[CENAGE] Psych100 unit 5 test

Solomon Asch's classic experiments on conformity were considered groundbreaking. Which of the following was the main reason it was viewed as such?

It was a dramatic demonstration of humans' tendency to conform.

When a person experiences cognitive dissonance, what accompanying emotional state do people experience?

Unpleasant state of tension

Personality is

an individual's unique set of consistent behavioral traits.

Harry Harlow's classic experiment with rhesus monkeys revealed that the infant monkeys had a stronger attachment to mothers made of

cloth.

Jean Piaget developed a stage theory focusing on the development of

cognition.

The stage where cell division becomes more organized is the

embryonic.

The external event that causes the highest risk of stillbirths is

stressful situations.

Which dimension was given prominence in Eysenck's personality theory?

Introversion-extraversion

Which of the following is true of physical attractiveness?

It is a key determinant of romantic attraction.

Decades of research on the determinants of the Big Five personality traits suggest that the heritability of each trait is approximately:

50%.

Which of the following statements about attachment is true?

A child's first important attachment is with their main caregiver.

Apply Festinger's dissonance theory to the following scenario. A group of students are all in favor of legalizing marijuana. Which student is most likely to change their opinion about the legalization of marijuana?

A student who writes a paper in opposition of legalization as a favor to a friend

If a psychology student surveyed all of the dating and married couples they knew, they would likely find that:

In most couples, the partners are similar in more ways than they are different.

A culinary teacher wants to start offering classes for children. However, he needs his students to understand that the ingredients will maintain their quantities in different forms and for them to be able to focus on multiple aspects of a recipe simultaneously. What age group should he offer the class to?

Ages seven to eleven

Twin study findings indicate that identical twins are much more similar than fraternal twins in which of the following Big Five personality traits?

All of the Big Five personality traits

According to psychoanalytic theory, what does the defense mechanism of projection involve?

Attributing one's own feelings, thoughts, or motives to another person

During the germinal stage, where does the zygote become implanted?

In the uterine wall

According to Leon Festinger's dissonance theory, what drives attitude change?

Inconsistency among one's attitudes

Why is the embryonic stage a period of great vulnerability?

Basic physiological structures are being formed.

A researcher argues that personality is a collection of response tendencies that are tied to various stimulus situations. What approach to personality is the researcher representing?

Behaviorism

In Solomon Asch's classic experiments on conformity, as group size increased, tendency to conform

Increased

What does the concept of "attachment" refer to?

Close emotional bonds between infants and caregivers

At what stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development can children begin to coordinate several aspects of a problem and handle hierarchical classification?

Concrete operational period

Consider Kohlberg's moral dilemma: a woman was dying from cancer, but a new drug might save her. The druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost, which the woman's husband could not pay. He begged the druggist to sell it cheaper or let him pay later, but he refused. In desperation, the husband broke into the man's store to steal the drug. Which answer would a child at the preconventional level likely provide?

He should not have done that because now he will go to jail.

Attitude alignment occurs when:

Dating partners modify their attitudes to be more congruent.

During which prenatal stage do structures such as the heart, spine, and brain begin to emerge?

Embryonic

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, during which period do thought processes gradually become more systematic, logical, and reflective?

Formal operation

Narcissism was conceptualized over a century ago by

Freud and Ellis.

In Solomon Asch's classic experiments on conformity, what factor did he find to influence the likelihood of conformity?

Group size

Which psychologist(s) argued that babies are biologically programmed to emit behavior that triggers an affectionate, protective response from adults?

John Bowlby

When looking at the stage theories, the theorist whose theory works only in the western world is

Kohlberg.

Research has shown that youngsters make age-related progress through Kohlberg's stages as he proposed, although many individuals show mixtures of moral reasoning. Which progression of moral reasoning is most likely?

Naïve reward orientation, authority orientation, social contract orientation

Which concept is associated with the sensorimotor period of Piaget's stage theory of cognitive development?

Object permanence

Which of the following is true regarding the peripheral route to attitude change?

People depend on non-message factors such as attractiveness or emotional responses

Which of the following concepts do reciprocity effects suggest?

People tend to like others who show that they like them.

Observers tend to attribute actors' behavior to which type of factors?

Personal

According to psychoanalytic theory, during which stage of psychosexual development does the Oedipal crisis take place?

Phallic

he id operates according to

Pleasure principle

On the first day of school, Mark invites a couple of kids he doesn't know to sit with him for lunch. At the end of the lunch, Mark asks if they would like to sit together tomorrow, and everyone agrees. Because this went so well, Mark is now more likely to invite other students to sit with him at lunch. Which of the following does this example represent?

Positive reinforcement

At what stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development do children determine what is right and what is wrong based on what is punished or rewarded?

Preconventional level

According to Freud, what is the most basic and widely used defense mechanism?

Repression

What is the highest need in Maslow's motivational hierarchy?

Self-actualization

Chad and Jeremy have a friendly rivalry brewing. They've been trying to see who can be more outgoing, upbeat, sociable, and assertive in their dealings with others. What prize would you award to whomever wins this contest?

The Extraversion Endowment

Which of the following is NOT a common misconception about Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

The highest need in Maslow's hierarchy is the need for self-actualization.

Freud's psychoanalytic theory would be LEAST concerned with which of the following explanations of personality?

The similarity of two siblings' personalities

In Festinger and Carlsmith's classic experiment on cognitive dissonance, which group of subjects stated that they had the most favorable attitude towards the dull task?

The subjects paid $1 to lie.

Taking all of the available evidence into account, which conclusion regarding personality and culture is warranted?

The trait structure of personality is universal.

Which of the following make it MORE likely that people will rely on the central route to consider an issue ?

They feel an issue is important.

In Freud's comparison of the mind to an iceberg, which of the following is represented by the huge mass far below the surface?

Unconscious

Imagine you are at a restaurant with a group of friends and everyone orders the same dish. Of the following reasons for you also ordering that dish, which would be considered an act of conformity?

You don't want to be teased for choosing something different.

Which hypothesis suggests that people of approximately equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other as partners?

attractiveness

According to Erikson, this period is when a child can develop a sense of accomplishment or shame and doubt is described as

autonomy vs shame and doubt.

According to the elaboration likelihood model, which route to persuasion leads to more durable attitude change?

central

Many maternal illnesses can be kept from the baby but one of the illnesses that can not be screened through the placenta is

chicken pox.

Bandura's social cognitive theory combines the branches of psychology of

cognitive and behavioral.

Development progresses through the ages of

conception to death.

When a husband is angry with his wife, but he doesn't want to fight with her he might go to work and verbally attack someone who didn't deserve it. This is called

displacement.

In operant conditioning, _______ occurs when a previously reinforced response declines in strength because it no longer leads to reinforcement.

extinction

Fred and Ted are identical twins who were raised separately in different homes. Fred and Ted's scores on the Big Five personality traits are very similar. This information could be used as evidence to suggest that:

genetic factors are more influential than environmental factors in molding personality.

There are three stages of prenatal development which are

germinal, embryonic, and fetal.

Some theorists believe that extraversion

grows higher when women and men are more attractive and men are stronger.

A low birth weight can affect an adult decades later through

heart disease.

The first area of the brain where Alzheimer's can be detected is the

hippocampal region.

the component of personality structure that is instinctive and that houses the raw biological urges to eat, sleep, defecate, copulate, and so on.

id

Erikson believed that children who are six years of age or older benefit from being able to get along with others outside their own environment which he labeled

industry vs inferiority.

Freud's theory on anxiety and defense mechanisms suggest that

internal battles can result in anxiety and the only way to fight the anxiety is with defense mechanism.

Maria recently moved into a safe area where there is little crime, and she has received a promotion that allows her to be financially stable. Maria now finds herself thinking about finding a partner and having a family. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Maria is most likely motivated by:

love and belongingness needs.

Kohlberg's Stage Development Theory is concerned with

morality.

The fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency of

observers to favor internal attributions in explaining the behavior of others.

prenatal development

period of development from conception until birth

George lives in a warzone, and it is very dangerous for him to leave his house. Despite the danger, George goes out every day and walks to the market to buy food for his family. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, George is likely motivated by:

physiological needs.

Maslow's theory of hierarchy begins with the need for

physiological needs.

Operant conditioning is done when a therapist

places a bowl with a spider in it next to a patient that's afraid of spiders.

According to Kohlberg's theory, which level of moral development becomes more common during adolescence?

postconventional

Jenny is missing her ex. She is dating again, but she always calls her new partner by the old partner's name. This is considered a Freudian Slip which comes for the awareness of

preconscious.

Someone who is suffering from schizophrenia could have gone through

prenatal malnutrition.

the ego operates according to

reality principle

Self-esteem serves a terror management function because

self-esteem gives a person the feeling they are doing the right thing in their world view which keeps the fear of inevitable death under control.

Mary, George, and Sally all are full siblings who grew up in the same family environment. Each of the sibling's scores on the Big Five personality traits is very different. For example, Mary scores high in extraversion and George scores low in extraversion. This information is consistent with the conclusion that:

shared family environment has little influence over individuals' personalities.

The stage from two months after conception until birth is called

the fetal stage.

As you drive through a road construction site, you notice several workers relaxing under a tree. If you made the fundamental attribution error, you would probably infer that:

the workers are probably lazy.

The elaboration likelihood model asserts that:

there are two basic routes through which attitude change can occur as a result of persuasive efforts.

Piaget thought that children who talked to themselves were being egocentric while Vygotsky felt that children that talked to themselves

were trying to solve problems and learn.