CES Unit 2
the anasazi
1275 to 1299 drought
topsoil was...
1930s dust bowl
total crops...
2011-2015 drought
air masses
A front is formed when two ______ of differing temperature and density meet.
Trawling
A large net is dragged along the seafloor. Habitats are destroyed and large amounts of bycatch are produced.
cooling system
A meltdown in a nuclear power plant (the biggest danger of nuclear power) can result when there is a failure in the ______.
electrons
A photovoltaic cell captures solar energy and causes to move, thereby generating electricity.
jet stream
A powerful, hurricane-force wind that circles the globe and that influences weather patterns is called ______.
deep aquifers
A proven way to store captured carbon dioxide, which is practiced by oil companies, is to inject it into ______.
r-selected
A species that exhibits early maturity, rapid growth, and many offspring is a(n) ______ species.
methane
A tremendous amount of natural gas exists in hydrates that are found in permafrost and deep ocean sediments.
Longlining
A very long fishing line equipped with shorter, baited lines and hooks are used to catch fish. If the lines are too shallow, turtles, dolphins, and seabirds are caught.
reduced
A warming climate will result in ______ crop yields, as plants grow best in a narrow temperature range.
genetically
A(n) _______ modified organism is created by borrowing DNA from completely unrelated species in order to generate favorable characteristics in the modified organism.
hybrid
After ______ crop varieties were introduced to the United States, crop yields increased dramatically.
irritants
Air pollutants that are strong ______ include sulfates, SO2, NOx, and O3, which can cause damage to the eyes and respiratory pathways. Choose the most specific answer.
reflectivity
Albedo is an important factor in climate dynamics. Another word for albedo is ______.
grow very quickly
Algae are a possible large-scale biofuel crop of the future. They ______ and some types have a high oil content.
thickening of the Arctic sea ice
All of the following are effects we have already seen as a result of climate change, except ______.
the air around us
Ambient air is ______.
4,500 kWh
Americans
passive
An example of ______ heat absorption can be something as simple as letting light pass through a glass window to warm a house in the winter.
methane hydrates
An unconventional source of natural gas that is found as a collection of methane trapped as small bubbles or as individual molecules in a frozen crystalline matrix is/are known as ______.
leave it in temporary holding sites around the country
As it currently stands, the plan for most radioactive waste in the United States is to ______.
energy
As reflected by the fact that the average food product in the United States travels over 2,400 km from farm to table, food processing and distribution also are _______-intensive in regards to fossil fuels.
dioxide
Atmospheric levels of carbon ______ are increasing by about 0.5 percent per year.
plant materials used vegetable oil animal fat
Biofuels are an energy source made from ______.
dependent
Biotic factors, those caused by living organisms, that regulate population growth tend to be density-______.
use spent fuel from conventional reactors produce fissionable isotopes
Breeder reactors are unique in that they ______.
half
Burning natural gas produces about ______ the amount of CO2 (a greenhouse gas) as an equivalent amount of coal.
The Bahamas Bangladesh Southern Florida
By 2050, sea level rise is expected to greatly reduce the extent of which of these areas?
4 billion
By the year 2045, as many as ______ people may not have adequate access to freshwater.
a "Clean Coal" technology
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is ______.
coal
Cheap natural gas prices, tougher regulations, and economic uncertainties all have led to the recent demise of as an energy source in the United States.
500 kWh
Chinese
Precipitation resulting from circulation in the atmosphere Storms (short-term precipitation and temperature change) Temporary variations in temperature
Choose the descriptions that pertain to weather rather than to climate.
coal
Choose the fossil fuel resource that is most abundant worldwide.
United States India China Indonesia
Choose the four most populous countries (2018) from the list below.
industry and energy groups insist that controls are too expensive
Clean air legislation seems like regulation everyone could agree on, yet it is often controversial. This is because ______.
cause the southwestern U.S. to become even drier increase water scarcity and water stress in many areas
Climate change is expected to ________.
plant material that is compressed over time
Coal is formed from ______.
coal; wind
Compared to ______, ______-generated power uses about one-third as much land area and creates five times as many jobs.
have lower production costs produce lesser quantities of crops and animal products receive higher prices for their crops
Compared to intensive agriculture, low-input farms ______.
rapid containment....
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act
are designed to rapidly grow animals for meat require specially prepared mixes of corn, soy, and animal protein have led to the development of new breeds of livestock
Confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs) ______.
immigration
Countries that have low birth rates below replacement rates may need to gain people through _______ to boost the economy.
are not fully understood regarding their potential health implications
Critics of genetically modified (GM) foods argue that GM products ______.
stabilizing; increasing
Currently, industrialized countries' water use is ________, and worldwide water use is ________.
transition
Demographic ______ patterns show a connection between birth and death rates and economic development.
contain about 90 percent of its biomass contain about 97 percent of all liquid water
Earth's oceans ______.
far less than the cost of doing nothing
Economists (as in the case of the Stern report) calculate that the financial cost of acting now to reduce climate change will be ______.
efficiency
Energy sources have different conversion ______, which is how much of the input energy is actually turned into useful work.
It discourages recycling since it makes raw materials seem cheaper or much cheaper than recycling.
Energy, water, and raw materials are often sold to companies below their cost to the government granting the rights or access in order to stimulate economic growth. What effect does this have on recycling?
The costs range from $200 billion to $1 trillion.
Estimates of the cost to decommission nuclear power plants in the United States are in what range?
sulfur
European countries such as Germany, Sweden, Austria, and Switzerland saw drastic reductions in ______ emissions between 1970 and 1985.
2,000 kWh
Europeans
The Norwegians have a lifestyle that promotes energy conservation.
Even though the standard of living in Norway is higher than that in the United States, energy consumption per person is less in Norway. What is a possible explanation?
immigration; emigration
Factors affecting changes in population size are summarized as BIDE, or Births + ________ , - Deaths - _______
massive starvation social disruption economic chaos
Famines commonly result in ______.
moisture
Farmers in Burkina Faso are using simple techniques such as small pits and low barriers to capture ______ to improve growing conditions.
wind
Farmers, ranchers, and people living in rural communities are interested in power because it creates a lot of permanent jobs while leaving much of the land open for other land uses.
80
Fossil fuels currently account for about ______ percent of the world's commercial energy needs.
coal
Fossilized plant material that is compressed within sediments over time and eventually can be used as a solid fuel resource is called .
gradual changes in gene frequency due to random events
Genetic drift is ______.
can include bits of DNA borrowed from other completely unrelated organisms
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) ______ to produce desired characteristics.
sustainable
Germany's commitment to cutting fossil fuel use by 80 percent in the next 35 years is called Energiewende and relies upon conservation and a switch to energy.
III
Giant redwoods have relatively low natural survival rates as seedlings and young trees. Once they have reached old age, however, survival rates increase. This pattern is typical of type _________ survivorship curves.
drift
Gradual changes in gene frequencies due to random events is referred to as genetic _________
<0.1
Greenhouse gases make up ______% of the atmosphere.
density
Heavy rains in northern Africa that allow locusts to either grow or reproduce rapidly and then devastate crops is an example of how ________ -dependent effects can be dramatic.
Using traditional techniques to capture moisture
How are farmers in Burkina Faso improving growing conditions?
They separate electrons from their parent atoms and send them across a one-way electrostatic barrier.
How do photovoltaic cells generate electricity?
A refrigerant liquid is allowed to expand and absorbs heats from its surroundings as it does so.
How does a heat pump work to keep your refrigerator cool?
Pests are crop specific, so their populations cannot keep increasing.
How does crop rotation help keep pest populations in control?
65 million
How many people were displaced by politics, persecution, war, and economics in 2018?
Thomas Malthus
Human populations continue to increase despite insufficient resources, leading to starvation, crime, and misery.
offer increased yields compared to traditional open-pollinated crops create food surpluses that allow wealthier countries to send food aid overseas
Hybridized varieties of crops ______.
releases oil from "tight" geologic formations
Hydraulic fracturing is a process that ______.
air bubbles contain tiny samples of the ancient atmosphere
Ice cores tell us about ancient climates because ______.
Poorer countries may be caught in a "demographic trap" that prevents them from escaping the middle phase of a demographic transition.
Identify a realistic reason below to be pessimistic about slowing population growth.
Natural gas
Identify the fossil fuel that burns the cleanest.
They benefit from smarter policies.
In a wedge analysis approach to energy policy, how are economic concerns and jobs understood to be affected?
Warmer temperatures will result in more transpiration, so plants will need more water. Plants grow and produce seeds within a narrow range of temperatures, so any change will make them less successful at doing this.
In general, how will crops suffer from a warming climate?
70
In order to estimate the doubling time for a growing population, divide ______ by the rate of growth in percentage.
subsidies
In order to reduce carbon emissions, it will be necessary for us to eliminate direct to the fossil fuel industry which are estimated to be over $1 trillion a year.
minimum
In order to save a rare and endangered species, conservation biologists must know the ______ population size of that species.
careful monitoring of pest populations; mechanical techniques such as crop trapping
Integrated pest management (IPM) is a type of agriculture that relies upon ______ and ______.
The average consumer knows little about which types of plastics can be recycled and this results in lower recovery rates.
It discourages recycling since it makes raw materials seem cheaper or much cheaper than recycling.
Seining
Large nets are dragged through open water, but large fish and marine mammals get caught unintentionally by this process.
methane
Leaks of from cracked and leaking well casings, joints, and valves have a significant impact on climate, as this greenhouse gas is 20 times more effective at retaining heat in the atmosphere than CO2.
oldest
Life span is the ______ age to which a species is known to survive.
two-fifths
Light truck and automobiles account for ______ of U.S. oil consumption.
does not receive sufficient nutrients from their food
Malnourishment occurs when a person ______.
genetically modified (GM)
Many critics have questioned the safety of ______ foods, arguing that we do not fully understand the potential health effects of using these products.
open water has a lower albedo than ice, increasing heat storage
Melting of polar ice represents a positive feedback in climate warming because ______.
number of individuals needed for the long-term survival of a species
Minimum viable population size refers to the ______.
disastrous environmental impacts
Modern life in North America, China, and Europe has led to an increase in resource consumption. If the rest of the world lived this way, it would result in ______.
Symbolic
N is an example of what type of term that ecologists tend to use in order to describe population growth patterns?
carbonic
Normal, unpolluted rain has a pH of about 5.6, which is slightly acidic due to ______ acid
5.6
Normal, unpolluted rain has a pH of about ______.
save each person an average of $10,000 annually
Not only is the United States capable of creating all their energy needs with renewables by 2050, this transition would ______ in other areas including health care, employment, and weather-related losses.
Two smaller atomic nuclei fuse into a larger nucleus. Fusion is the primary energy-producing reaction in the sun.ssi
Nuclear fission differs from nuclear fusion. Select all the characteristics associated with fusion only.
is partly the result of increased consumption of highly processed foods affects about one-third of adults in the United States is defined as a person having a body mass index (BMI) over 30 kg/m2
Obesity ______.
Trawling
Of the three common commercial fishing techniques listed, which causes the most damage to sea bottom ecosystems?
air pollution and oil spills
Oil refineries are associated with ______.
improve women's rights
One of the best ways to improve child survival is to ______.
disposal and recycling
One of the issues with electronic waste is that much of the ______ is carried out in the developing world where workers have little or no health protection.
organic pollutants easily absorbed into fatty tissues stable
POPs are ______.
obese
People who have a body mass index (BMI) over 30 kg/m2 are considered
malnourished
People who receive sufficient calories but who may be lacking in sufficient nutrients such as protein, vitamins, and trace minerals are said to be _______
pressures and temperatures
Petroleum is formed from the organic molecules of marine microorganisms buried in sediments where high and condense and transform them over time into oil, gas, and tar-like materials.
hydraulic fracturing
Pumping a mixture of water, sand, and potentially toxic chemicals into rock formations at high pressure in order to increase natural gas yields is known as ______.
1. Africa 2. Middle East 3. South America 4. North America 5. Europe
Rank the areas by total fertility, with the highest on the top.
toilet flushing showering laundry
Rank the following uses of water inside an average North American home from the most water used at the top to the least water used at the bottom.
chemical and petroleum industries metal processing and mining all other industries
Rank the producers of hazardous waste in the U.S.; place the sector that produces the most at the top.
2030
Recent estimates show that the United States could provide 80% of their energy needs with renewables by ______.
stress crowding
Reduced reproductive rates can be caused by ______.
requires testing...
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
most of the largest cities are on coasts
Rising sea level will affect millions of people because ______
freshwater being contaminated with seawater
Saltwater intrusion, due to groundwater depletion, results in ______.
models
Scientists commonly use computer climate to understand how systems worked in the past, and then project that information to predict possible future outcomes using both natural and human variables.
Air quality is generally better in developed richer countries as compared to fast-developing poorer countries.
Select the statement below that accurately compares relative air quality in different locations.
the fact that many great reservoirs of water cross international borders increasing water scarcity, as a result of climate change the fact that some aquifers underlie multiple nations major rivers that pass through many countries
Skirmishes over water are exacerbated by _____.
battery
Solar farms in Hawaii and Arizona are storing power in _______ systems that are cheaper than the diesel and gas, respectively, that they would use otherwise
more than quadruple
Solar power worldwide is expected to ______ by 2025 from the 2018 levels.
wave
Some estimates suggest that approximately 20,000 kilometers of ocean coastline are suitable for creating energy.
reusing reducing recycling
Some of the strategies that can shrink the waste stream include ______.
pronatalist pressure
Something that increases people's desire to have children is called a _____
increasing food prices
Speculation of food commodities on global stock markets can lead to ______.
the post-World War II high birth rate that lasted until the early 1960s
The "baby boom" refers to ______.
lack natural predators consist of different species that partition resources
The Asian carp that are currently in the Mississippi River system ______.
much greater than the costs
The Clean Air Act does add management costs since removing pollutants costs more than not doing so. The economic benefits (reduced illness and property damage, increased productivity, etc.) of reducing air pollution have been ______.
air pollution control
The Clean Air Act of 1963 was the first national law in the United States for ______.
erosion
The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) tries to reduce soil _______ and the overproduction of crops.
trade
The Coriolis effect deflects objects to the right in the Northern Hemisphere, resulting in the Northeast ______ winds, which brought Columbus to the Americas.
La Niña
The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the cycle between El Niño conditions and the extremely cool coastal waters during the pattern called ______.
carries materials that interrupt the natural food chain in the ocean is so concentrated that in some areas the materials it contains outweigh the living biomass has captured millions of tons of plastic debris
The Great Pacific Garbage Patch ______.
some climate changes were nearly certainly
The IPCC concluded in their 2013-2014 report that ______ caused by humans.
humans
The IPCC reported in 2013-2014 that were the cause of recent climate change trends.
carbon
The Keeling curve shows atmospheric dioxide levels have been increasing since the 1950s, contributing to an amplified greenhouse effect and global warming.
Change in the shape of the earth's orbit around the sun Change in the earth's axial tilt Wobble in the earth's axis
The Milankovitch cycles are natural, long-term cycles that alter the earth's climate. Which of these are related to Milankovitch cycles?
natural climate changes that occur in 26,000- to 100,000-year cycles
The Milankovitch cycles refer to ______.
Kyoto
The Protocol is the most well-known global agreement to control climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
placement of the Dakota Access pipeline
The Standing Rock protest in 2016 was about ______.
green
The _______ revolution refers to the dramatic increase in crop yields in the 1950s and 1960s that resulted from new technologies and new crop varieties.
Beijing, China
The air pollution problems in what major city are so bad that visibility is commonly only a few hundred meters and most days are considered either unhealthy or hazardous in terms of an air pollution index?
keystone
The arguments against the ______ pipeline project, planned to carry oil from tar sands in Alberta to Texas, included its passage over a major U.S. aquifer, the lack of associated jobs, and the use of the oil as an export.
low-input
The benefits of ______ agriculture include lower production costs and higher prices for products sold.
deep geologic formations
The carbon that is captured from coal-fired power plants using CCS technology is stored in ______.
refrigerators and spray cans
The chloroflurorocarbons, or CFCs, that are the principle agents of stratospheric ozone depletion were once commonly used in ______.
municipal waste
The combination of household and commercial refuse is termed ______.
antibiotics
The constant use of _______ in the modern meat production process is creating new resistant bacteria that threaten the health and safety of humans.
30
The cost of decommissioning old nuclear plants comes at the end of their life cycle. The designed life span of most nuclear reactors is about ______ years.
about 1 percent
The costs of reducing greenhouse gas emissions are estimated to be ______ of global gross domestic product (GDP).
fish
The current ________ harvest from the wild is about 95 million metric tons each year, which is the primary protein source for 1.5 billion people in developing countries. (Use only one word per blank.)
weather is short-lasting and local; climate involves long-term patterns
The difference between weather and climate is mainly that ______.
over $5 trillion
The direct and indirect cost of subsidies that support the fossil fuel industry are estimated to be ______ per year.
High levels of air pollution near petrochemical industries Release of volatile organic compounds Oil spills
The downsides of oil production and use can include which of the following?
packaging
The excess paper, plastic, glass, and metal that is used in goods, and mostly for marketing purposes, makes up about 50% of our domestic trash.
particulate
The filtering of emissions in order to remove ash from effluent gas after burning is called ______ removal.
ocean currents
The foggy and cool conditions in San Francisco Bay are just one example of how important ______ are in influencing climate on land.
coastal seas marine algae and plankton
The formation of oil is associated with ______.
women
The four conditions necessary for a demographic transition depend heavily on supporting what group of people?
increasing from the 1960s to the early 1990s but leveling off since then
The general trend of nuclear energy growth in the United States can best be described as ______.
restore stratospheric ozone
The goal of the Montreal Protocol, to ______, has largely been achieved by reducing CFCs and HCFCs.
species
The graph indicates that density-dependent mechanisms affecting population growth may be a result of interactions between _________
sudden increase in crop yields in the 1950s and 1960s that resulted from new technologies and crop varieties
The green revolution refers to the ______.
Earth
The greenhouse effect is the process in which the atmosphere retains long-wave radiation emitted from . (Use just one word for your answer,)
capture and retain some energy in the atmosphere
The greenhouse effect refers to the fact that certain gases in the atmosphere, such as methane, ______.
yield
The highest number of a species that can be captured without disrupting future productivity is the maximum sustained _________
island
The idea that diversity in isolated habitats depends on rates of colonization and extinction is part of the equilibrium theory of _________ biogeography.
China
The largest portion of elderly in 2030 will be in the country of ________ because of low birth rates and rising life expectancies.
genetically modified (GM)
The main goal of most ______ agriculture is to maximize crop production when combined with specialized commercial chemicals.
positive; methane
The melting of permafrost could act as a(n) feedback to climate change as it will add more carbon dioxide and to the atmosphere.
much more effective
The methane that leaks from well casings, joints, and valves, as well as from ruptured wells, is ______ at warming the atmosphere than CO2 released when using coal and oil.
trade
The mid-latitude Westerlies are _____ winds that are influenced by the Coriolis effect and in turn affect hurricane paths along the U.S. Atlantic coast
organophosphates
The most common group of synthetic pesticides used in the United States are ______, which includes glyphosate (i.e., Roundup).
herbicide and pesticide resistance
The most dominant type of genetically modified trait introduced into crops is ______.
dependency ratio
The number of nonworking compared to working individuals in a population is the ______.
span; expectancy
The oldest age to which a species is known to survive is life ________, while the average age of death is life _________.
growth
The percent of people added to a population during a year is the total _______ rate.
grid
The power of the future will need to be expanded, have improved connectivity between regions, and use smart technologies.
chlorofluorocarbons
The primary cause of ozone depletion in the atmosphere are __________, which once were commonly used as industrial gases, refrigerants, insulation, and spray cans.
uranium
The primary source of fuel in nuclear power plants is an isotope of the element
provides about half of the seafood that humans eat involves growing aquatic species in net pens or tanks
The process of aquaculture ______.
fracturing
The process that can release oil from "tight" geologic formations is called hydraulic
Standing Rock
The protest at in 2016 was about the placement of the Dakota Access Pipeline near burial grounds, sacred sites, and the Missouri River near the Sioux Reservation.
a success
The results of the Clean Air Act overall can be described as ______.
irrigation systems crop insurance transportation networks
The richest countries pay their farmers $350 billion a year, and most of that money goes toward ______.
fission; fusion
The splitting of one atom into two or more is known as nuclear . The combining of two atoms into one larger atom is known as nuclear .
is expanding and diversifying rapidly
The storage of energy in battery systems ______.
rice wheat maize (corn)
The three main crops that humanity depends upon for food are ______.
the twentieth century
The transition from coal to oil (petroleum) as the major source of energy in the United States occurred during _______.
Marx
Thomas Malthus believed excess population growth leads to social problems, whereas Karl _______ believed that excess population was the result, not the source, of other problems.
cyclonic
Tornadoes and hurricanes are examples of ______ storms, which rotate counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere as a result of the Coriolis effect.
coal
Tougher regulations and falling prices have led to the closing of over 25 ______ companies and 260 mines.
requires industry...
Toxic Release Inventory
true
True or False: Much of the e-waste that is shipped overseas is handled by children and adults with inadequate protection from the associated health risks.
true
True or false: Methane gas is produced by the anaerobic degradation of organic materials.
false
True or false: Most appliances in your home use no electricity when they are turned off but still plugged in.
true
True or false: Of the 37 cities in the Global Environmental Monitoring System, more than 2/3 have declining sulfur and particulate levels.
false
True or false: Pollutants distributed by wind travel no farther than about 1,000 km (621 mi) from their source.
false
True or false: The 2011-2015 drought in the American West is the worst period of drought in the history for this region.
true
True or false: The U.S. population is using less water per capita today (2019) than it did in 1980.
False
True or false: The United States is currently moving forward with plans to store nuclear waste at Yucca Mountain in Nevada.
False
True or false: The most dominant type of genetically modified trait involves gene transfers that offer fire and drought tolerance to crops.
money
Vehicle efficiency, building efficiency, new jobs and better air quality have all resulted from California's AB32 passed in 2006. Ultimately, these benefits save people
water for flushing toilets agricultural irrigation human drinking water
Wastewater that has been treated can be used for ______.
Much of it is located in regions with small populations. Much of it cannot be used productively. They average out to about 400,000 gallons per person.
Water is a renewable resource, but not all water is easy to access. Which of the following correctly describe worldwide water supplies?
less
We are using _____ coal compared to what we have used in the past.
Automobiles and light trucks
What accounts for 40 percent of the oil consumption in the United States?
The money paid by utilities for the surplus power small producers load into the electrical grid
What are feed-in tariffs?
Heat absorbed by the earth's surface causes the air near the ground to warm.
What causes the rising air marked at (A) in the convection patterns shown here?
Improved connectivity between regions Expansion Using smart grid technologies
What changes will be necessary to update the U.S. power grid and make it ready to be used with the renewable energy sources of the future?
use ongoing electrochemical reactions to produce an electrical current
What do fuel cells do? They ______.
front
What do we call the boundary between two air masses of different temperatures?
Carbon dioxide
What gas could be captured from traditional power plants and used to stimulate the growth of algae cultivated as a biofuel source?
An intense, regular seasonal rainfall
What is a monsoon?
the cooling system failing
What is the greatest danger in a nuclear power plant?
The costs of meeting tighter air pollution standards is too high.
What is the main argument industry and energy groups have used against the passage of clean air legislation?
The highest number of individuals that can be regularly captured
What is the maximum sustained yield of an economically valuable species?
monsoon
What is the name for a regular, seasonal rain?
Coal-burning power plants
What is the primary cause of the terrible air pollution in Beijing, China?
20 per
What percentage of electricity worldwide is generated by hydropower?
Low
What phrase best describes the relative amount of greenhouse gases (%) in the atmosphere?
The release of heat when a gas condensates
What physical process does a heat pump take advantage off in order to provide heat to a building?
Better blade design and more careful placement of towers Shutting down turbines during migrations
What steps have been taken to reduce bird and bat mortality around wind farms?
Conservation Renewable energy
What two approaches currently are the key to controlling air pollution?
Breeder reactor
What type of reactor produces more fuel than it uses and can use spent fuel from conventional reactors?
wind
What type of renewable power provides the most energy worldwide?
To reduce greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels in stages
What was the primary goal of California's AB32 Global Warming Solutions Act?
The route would have crossed the Ogallala Aquifer. Concerns over blowouts and leaks were high.
What were the key arguments that led to President Obama not approving the Keystone pipeline project in 2016?
the creation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria that threaten human health
When antibiotics are constantly used in meat production, the result is ______.
Earth's internal temperature
Where does the heat used in geothermal systems originate?
The costs of organic agriculture are lower for the farmer (on the production end). Beneficial root fungi are more abundant at farms practicing organic agriculture than those that do not. Organic agriculture is less energy-intensive.
Which of the following are benefits of organic agriculture?
Deafness Mental retardation Blindness
Which of the following are health effects in newborns whose mothers were exposed to high levels of mercury during pregnancy?
Each country's emissions reduction goals, and their progress toward them, must be publicly available. Currently carbon reduction plans need to be revised. Financing low-carbon development in emerging countries is necessary.
Which of the following are major points included in the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement?
They hold a minor amount of earth's water.
Which of the following correctly describes the role of lakes in the hydrologic cycle?
They help demonstrate cause and effect. We include both natural and human variables.
Which of the following describe climate models and how we best use them?
The number of plants on order for development peaked in the mid-1970s and sharply declined over the next 20 years. The number of plants in operation has leveled off since the early 1990s.
Which of the following statements correctly describes the history of nuclear energy in terms of the numbers of nuclear plant orders and numbers of plants in operation in the United States?
Natural gas Petroleum Coal
Which of the following three energy sources supply almost 80 percent of the world's commercial energy needs at the current time?
Air bubbles in ice cores
Which of the following types of data used to reconstruct ancient climates provides us with the longest look back into how atmospheric temperatures have changed over time?
Corn Wood
Which of the materials below can be accurately labeled as biomass?
Hurricane-force winds that circle the earth
Which of these best describes a jet stream?
these practices are the cause of some of the worst pollution problems
While air pollution dispersion and dilution formerly were the strategies used to control air pollution, we now realize that ______.
Ocean currents redistribute heat from low latitudes to high latitudes.
Why are ocean currents important in modifying regional climates?
Air cools, usually by rising, and water vapor condenses.
Why does it rain?
Air cools, as it is forced up over a mountain, causing water vapor to condense.
Why does it tend to rain or snow on mountaintops?
It encourages hatred of the poor. It encourages racism.
Why is focusing too narrowly on overpopulation not a good social justice solution?
Power plants using different fuels are easier and cheaper to operate. Alternatives are cleaner.
Why is use of coal declining worldwide?
It would make the recycling of materials a more economically attractive choice compared to the extraction of raw resources.
Why would setting the prices of natural resources at their true cost increase recycling rates?
increased use of irrigation improved crop varieties better distribution systems
World food production has been able to keep pace with global population growth due to ______.
Hazardous air pollutants
______ are specially regulated in the Clean Air Act because of their adverse impact on human health; they include carcinogens, neurotoxins, mutagens, teratogens, and endocrine disruptors.
Increased sea level Acidification of the ocean Melting of Arctic sea ice and ice shelves in Antarctica Bleaching of coral reefs
______ is an effect of climate change.
Seafood
______ is the main animal protein source for about 1.5 billion people in developing countries.
aquaculture
_______, the cultivation of aquatic species in net pens or tanks, provides for about half of the seafood we eat.
Rural; city dwellers Poor; rich people
________ people often have less access to clean water than do ________.
industrial revolution
coal
since the 20th century
oil
but give little or no care to their offspring
r-selected species have high productive rates ______.
Cyclonic
storms rotate counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere as a result of the Coriolis effect.
colonial to mid-19th century
wood
bottleneck
A drastic reduction in population size, perhaps due to a catastrophic storm, is referred to as a demographic _________
pronatalist
A factor that increases someone's desire to have children is a ________ pressure.
the environment
A major negative side of the rich lifestyle in modern China, North America, and Europe is the disastrous impact it can have on ______.
regular or intermittent
A metapopulation is a collection of populations that have ______ gene flow between geographically separated units.
undernourished
A person who is chronically ______ consumes less than 2,200 kcal a day in food energy.
consuming less than the daily minimum food energy intake of 2,200 kcal
A person who is chronically undernourished is ______.
optimist
A technological ________ believes that we can overcome resource shortages associated with a large human population by inventing or finding alternatives.
metapopulation
A(n) ________ is a collection of populations that have regular or intermittent gene flow between geographically separated units.
boom
After World War II, the U.S. government encouraged women to leave their wartime jobs and stay at home. Reunited couples started new families and the result was a rise in the birth rate called the "baby _______"
With more humans, there is the potential for more ideas about how to fix potential problems we create, as fields become more specialized.
Select from the list below a positive outcome of a growing human population.
logistic or sigmoidal
The type of population growth pattern that is slow and makes an S-shaped curve on a graph is ________ growth.
family
The way couples manage the number and spacing of their offspring is known as _______ planning.
Couples choosing to have as many children as possible Couples determining the number and spacing of their children Couples having control of their reproductive lives
What constitutes family planning in the context of population?
The invention of agriculture and the domestication of animals
What developments started to lead to an increase in the growth rate of the human population around 10,000 years ago?
can invent strategies or alternatives to resources that are limited
What do technological optimists believe? That we ______.
India China
What two countries will switch places soon for the number 1 and 2 spots of most populous?
Number of nonworking individuals Number of working individuals
What two groups are compared to calculate the dependency ration?
Carp
What type of fish introduced from Asia has become a problem in the Mississippi River system because it grows and reproduces quickly, damaging native ecosystems?
Karl Marx
When people are oppressed and impoverished, high birth rates occur.
Resource depletion Excessive waste Environmental degradation
Which of the following are negative aspects of a growing human population?
About half of the world's married couples used some family planning techniques in 2000 compared to only 10 percent 30 years earlier.
Which of the following claims would support the statement, "Most demographers believe that world population will stabilize sometime in the twenty-first century"?
Immigration Birth Emigration Death
Which of the following contribute to the calculated rate of population growth?
It involves a drastic reduction in population size.
Which of the following describes a demographic bottleneck?
Falling immigration (lack of new people entering the country)
Which of the following is not a consequence of a birth rate below replacement rates (a birth dearth)?
The ratio of genetic traits is the same in both the parental and offspring generations.
Which of the following is the correct definition of the Hardy-Weinberg principle?
Diversity in isolated habitats depends on rates of colonization and extinction.
Which of the following is the correct definition of the equilibrium theory of island biogeography?
Sub-Saharan Africa
Which of the following regions was the only one that did not have a declining fertility rate in the past 50 years?
Human populations grew slowly until relatively recently.
Which of the following statements about human population growth is correct?
declined; risen
35% of China's population will be elderly in 2030 because births have ______ and life expectancy has ______.
within their own country
65 million people were displaced by politics, persecution, war, and economics in 2018; 40 million of them moved ______
status of women confidence children will survive to maturity access to birth control standard of living
A demographic transition depends on four categories of improvement, which are: ______.
economic
A demographic transition pattern is used to link falling death and birth rates to an increase in social and _________ development.
Minimum population size of the rare species
As a conservation biologist, you have been given the job of writing a report detailing recommendations to save a rare species. What is the one variable from the list below that is critical to the accuracy of your report?
1.08
As of 2019, the rate of growth for the human population was about _____ percent per year.
7.7 billion
As of 2019, the world's human population was approximately ______.
birth
As seen in arctic hares or lemmings, when the population becomes too large, overcrowding and stress may lead to reduced _______ rates.
population size
BIDE, or births + Immigration - deaths - emigration, are the factors affecting change in ______.
dependent
Density-______ mechanisms are a result of interactions between and/or among populations.
food is often bought and sold for profit on commodity markets weather conditions can often trigger spikes in prices
Global food prices often rise despite their abundance because ______.
population
If houseflies were freed of predation and given unlimited food, this would result in ______ growth.
Populations would likely grow until catastrophe intervenes.
If poorer countries are unable to complete modernization, what is the likely effect?
fertility
Illness, culture, and religion are just some factors that affect the total ________ rate of a woman in a traditional society.
Type II
In a population of plants, each age class has approximately the same chance of survival as any other age class. The survivorship curve for this species is most likely to be type ______.
caused global food production rates to outpace population growth
Increased use of irrigation and fertilizers, improved crop varieties, and better distribution systems in crop production have ______.
total growth rate
The net change in population per year is the ______.
double
The rule of 70 is used to estimate the time it takes for a population to ______.
Increases in worldwide contraceptive use Successful family planning programs
The suggested growth projection for humans is likely to be around 9 to 10 billion people by 2050. Why would the human population not continue to grow at a constant rate taking us to over 12 billion people by 2050?
her education and access to birth control
The total fertility rate of a woman in a modern society is strongly affected by ______.
exponential
The type of population growth pattern that displays a J-shaped curve, such as that on the graph, is ________ growth.
true
True or false: Density-dependent effects, such as insect population growth rates, can be dramatic.
True
True or false: Ecologists tend to use symbolic terms such as N, r, and t in order to analyze and describe population growth patterns.
true
True or false: One significant factor that seems to be closely tied to achieving population stability is empowering women.
reach huge numbers
Under the right conditions and if there are no constraints, a population can ______.
abiotic
Weather, a density-independent factor of population growth, is a(n) _____ factor of population growth.
A fair share of social benefits for everyone Fighting for the rights of oppressed people Supporting the rights of other species to exist
What constitutes social justice?
Famines
______ are large-scale food shortages that can lead to massive starvation, social disruption, and economic chaos.
