cgs 1 midterm

Tanya, a cognitive scientist, studies how memory works. Suppose she tells you that memory works to store and retrieve information. Which level of analyzing a cognitive system is she using to describe memory? (in Marr's terms.) a. Computational b. Algorithmic c. Implementation d. None of the above

a. Computational

What is one feature of cognitive systems that requires implementational level analysis? a. Determining the speed of computation b. Determining what the system does c. Determining the inputs and outputs of the system d. None of the above

a. Determining the speed of computation

Which crucial idea came out of applying the Turing machine to human minds? a. Information processing is algorithmic. b. Mental maps are algorithmic. c. Parallel processing. d. Serial processing.

a. Information processing is algorithmic.

One of the groups of rats in Tolman and Honzik's maze experiment went unrewarded for 10 days and was then rewarded after that. What prediction would a strict behaviorist make about these rats' performance after the first day of rewarded behavior? (or Day 11 of the study.) a. It should be the same as the rewarded rats' performance on their first day of reinforcement. b. It should be the same as the rewarded rats' performance on their eleventh day of reinforcement. c. It should be random, with no discernable pattern. d. It should be split, with about half the rats performing the same as rewarded rats on their first day of reinforcement, and about half performing the same as the rewarded rats on their eleventh day of reinforcement.

a. It should be the same as the rewarded rats' performance on their first day of reinforcement.

According to Marr, which of the following are involved in giving a computational-level analysis of an information-processing system? a. Specifying what the system is doing—its basic task. b. Specifying the representational format. giving a model of the system's inputs and outputs. c. Specifying the algorithm the system uses to compute. d. Both A and C.

a. Specifying what the system is doing—its basic task.

What type of analysis is illustrated by Marr's three levels of explanation? a. Top-Down b. Bottom-Up c. Both Top-Down and Bottom-Up d. Algorithmic Only

a. Top-Down

Behaviorists thought that even complex behaviors like language could be explained as a series of conditioned responses. a. True. b. False.

a. True.

Chomsky's theory of syntax illustrates the hierarchical nature of language (as described by Lashley). a. True. b. False.

a. True.

Suppose I always walk South to get to the cafeteria but just moved to the other side of campus and now I have to walk North. If I were a rat in Tolman, Ritchie, and Kalish's study of spatial learning, what would I likely do? (Assume that trips to the cafeteria are rewarding for me, and I go every day.) a. Walk North. b. Walk South. c. Walk East. d. Walk West.

a. Walk North.

Suppose you want to explain to your friend how olfaction (the sense of smell) works and you say "Olfaction takes information from sensory systems about odors and transforms it into a representation of discrete smells. But I'm not sure how the odors are transformed into discrete smells or what representations are involved in the process." What level of explanation do you need to answer these latter questions, according to Marr? a. Computational b. Algorithmic c. Implementation d. None of the above

b. Algorithmic

Which of Marr's three stages is missing from Ungerleider and Mishkin's account of the visual system? a. Computational b. Algorithmic c. Implementation d. None of the above

b. Algorithmic

What important concept in cognitive science is exemplified by Chomsky's transformational grammar? a. Chunking. b. Algorithms. c. Representations. d. Conditioning.

b. Algorithms.

What important concept in cognitive science is exemplified by Chomsky's transformational grammar? a. Representations b. Algorithms. c. Conditioning d. Chunking

b. Algorithms.

Marr concluded from Elizabeth Warrington's studies that the main job of the visual system is to "derive a representation of a shape." What level of analysis is Marr using to describe the visual system here? a. Implementation b. Computational c. Algorithmic d. None of the above

b. Computational

Each unit in a parallel processing network must have a different weight from the others. a. True b. False

b. False

None of the functions of the human body are multiply realizable a. True b. False

b. False

The visual system is the only cognitive system that can be broken down into three levels (as Marr did with vision) a. True b. False

b. False

Which of the following features of introspective psychology did behaviorism object to? a. Introspective psychology claimed to be studying behavior. b. Introspective psychology claimed to be studying "inner" psychological states. c. Introspective psychology claimed to be able to give a full account of human psychology using only non-psychological terms. d. Introspective psychology placed great emphasis on evidence and data.

b. Introspective psychology claimed to be studying "inner" psychological states.

Which of the following most accurately describes what is measured by PET? a. The flow of thoughts b. The flow of blood c. The flow of information d. The flow of electrical activity

b. The flow of blood

Why did some cognitive scientists interpret Shepard & Metzler's results as evidence of non-digital information-processing? a. The operations would be too difficult to perform in digital format b. The processing time for digitally coded information should be the same no matter the size or rotation of the shape. c. The representations required to solve the rotation task simply cannot be digitally coded. d. Both A and C.

b. The processing time for digitally coded information should be the same no matter the size or rotation of the shape.

Marr and Ungerleider and Mishkin both provided functional accounts of the visual system. What is the main difference in their approach to functional analysis? a. Marr rejected the hierarchical approach to understanding the visual system. b. Ungerleider and Mishkin focused more on the neural structures of the visual system. c. Marr's approach was much more computational. d. Ungerleider and Mishkin focused more on the analogy to computers.

b. Ungerleider and Mishkin focused more on the neural structures of the visual system.

What is a characteristic of a multiply realizable cognitive ability? a. It can perform a wide variety of functions in a single physical system. b. It can perform one function in a single physical system. c. It can perform the same function in many different types of physical systems. d. It can perform a wide variety of functions but only in human beings.

c. It can perform the same function in many different types of physical systems.

Which model of information processing appears to be supported by Petersen et al.'s studies of single-word processing? a. Serial b. Neurological c. Parallel d. Station

c. Parallel

What prediction would someone make about Shepard and Metzler's shape rotation experiment if they thought that all information processing in the brain was digital? a. that greater degrees of rotation will take more time to process. b. That there should be a linear relationship between reaction time and degree of rotation. c. That all rotation processes will take the same amount of time. d. That most people will be incapable of successfully completing the rotation task.

c. That all rotation processes will take the same amount of time.

Which of the following most accurately describes the two visual systems hypothesis, as proposed by Ungerleider and Mishkin? a. The ventral system takes information directly from the visual field. The dorsal system then processes information from the ventral system b. The ventral system processes the shape of objects. The dorsal system processes the color of objects. c. The ventral system recognizes and identifies objects. The dorsal system locates objects in space. d. The ventral system is responsible for object information. The dorsal system is responsible for the words we have for objects.

c. The ventral system recognizes and identifies objects. The dorsal system locates objects in space.

Which of the following most accurately describes the two visual systems hypothesis, as proposed by Ungerleider and Mishkin? a. The ventral system takes information directly from the visual field. The dorsal system then processes information from the ventral system. b. The ventral system processes the shape of objects. The dorsal system processes the color of objects. c. The ventral system recognizes and identifies objects. The dorsal system locates objects in space. d. The ventral system is responsible for object information. The dorsal system is responsible for the words we have for objects.

c. The ventral system recognizes and identifies objects. The dorsal system locates objects in space.

Which of the following are examples of cognitive systems that can be understood hierarchically? a. Vision b. Smell c. Hearing d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which crucial idea came out of applying the Turing machine to human minds? a. Mental maps are algorithmic b. Parallel processing c. Serial processing d. Information processing is algorithmic

d. Information processing is algorithmic

Which of the following is a consistent theme in the work of Chomsky, Miller, and Broadbent? a. Chunking. b. Syntax. c. Intelligence. d. Information.

d. Information.

Which of these behaviors only requires serial processing, in the way behaviorists envisioned? a. Playing golf. b. Writing a poem. c. Planning one's day. d. None of the above.

d. None of the above.

What characteristic feature of neural networks is illustrated by Gorman and Sejnowski's mine/rock detector? a. Complex Simulation b. Serial Processing c. Central Control d. Pattern Detection

d. Pattern Detection

Marr described three different stages of information processing in the visual system. Which stage(s) did he think must be explained by his three levels for analyzing cognitive systems in order to provide a complete account of vision? a. The primal sketch b. the primal sketch and the 2.5D sketch c. The 2.5D sketch and the 3D sketch d. The primal sketch, the 2.5D sketch, and the 3D sketch

d. The primal sketch, the 2.5D sketch, and the 3D sketch

According to Miller, what process do we use to overcome the upper limit of sensory information channels? a. separating information into bits b. Using one information channel at a time c. eliminating noise d. chunking bits of information

d. chunking bits of information