bacteria will remain in the cells and may cause a respiratory infection. If cilia are paralyzed then mucus-containing particles, including bacteria, will remain in the lungs and may cause a respiratory infection.

If cilia are paralyzed then mucus-containing particles, including bacteria, will remain in the lungs and may cause a respiratory infection.

What is the basic difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion across a cell membrane?

In facilitated diffusion, molecules only move with the aid of a protein in the membrane.

isotonic to each other

In general, to maintain homeostasis the relationship between our intracellular and extracellular fluids should be which of the following?

Which of the following is a difference between primary and secondary active transport?

In primary active transport, the transport protein gets phosphorylated; in secondary active transport, the transport protein is not phosphorylated.

telophase and anaphase

In which phase(s) of mitosis do the chromosomes contain a single copy of DNA?

. telophase

In which stage of mitosis do the identical sets of chromosomes uncoil and resume their chromatin form? Select one: A. telophase B. metaphase C. anaphase D. prophase

simple columnar

Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which epithelial tissue? Select one: A. simple squamous B. stratified squamous C. transitional D. simple columnar

Which of the following is not a roll of cell adhesion molecules

Initiators of cell to cell signaling for muscle contraction

tight junctions

Integral proteins on adjacent cells fuse to form an impermeable junction that encircles whole cell (these are tightly put together, like a zipper)

true

Interstitial fluid represents one type of extracellular material.

Mitosis

Is the division of the nucleus in a somatic cell

Which of the following statements correctly describes the plasma membrane?

It is a dynamic fuid structure that is in constant flux.

Which of these is not a function of the plasma membrane?

It prevents potassium ions from leaking out and sodium ions from crossing into the cell.

Which of these is not a function of the plasma membrane? It prevents potassium ions from leaking out and sodium ions from crossing into the cell. It encloses the cell contents in such a way that water I the body is divided into separate compartments. It acts as a site of cell-to-cell interaction and recognition. It is selectively permeable but permits water and gases to cross.

It prevents potassium ions from leaking out and sodium ions from crossing into the cell.

Colchicine is a drug that can prevent the formation of microtubules. What is the most likely affect colchicine would have on cell division?

It will arrest mitosis by preventing the formation of spindle microtubules.

Colchicine is a drug that can prevent the formation of microtubules. Which is the most likely affect colchicine would have on cell division? *

It will arrest mitosis by preventing the formation of spindle microtubules.

What must happen before a body cell can begin mitotic cell division?

It's DNA must be replicated exactly so that identical copies of the cell's genes can be passed on to each of its offspring.

What must happen before a body cell can begin mitotic cell division?

Its DNA must be replicated exactly so that identical copies of the cell's genes can be passed on to each of its offspring.

Nucleus

Larest organelles. Three regions/structures. Uninucleate, multinucleate, and a nucleate.

Microtubles

Largest, controsomes, determine overall shape of cell and distributing of organelles.

Plasma membrane

Lipid bilayer and proteins in constantly changing fluid mosaic. Plays dynamic role in cellular activity. Separates intracellular fluid form extracellular fluid. Intersitial fluid = extracellular fluid that surrounds the cells.

----blank----are assemblies of saturated phospholipids and contain a higher amount of sphingolioidds and cholesterol and other regions of the plasma membrane. This is important for the role and cell signaling

Lipid rafts

Cytoplasm

Located in plasma membrane -cytosol -organelles -inclusions

Peripheral proteins

Loosely attached to integral proteins. Include filaments on intracellular surface for membrane support. Function as enzymes; motor proteins for shape change during cell division and muslce contraction; cell-to-cell connections.

If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable what could happen? The cells will

Lose water and shrink

ATP

May be attached to the ER or scattered in the cytoplasm

Cell division

Meiosis- cell division producing gametes mitotic cell division- produces clones -essential for body growth and tissue repair

Which of these is an inclusion and not an organelle

Melanin

Produced in the nucleus, this molecule specifies the exact sequence of amino acids of the protein to be made.

Messenger RNA

Which of the following would not be a constituent of a plasma membrane

Messenger RNA

What is correct regarding RNA?

Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA play a role in protein synthesis.

Which of the following statements is correct regarding RNA?

Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA play a role in protein synthesis.

Which of these organelles is composed of hollow cytoskeletal elements

Microtubules

Which structures are fingerlike projections that greatly increase the surface area of the cell for absorption

Microvilli

Where in the cell may you find DNA that is not in the nucleus

Mitochondria

Which cell organelle provides the majority of the ATP needed by the cell to carry out its metabolic reactions?

Mitochondria

contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function

Mitochondria ________. Select one: A. contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function B. are single-membrane structures involved in the breakdown of ATP C. contain digestive enzymes called acid hydrolyses D. synthesize proteins for use outside the cell

A. is division of the genetic material within the nucleus

Mitosis ________. Select one: A. is division of the genetic material within the nucleus B. creates diversity in genetic potential C. is the formation of sex cells D. is always a part of the cell cycle

Which of the following is a function of the plasma membrane protein

Molecular transport through the membrane

What is a function of a plasma membrane protein?

Molecular transport through the membrane.

What move cell organelles from one location to another inside a cell

Motor proteins

What moves cell organelles from one location to another inside a cell?

Motor proteins

Passive Processes: Osmosis

Movement of solvent (e.g., water0 across selectively permeable membrane. Water diffuses through plasma membranes. -Through lipid bilayer -Through specific water channels called aquaporins. Occurs when water concentration different on the two sides of a membrane. * Water moves until equilibrium is reached

cardiac muscle

Moves blood through the body

smooth muscle

Moves food through the GI tract

mitochondria

Myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue) must rhythmically contract for a lifetime. This requires a considerable amount of energy production by the cells. You would expect to see a relatively high amount of which organelle in these cells? Select one: A. mitochondria B. cytoskeleton C. smooth endoplasmic reticulum D. lysosomes

Which of the following elements is necessary for proper conduction of nerve impulses

Na

Which of the following is most likely to move through the cell membrane by facilitated diffusion?

Na+

Mitochondria

Name the rod-shaped organelles that have a double-membrane wall and that oxidize foodstuffs to make ATP.

Are Brownian Motion, diffusion and osmosis only seen in living cells

No, they are passive processes and can occur in the absence of cells

Late prophase

Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate

Sperm cell

Only one human cell has a flagellum. This specialization allows the cell to propel itself forward. It is a _______.

The functions of centrioles include

Organizing them mitiotic spindle during cell division

___________ is the diffusion of a solvent, such as water, across a selectively permeable membrane. Simple diffusion Osmosis Unassisted diffusion Facilitated diffusion

Osmosis

Importance of osmosis

Osmosis causes cells to swell and shrink Change in cell volume disrupts cell function, especially in neurons. *red blood cell has to be healthy

Golgi apparatus

Package proteins for insertion in the cell membrane or for exocytosis

GOLGI APPARATUS

Packages proteins for insertion in the cell membrane or for exocytosis.

Tremor at rest, shuffling gait, stooped posture, and expressionless face are characteristics of________

Parkinsons disease

Types of membrane transport

Passive processes (high to low concentration) -no cellular energy (ATP) required. -substance moves down its concentration gradient. Active processes (low to high concentration) -energy (ATP) required -occurs only in living cell membranes

Which vesicle transport process occurs primarily and some white blood cells, including macrophages

Phagocytosis

What is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure?

Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to to water-soluble molecules.

Which of the following is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure?

Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules.

Which of the following is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure? The lipid bilayer is a solid at body temperature, thus protecting the cell. Phospholipids consist of a polar head and a nonpolar tail made of amino acids. Proteins move easily through the membrane from cytosol to extracellular space and vice versa. Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules. All proteins associated with the cell membrane are contained in a fluid layer on the outside of the cell.

Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules.

Which of the following is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure? The lipid bilayer is a solid at body temperature, thus protecting the cell. Phospholipids consist of a polar head and a nonpolar tail made of three fatty acid chains. Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules. All proteins associated with the cell membrane are contained in a fluid layer on the outside of the cell.

Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules.

Which of the following is a principal of the fluid Mosaic model of cell membrane structure

Phospholipids from a Byler that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules

false

Phospholipids provide the specific functions of the plasma membrane.

Which of the following best describes how phosphorylation affects the Na+-K+ pump? Phosphorylation causes the unloading of K+ ions from the pump. Phosphorylation causes the pump to change shape. Phosphorylation allows Na+ ions to bind to the pump. Phosphorylation allows ATP to bind to the pump.

Phosphorylation causes the pump to change shape. Before being phosphorylated, the pump's opening faces the cytoplasm, which allows cytoplasmic Na+ to bind. After phosphorylation, the pump changes shape such that its opening faces the extracellular fluid. Phosphorylation is a common cellular mechanism for altering the activity, shape, or function of a protein.

Microtubules

Play a critical role in forming spindle fibers for cell division, organize and move organelles as well as giving shape to the cell

Endoplasmic reticulum

Plays a role in the synthesis of steroid-based hormones and proteins

Gap junctions

Present in electrically excitable tissues

Two types of active transport

Primary active transport -requires energy directly from ATP hydrolysis Secondary active transport -requires energy indirectly from ionic gradients created y primary active transport (kinetic)

Mitosis

Process during which the chromosomes are redistributed to two daughter nuclei: nuclear division. Consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Messenger RNA

Produced in the nucleus, this molecule specifies the exact sequence of amino acids of the protein to be made

Mitochondria

Produces ATP aerobically

Mitochondrion

Produces ATP aerobically.

Which of the following is not a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Protein synthesis in conjunction with ribosomes

What is NOT a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Protein synthesis in conjunction with ribosomes.

ATP

Provides energy needed for synthesis reactions

Which of the following would not be a constituent of a plasma membrane? phospholipids RNA glycolipids cholesterol glycoproteins

RNA

Some hormones enter cells via

Receptor mediated Endocytosis

Which transport process is the main mechanism for the movement of most macromolecules by body cells

Receptor mediated endocytosis

Which transport process is the main mechanism for the movement of most macromolecules by body cells?

Receptor-mediated endocytosis.

centriole

Replicate for cell division.

Which of the following does not serve as a signal for cell division

Repressor jeans

Active transport

Requires carrier proteins (solutes pumps) -binds specifically and reversibly with substance. Moves solutes against concentration -requires energy.

A patient has a respiratory disease that has literally paralyzed cilia. Which of the following diseases or disorders would be most likely the risk factor for this

Respiratory infections

Forms part of the subunits for the protein synthesizing organelle.

Ribosomal RNA

May be attached to the ER or scattered in the cytoplasm.

Ribosomal RNA

Molecule B and molecule C are expected to interact within which of the following cellular locations?

Ribosome

Free in the cytoplasm

Ribosomes/ribosomal subunits are found _____.

Intermediate filaments

Ropelike fibers, attach to desmosomes.

In skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in

Sacroplasmic reticulum

Metaphase

Second stage of mitosis.

Its primary function is nutrient storage.

Select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue. Select one: A. It is composed mostly of extracellular matrix. B. Its primary function is nutrient storage. C. Most of the cell volume is occupied by the nucleus. D. Mature adipose cells are highly mitotic.

What would NOT assist in establishing a resting membrane potential?

Selective diffusion allowing more uncharged particles into the cell.

Why is the selective permeability of the plasma membrane essential for normal cell function?

Selective permeability allows cells to exclude some substances and allow others to pass into or out of the cell.

Why is the selective permeability of the plasma membrane essential for normal cell function? Selective permeability allows cells to exclude some substances and allow others to pass into or out of the cell. Selective permeability allows cells to bind to one another in a fluid environment. Selective permeability allows cells to communicate with each other by sharing large and small molecules. Selective permeability allows cells to determine which proteins they should produce and retain.

Selective permeability allows cells to exclude some substances and allow others to pass into or out of the cell.

Which process applies to the movement of a small nonpolar molecule such as CO2? Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Simple diffusion Active transport

Simple diffusion: Small nonpolar molecules can move through the nonpolar hydrophobic region of the phospholipid bilayer and therefore do not require a transport protein.

Lysosome

Site of enzymatic breakdown of phagocytized material

C

Site of enzymatic breakdown of phagocytized material.

Smooth endoplasmic

Site of synthesis of lipid and steroid molecule

smooth er

Site of synthesis of lipid and steroid molecules.

elastic fibers

Skin, lung, and blood vessel walls have which tissue characteristic in common? Select one: A. reticular fibers B. simple squamous epithelium C. simple columnar epithelium D. elastic fibers

The sacroplasmic reticulum is an elaborate and specialized ---blank---found in muscle cells

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Cell junctions

Some cells "free" -e.g., blood cells, sperm cells. Some bound into communities. Three ways cells are bound: -Tight junctions: prevents fluids leaking. -Desmosomes: Velero -Gap junctions: Communicating.

facilitated diffusion

Some transport processes use transport proteins in the plasma membrane, but do not require ATP. This type of transport is known as _____.

Which of the following factors act to bind cells together?

Specialized junctions, wavy membrane contours, and glycoproteins.

A type of transport protein found in the plasma membrane of cells lining the inside of the intestine allows sodium ions to diffuse down their concentration gradient. The ions move through the transport protein, and into the cell. These transport proteins will use the kinetic energy of the diffusing sodium ions to bring glucose into the cells as well. Which of the following would stop transport of glucose through this transport protein?

Stopping the activity of the sodium potassium pump.

A type of transport protein found in the plasma membrane of cells lining the inside of the intestine allows sodium ions to diffuse down their concentration gradient. The ions move through the transport protein, and into the cell. These transport proteins will use the kinetic energy of the diffusing sodium ions to bring glucose into the cells as well. Which of the following would stop transport of glucose through this transport protein? *

Stopping the activity of the sodium potassium pump.

A type of transport protein found in the plasma membrane of cells lining the inside of the intestine allows sodium ions to diffuse down their concentration gradient. The ions move through the transport protein, and into the cell. These transport proteins will use the kinetic energy of the diffusion sodium ions to bring glucose into the cells as well. What would stop transport of glucose through the transport protein?

Stopping the activity of the sodium potassium pump.

The red cell placed in distilled water would

Swell and burst

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Synthesis of cell's membranes

Which of the following is a function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Synthesis of the cell's membranes.

Attaches the correct amino acid to its transfer RNA.

Synthetase enzymes

Attaches the correct amino acid to its transfer RNA.

Synthetase enzymes.

True/False A process by which large particles may be taken into the cell for food, protection of the body, or for disposing of old or dead cells is called phagocytosis

T

True/False Apoptosis is programmed cell suicide, but cancer cells fail to undergo apoptosis

T

True/False Diffusion is always from areas of greater to areas of lesser concentration

T

True/False Each daughter cell resulting from mitotic cell division has exactly as many chromosomes as the parent cell

T

True/False Final preparation for cell division is made during the cell life cycle subphase called G2

T

True/False Interstitial fluid represents one type of extracellular material

T

True/False Microtubules are hollow tubes made of subunits of the protein tubulin

T

True/False Nitric oxide may act as a biological messenger

T

True/False Only one cell type in the human body has a flagellum

T

True/False The cell membrane normally contains substantial amounts of cholesterol

T

True/False The orderly sequence of the phases of mitosis is prophase,metaphase, anaphase and telophase

T

Proteins called ubiquitins are responsible for

Tagging proteins for destruction

End cap Regions of the chromosomes contain nonsense code called---blank---thought to be important to protect the ends of the chromosomes from damage. Since they decrease in length with each cell division, they are thought to be critical timer for aging

Telomeres

In which stage of mitosis do the identical sets of chromosomes uncoil and resume their chromatin form

Telophase

E. ribosomal.

The "r" in rRNA stands for Select one: A. rebuilding. B. regeneration. C. radiation. D. recurrence. E. ribosomal.

What sort of Ca2+ concentrations are maintained by the calcium pump? The Ca2+ concentration is higher in the cytoplasm than in the extracellular fluid. The Ca2+ concentration is higher in the extracellular fluid than in the cytoplasm. The Ca2+ concentration is about the same in the cytoplasm as it is in the extracellular fluid.

The Ca2+ concentration is higher in the extracellular fluid than in the cytoplasm. Near constant ejection of Ca2+ by this pump helps keep intracellular levels very low in most cells.

Most cancer cells have a lower intracellular ATP concentration compared to normal cells. How would you expect this to affect the Na+-K+ pump in cancer cells? The Na+-K+ pump would work faster. The Na+-K+ pump would work slower. So long as the concentrations of Na+ and K+ are normal, the Na+-K+ pump would work normally. The Na+-K+ pump would not work at all.

The Na+-K+ pump would work slower. The Na+-K+ pump uses intracellular ATP to operate. The lower ATP concentration in cancer cells would tend to decrease the pump's activity

tRNA

The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the ribosome for protein formation is ________. Select one: A. ssRNA B. tRNA C. rRNA D. mRNA

What can we infer if we see a large number of mitochondria in a cell?

The cell has a great metabolic demand.

The basic structural and functional unit of life and the continuity of life has a cellular basis is

The cell theory

. If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen?

The cells will lose water and shrink.

If a person is severely dehydrated, their extracellular fluids will become hypertonic to the intracellular fluid. What do you predict will happen to the person's cells?

The cells will lose water and shrink.

If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen?

The cells will lose water and shrink.

If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen? The cells will show no change due to diffusion of both solute and solvent. The cells will shrink at first, but will later reach equilibrium with the surrounding solution and return to their original condition. The cells will lose water and shrink. The cells will swell and ultimately burst.

The cells will lose water and shrink.

If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen? *

The cells will lose water and shrink.

Triplet

The complementary three-base sequence on DNA is called a ________.

One of the descriptions below is from the perspective of physiological study, the rest are from ananatomical perspective. Select the description below that comes from physiological perspective?

The contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels (vasoconstriction) can reduce the flow ofblood through the vessel

Mitosis, cytokinesis

The division of human cells consists of a series of events, collectively called ______, or nuclear division, and _____, or division of the cytoplasm.

2 genetically identical daughter cells

The end product of cell division by mitosis is _____.

B. simple squamous

The epithelium that forms air sacs in the lungs is ________ epithelium. Select one: A. simple cuboidal B. simple squamous C. stratified squamous D. simple columnar E. transitional

Telophase

The final phase of mitosis; begin when migration of chromosomes to the poles of the cell has been completed and ends with the formation of two daughter cells.

Prophase

The first stage of mitosis, consisting of coiling of the chromosomes accompanied by migration of the two daughter centrioles toward the poles of the cell, and nuclear membrane breakdown.

D. inflammation

The first step in tissue repair involves ________. Select one: A. formation of scar tissue B. replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells C. proliferation of fibrous connective tissue D. inflammation

Which of the following statements is NOT one of the four major concepts of the cell theory?

The function of a cell dictates the structure and organelles of the cells.

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the fusion

The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate

Which of the following statements is correct regarding diffusion? Molecular weight of a substance does not affect the rate of diffusion. The rate of diffusion is independent of temperature. The lower the temperature, the faster the diffusion rate. The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion.

The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion.

What is correct regarding net diffusion?

The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate.

Which of the following statements is correct regarding net diffusion?

The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate.

Which of the following statements is correct regarding net diffusion? Molecular weight of a substance does not affect the rate. The lower the temperature, the faster the rate. The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate. The rate is independent of temperature.

The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate.

D. oxygen will passively diffuse into the cells Feedback

The lungs deliver a regular supply of oxygen to the blood, which is in turn circulated to most all the cells of the body. At the same time oxygen is consumed during aerobic cellular respiration within these cells. This implies that ________. Select one: A. the concentration gradient for oxygen is steepness inside of the cell B. oxygen requires active transport to enter most cells C. the rate of oxygen diffusion is independent of concentration D. oxygen will passively diffuse into the cells Feedback

facilitated diffusion

The majority of water molecules moving across plasma membranes by osmosis do so via a process that is most similar to ____.

interphase

The metabolic or growth phase of a cell life cycle is called

Interphase

The metabolic or growth phase of a cell life cycle is called ______.

sodium

The most common extracellular ion is

Passive membrane transport processes include

The movement of a substance down its concentration gradient

carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion.

The movement of water across the plasma membrane can be described by all of the following EXCEPT ________. Select one: A. passive membrane transport. B. facilitated diffusion through aquaporins. C. carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion. D. simple diffusion.

. Which statement is the most correct regarding transcription/translation?

The nucleotide sequence in a tRNA anticodon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for it except that uracil is substituted for thymine.

DNA

The nucleus of the cell contains its genes, which are sections of ______.

Cytoplasm

The nucleus, plasma membrane and ______ are the three major regions of cells that can readily be seen with a light microscope.

Ribosomes

The organelle that facilitates peptic bond formation between amino acids

Selective permeability

The plasma membrane allows nutrients to enter the cell and keeps undesirable substances out of the cell. It also allows wastes to pass out of the cell and keeps valuable cell proteins inside the cell. This property is called ______.

If a human cell were to increase the amount of cholesterol embedded within its plasma membrane which of the following would most likely happen?

The plasma membrane would become more stable, less fluid and less permeable.

If a human cell were to increase the amount of cholesterol embedded within its plasma membrane which of the following would most likely happen? *

The plasma membrane would become more stable, less fluid and less permeable.

If a human cell were to increase the amount of cholesterol embedded within its plasma membrane, what would most likely happen?

The plasma membrane would become more stable, less fluid and less permeable.

. Which of the following is FALSE regarding the membrane potential?

The resting membrane potential is maintained by solely by passive transport processes.

Which of the following is false regarding the membrane potential

The resting membrane potential is maintained solely by passive transport process

What is FALSE regarding the membrane potential?

The resting membrane potential is maintained solely by passive transport processes.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the membrane potential? *

The resting membrane potential is maintained solely by passive transport processes.

The proximal end of the radius illustrates the relationship of form and function. The cup-like surface of the radial head articulates with the rounded shape of the capitulum. This forms a joint that allows for ____

The rotational motion of the forearm

B. compound tubuloalveolar

The salivary glands are a good example of a(n) ________ exocrine gland. Select one: A. compound alveolar B. compound tubuloalveolar C. compound tubular D. simple branched alveolar

Anticodon

The set of three nitrogen bases on tRNA that is complementary of an mRNA codon is called a ________.

Red blood cell

The small size and biconcave shape of this cell gives it flexibility and allows its easy passage through small channels. It is a ________.

C. promotor

The start of each gene begins with a(n) ________ segment. Select one: A. neocodon B. boosting C. promotor D. histone E. intron

Nucleus

The vast majority of the cell's genetic material is housed here

Active Processes

There are two types: -Active transport -Vesicular transport Both require ATP to move solutes across a living plasma membrane because -solutes too large for channels -solute not lipid soluble -solute not able to move down concentration gradient

Nucleoli

These small bodies are found inside the nucleus of the cell. Made of proteins and RNA, these structures assemble ribosomes. They are ______.

Microfilaments

Thinnest, involved in cell motility, change in shape, and endocytosis and exocytosis.

Anaphase

Third stage of mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II in which daughter chromosomes move toward each pole of a cell.

Golgi apparatus

This membranous organelle resembles a stack of flattened sacs with bulbous ends and associated vesicles.

Lysosome

This organelle digests other worn-out organelles and foreign substances that have entered the cell.

Centriole

This organelle is particularly important during cell division. It directs the formation of the mitotic spindle.

Endoplasmic reticulum

This organelle stores and transports proteins, and synthesizes phospholipids and cholesterol.

Help prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells.

Tight Junction

Which of the following helps prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells

Tight junctions

Identify important functions of the golgi apparatus

To modify, sort and package proteins

Which of these is not a function of plasma membrane

To prevent potassium ions from leaking out and sodium ions from entering the cell

What are the two basic steps of polypeptide synthesis?

Transcription and translation.

A molecule that binds to a specific codon and specific amino acid simultaneously.

Transfer RNA

Transcription

Transfer of genetic message from DNA to mRNA is called _______.

A process by which large particles may be taken into the cell for food, protection of the body, or for disposing of old or dead cells is called phagocytosis. True False

True

Facilitated diffusion always requires a carrier protein. True False

True

In their resting state, all body cells exhibit a resting membrane potential; therefore, all cells are polarized. True False

True

Interstitial fluid represents one type of extracellular material. True False

True

Introns represent a genome scrap yard that provides DNA segments for genome evolution and a variety of small RNA molecules.

True

Lysosomes perform digestive functions within a cell.

True

There is only one cell type in the human body that has a flagellum. True False

True

True or False: Concentration differences cause ionic imbalances that polarize the cell membrane.

True

True or False: In their resting state, all body cells exhibit a resting membrane potential; therefore, all cells are polarized.

True

True or False: Interstitial fluid represents one type of extracellular material.

True

True or False: Introns represent a genome scrap yard that provides DNA segments for genome evolution and a variety of small RNA molecules.

True

True or False? Cells can arise only from other preexisting cells?

True

True or False? In their resting state, all body cells exhibit a resting membrane potential; therefore, all cells are polarized.

True

True or False? Lysosomes perform digestive functions within a cell.

True

True or False? Shape change causes solutes (ions) bound to protein to be pumped across membrane

True

True/False Apoptosis is programmed cell suicide; cancer cells do not undergo this process.

True

True/False Concentration differences cause ionic imbalances that polarize the cell membrane, and active transport processes

True

True/False Dividing cells must pass through the phases of mitosis the following order: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase

True

True/False Each daughter cell resulting from mitotic cell division has the exactly same genetic composition

True

True/False Enzymes and proteins needed for cell division are synthesizes and put into place during G2 phase

True

True/False Interstitial fluid represents one type of extracellular material.

True

True/False Introns represent a genome scrap yard that provides DNA segments for genome evolution and a variety of small RNA molecules.

True

True/False Lipid rafts, found in the cell outer membrane surface, are concentrating platforms for certain receptor molecules or for protein molecules needed for cell signaling

True

True/False Microtubules are hollow tubes made of subunits of the protein tubulin.

True

True/False The speed of individual particle diffusion is influenced by temperature and particle size, not by concentration.

True

Aquaporins re believed to be present in RBC and kidney tubules, but not in any other cells in the body.

True or False F

The glycocalyx is composed of glycolipids, glycoproteins, and cholesterol molecules that are displayed on the outside surface of the plasma membrane.

True or False F

Apoptosis is programmed cell suicide; cancer cells do not undergo this process.

True or False T

Enzymes and proteins needed for cell division are synthesized and put into place during G2 phase.

True or False T

Lipid rafts, found in the cell outer membrane surface, are concentrating platforms for certain receptor molecules or for protein molecules needed for cell signaling.

True or False T

Microtubules are hollow tubs made of subunits of the protein tubulin.

True or False T

The speed of individual particle diffusion is influenced by temperature and particle size, not by concentration.

True or False T

desmosomes

Type of anchoring junction

Desmosome

Type of anchoring junction. Abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress.

If a tRNA had a AGC anticodon, it could attach to a ---blank---mRNA condon

UCG

If a tRNA had a AGC anticodon, it could attach to a(n)________mRNA codon.

UCG

If a tRNA had an AGC anticodon, it could attach to a(n) ____ mRNA codon.

UCG

If a tRNA had an AGC anticodon, it could attach to a(n) ________ mRNA codon. *

UCG

If a tRNA had an AGC anticodon, it could attach to a(n) _____________ mRNA codon.

UCG

If the nucleotide or base sequence of the DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNA synthesis is ACGTT, then the sequence of bases in the corresponding mRNA would be ________.

UGCAA

If the nucleotide or base sequence of the DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNA synthesis is ACGTT, then what would be the sequence of bases in the corresponding mRNA?

UGCAA

If the nucleotide or base sequence of the DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNA synthesis is ACGTT, then what would be the sequence of basis in the corresponding mRNA?

UGCAA

If the nucleotide, or base, sequence of a DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNA transcription is ACGTT, then what would be the sequence of bases in the corresponding mRNA

UGCAA

The main component of the cytosol is

Water

Your patient has the flu and reports 5 to 6 loose stools a day. He has experienced an isotonic fluid volume loss. What does "isotonic fluid loss" mean?

Water and electrolytes are lost in equal proportions.

Your patient has the flu and reports 5 to 6 loose stools a day. He has experienced an isotonic fluid volume loss. What does "isotonic fluid loss" mean? More water is lost than enters the body. No water is lost: the body water content remains the same. Water and electrolytes are lost in equal proportions. Less water is lost than enters the body. Water is lost at the same rate as it enters the body.

Water and electrolytes are lost in equal proportions.

Chromosomes cluster at the midline of the cell

What event immediately precedes anaphase?

methionine

What is full name of the amino acid that is bound to the initiator tRNA and used as the start codon?

In facilitated diffusion, molecules only move with the aid of a protein in the membrane.

What is the basic difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion across a cell membrane?

Active transport is ATP dependent, whereas passive transport uses only the kinetic energy of the particles for movement across the plasma membrane.

What is the difference between active and passive transport across the plasma membrane?

phosphate heads of phospholipids

What part of a cell membrane is usually in contact with the interstitial fluid?

B. bone (osseous tissue)

What tissue has lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels? Select one: A. fibrocartilaginous tissue B. bone (osseous tissue) C. cartilage tissue D. areolar tissue

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

What's the order of mitosis

Lysosome

When ruptured it releases the enzymes responsible for autolysis

C. Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)

When tissues are injured or infected, chemical signals can be releases that affect the plasma membrane of cells that line the nearby blood vessels. These blood vessels cells (endothelial cells) respond to the chemical signals by displaying a type of glycoproteins on their surface. These proteins will attach to circulating white blood cells bringing them to the site of injury or infection. These glycoproteins would best be described as ________. Select one: A. G-proteins B. desmosomes C. Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs) D. transport proteins

D. blood vessels

Which of the following is NOT found in cartilage but is found in bone? Select one: A. organic fibers B. lacunae C. living cells D. blood vessels

dense microvilli

Which of the following is a modification of the simple columnar epithelium that allows for efficient absorption along portions of the digestive tract? Select one: A. cilia B. dense microvilli C. fibroblasts D. thin and permeable

Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules.

Which of the following is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure?

Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules.

Which of the following is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure? Select one: A. Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules. B. All proteins associated with the cell membrane are contained in a fluid layer on the outside of the cell. C. The lipid bilayer is a solid at body temperature, thus protecting the cell. D. Phospholipids consist of a polar head and a nonpolar tail made of three fatty acid chains.

small concentration gradient

Which of the following is least likely to increase the rate of diffusion?

C. glycolipids in the glycocalyx

Which of the following is not a factor that binds cells together? Select one: A. special membrane junctions B. wavy contours of the membranes of adjacent cells C. glycolipids in the glycocalyx D. glycoproteins in the glycocalyx

Centrioles

Which of the following is not considered to be cytoskeletal element?

Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA play a role in protein synthesis.

Which of the following statements is correct regarding RNA? Select one: A. rRNA is always attached to the rough ER. B. There is exactly one specific type of mRNA for each amino acid. C. Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA play a role in protein synthesis. D. If the base sequence of DNA is ATTGCA, the messenger RNA template will be UCCAGU.

A. The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate.

Which of the following statements is correct regarding net diffusion? Select one: A. The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate. B. The rate is independent of temperature. C. Molecular weight of a substance does not affect the rate. D. The lower the temperature, the faster the rate.

The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate.

Which of the following statements is correct regarding net diffusion? Select one: A. The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate. B. The rate is independent of temperature. C. Molecular weight of a substance does not affect the rate. D. The lower the temperature, the faster the rate.

collagen fibers provides high tensile strength.

Which of the following statements is true of connective tissue? Select one: A. Elastin fibers are sometimes called white fibers. B. When connective tissue is stretched, collagen gives it the ability to snap back. C. Collagen fibers provides high tensile strength. D. Reticular fibers form thick, ropelike structures.

microvilli

Which of the following structures would aid a cell in allowing more nutrients to be absorbed by the cell? Select one: A. primary cilia B. microvilli C. flagella D. stereocilia

Decreasing the number of phospholipids in the plasma membrane

Which of the following will NOT speed up the net rate of diffusion for glucose into a cell? Select one: A. Increasing the number of glucose transport proteins within the plasma membrane. B. Decreasing the number of phospholipids in the plasma membrane C. Decreasing the concentration of glucose within the cell. D. Increasing the concentration of glucose outside of the cell.

C. Selective diffusion allowing more uncharged particles into the cell.

Which of the following would NOT assist in establishing a resting membrane potential? Select one: A. Having greater concentration of glycolipids on the outside surface of the membrane. B. Selective diffusion allowing fewer positively charged ions to diffuse into the cell. C. Selective diffusion allowing more uncharged particles into the cell. D. Selective diffusion allowing more positively charged ions to diffuse out of the cell.

C. osmosis

Which of the following would not be restricted (limited) by low levels of ATP? Select one: A. phagocytosis B. exocytosis C. osmosis D. pinocytosis

A. melanin

Which of these is an inclusion, not an organelle? Select one: A. melanin B. microtubule C. cilia D. lysosome

A. osseous tissue

Which one of the following is not one of the four main tissue categories? Select one: A. osseous tissue B. muscle tissue C. epithelial tissue D. neural tissue E. connective tissue

smooth muscle

Which tissue in the wall of the uterus is required for labor contractions? Select one: A. stratified squamous B. skeletal muscle C. elastic cartilage D. smooth muscle

E. simple columnar epithelium

Which tissue lines the small intestine and the stomach? Select one: A. simple squamous epithelium B. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium C. simple cuboidal epithelium D. stratified squamous epithelium E. simple columnar epithelium

skeletal muscle

Which tissue type is formed by many cells joining together, each contributing a nucleus? Select one: A. dense regular B. cardiac muscle C. skeletal muscle D. smooth muscle

adipose

Which tissue type would likely function to hold the kidneys in place? Select one: A. dense regular B. reticular C. smooth muscle D. adipose

D. receptor-mediated endocytosis

Which transport process is the main mechanism for the movement of most macromolecules by body cells? Select one: A. phagocytosis B. secondary active transport C. pinocytosis D. receptor-mediated endocytosis

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Which transport process is the main mechanism for the movement of most macromolecules by body cells? Select one: A. phagocytosis B. secondary active transport C. receptor-mediated endocytosis D. pinocytosis

D. phagocytosis

Which vesicular transport process occurs primarily in some white blood cells and macrophages? Select one: A. pinocytosis B. exocytosis C. intracellular vesicular trafficking D. phagocytosis

Prophase

You are observing a slide that contains cells undergoing cell division, and you have focused on a cell that had darkly staining X-shaped chromosomes that appear loose throughout the cell. You cannot see a nuclear envelope. This cell is in _____.

D. trachea.

You would find pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the Select one: A. stomach. B. surface of the skin. C. secretory portions of the pancreas. D. trachea. E. urinary bladder.

ciliate cells transport dust and bacteria and if dust and bacteria remain in the lungs causes infection are correct

Your patient has a respiratory disease that has literally paralyzed the cilia. Explain why this patient would be at an increased risk for a respiratory infection.

Cleavage furrow

_____ is/are a contractile ring of action microfilaments that eventually results in the division of the cytoplasm.

Peroxisomes

______ are membranous sacs that detoxify harmful chemicals.

Microvilli

______ are tiny finger like projections on some cell surface that increase the surface area for absorption, and carry other substances.

Organelles, inclusions

______ carry out specific functions inside cells, whereas _____ store glycogen, lipids, pigments, and other substances.

Cytokinesis

______ is the division of the cytoplasmic mass into two parts.

Phospholipid

______ molecules form the major component of the plasma membrane and are arranged in the form of a bilayer.

A cell engulfing a relatively large particle will likely utilize ________. A) phagocytosis B) pinocytosis C) receptor-mediated endocytosis D) exocytosi

a

A gene can best be defined as ________. A) a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain B) a three-base triplet that specifies a particular amino acid C) noncoding segments of DNA up to 100,000 nucleotides long D) an RNA messenger that codes for a particular polypeptide

a

If a tRNA had an AGC anticodon, it could attach to a(n) ________ mRNA codon. A) UCG B) TCG C) UGA D) AUG

a

If active transport establishes a concentration gradient with the use of ATP, then the concentration gradient can be looked at as ________. A) potential energy that can be harnessed when molecules passively diffuse down the concentration gradient B) a byproduct of active transport that will be alleviated by pinocytosis C) an unusable byproduct of active transport that will simply diffuse away D) unwanted pressure that will be alleviated by channel mediated facilitated diffusion

a

The lungs deliver a regular supply of oxygen to the blood, which is in turn circulated to most all the cells of the body. At the same time oxygen is consumed during aerobic cellular respiration within these cells. This implies that ________. A) oxygen will passively diffuse into the cells B) oxygen requires active transport to enter most cells C) the concentration gradient for oxygen is steepness inside of the cell D) the rate of oxygen diffusion is independent of concentratio

a

The lungs deliver a regular supply of oxygen to the blood, which is in turn circulated to most all the cells of the body. At the same time oxygen is consumed during aerobic cellular respiration within these cells. This implies that ________. A) oxygen will passively diffuse into the cells B) oxygen requires active transport to enter most cells C) the concentration gradient for oxygen is steepness inside of the cell D) the rate of oxygen diffusion is independent of concentration

a

Which of the following is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure? A) Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules. B) Phospholipids consist of a polar head and a nonpolar tail made of three fatty acid chains. C) All proteins associated with the cell membrane are contained in a fluid layer on the outside of the cell. D) The lipid bilayer is a solid at body temperature, thus protecting the cell.

a

Which of the following will NOT speed up the net rate of diffusion for glucose into a cell? A) Decreasing the number of phospholipids in the plasma membrane B) Increasing the concentration of glucose outside of the cell. C) Increasing the number of glucose transport proteins within the plasma membrane. D) Decreasing the concentration of glucose within the cell

a

What molecular structure is shown in D, but NOT in A, B, or C?

a carbohydrate molecular group: Panel D includes a membrane glycoprotein molecule. The carbohydrate components of this molecule are recognized by receptors present in the membranes of other cells.

Assume that Na+ is being transported across a membrane via facilitated diffusion. Which of the following conditions would allow for the most transport of Na+ across that membrane?

a gradient of more than 50% difference between sides for the Na+ and Na+ diffusing toward Cl−

Crenation (shrinking) is likely to occur in blood cells immersed in_________.

a hypertonic solution

Which of the following describes the plasma membrane?

a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell

Mitosis can be thought of as cellular immortality because __________.

a portion of the very first parent cell will always be found in each and every daughter cell

A gene can best be defined as ______

a segment of DNA that carries the instruction for one polypeptide chain

. A gene can best be defined as ________.

a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain

A gene can be best described as________.

a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain

A gene can best be defined as ________.

a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain

A gene can be best defined as _____________.

a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain.

Muscle tone is ____________

a state of sustained partial contraction

A type of transport protein found in the plasma membrane of cells lining the inside of the intestineallows sodium ions to diffuse down their concentration gradient. The ions move through the transport protein, and into the cell. These transport proteins will use the kinetic energy of the diffusing sodium ions to bring glucose into the cells as well. This transport protein would best be described as ________.

a supporter

A type of transport protein found in the plasma membrane of cells lining the inside of the intestine allows sodium ions to diffuse down their concentration gradient. The ions move through the transport protein, and into the cell. These transport proteins will use kinetic energy of the diffusion sodium ions to bring glucose into the cells as well. This transport protein would best be described as_________.

a symporter

A type of transport protein found in the plasma membrane of cells lining the inside of the intestine allows sodium ions to diffuse down their concentration gradient. The ions move through the transport protein, and into the cell. These transport proteins will use the kinetic energy of the diffusing sodium ions to bring glucose into the cells as well. This transport protein would best be described as ________.

a symporter

What is a membrane potential?

a voltage or electrical charge across the plasma membrane

When tissues are injured or infected, chemical signals can be releases that affect the plasma membrane of cells that line the nearby blood vessels. These blood vessels cells (endothelial cells) respond to the chemical signals by displaying a type of glycoproteins on their surface. These proteins will attach to circulating white blood cells bringing them to the site of injury or infection. These glycoproteins would best be described as ________. a. Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs) b. transport proteins c. desmosomes d. G-proteins

a. Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)

When tissues are injured or infected, chemical signals can be released that affect the plasma membrane of cells that line the nearby blood vessels. These blood vessels cells (endothelial cells) respond to the chemical signals by displaying a type of glycoproteins on their surface. These proteins will attach to circulating white blood cells bringing them to the site of injury or infection. These glycoproteins would best be described as ______________.

a. G-proteins b. transport proteins c. desmosomes d. Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs) D

Drinking alcohol makes the blood hypertonic. Which option best describes the consequences of this hypertonic blood? a. Hypertonic blood draws water out of the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypertonic. This, in turn, draws water out of the cells. b. Hypertonic blood forces water into the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypotonic. This, in turn, makes the interstitial fluid lose water to the cells. c. Hypertonic blood draws water out of the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypotonic. This, in turn, makes the interstitial fluid lose water to the cells. d. Hypertonic blood will lose water to the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypertonic. This, in turn, causes water to move into the cell.

a. Hypertonic blood draws water out of the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypertonic. This, in turn, draws water out of the cells.

Which of the following statements is most correct regarding the intracellular chemical signals known as "second messengers"?

a. Second messengers act through receptors called K-proteins. b. Second messengers usually act to remove nitric oxide from the cell. c. Cyclic AMP and calcium may be second messengers. d. Second messengers usually inactivate protein kinase enzymes. C

Which of the following would NOT assist in establishing a resting membrane potential?

a. Selective diffusion allowing more uncharged particles into the cell. b. Having a greater concentration of glycolipids on the outside surface of the membrane. c. Selective diffusion allowing fewer positively charged ions to diffuse into the cell. d. Selective diffusion allowing more positively charged ions to diffuse out of the cell. A

If the nucleotide or base sequence of the DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNA synthesis is ACGTT, then what would be the sequence of bases in the corresponding mRNA? a. UGCAA b. ACGTT c. GUACC d. TGCAA

a. UGCAA

Cancerous cells can divide so rapidly that they will often produce a glycocalyx that is different than the other cells in the body. This may result in ______________.

a. allowing the cancer cells to bind to their healthy, neighboring cells b. a decrease in the permeability of the tumor cell's plasma membrane preventing the uptake of chemo drugs c. the cancer cells conserving energy for more growth d. cells of the immune system recognizing the tumorous cells as foreign and destroying them D

Crenation (shrinking) is likely to occur in blood cells immersed in _______________.

a. an isotonic solution b. blood plasma c. hypotonic solution d. hypertonic solution D

In certain kinds of muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in ________________.

a. both smooth and rough ER b. the smooth ER c. the cytoplasm d. the rough ER B

Riboswitches are folded RNAs that act as switches to turn protein synthesis on or off in response to _________. a. changes in the environment b. specific tRNAs c. the presence or absence of ubiquitins d. specific codes from the DNA

a. changes in the environment

The major types of lipid found the plasma membranes are (choose two) a. cholesterol b. triglycerides c. phospholipids d. fat-soluble vitamins

a. cholesterol & c. phospholipids

The nuclear substance composed of histone proteins and DNA is a. chromatin b. the nucleolus c. nuclear sap, or nucleoplasm d. nuclear pores

a. chromatin

The myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue) undergoes a significant amount of physical stress due to its contractions. You would expect to see relatively large numbers of which of the following embedded within their plasma membrane? a. desmosomes b. glycolipids c. transport proteins d. tight junctions

a. desmosomes

Which vesicular transport process occurs primarily in some WBC and macrophages?

a. intracellular vesicular trafficking b. exocytosis c. pinocytosis d. phagocytosis D

The RNA species that travels from the nucleus to the cytoplasm caring the coded message specifying the sequence of amino acids in the protein to be made is a. mRNA b. tRNA c. rRNA d. all of these

a. mRNA

The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the ribosome for protein formation is ____________.

a. mRNA b. tRNA c. rRNA d. ssRNA B

Which of these is an inclusion, not an organelle?

a. melanin b. lysosome c. cilia d. microtubule A

Passive membrane transport processes include ________. a. movement of a substance down its concentration gradient b. the use of transport proteins when moving substances from areas of low to high concentration c. movement of water from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low concentration d. consumption of ATP

a. movement of a substance down its concentration gradient

A cell engulfing a relatively large particle will likely utilize ________. a. phagocytosis b. pinocytosis c. receptor-mediated endocytosis d. exocytosis

a. phagocytosis

The endocytotic process in which a sampling of particulate matter is engulfed and brought into the cell is called a. phagocytosis b. pinocytosis c. exocytosis

a. phagocytosis

Which of the following would not be a constituent of a plasma membrane?

a. phospholipids b. messenger RNA c. glycolipids d. glycoproteins B

Some hormones enter cells via ________. a. receptor-mediated endocytosis b. pinocytosis c. primary active transport d. exocytosis

a. receptor-mediated endocytosis

Which transport process is the main mechanism for the movement of most macromolecules by body cells? a. receptor-mediated endocytosis b. secondary active transport c. phagocytosis d. pinocytosis

a. receptor-mediated endocytosis

Riboswitches are folded RNAs that act as switches to turn protein synthesis on or off in response to ______________.

a. specific tRNAs b. specific codes from the DNA c. changes in the environment d. the presence or absence of ubiquitin C

Which of the following structures would aid a cell in allowing more nutrients to be absorbed by the cell?

a. stereocilia b. microvilli c. flagella d. primary cilia B

A red blood cell placed in pure water would ________. a. swell and burst b. shrink c. swell initially, then shrink as equilibrium is reached d. neither shrink nor swell

a. swell and burst

A red blood cell placed in pure water would ________________.

a. swell initially, then shrink as equilibrium is reached b. neither shrink nor swell c. swell and burst d. shrink C

What is moving a limb away from the midline of the body along the frontal plane called?

abduction

Performing jumping jacks requires

abduction and adduction

The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the________

absolute refractory period

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

absorption, synths, and transport of fats

Hyperplasia means __________.

accelerated growth

The mechanism depicted in B would most likely mediate the diffusion of which of the following solutes? an amino acid an oxygen molecule a protein a sodium ion

an amino acid

The mechanism depicted in B would most likely mediate the diffusion of which of the following solutes? an amino acid an oxygen molecule a protein a sodium ion

an amino acid Mechanism B depicts the selective transport of a polar molecule such as an amino acid or sugar.

The endomembrane system is ________.

an interactive system of organelles whose membranes are physically or functionally connected

Chromosomal centromeres split and chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell.

anaphase

The process of bones increasing in thickness is known as_________

appositional growth

water channels are called

aquaporins (protein doorway)

Peroxisomes__________.

are able to be detoxify substances by enzymatic action

Peroxisomes ________.

are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action

Synarthrotic joints _______

are immovable joints

A type of transport protein found in the plasma membrane of cells lining the inside of the intestine allows sodium ions to diffuse down their concentration gradient. The ions move through the transport protein, and into the cell. These transport proteins will use the kinetic energy of the diffusing sodium ions to bring glucose into the cells as well. Which of the following would stop transport of glucose through this transport protein? A) Increasing the number of digestive enzymes in the digestive tract. B) Stopping the activity of the sodium potassium pump. C) Increasing the concentration of glucose outside of the cell. D) Lowering the energy of activation.

b

Bone is a connective tissue that provides support for the body with its strength and rigidity. Which of the following provides the best explanation for how this is so? A) Bone cells are very dense and therefore resist physical stress. B) Bones cells secrete an extracellular matrix that when combined with minerals becomes rock hard. C) Bone cells have extensive cytoskeleton that makes them ridged. D) The bone cell's plasma membrane contains a high degree of cholesterol that stabilizes the cell membrane, giving it strength

b

If a cell is non-selectively engulfing samples of extracellular fluid, for example to absorb nutrients, it will likely utilize ________. A) phagocytosis B) pinocytosis C) receptor-mediated endocytosis D) exocytosis

b

Passive membrane transport processes include ________. A) the use of transport proteins when moving substances from areas of low to high concentration B) movement of a substance down its concentration gradient C) consumption of ATP D) movement of water from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low concentratio

b

Some hormones enter cells via ________. A) exocytosis B) receptor-mediated endocytosis C) primary active transport D) pinocytosis

b

The main component of the cytosol is ________. A) sugars B) water C) proteins D) salt

b

The myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue) undergoes a significant amount of physical stress due to its contractions. You would expect to see relatively large numbers of which of the following embedded within their plasma membrane? A) tight junctions B) desmosomes C) glycolipids D) transport proteins

b

Which of the following is NOT a function of lysosomes? A) degrading worn-out or nonfunctional organelles B) help in the formation of cell membranes C) digesting particles taken in by endocytosis D) breaking down bone to release calcium ions into the bloo

b

Which of the following would NOT assist in establishing a resting membrane potential? A) Having greater concentration of glycolipids on the outside surface of the membrane. B) Selective diffusion allowing more uncharged particles into the cell. C) Selective diffusion allowing more positively charged ions to diffuse out of the cell. D) Selective diffusion allowing fewer positively charged ions to diffuse into the cell

b

Final preparations for cell division are made during the life cycle sub phase called a. G1 b. G2 c. M d. S

b. G2

Which of the following statements is correct regarding RNA? a. There is exactly one specific type of mRNA for each amino acid. b. Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA play a role in protein synthesis. c. If the base sequence of DNA is ATTGCA, the messenger RNA template will be UCCAGU. d. rRNA is always attached to the rough ER.

b. Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA play a role in protein synthesis.

Which of the following statements is NOT one of the four major concepts of the cell theory? a. The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. b. The function of a cell dictates the structure and organelles of the cells. c. The activity of an organism emerges from the individual combined activities of the cell. d. Cells arise from other cells.

b. The function of a cell dictates the structure and organelles of the cells.

If DNA has a sequence of AAA, then a segment of mRNA synthesized on it will have a sequence of a. TTT b. UUU c. GGG d. CCC

b. UUU

A gene can best be defined as ________. a. a three-base triplet that specifies a particular amino acid b. a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain c. an RNA messenger that codes for a particular polypeptide d. noncoding segments of DNA up to 100,000 nucleotides long

b. a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain

Ions are transported across membranes using __________, which requires __________. a. carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion; ATP energy b. channel-mediated facilitated diffusion; kinetic energy c. simple diffusion; kinetic energy d. channel-mediated facilitated diffusion; ATP energy

b. channel-mediated facilitated diffusion; kinetic energy

Which of the following names the three main parts of a human cell? a. mitochondria, lysosome, and centriole b. cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and nucleus c. plasma membrane, mitochondria, and nucleus d. cytosol, nucleus, and membrane

b. cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and nucleus

Membrane junctions that allow nutrients or ions to flow from cell to cell are a. desmosomes b. gap junctions c. tight junctions d. all of these

b. gap junctions

The information sequence that determines the nature of a protein is the a. nucleotide b. gene c. triplet d. codon

b. gene

The term used to describe the type of solution in which cells will lose water to their environment is a. isotonic b. hypertonic c. hypotonic d. catatonic

b. hypertonic

Which of the following describes tight junctions? a. cell junctions in areas that are subjected to great mechanical stress, such as the skin and heart muscles b. junctions among epithelial cells lining the digestive tract c. junctions within electrically excitable tissues, such as the heart and smooth muscle d. junctions where cells are held together by cadherins

b. junctions among epithelial cells lining the digestive tract

Which of the following is a component of the plasma membrane that creates a chemical barrier between the inside and the outside of the cell? a. cholesterol b. phospholipids c. proteins d. water

b. phospholipids

You observe a small, nonpolar molecule near a membrane. How would this molecule likely transport across the membrane? a. channel-mediated facilitated diffusion b. simple diffusion c. active transport d. carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

b. simple diffusion

The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the ribosome for protein formation is ________. a. rRNA b. tRNA c. mRNA d. ssRNA

b. tRNA

What are the two basic steps of polypeptide synthesis? a. RNA production and DNA intron release b. transcription and translation c. protein coding and release d. transcription and DNA replication

b. transcription and translation

The normal function of one tumor suppressor gene is to prevent cells with damaged chromosomes and DNA from "progressing from G1 to S," whereas another tumor suppressor gene prevents "passage from G2 to M." When tumor suppressor genes fail to work, cancer can result. A cell that is prevented from "passing from G2 to M" will __________.

be prepared to divide, but will not proceed through mitosis

Crenation is likely to occur in ________.

blood cells in a hypertonic solution

The central canal that runs through the core of each osteon is the site of __________

blood vessels and nerve fibers

What tissue has lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels

bone (osseous tissue)

Information from balance receptors goes directly to the __________

brain stem reflex centers

The ________ helps keep food between the grinding surfaces of the teeth during chewing

buccinator

Connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membrane that act as cushions in places where friction develops are called _______

bursae

The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The secretion of sebum is stimulated ___

by hormones, especially adrogens

Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body.How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss?

by using the "rule of nines"

Beta cells in the pancreas produce and secrete the protein hormone insulin. You would expect to see a relatively large amount of which organelles in these cells? A) cytoskeleton, and peroxisomes B) mitochondria, and cilia C) Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes

c

If a cell is selectively reducing the concentration of a particular enzyme in the extracellular fluid it will likely utilize ________. A) phagocytosis B) pinocytosis C) receptor-mediated endocytosis D) exocytosis

c

Myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue) must rhythmically contract for a lifetime. This requires a considerable amount of energy production by the cells. You would expect to see a relatively high amount of which organelle in these cells? A) cytoskeleton B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum C) mitochondria D) lysosome

c

Which of the following is NOT a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? A) breakdown of stored glycogen to form free glucose B) steroid-based hormone synthesis C) protein synthesis in conjunction with ribosomes D) lipid metabolism and cholesterol synthesis

c

Which of the following statements is most correct regarding the intracellular chemical signals known as "second messengers"? A) Second messengers usually inactivate protein kinase enzymes. B) Second messengers usually act to remove nitric oxide (NO) from the cell. C) Cyclic AMP and calcium may be second messengers. D) Second messengers act through receptors called K-proteins

c

If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen? a. The cells will swell and ultimately burst. b. The cells will show no change due to diffusion of both solute and solvent. c. The cells will lose water and shrink. d. The cells will shrink at first, but will later reach equilibrium with the surrounding solution and return to their original condition.

c. The cells will lose water and shrink.

Which of the following statements is correct regarding net diffusion? a. The rate is independent of temperature. b. The lower the temperature, the faster the rate. c. The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate. d. Molecular weight of a substance does not affect the rate.

c. The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate.

If a tRNA had an AGC anticodon, it could attach to a(n) ________ mRNA codon. a. AUG b. TCG c. UCG d. UGA

c. UCG

A type of transport protein found in the plasma membrane of cells lining the inside of the intestine allows sodium ions to diffuse down their concentration gradient. The ions move through the transport protein, and into the cell. These transport proteins will use the kinetic energy of the diffusing sodium ions to bring glucose into the cells as well. This transport protein would best be described as ________. a. a carrier protein b. a pump c. a symporter d. a channel

c. a symporter

What is a membrane potential? a. cooperation between cells b. the ability of the cells to perform their specialized functions c. a voltage or electrical charge across the plasma membrane d. the possibility of cell activity

c. a voltage or electrical charge across the plasma membrane

A physiologist observes that the concentration of sodium inside a cell is decidedly lower than that outside the cell. Sodium diffuses easily across the plasma membrane of such cells when they are dead, but not when they are alive. What cellular function that is lacking in dead cells explains the difference? a. osmosis b. diffusion c. active transport (solute pumping) d. dialysis

c. active transport (solute pumping)

In a tissue type that undergoes a relatively great deal of mechanical stress, like the tissue that lines the intestine, you would expect to see an abundance of ________ between the individual cells of the tissue. a. gap junctions b. tight junctions c. desmosomes d. connexons

c. desmosomes

Which vesicular transport process occurs primarily in some white blood cells and macrophages? a. intracellular vesicular trafficking b. exocytosis c. phagocytosis d. pinocytosis

c. phagocytosis

The phase of mitosis during which centrioles reach their poles and chromosomes attach to the spindle is a. anaphase b. metaphase c. prophase d. telophase

c. prophase

If a cell is selectively reducing the concentration of a particular enzyme in the extracellular fluid it will likely utilize ________. a. phagocytosis b. pinocytosis c. receptor-mediated endocytosis d. exocytosis

c. receptor-mediated endocytosis

Which of the following processes allows cells to concentrate material that is present only in very small amounts in the extracellular fluid? a. pinocytosis b. phagocytosis c. receptor-mediated endocytosis d. transcytosis

c. receptor-mediated endocytosis

A pancreas cell makes proteins (enzymes) that it releases to the small intestine. Which of the following best describes the path of these proteins from synthesis to exocytosis at the pancreatic cell's plasma membrane (PM)? a. golgi -> rough ER -> PM b. smooth ER -> golgi -> lysosome -> PM c. rough ER -> golgi -> PM d. nucleus -> golgi -> PM

c. rough ER -> Golgi -> PM

In a patient with severely burned skin, the damaged cells that have lost fluid cannot be properly rehydrated because_________. a. selective permeability prevents water molecules from entering these damaged cells b. selective permeability allows too many water molecules to enter these damaged cells, resulting in ionic imbalances within these cells c. the absence of selective permeability allows water molecules that enter these damaged cells to also leave the cytoplasm d. none of the above

c. the absence of selective permeability allows water molecules that enter these damaged cells to also leave the cytoplasm

Cancerous cells may continuously change their glycocalyx. This may result in ________. a. a decrease in the permeability of the tumor cell's plasma membrane preventing the uptake of chemotherapy drugs b. the cancer cells conserving energy for more growth c. the cancer cell avoiding destruction by keeping one step ahead of the immune system d. allowing the cancer cells to bind to their healthy, neighboring cells

c. the cancer cell avoiding destruction by keeping one step ahead of the immune system

Cells are composed mainly of ________.

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

what is another name for a solute pump?

carrier protein

The movement of water across the plasma membrane can be described by all of the following EXCEPT ________

carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

The movement of water across the plasma membrane can be described by all of the following EXCEPT________.

carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

The movement of water across the plasma membrane can be described by all of the following EXCEPT ________.

carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion.

Enzymes called _________ destroy the cell's DNA and cytoskeleton, producing a quick death to the cell.

caspases

Cancerous cells can divide so rapidly that they will often produce a glycocalyx that is different than the other cells in the body. This may result in ________. *

cells of the immune system recognizing the tumorous cells as foreign and destroying them

Cancerous cells can divide so rapidly that they will often produce a glycocalyz that is different than the other cells in the body. This may result in________.

cells of the immune system recognizing the tumorous cells as foreign and destroying them

Which of the following is not required for osmosis to occur?

cellular energy

The electron microscope has revealed that one of the components within the cell consists of microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube. This structure is ______.

centriole

The electron microscope has revealed that one of the components within the cell consists of pinwheel array of 9 triplets of microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube. This structure is a ________.

centriole

The electron microscope has revealed that one of the components within the cell consists of pinweheel array of 9 triplets of microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube. This structure is a________.

centroile

Forms the mitotic spindle

centroiles

replicate for cell division

centroiles

The arbor vitae refers to _________

cerebellar white matter

When looking at the range of motion of the various sections of the vertebral column the ________has the most flexibility

cervical spine

in primary active transport, energy from hydrolysis of ATP causes what to happen in transport proteins?

change in shape

Riboswitches are folded RNAs that act as switches to turn protein synthesis on or off in response to_______.

changes in the enviornment

. Riboswitches are folded RNAs that act as switches to turn protein synthesis on or off in response to ________.

changes in the environment

Riboswitches are folded RNAs that act as switches to turn protein synthesis on or off in response to ____________.

changes in the environment.

Ions are transported across membranes using __________, which requires __________.

channel-mediated facilitated diffusion; kinetic energy

selectively permeable

characteristic of the cell membrane

Which molecule most directly affects the fluidity of the membrane? cholesterol glycolipid cytoskeletal protein glycoprotein

cholesterol

Tendons are strong, rope-like structures that connect skeletal muscle to bone. Which of thefollowing proteins would provide strength to a tendon?

collagen

The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is ________

collagen

You notice that you cannot read your book through a test tube of patient fluid held against the print, making it so blurred as to be unreadable. There is no precipitant in the bottom of the beaker,though it has been sitting for several days in a rack. What type of liquid is this?

colloid

Mitochondria___________.

contain some of DNA and RNA code necessary for their own funciton

. Mitochondria ________.

contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function

Mitochondria ________. synthesize proteins for use outside the cell are always the same shape are single-membrane structures involved in the breakdown of ATP contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function

contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function

A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?

corneum, granulosum, Spinosum, basale

Cancerous cells can divide so rapidly that they will often produce a glycocalyx that is different than the other cells in the body. This may result in ________. A) allowing the cancer cells to bind to their healthy, neighboring cells B) a decrease in the permeability of the tumor cell's plasma membrane preventing the uptake of chemotherapy drugs C) the cancer cells conserving energy for more growth D) cells of the immune system recognizing the tumorous cells as foreign and destroying the

d

If a human cell were to increase the amount of cholesterol embedded within its plasma membrane which of the following would most likely happen? A) The plasma membrane would become more permeable to ions and less permeable to lipids. B) The cell would form a plaque that could potential block a blood vessel. C) The plasma membrane would become more fluid and the phospholipids less stable. D) The plasma membrane would become more stable, less fluid and less permeable

d

Mitochondria ________. A) are single-membrane structures involved in the breakdown of ATP B) synthesize proteins for use outside the cell C) contain digestive enzymes called acid hydrolyses D) contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function

d

Peroxisomes ________. A) sometimes function as secretory vesicles B) are functionally the same as lysosomes C) function to digest particles ingested by endocytosis D) are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action

d

The functions of centrioles include ________. A) producing ATP B) serving as the site for ribosomal RNA synthesis C) providing a whiplike beating motion to move substances along cell surfaces D) organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division

d

When tissues are injured or infected, chemical signals can be releases that affect the plasma membrane of cells that line the nearby blood vessels. These blood vessels cells (endothelial cells) respond to the chemical signals by displaying a type of glycoproteins on their surface. These proteins will attach to circulating white blood cells bringing them to the site of injury or infection. These glycoproteins would best be described as ________. A) desmosomes B) G-proteins C) transport proteins D) Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs

d

Which of the following would not be restricted (limited) by low levels of ATP? A) exocytosis B) pinocytosis C) phagocytosis D) osmosis

d

What is the difference between active and passive transport across the plasma membrane? a. Active transport implies that the cell is working with other cells, whereas passive transport implies that the cell does not cooperate with other cells. b. Active transport is used to move substances down their concentration gradient, whereas passive transport is used to move substances against their concentration gradient. c. Active transport means that the cell is actively going after substances that it wants to bring into the cell, whereas passive transport means that the cell just waits for the substance to cross the membrane. d. Active transport is ATP dependent, whereas passive transport uses only the kinetic energy of the particles for movement across the plasma membrane.

d. Active transport is ATP dependent, whereas passive transport uses only the kinetic energy of the particles for movement across the plasma membrane.

Which of the following statements is true? a. Endocytosis and exocytosis are passive transport mechanisms. b. Exocytosis involves infolding of the plasma membrane. c. Unlike endocytosis, exocytosis does not rely on protein interactions with the plasma membranes. d. During exocytosis, substances from inside the cell are moved outside.

d. During exocytosis, substances from inside the cell are moved outside.

How do unsaturated phospholipid fatty acid tails affect plasma membrane fluidity? a. Less unsaturated fatty acids means less tightly packed phospholipids, resulting in less membrane fluidity. b. Less unsaturated fatty acids means more tightly packed phospholipids, resulting in greater membrane fluidity. c. More unsaturated fatty acids means more tightly packed phospholipids, resulting in less membrane fluidity. d. More unsaturated fatty acids means less tightly packed phospholipids, resulting in greater membrane fluidity.

d. More unsaturated fatty acids means less tightly packed phospholipids, resulting in greater membrane fluidity.

A nerve cell and a lymphocyte are presumed to differ in their a. specilaized structure b. suppressed genes and embryonic history c. genetic information d. a and b e. a and c

d. a and b

Which of the following molecules might change over time in a cancer cell? a. membrane glycolipids b. membrane glycoproteins c. glycocalyx sugars d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Mutations may be caused by a. X-rays b. certain chemicals c. radiation from ionizing radioisotopes d. all of these

d. all of these

The RNA synthesized on one of the DNA strands is a. mRNA b. tRNA c. rRna d. all of these answers

d. all of these answers

The movement of water across the plasma membrane can be described by all of the following EXCEPT ________. a. passive membrane transport. b. simple diffusion. c. facilitated diffusion through aquaporins. d. carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion.

d. carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion.

The solute-pumping type of active transport is accomplished by a. exocytosis b. phagocytosis c. electrical forces in the cell membrane d. changes in shape and position of carrier molecules in the plasma membrane

d. changes in shape and position of carrier molecules in the plasma membrane

Which of the following would NOT diffuse through the plasma membrane by means of simple diffusion? a. oxygen b. a lipid-soluble vitamin c. a steroid hormone d. glucose

d. glucose

__________ is a molecule that brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation. a. DNA b. rRNA c. mRNA d. t-RNA

d. t-RNA

The smallest unit capable of life by itself is a. the organ b. the organelle c. the tissue d. the cell

d. the cell

Which is not true of centrioles? a. they start to duplicate in G1 b. they lie in the centrosome c. they are made of microtubles d. they are membrane-walled barrels lying parallel to each other

d. they are membrane-walled barrels lying parallel to each other

Drugs called beta - blockers ___________

decrease heart rate and blood pressure

What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause?

decreased epiphyseal plate activity

Which of the following will NOT speed up the net rate of diffusion for glucose into a cell?

decreasing the number of phospholipids in the plasma membrane

In a tissue type that undergoes a relatively great deal of mechanical stress, like the tissue that lines the intestine, you would expect to see an abundance of__________between the individual cells of the tissue.

desmosomes

The myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue) undergoes a significant amount of physical stress due to its contractions. You would expect to see relatively large numbers of what embedded within their plasma membrane?

desmosomes

Which type of cell junction acts as anchors and distributes tension through a cellular sheet and reduces the chance of tearing when it is subjected to great mechanical stress? tight junctions connexons gap junctions desmosomes

desmosomes

In a tissue type that undergoes a relatively great deal of mechanical stress, like the tissue that lines the intestine, you would expect to see an abundance of ________ between the individual cells of the tissue. *

desosomes

The myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue) undergoes a significant amount of physical stress due to its contractions. You would expect to see relatively large numbers of which of the following embedded within their plasma membrane? *

desosomes

The parasympathetic tone _______

determines normal activity of the urinary tracts

Osmosis always involves a. a selectively permeable membrane b. a difference in solvent concentration c. diffusion d. active transport e. a, b, and c

e. a, b, and c

At what age do bones reach their peak density

early adulthood

Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell.

early prophase

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands?

eccrine and apocrine

Which type of memory is exemplified by a racing heartbeat upon hearing a rattlesnake nearby?

emotional

Site of synbthesis of lipis and steroid molecules

endoplasmic reticulmum

Which of the following neurotransmitters inhibits pain and is mimicked by morphine, heroin, and methadone?

endorphin

Secondary active transport

energy is obtained indirectly from ionic gradients created by primary active transport

Caveolae are closely associated with all of the following except ________.

enzymes involved in cell metabolism

Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood?

epiphyseal plate

A substance received or given off by your body will likely pass through which tissue type?

epithelial tissue

1. The skin receives a cut that penetrates into the dermis and bleeding begins. 2. Blood clotting occurs and stops the blood flow 3. Granulation tissue is formed 4. Fibroblasts elaborate connective tissue fibers to span the break 5. Macrophages engulf and clean away cellular debris 6. The wound retracts 7. Epithelial regeneration is nearly complete

events of tissue repair (8)

A vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents to the extracellular fluid. This statement describes _____.

exocytosis

In the maintenance of the cell resting membrane potential ________.

extracellular sodium levels are high

Some transport processes use transport proteins in the plasma membrane, but do not require ATP. This type of transport is known as _____.

facilitated diffusion

The majority of water molecules moving across plasma membranes by osmosis do so via a process that is most similar to ____.

facilitated diffusion

. In osmosis, movement of water occurs toward the solution with the lower solute concentration.

false

. In their resting state, all body cells exhibit a resting membrane potential ranging from -50 to about +50 millivolts.

false

. Most organelles are bounded by a membrane that is quite different in structure from the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane.

false

. Telomeres are the regions of chromosomes that code for the protein ubiquitin.

false

. The genetic information is coded in DNA by the regular alternation of sugar and phosphate molecules.

false

Aquaporins are believed to be present in red blood cells and kidney tubules, but not in any other cells in the body.

false

DNA transcription is another word for DNA replication.

false

Diffusion movement always occurs from areas of greater to areas of lesser concentration.

false

Facilitated diffusion always requires a carrier protein.

false

Microfilaments are thin strands of the contractile protein myosin.

false

The glycocalyx is often referred to as the "cell coat," which is somewhat fuzzy and sticky with numerous cholesterol chains sticking out from the surface of the cell membrane.

false

True/False A chemical that inhibits DNA synthesis has yet to be found in aging cells.

false

True/False Aquaporins are believed to be present in red blood cells and kidney tubules, but very few other cells in the body.

false

True/False Chromatin consists of DNA and RNA.

false

True/False DNA transcription is another word for DNA replication.

false

True/False Facilitated diffusion always requires a carrier protein.

false

True/False Hyperplasia generally means that an organ will increase in size due to the excessive formation of extracellular fluids.

false

True/False In osmosis, movement of water occurs toward the solution with the lower solute concentration.

false

True/False In their resting state, all body cells exhibit a resting membrane potential ranging from -50 to about +50 millivolts.

false

True/False Microfilaments are thin strands of the contractile protein myosin.

false

True/False Most organelles are bounded by a membrane that is quite different in structure from the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane.

false

True/False Pressure caused by gravity is necessary for any filtration pressure to occur in the body.

false

True/False Telomeres are the regions of chromosomes that code for the protein ubiquitin.

false

True/False The genetic information is coded in DNA by the regular alternation of sugar and phosphate molecules.

false

True/False The glycocalyx is often referred to as the "cell coat," which is somewhat fuzzy and sticky with numerous cholesterol chains sticking out from the surface of the cell membrane.

false

True/False The spindle is formed by the migration of the chromatin.

false

Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus functionally act in sequence to synthesize and modify proteins for secretory use (export) only, never for use by the cell. This statement is ________.

false; integral cell membrane proteins are also synthesized this way

Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus functionally act in sequence to synthesize and modify proteins for secretory use (export) only, never for use by the cell. This statement is ________. false; proteins thus manufactured are for use inside the cell only true false; lipids, not proteins, are synthesized this way false; integral cell membrane proteins are also synthesized this way

false; integral cell membrane proteins are also synthesized this way

True/False Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus functionally act in sequence to synthesize and modify proteins for secretory use (export) only, never for use by the cell. This statement is ________.

false; integral cell membrane proteins are also synthesized this way

Exhaustion of glycogen storage within a muscle fiber would have the biggest effect on ___

fast glycolytic fibers

A surgeon opens her patient by cutting the integument parallel to the cleavage lines of the dermis(tension lines). This will result in ________

faster healing of the skin and less scaring

Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of __________

fat

Connective tissue extracellular matrix is composed of ________

fibers and ground substance

True or False? Phospholipids provide the cell-specific functions of the plasma membrane.

flase, Proteins, not phospholipids, carry out most of the specific functions provided by the plasma membrane.

Which of the following is not a major function of proteins in the cell membrane?

forming the entire glycocalyx

What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior regions called?

frontal

There are three layers of neurons in the retina. The axons of which of these neuron layers form theoptic nerves?

ganglion cells

Exocytosis

gets rid of everything in the cell (waste)

Which of the following would NOT diffuse through the plasma membrane by means of simple diffusion?

glucose

Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and skeletal muscles in the form of _____

glycogen

Which of the following is not a factor that binds cells together?

glycolipids in the glycocalyx

Which of the following is not a factor that binds cells together? special membrane junctions glycoproteins in the glycocalyx wavy contours of the membranes of adjacent cells glycolipids in the glycocalyx

glycolipids in the glycocalyx

Which of the following would not be a constituent of a plasma membrane?

glycoproteins

Package proteins for insertion in the cell membrane or exocytosis

golgi apparatus

Paralysis of which of the following muscles would make an individual unable to flex the knee?

hamstring muscle

hypertonic solution

has higher osmolarity than inside cell, so water flows out of cell, resulting in cell shrinking

hypotonic solution

has lower osmolarity than inside cell, so water flows into cell, resulting in cell swelling

isotonic solution

has same osmolarity as inside the cell, so volume remains unchanged

Which of the following is NOT a function of lysosomes?

help in the formation of cell membranes

What sort of ion distributions are established and maintained by Na+-K+ pump activity? high Na+ concentration in the extracellular fluid; high K+ concentration in the cytoplasm high Na+ concentration in the cytoplasm; high K+ concentration in the extracellular fluid high Na+ and K+ concentrations in the extracellular fluid high Na+ and K+ concentrations in the cytoplasm

high Na+ concentration in the extracellular fluid; high K+ concentration in the cytoplasm: The Na+-K+ pump moves Na+ ions from the cytoplasm to the extracellular fluid while moving K+ ions in the opposite direction. This creates/maintains a higher concentration of Na+ in the extracellular fluid, and a higher concentration of K+ in cytoplasm. These concentration gradients are important in all cells. In excitable cells such as neurons and muscle fibers, these concentration gradients are used to generate electrical signals

Receptor mediated endocytosis

hormone binding to receptor

Choose which tissue type likely functions to add support to an organ

hyaline cartilage

In symphysis joints the articular surfaces of the bone are covered with ___________

hyaline cartilage

When DNA is replicated, it is necessary for the two strands to "unzip" temporarily. Choose whichbonding type is most appropriate for holding the strands together in this way

hydrogen bonding

What is the energy source used by the Na+-K+ pump during its normal operation? hydrolysis of ATP movement of ATP across the plasma membrane movement of K+ ions across the plasma membrane movement of Na+ ions across the plasma membrane

hydrolysis of ATP: Hydrolysis of ATP leads to phosphorylation of the pump. This leads to shape changes in the pump that ultimately transport Na+ and K+ against their respective concentration gradients. Without ATP hydrolysis, the pump cannot actively transport Na+ and K+.

Which of the following solutions contains the most solute?

hypertonic

Solutions with a higher concentration of solutes than the concentration inside the cell are: hypertonic. hypotonic. isotonic. hyperosmotic.

hypertonic.

pincytosis

importing a large number of water molecules or any liquid into the cell

Where in a typical eukaryotic cell would you expect to find genes?

in the DNA within the cell's nucleus

Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play littlerole in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?

in the axillary and anogenital area

In certain kinds of muscle cells, calcium ions are stored ________.

in the smooth ER

The first step in tissue repair involves ____________

inflammation

Which of the following is NOT a function of the CSF?

initiation of some nerve impulses

Which of the following is NOT a role of cell adhesion molecules: anchor cells to molecules in the extracellular space and to each other initiators of cell-to-cell signaling for muscle contraction transmitters of intracellular signals that direct cell migration, proliferation, and specialization mechanical sensors

initiators of cell-to-cell signaling for muscle contraction

Which of the structures will might serve as a membrane channel or carrier? peripheral protein glycolipid integral protein cholesterol

integral protein Membrane channels and carriers are composed of proteins embedded in the phospholipid membrane

Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through _________

interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates

Which of the following organs or structures would be found in the left iliac region?

intestines

Inborn or intrinsic reflexes are ________

involuntary yet may be modified by learned behavior

Autonomic dysreflexia ___________

involves uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons

Mitosis______.

is a division of the genetic material within the nucleus

Mitosis ________.

is division of the nucleus

cytokinesis

is the division of the cytoplasmic mass into two parts.

In general, to maintain homeostasis the relationship between our intracellular and extracellular fluids should be which of the following?

isotonic to each other

why to we use ATP as our main energy currency?

it is the last covalent bond which yields high energy levels (16 times more)

What is the key player in RMP?

k+

During vigorous exercise, there may be insufficient oxygen available to completely break downpyruvic acid for energy. As a result, the pyruvic acid is converted to ________.

lactic acid

Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate.

late prophase

Which of the following acts as the digestive system of the cell, breaking down materials?

lysosome

Site of enzymatic breakdown of phagocytized material.

lysosomes

Source of cell autolysis

lysosomes

Produced in the nucleus, this molecule specifies the exact sequence of amino acids of the protein to be made. *

mRNA

Translation

mRNA decoded to assemble polypeptide. Converts base sequence of nucleus acids into amino acid sequence of proteins. Involves mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.

Codon

mRNA has

Which of the following statements is correct regarding RNA

mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA i'll play a role in protein synthesis

phospholipids

main component of the cell membrane

The _______ is the main chewing muscle

masseter

Which nerve is compressed in carpal tunnel syndrome?

median

What is an inclusion, not an organelle?

melanin

Which of these is an inclusion, not an organelle? cilia lysosome melanin microtubule

melanin

Found in the cytoplasm, this structure specifies the exact sequence of amino acids of the protein to be made.

messenger RNA

What would not be a constituent of a plasma membrane?

messenger RNA

Which of the following would not be a constituent of a plasma membrane?

messenger RNA

Which of the following would not be a constituent of a plasma membrane? messenger RNA phospholipids glycoproteins glycolipids

messenger RNA

Chromosomes align on the spindle equator.

metaphase

Hollow cytoskeletal elements that act as organizers for the cytoskeleton.

microtubules

What structure would aid a cell in allowing more nutrients to be absorbed by the cell?

microvilli

Which of the following structures would aid a cell in allowing more nutrients to be absorbed by the cell?

microvilli

Which structures are fingerlike projections that greatly increase the absorbing surface of cells?

microvilli

Myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue) must rhythmically contract for a lifetime. This requires a considerable amount of energy production by the cells. You would expect to see a relatively high amount of which organelle in these cells?

mitochondria

Myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue) must rhythmically contract for a lifetime. This requires a considerable amount of energy production by the cells. You would expect to see a relatively high amount of which organelle in these cells? *

mitochondria

Produces ATP aerobically

mitochondrion

Golgi apparatus

modifies, concentrated, and packages proteins and lipids from rough ER

Which of the following is a function of a plasma membrane protein?

molecular transport through the membrane

Which of the following is a function of a plasma membrane protein? circulating antibody molecular transport through the membrane oxygen transport forms a lipid bilayer

molecular transport through the membrane

A primary active transport process is one in which __________.

molecules move through transport proteins that have been activated by ATP

Which of the following would be recruited later in muscle stimulation when contractile strength increases?

motor units with larger, less excitable neurons

Antiporters

move two molecules in opposite directions

Symporters

move two molecules in the same direction

Passive membrane transport processes include ________.

movement of a substance down its concentration gradient

Passive membrane transport processes include_____.

movement of a substance down its concentration gradient

Passive membrane transport processes include________.

movement of a substance down its concentration gradient

Which of the following best explains diffusion?

movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

osmosis

movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

The white matter if the spinal cord contains _________

myelinated and unmyelinatd nerve fibers

Which one of the following systems responds fastest to environmental stimuli?

nervous

If someone spills very hot coffee (200 0F) on their skin, they will likely perceive much pain. Which of the following receptor types is causing this sensation?

nociceptors

Which process in the above figure requires the input of energy by the cell? osmosis carrier mediated diffusion channel mediated diffusion simple diffusion none of the above

none of the above: All the processes are a form of diffusion, the movement of particles from high to low concentration. Such movement releases potential energy and therefore requires no input from the cell.

Which mechanism requires energy input by the cell in the form of ATP hydrolysis?

none of the mechanisms require energy input

Which mechanism requires energy input by the cell in the form of ATP hydrolysis? A B C none of the mechanisms require energy input

none of the mechanisms require energy input: All three mechanisms are forms of diffusion. Transport by diffusion of a molecule down its concentration gradient is a spontaneous process that requires no energy input.

Heart muscle cells would tend to separate without ______

ntercalated discs

Dense spherical bodies in the nucleus that are the synthesis site for ribosomal RNA.

nucleoli

Houses DNA and RNA.

nucleus

Which organelle is responsible for a newborn having distrinctive toes and fingers instead of webbed digits?

nucleus

Which of the following could not be seen as one looks into the eye with an ophthalmoscope?

optic chiasma

. The functions of centrioles include ________.

organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division

The functions of centrioles include ________.

organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division

The functions of centrioles include ___________

organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division

The functions of centrioles include________.

organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division

What would not be restricted (limited) by low levels of ATP?

osmosis

Which of the following would NOT be restricted (limited) by low levels of ATP?

osmosis

Which of the following would not be restricted (limited) by low levels of ATP?

osmosis

When an osteoblast becomes completely surrounded by its own matrix secretions it is referred to as an ________.

osteocyte

As sound levels increase in the spiral organ ________

outer hair cells stiffen the basilar membrane

The lungs deliver a regular supply of oxygen to the blood, which is in turn circulated to most all the cells of the body. At the same time oxygen is consumed during aerobic cellular respiration within these cells. This implies that ________.

oxygen will passively diffuse into the cells

The lungs deliver a regular supply of oxygen to the blood, which is in turn circulated to most all the cells of the body. At the same time oxygen is consumed during aerobic cellular respiration within these cells. This implies that ________. *

oxygen will passively diffuse into the cells

The lungs deliver a regular supply of oxygen to the blood, which is in turn circulated to most all the cells of the body. At the same time oxygen is consumed during aerobic cellular respiration within these cells. This implies that_______.

oxygen will passively diffuse into the cells

The "resting and digesting" division of the autonomic nervous system is the _____

parasympathetic division

A cell engulfing a relatively large particle will likely utilize ________.

phagocytosis

A cell engulfing a relatively large particle will likely utilize ________. *

phagocytosis

A cell engulfing a relatively large particle will likely utilize________.

phagocytosis

Which transport process is the main mechanism for the movement of most macromolecules by body cells?

phagocytosis

Which vesicular transport process occurs primarily in some white blood cells and macrophages?

phagocytosis

What part of a cell membrane is usually in contact with the interstitial fluid?

phosphate heads of phospholipids

Which of the following is a component of the plasma membrane that creates a chemical barrier between the inside and the outside of the cell?

phospholipids

Which of the following is the main component of the cell membrane?

phospholipids

If a cell is non-selectively engulfing of extracellular fluid, for example to absorb nutrients, it will likely utilze________.

pinocytosis

If a cell is non-selectively engulfing samples of extracellular fluid, for example to absorb nutrients,it will likely utilize ________

pinocytosis

If a cell is nonselectively engulfing samples of extracellular fluid, for example to absorb nutrients, it will likely utilize ________. *

pinocytosis

If active transport establishes a concentration gradient with the use of ATP, then the concentration gradient can be looked at as ________.

potential energy that can be harnessed when molecules passively diffuse down the concentration gradient

If active transport establishes a concentration gradient with the use of ATP, then the concentration gradient can be looked at as ________. *

potential energy that can be harnessed when molecules passively diffuse down the concentration gradient

If active transport establishes a concentration gradient with the use of ATP, then the concentration gradient can be looked at as________.

potential energy that can be harnessed when molecules passively diffuse down the concentration gradient

hydrostatic pressure

pressure of water inside cell pushing on membrane (blood pressure)

The sodium-potassium pump uses ATP to move sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This statement describes _____.

primary active transport

Mitosis ______.

produces nucleus replication

Which of the following is NOT a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

protein synthesis in conjunction with ribosomes

Which of the following is NOT a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? lipid metabolism and cholesterol synthesis protein synthesis in conjunction with ribosomes breakdown of stored glycogen to form free glucose steroid-based hormone synthesis

protein synthesis in conjunction with ribosomes

Cytoskeleton

proteins link rods to to other cells structures. -microfilaments -intermediate filaments -microtubles

What is the major function of the axial skeleton

provide central support for the body an protect the internal organs

The glycolipids and glycoproteins that form the gycocalyx serve which of the following cellular functions? serve as enzymes for extracelluar chemical reactions act as hormone molecules upon release from the cell surface provide signals for recognition by other cells form channels for the transport of monosaccharides

provide signals for recognition by other cells

The most powerful muscle in the body is the _________

quadriceps femori

If a cell is selectively reducing the concentration of a particular enzyme in the extracellular fluid it will likely utilize ________. *

receptor-mediated endocytosis

If a cell is selectively reducing the concentration of particular enzymes in the extracellular fluid it will likely utilize_______.

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Some hormones enter cells via ________.

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Some hormones enter cells via________.

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Which transport process is the main mechanism for the movement of most macromolecules by body cells?

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Which transport process is the main mechanism for the movement of most macromolecules by body cells? secondary active transport phagocytosis pinocytosis receptor-mediated endocytosis

receptor-mediated endocytosis

. Which of the following does not serve as a signal for cell division?

repressor genes

Forms part of the protein synthesis site in the cytoplasm.

ribosomal RNA

May be attached to the ER or scattered in the cytoplasm.

ribosomal RNA

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major components of a typical eukaryotic cell?

ribosome

The actual site of protein synthesis.

ribosomes

Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins?

ribosomes

The suture that connects the two parietal bone together is the _________

sagittal

Which of the following is an abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column often seen in the thoracic region?

scoliosis

Which of the following is a characteristic of the cell membrane?

semipermeable

Nerve impulses leading to the brain carry information about cool temperatures on the skin. Thenerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?

sensory (afferent) division

You observe a small, nonpolar molecule near a membrane. How would this molecule likely transport across the membrane?

simple diffusion

The movement of water across the plasma membrane can be described by which of the following? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY) *

simple diffusion passive membrane transport osmosis facilitated diffusion through aquaporins

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis contain protein and rRNA

The arrector pili muscle's predominate, useful function in humans is to _________

siting in the release sebum from nearby sebaceous glands

Reduction in blood flow to a muscle fiber would have the greatest effect on __________

slow oxidative fibers

Which of the following is least likely to increase the rate of diffusion?

small concentration gradient

Which of the following organelles is correctly paired with its function?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum: metabolism of lipids

Which tissue in the wall of the uterus is required for labor contractions

smooth muscle

A type of transport protein found in the plasma membrane of cells lining the inside of the intestineallows sodium ions to diffuse down their concentration gradient. The ions move through thetransport protein, and into the cell. These transport proteins will use the kinetic energy of thediffusing sodium ions to bring glucose into the cells as well. Which of the following would stoptransport of glucose through this transport protein?

stopping the activity of the sodium potassium pump

Visual inputs to the ________ serve to synchronize biorhythms with natural light and dark

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A red blood cell placed in pure water (100% water) would ________.

swell and burst

A red blood cell placed in pure water would _______

swell and burst

A red blood cell placed in pure water would ________.

swell and burst

A red blood cell placed in pure water would ________. neither shrink nor swell swell initially, then shrink as equilibrium is reached swell and burst shrink

swell and burst

A red blood cell placed in pure water would________.

swell and burst

____________ is a molecule that brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation.

t-RNA

The RNA responsible for bringing that amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis is called the

tRNA

The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the "factory" site for protein formation is the ________.

tRNA

The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the ribosome for protein formation is ________.

tRNA

The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the ribosome for protein formation is __________.

tRNA

The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the ribosomes for protein formation is ________.

tRNA

Ribosome

tRNA bring amino acid to the

Anti-codon

tRNA has

Translation

tRNA transfer amino acids during

DNA replication ________.

takes place during interphase of the cell cycle

. In which stage of mitosis do the identical sets of chromosomes uncoil and resume their chromatin form?

telophase

Chromosomes decoil to form chromatin.

telophase

In which stage of mitosis do the identical sets of chromosomes uncoil and resume their chromatin form?

telophase

osmotic pressure

tendency of water to move into cell by osmosis (when you sprain your ankle, swelling of the ankle)

The Fluid Mosaic Model is a

that the cell membrane is a double bilayer of lipids with imbedded, dispersed proteins

tonicity

the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

In a patient with severely burned skin, the damaged cells that have lost fluid cannot be properly rehydrated because_________.

the absence of selective permeability allows water molecules that enter these damaged cells to also leave the cytoplasm

Which of the following events might the solid arrow at the bottom of B represent? the transport of specific chemical messengers into the cell the movement of a specific protein from the membrane to the cytoplasm the conversion of a chemical messenger molecule into a specific product the activation of specific cytoplasmic enzymes

the activation of specific cytoplasmic enzymes: Once activated by the binding of a specific chemical messenger, such as a hormone, the receptor initiates cellular responses by activating specific signal transduction pathways. These pathways include the activation of enzymes, such as kinases, that lead to specific cellular responses.

Which of the following is a true statement

the annular ligament surrounds the head of the radius

Babies with Tay-Sachs disease cannot be treated by injecting the missing enzyme into their blood because_________.

the enzyme functions only in lysosomes and not in the blood

Which of the following muscles is involved in producing horizontal wrinkles in the forehead?

the frontal belly of the epicranius

If a motor neuron in the body were stimulated by an electrode placed about midpoint along thelength of the axon _____

the impulse would spread bidirectionally

The glenohumeral joint that articulates the humerus to the pectoral girdle is a highly mobile joint. This mobility comes at a cost because ____

the joint is relatively unstable and can easily dislocate

Which part of the vertebral column receives the most stress by bearing most of the weight of the body

the lumbar region

A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________

the membrane potential had ben reestablished

Extracellular matrix is ________.

the most abundant extracellular material

facilitated diffusion

the movement of a substance from high to low concentration through the presence of a helper molecule (usually the helper molecule is a protein channel)

The names of muscles often indicate the action of the muscle. What does the term levator mean?

the muscle elevates

The plasma membrane is ________.

the phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell

Which of the following describes the plasma membrane?

the phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell

Which of the following describes the plasma membrane? a single-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell a membrane composed of tiny shelves or cristae a double layer of protein enclosing the plasma the phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell

the phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell

The best example of an interosseous fibrous joint is________

the radius and ulna along its length

The axial skeleton includes _________

the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

. In certain kinds of muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in ________.

the smooth ER

In certain kinds of muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in ________.

the smooth ER

In certain kinds of muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in ________. the smooth ER the cytoplasm the rough ER both smooth and rough ER

the smooth ER

In certain kinds of muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in_______.

the smooth ER

cell

the structural and functional unit of an organism

Wolff's law is concerned with ___________

the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent in stresses places upon it

This figure illustrates which of the following descriptions? the use of a sodium concentration gradient to power the pumping of glucose into the cell the reaction between sodium and glucose catalyzed by a membrane-bound enzyme the use of the energy derived from the breakdown of glucose to power the sodium-potassium pump the facilitated diffusion of both sodium and glucose through the same carrier protein

the use of a sodium concentration gradient to power the pumping of glucose into the cell: The sodium ion gradient is generated by the Na+-K+ pump at the left. Diffusion of sodium ions through the Na+-glucose symport (shown at the right) provides the energy necessary to actively transport glucose into the cell. Such a mechanism is used by intestinal cells (to absorb nutrients) and kidney cells (to recover glucose from urine prior to excretion).

Alhough all the anatomical parts of muscle work together to give it it's characteristics, which of thefollowing proteins listed below would be most associated with the characteristics of contractility?

thick (myosin) filaments

Which sympathetic fibers form a splanchnic nerve?

those that pass through the trunk ganglion to synapse in collateral or pre vertebral ganglia

what are 3 types of cell junctions?

tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions

How is the energy from ATP used most directly in the illustrated processes? to transport glucose across the membrane to power a chemical reaction between sodium and potassium to generate a sodium concentration gradient to power a chemical reaction between sodium and glucose

to generate a sodium concentration gradient: The energy from ATP hydrolysis is used to transport sodium and potassium ions across the membrane and thereby establish concentration gradients for each of those ions

Which of the following best describes why cells need active transport mechanisms? to move solutes against their concentration gradients to move solutes across the plasma membrane to move solutes that cannot be transported by facilitated diffusion to move solutes down their concentration gradients

to move solutes against their concentration gradients: Active transport allows the cell to move solutes against their concentration gradient. This cannot be accomplished by passive processes such as simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion. The importance of active transport is evident in the amount of energy cells dedicated to these processes. For example, the Na+-K+ pump can use up to 40 percent of the ATP produced by a resting cell.

What process allows for the production of molecule B from a template consisting of molecule A?

transcription

What are the two basic steps of polypeptide synthesis?

transcription and translation.

Act as "interpreter" molecules that recognize specific amino acids and nucleotide base sequences.

transfer RNA

Transcytosis is ________.

transporting an endosome from one side of a cell to the other and releasing the contents by exocytosis

Endocytosis

transports into the cell bringing something large into the cell

. Apoptosis is programmed cell suicide; cancer cells do not undergo this process.

true

. Each daughter cell resulting from mitotic cell division has exactly as many chromosomes as the parent cell.

true

. Interstitial fluid represents one type of extracellular material.

true

. Lipid rafts, found in the cell outer membrane surface, are concentrating platforms for certain receptor molecules or for protein molecules needed for cell signaling..

true

. Microtubules are hollow tubes made of subunits of the protein tubulin.

true

Cholesterol helps to stabilize the cell membrane while decreasing the mobility of the phospholipids.

true

Concentration differences cause ionic imbalances that polarize the cell membrane, and active transport processes

true

Final preparation for cell division is made during the cell life cycle subphase called G2

true

Introns represent a genome scrap yard that provides DNA segments for genome evolution and a variety of small RNA molecules.

true

Nitric oxide is known to be the first gas to act as a biological messenger.

true

The orderly sequence of the phases of mitosis is prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

true

The speed of individual particle diffusion is influenced by temperature and particle size, not by concentration.

true

There is only one cell type in the human body that has a flagellum.

true

True/False A process by which large particles may be taken into the cell for food, protection of the body, or for disposing of old or dead cells is called phagocytosis.

true

True/False Apoptosis is programmed cell suicide, but cancer cells fail to undergo apoptosis.

true

True/False Diffusion is always from areas of greater to areas of lesser concentration.

true

True/False Each daughter cell resulting from mitotic cell division has exactly as many chromosomes as the parent cell.

true

True/False Final preparation for cell division is made during the cell life cycle subphase called G2.

true

True/False Interstitial fluid represents one type of extracellular material.

true

True/False Microtubules are hollow tubes made of subunits of the protein tubulin.

true

True/False Nitric oxide may act as a biological messenger.

true

True/False Only one cell type in the human body has a flagellum.

true

True/False The cell (plasma) membrane normally contains substantial amounts of cholesterol.

true

True/False The orderly sequence of the phases of mitosis is prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

true

Endoplasmic Reticulum

two types: rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Striking the "funny bone" is actually stimulation of (or injury to) the _______

ulnar nerve

Which statements best describes connective tissue

usually contains a large amount of matrix

The main component of the cytosol is ________.

water

The main component of the cytosol is______.

water