CEP Final

Explain the Dose-Response relationship between a therapeutic effect of a drug and a toxic effect of a drug.

All effects-both desired and unwanted-are related to the amount of drug administered. A small concentration of drug may have one effect, whereas a larger dose may create a greater effect it different effect entirely.

There is a general consensus among professionals regarding the criteria that defines an individual as an alcoholic.

False

True or False: Drug interactions do not take place with prescription drugs and herbal supplements.

False, because herbs are commonly interacting with both prescription and nonprescription drugs. For examples herb used to treat colds is often used to slow the metabolism of caffeine.

Which hallucinogen is listed as a "club drug"? What are some of the adverse effects of chronic use of this drug?

Ketamine: Used in younger people, everyone who uses it uses it with other stuff almost.

Which drug(s) is/are considered to be "prototypical hallucinogens"? What are some examples of these substances? Prototype...means the first

LSD like drugs; peyote cactus, psilocybin from mushrooms, dimethyltryptamine, and myristicin.

True or False: A family that involves an alcoholic member can collectively be suffering from PTSD.

True

True or False: LSD has not been proven to cause substantial damage to chromosomes when used by men

True

Cannabinoids

cannabis dronalbinol

CNS

central nervous system

what is CNS

central nervous system: brain and spinal cord

Opioids

codeine fentanyl heroin methadone morphine opium tramadol

Select the correct statement concerning the "designer amphetamines."

compared to MDA, MDMA has more psychedelic and less stimulant activity

drugs are scheduled by

degree of abuse potential and clinical use

Which of the following is a severe form of alcohol withdrawal that involves hallucinations, delirium, and can potentially even be life threatening?

delirium tremens

Cross-dependence:

dependence of a drug can be relieved by other similar drugs

Cross-tolerance:

development of tolerance to one drug causes tolerance to related drugs.

labeling theory

emphasizing that other people perceptions directly influence ones self image

__________ are neuropeptide hormones in your body that also acts a neurotransmitters, and cause feelings of euphoria, well-being, and a decrease in pain signals

endorphins

Reverse tolerance:

enhanced response to a given drug dose, opposite of tolerance

Explain how set and setting can influence the effects of a substance on an individual.

expectations of drug effects and the physical environment where drug is consumed

Risks factors of drug abuse:

family history, abuse, mental issues

The recurrence of an earlier drug-induced sensory experience in the absence of the drug is called:

flashback

structural influence theory

how elements in the organization of a society, group or subculture affect the motivation and resulting in drug use behavior (recreational use)

List and describe the different types of drug interactions that can take place

i.) Additive Interactions-summation of effects of drugs taken concurrently. ii.) Antagonistic interaction- occur when one drug cancels or blocks the effect of another drug iii.) Synergism- ability of one drug to enhance the effect of another, also called potentiation.

what way do drugs affect neurotransmitters

inhibitory and excitatory

which system in CNS is associated with reward centers?

limbic system- dopamine rewarding center

Which drug is a hormone that causes sleep?

melatonin

Men vs. Women are drug abuse

men are more likely to use illicit drugs

Depressants

methaqualone ghb pentobarbital temazepam alprazolam chloardiazepoxide flunitrzepam zolpidem

The Marijuana Tax Act classified marijuana incorrectly as a(n):

narcotic

___________ refers to the chemical messengers released by the neurons for communication with other cells

neurotransmitters

True or False: LSD has carcinogenic and mutagenic effects.

FALSE

What is one of the most critical components in determining a treatment plan for an individual experiencing addiction?

***It is essential to match treatment with the needs of the client.

Describe how adolescent drug abuse patterns differ from those of adults, and list at least two factors that may contribute to adolescents from higher socio-economic backgrounds becoming drug abusers.

-Most kids during psychosocial development do not develop problematic drug dependence -Lack coping skills, have dysfunctional families, and poor self image -Peer drug use **correlation with strong family bonds and non-drug using peer groups

What factors encourage drug abuse by athletes, which drugs typically get abused by athletes, and what are the main effects/side effects of steroids?

-Not more likely than others, but more likely than other subcultures -Performance enhancing: cocaine/steroids/human growth hormones -It increases body mass, risk of liver disorder, angry

What are some of the most commonly prescribed groups of drugs? Of these, which tend to get abused more frequently? Be specific and give examples.

-analgesics -antibiotics -antidepressants -anti diabetic drugs

process for drugs to be marketing

-preclinical research -clinical research -initial clinical stage -clinical pharmacological evaluation -extended clinical evaluation to market

True or False: Drugs are assigned into classes based on how easy it is to access them

FALSE

2. Describe some of the sensory and psychological effects caused by hallucinogens/psychedelics:

1.Heightened, exaggerated senses- Hallucinations, hearing sounds (synesthesia- taste color and hear joy) 2.Loss control- You cannot be in control of whether you have a good or bad trip 3. Self-reflection-Aware of hidden thoughts and feelings, (flashbacks: experience bad trip not on drug) 4. Loss of identity-sense of cosmic merging- loss of separate identity

List and briefly describe the physiological variables that play a role in the effects a drug produce.

Age: changes in body size and make up occur throughout the aging process, from infancy to old age. Changes in the rate of absorption, biotransformation, and elimination also arise Gender: variations in drug responses due to gender usually relate to difference in body size, composition, or hormones. Pregnancy: during the course of pregnancy, unique factors must be considered when administering drugs. Physiology go the mother changes as the fetus develops and outs addition stress on organ systems.

Differentiate between acute and chronic response factors.

Acute responses are immediate or short-term effects after taking a single drug dose, while chronic responses have long-term effects, usually after taking multiple drug doses.

Addiction vs Dependence

Addition is end state of dependence

Which population is identified as being the most common abuser of inhalants? Why do you think this is?

Adolescents, monkey see monkey do.

Describe an alternative approach to drug use. What is the general goal of these types of approaches?

An approach emphasizing the exploration of positive alternatives to drug abuse, based on replacing the pleasurable feelings experienced from drug use with involvement in social and educational activities. Examples include athletics, exercise, hiking, cultivating hobbies, mountain climbing, and getting involved in other physically or mentally challenging alternatives.

How does fat solubility affect drug metabolization?

Barbiturates that are the most fat soluble move in and out of body tissue rapidly and more likely to be shorting acting. Fat soluble barbiturates also are more likely to be stored in fatty tissue, so the fat content of the body can influence the effects on the user. Women have higher body fat, so their reaction to barbiturates may be slightly different.

What is a prevalent diagnostic tool used to assess addiction? Describe this tool's usefulness.

Behavioral therapies are the most commonly used forms of drug abuse treatment.

How are benzodiazepines most commonly used?

Benzodiazepine is most commonly used for sleep and anxiety. They have replaced barbiturate-like drugs for use as sedatives and hypnotics.

Define polydrug use, and explain this concept relates to alcohol consumption:

CNS depressants. Alcohol abusers use it for the effects on the combination of both.

What are some of the most commonly used herbal products? In your response, address: a) the claim of the product's ability and how it's commonly used, b) the products general effectiveness, and c) concerns associated with the product.

Churna: Fine powder of the medicine. Ghrita: Ghrita or Ghee is obtained by heating butter at high temperature and it is almost anhydrous milk fat. Kvatha: Kvatha is a liquid prepared by boiling a herbal drug in water till one fourth of water remains and filtered. Lepa: Local application of paste of the medicine. Malahara: Semisolid preparation containing a medicine for external application. Taila Oil: extracted from seeds of the plants

What is the effect called that can occur when (e.g.) a person who is addicted to cocaine goes on a drug "binge"? Explain this effect.

Cumulative effect, which is when there is a buildup of drugs in the body after multiple doses are taken in short intervals of time. So the person has "binged" used the drug for multiple uses in a shorter time period.

Psychedelics-

DMT LSD Mescaline DOM DPT psilocybin

Alcohol is a _____________, meaning that depresses thought and judgement functions, allowing for relatively unrestrained behavior.

Disinhibitor

Alcohol as a social lubricant:

Drinking is misconceived and safely promoting conviviality and social interaction and as an activity that bolsters confidence by representing inhibitions and strengthening extroversion.

Briefly describe Family Systems Theory-what concepts are used to address alcoholism in the family unit?

Each family acts as a unit. Focused on the disturbed communication patterns within families and the process by which the family throws up a scape goat, often in the form of a child who is presented as the "identified patient." Family is a system and should be viewed not as disconnected people living together, but rather people who affect one another and play certain roles.

According to the text, what constitutes binge drinking for men and women?

For women 4 or more drink during single occasions, and men 5 or more drinks during a single occasion. Single occasion as in one "setting/day."

How can hereditary factors influence substance abuse?

Hereditary factors predispose some people to drug abuse, and the interaction of genetic vulnerability with high-risk environments.

Illicit (illegal) drugs

Heroin Cocaine Methamphetamine Crack cocaine LSD Ecstasy Mushrooms PCP

INCORRECT on "sudden sniffing death syndrome

It only occurs after stimulant inhalation

Describe the relationship between and rates of substance use/dependence and each of the following factors:

Level of Education: rates of illicit drug or alcohol dependence or abuse among adults age 26 and up were not associated with levels of educational attainment Gender:before.... males was greater prevalence. since 2013 rates of substance abuse among males was similar to the rates of females. Employment: A higher percent of unemployed adults were classified as dependent or abusers. (U.S.) Geography: drug or alcohol dependence was similar in large and small metropolitan areas, but HIGHER than nonmetropolitan

What did the survey cited in the book find was the strongest predictor for binge drinking on college campuses?

Living in a sorority or fraternity house: 80% of sorority girls binge drink, and 86% of frat boys are binge drinkers.

Empathogens-

MDA MDMA Mephedrone Methylone

Which of the following hallucinogens is not considered to be LSD?

MDMA

Antibiotics, although having a wide margin of safety, are not approved as an OTC medication-Why is this?

More likely to be abused my members of the general public who become dependent due to self medication

Describe what the authors mean when they state that "Alcoholism is a disease of the family."

Not only is there a significant genetic component that is passed by generations, but the drinking problems of a single family member affect the other family members.

Dissociatives- psychedelics

PCP ketamine methoxetamine

Which hallucinogen is widely considered as the most dangerous? Why?

PCP, because it was developed to be a anesthesia but that's not why they use it. You can't really feel pain. 30 different variations of PCP, so it could really be anything. "I think I am God."

Explain the concept of alcohol being viewed as a social lubricant.

People view drinking as a use for social interactions to boost confidence and pulls people out of their shell. To have more fun and act more out going in social situations. misconceived as safe****

What are the levels of drug prevention and what are the associated factors within each level?

Primary prevention: -intrapersonal factors -small group factors -systems level Secondary prevention: -intervening in early abuse Tertiary Prevention: -intervening in advanced abuse

What is the psychoactive substance commonly referred to as "magic mushrooms"? What other substances is this similar to in terms of the hallucinogenic effects often experienced when consumed?

Psilocybin.... PCP, Ketamine, Marijuana, Dextromethorphan

Psychedelics and similar drugs can potentially induce psychosis-like symptoms similar to schizophrenia. What term describes this phenomenon? What is the term for the substances that produce this phenomenon? (*Hint: these terms are described as being used interchangeably in the text)

Psychomimetic and Psychotogenic.

Explain in your own words what the function is of the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act:

Requires group health insurance plans (involving greater than 50 insured employees) that offer coverage for mental illness and substance use disorders to provide those benefits in a no more restrictive manner than all other medical/surgical procedures covered by the plan.

What mental health diagnosis has symptoms that are similar to the effects produced by LSD?

Schizophrenia

True or False: Binge drinking is considered substance abuse.

TRUE

True or False: Schedule 2 drugs have higher abuse potential than schedule 4 drugs

TRUE

List and describe current, large-scale prevention programs.

The BACCHUS Education Network: An organization often found on college and university campuses. Focuses on promoting and disseminating research and effective strategies to help campuses and communities address health and safety issues, primarily alcohol abuse, sexual responsibility, tobacco use, marijuana use, and sexual assault. D.A.R.E. (Drug Abuse Resistance Education): School-based drug education programs by law enforcement officials. Drug courts: Courts designed to focus on treatment programs and options instead of simply incarcerating (jailing) drug offenders. Judges share power with defense counsel, prosecutors, treatment providers, and law enforcement officers at staff meetings in rendering verdicts (decisions) on drug charges.

How could you use the model proposed by Prochaska and DiClemente to predict one's potential response to treatment and to identify areas to be targeted for intervention? What is this model called?

The Stages of Change: -Precontemplation (Not yet acknowledging that there is a problem behavior that needs to be changed) -Contemplation (Acknowledging that there is a problem but not yet ready or sure of wanting to make a change) -Preparation/Determination (Getting ready to change) -Action/Willpower (Changing behavior) -Maintenance (Maintaining the behavior change) and -Relapse (Returning to older behaviors and abandoning the new changes)

What role does PTSD play within the alcoholic family?

The alcoholic family is injured, traumatized, and often in debt, and also suffering from PTSD. Grief, loss, and pain are present within the family of an alcoholic.

Alcohol and polydrug use:

The common practice of taking alcohol concurrently with other drugs. Reasons: Alcohol enhances properties of other CNS depressants.

Alcohol as a disinhibitor:

The depression of the cerebral cortex functions. Also interferes with motor activity, reflexes, and coordination.

What are listed as the diagnostic criteria, outlined in the DSM-5, for CNS dependence to be considered a psychiatric disorder?

The drugs are taken in larger amounts or over longer period of intended time. There is a persistent desire to or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control sedatives. Great deal of time invested in getting sedative. Important activities are disrupted to maintain drug use. Tolerance and withdrawal symptoms show. Person still continues drugs despite knowledge of disruption.

Describe the relationship between the margin of safety of a drug and the amount of a drug given.

The larger the margin of safety, the less likely that serious adverse side effects will occur when using the drug to treat medical problems or even when abusing it. Drugs with relative margins of safety, such as heroin or cocaine, have a very high rate of serious reactions in populations who abuse these substances. Unfortunately most effective drugs are potentially dangerous if the does are high enough, if they are used recklessly, or if they are used by persons who are especially vulnerable to their adverse effects.

Comorbidity

The presence of one of more diagnoses. When this is present the person is more likely to engage in drug abuse.

How are benzos typically distinguished? (*There are ~15 used in the U.S., so think about what might affect which ones are chosen)

They are distinguished by their duration of action. As a rule, the short acting drugs are used as hypnotics to treat insomnia. The long acting benzodiazepines tend to be prescribed as sedatives.

What individual characteristics predispose someone to be at a higher risk for abusing CNS depressants?

Those who try to seek sedative effects to deal with emotional stress, to escape their problems. Those who seek excitation that occurs, especially after tolerance. Those who try to counteract unpleasant effect or withdrawal associated with other drug of abuse. Those who use sedatives in combination with other depressant drugs such as alcohol or heroin.

Briefly describe the significance of the following in terms of the history of marijuana:

Use of hemp: as rope: clothing Early use by physicians: prior to 1930, labeled/used as narcotic/sedative. Miscategorized drug type of marijuana: Narcotic, but marijuana is a psychedelic hallucinogen. Opium is a narcotic. Regulatory Legislation: Marijuana Tax Act

The type of culture where alcohol is integrated into daily life activities, and is widely available and accessible is referred to as a (n)___________________

Wet culture

What are some of the influences culture plays in how one experiences and views alcohol?

Wet culture vs dry culture: A culture who accepts drinking during daily life and is wide available vs a culture where drinking is not as common during everyday and is more restricted. Set and setting: set refers to individuals expectation of what a drug will do to his or her personality; setting is the physical and social environments where the drug is consumed. With certain setting, your own mind 'set" could enhance the effect more than the environment itself. Drunken compartment: behavior exhibited under the influences of alcohol within a certain culture.

Describe the term "electric storm":

When someone takes a hallucinogen, neural firing happens. Concentrated by Hypothalamus.

Describe sudden sniffing death syndrome (SSDS):

When you die from inhaling and your heart has cardiac arrest. Hard to find post mortem, it looks like suicide...

What are some of the physiological symptoms of alcohol withdrawal? Why might alcohol treatment be different from other addiction treatments?

Withdrawal can appear whenever the blood alcohol level level drops to a certain point, and can cause these symptoms within 12-72 hours: -Severe muscles tremors -Nausea -Anxiety -Possible death- delirium tremors Treatments: Different in its medical ramifications. You can be prescribed drugs to help the withdrawal, or be treated for malnutrition and vitamin deficiencies.

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Women in alcohol treatment tend to come from sexually abusive homes.

Compare and contrast some of the major factors between how men and women are affected by alcohol consumption.

Women posses greater sensitivity to alcohol, have a greater likelihood of addiction, and develop alcohol-related health problems sooner than men. Women have a smaller body size, absorb alcohol sooner than men, and posses less of a metabolizing enzyme that functions to get rid of alcohol. Men start drinking heavily earlier in life, so for women it TENDS to start later in life.

How, if at all, do women perceive drug use and abuse differently than men? What factors influence female use of drug use and abuse? What considerations need to be met when considering drug prevention and treatment for women?

Women use fewer illicit/licit drugs: alcohol, flavored alcohol, cigarettes, binge drinking, marijuana

What is the actual definition of alcoholism? Do experts agree on what constitutes an "alcoholic"? A medical condition consisting of a physical and psychological addiction to ethanol (alcohol), a psychoactive substance. Experts do not agree:

World Health Organization (WHO, 1980) definition: Alcohol dependence syndrome is characterized by a state, mental and usually also physical, resulting from drinking alcohol. Keller (1958) definition: Alcoholism is a chronic behavioral disorder manifested by repeated drinking of alcoholic beverages in excess of the dietary and social uses of the community, and to an extent that interferes with the drinker's health or his [or her] social or economic functioning. Gold (1991) definition: Alcoholism is a chronic, primary, hereditary disease that progresses from an early, physiological susceptibility into an addiction characterized by tolerance changes, physiological dependence, and loss of control over drinking.

Support your answer either for or against the following statement: Drug prevention programs should be developed separately for men and women in order to address the unique needs of each group.

Yes, because women start earlier and are more susceptible to addictions

Describe the ATLAS program: what is the intended purpose, who is the target audience, and what are the major strategies? Do you believe these strategies are effective, and/or do you have any suggestions for the program to be improved? Why or why not?

a drug prevention and health promotion program for high school athletes. It is integrated into team practice sessions and consists of a classroom curriculum and weight room skill training sessions.

Dependence on a CNS depressant is considered to be

a psychiatric disorder.

During the late 1930s, marijuana was misperceived by the scientific and medical communities as inducing___________

acts of sexual excitement and violence

three nonmedical uses fro prescription drugs:

adderal to study xanax to party or for sleep vicodine: pain or sleep

What is a pharmacological therapy used to treat:

alcohol addiction: Antabuse, Disulfiram Opiate addiction: Methadone

Stimulants

amphetamine bzp cocaine methamphetamine

Rebound effect: form of withdrawal;

paradoxical effects that occur when a drug has been eliminated from the body.

characteristic of drug dependance

physical and psychological factors repeated uses involves mental and physical dependence

A type of behavior that refers to behaving "drunk" before alcohol has a chance to cause actual effects is called___________.

pseudointoxicated

All major biological explanations related to drug abuse assume that these substances exert their ______ effects by altering brain chemistry.

psychoactive

Select the reason inhalants are most likely abused.

readily available

Using a vaporizer to consume marijuana reduces ___________ risk factor(s) associated with marijuana usage.

respiatory

schedule not safe for medical use

schedule 1

The synthesis of serotonin happens in neurons called _________.

serotonergic neurons.

Hallucinogens most likely exert their sensory effects by altering which of the following transmitter systems?

serotonin

_____________ theory assumes that drug use, like any other behavior, is learned

social learning

During World War II, marijuana in America was:

subsidized by the government to make rope

Drug prevention strategies

supply reduction- curtail supply of drugs inoculation- teaching them demand reduction- reduce to the demand

codependency

the person enabling them is codepender with habit

Describe Figure 17.1 Potential factors that influence alcohol and other drug use (*this is in the slides if you don't have the text) in your own words. Then, describe this in terms of Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory across each level of the system.

the potential factors that influence alcohol and drug abuse: -environmental influences (outside layer) -interpersonal and societal influences (middle layer) -individual influences (center layer) Bronfenbrenner's: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem

True or False: Marijuana can aggravate an underlying mental illness such as depression

true